Increased communication Copper wire stretched across nation Encoded messages Samuel B. Morse

Telegraph Increased communication Copper wire stretched across nation Encoded messages Samuel B. Morse

Increased communication Live speech over wire Alexander Graham Bell

Telephone Increased communication Live speech over wire Alexander Graham Bell

Increased the amount of time a factory could run

Increased daylight time through artificial means

Thomas Edison

Light Bulb Increased the amount of time a factory

could run Increased daylight time through artificial

means Thomas Edison

Enabled buildings to have more than two floors

Taller buildings in cities Moved people up to higher floors

Elevator Enabled buildings to have more than two

floors Taller buildings in cities Moved people up to higher floors

Enabled buildings to have more than two floors

Taller buildings in cities Bessemer Process enabled this to be

produced in large quantities

Steel Beams Enabled buildings to have more than two

floors Taller buildings in cities Bessemer Process enabled this to be

produced in large quantities

Increased communication Increased rate at which letters and

documents could be written and exchanged Christopher Sholes

Typewriter Increased communication Increased rate at which letters and

documents could be written and exchanged Christopher Sholes

European Immigrants came through this location for processing

Ellis Island European Immigrants came through this

location for processing

Asian Immigrants came through this location for processing

Angel Island Asian Immigrants came through this

location for processing

Different cultures come together and create a new American culture

Melting Pot Different cultures come together and create

a new American culture

Presence of many different cultures in one society

Tossed Salad Theory

Cultural Pluralism Presence of many different cultures in one

society Tossed Salad Theory

Location where immigrants from a certain country live together in a city

Maintain native language and practices

Ethnic Ghetto Location where immigrants from a certain

country live together in a city Maintain native language and practices

Opposed to further immigration For home born natives

Nativism Opposed to further immigration For home born natives

Political party Opposed to further immigration For home born natives

Know-Nothings Political party Opposed to further immigration For home born natives

America’s first discrimination law Prohibited Chinese immigrants from legally

coming to US Only allowed educated and merchants in

Chinese Exclusion Act America’s first discrimination law Prohibited Chinese immigrants from legally

coming to US Only allowed educated and merchants in

Apartments of the poor Large families or multiple families lived in

one room apartments Unsanitary Unsafe Shaped like a dumb bell

Tenements Apartments of the poor Large families or multiple families lived in

one room apartments Unsanitary Unsafe Shaped like a dumb bell

Makeshift factory In small apartment or unused buildings Poorly lit Poorly ventilated Unsafe Hired poor workers Long hours for little pay

Sweatshops Makeshift factory In small apartment or unused buildings Poorly lit Poorly ventilated Unsafe Hired poor workers Long hours for little pay

Leader of the Social Gospel Movements Established the Settlement House

Movement Hull House

“The Mother of Social Work”

Jane Addams Leader of the Social Gospel Movements Established the Settlement House

Movement Hull House

“The Mother of Social Work”

Wrote: How the Other Half Lives Exposed terrible living and working conditions of

the immigrants

Jacob Riis Wrote: How the Other Half Lives

Exposed terrible living and working conditions of the immigrants

Movement Christian Duty to help the poor

Social Gospel Movement Christian Duty to help the poor

Transportation that enabled the rich to move out of the city

Electric Trolleys Transportation that enabled the rich to

move out of the city

Saloons Dance halls Cabarets Amusement parks Vaudeville shows Moving picture industry Spectator sports Planned parks: Frederick Olmstead

Gilded Age Entertainment Saloons Dance halls Cabarets Amusement parks Vaudeville shows Moving picture industry Spectator sports Planned parks: Frederick Olmstead

Process that could make steel quicker and more efficiently

Enabled builders to build skyscrapers

Bessemer Process Process that could make steel quicker and

more efficiently Enabled builders to build skyscrapers

Robber Baron Steel industry Used vertical integration to control steel

industry Buy out suppliers

Created a monopoly Gospel of Wealth

Responsibility of the wealthy to help others

Andrew Carnegie Robber Baron Steel industry Used vertical integration to control steel

industry Buy out suppliers

Created a monopoly Gospel of Wealth

Responsibility of the wealthy to help others

Drilled for oil in western Pennsylvania 1st oil fields

Edwin L. Drake Drilled for oil in western Pennsylvania 1st oil fields

Robber Baron Standard Oil Nation’s 1st Trust

Trust: companies unite to destroy competition

John D. Rockefeller Robber Baron Standard Oil Nation’s 1st Trust

Trust: companies unite to destroy competition

Companies buy out business in the same industry

Horizontal Integration Companies buy out business in the same

industry

Companies buy out suppliers of their industry so they control the market from raw material to finished product

Vertical Integration Companies buy out suppliers of their

industry so they control the market from raw material to finished product

Robber Baron Railroad Industry

Cornelius Vanderbilt Robber Baron Railroad Industry

Robber Baron Finance Capitalist

Bankers who exerted economic influence through companies stocks and bonds

J.P. Morgan Robber Baron Finance Capitalist

Bankers who exerted economic influence through companies stocks and bonds

Robber Baron Electricity Created AC (Alternating Current) Westinghouse Electric Company

George Westinghouse Robber Baron Electricity Created AC (Alternating Current) Westinghouse Electric Company

Directors of one company could serve as director for another company

Enabled them to control industries

Interlocking Directorates Directors of one company could serve as

director for another company Enabled them to control industries

Introduced by Herbert Spencer Survival of the Fittest applied to business

and economics Justified the rich being extremely rich

Social Darwinism Introduced by Herbert Spencer Survival of the Fittest applied to business

and economics Justified the rich being extremely rich

Introduced American Dream No matter how poor, an individual could

“pull themselves up by their bootstraps” and become rich

Wrote books about poor children growing up to be rich

Horatio Alger Introduced American Dream No matter how poor, an individual could

“pull themselves up by their bootstraps” and become rich

Wrote books about poor children growing up to be rich

Name of period of early industrialization Early 1900s Mark Twain gave name because the era

glittered on the outside and was corrupt on the inside

Gilded Age Name of period of early industrialization Early 1900s Mark Twain gave name because the era

glittered on the outside and was corrupt on the inside

Low wages Hazardous work conditions Long hours Child labor Women working

Causes of Labor Unions Low wages Hazardous work conditions Long hours Child labor Women working

Organizations of workers formed to protect the interests of its members

Labor Unions Organizations of workers formed to protect

the interests of its members

Labor unions open to skilled workers who practiced a specific craft

Craft Unions Labor unions open to skilled workers who

practiced a specific craft

Labor unions open to less skilled workers

Trade Union Labor unions open to less skilled workers

Labor Union Leader: Terence Powderly Wanted to organize all men and women

into a single union Reform

Equal pay for equal work Eight hour day End child labor

Knights of Labor Labor Union Leader: Terence Powderly Wanted to organize all men and women

into a single union Reform

Equal pay for equal work Eight hour day End child labor

Labor Union Leader: Samuel Gompers Focused on wages, work hours and work

conditions Used

Strikes Boycotts Collective bargaining and mediation Arbitration

AFL: American Federation of Labor Labor Union Leader: Samuel Gompers Focused on wages, work hours and work

conditions Used

Strikes Boycotts Collective bargaining and mediation Arbitration

Labor Union Organized by railroad workers: skilled and

unskilled Eugene Debs: leader

IWW: Industrial Workers of the World

Labor Union Organized by railroad workers: skilled and

unskilled Eugene Debs: leader

Employee signs promising not to join a union

Yellow Dog Contract Employee signs promising not to join a

union

Replacement workers

Scabs Replacement workers

Lists of workers who employers would refuse to hire because they were active Union members

blacklists Lists of workers who employers would

refuse to hire because they were active Union members

Yellow-dog contracts Blacklists Lockouts Scabs Injunctions

Methods Owners used to prevent Unions and strikes

Yellow-dog contracts Blacklists Lockouts Scabs Injunctions

Railroad Strike Workers upset by wage cuts

Became violent Rutherford B. Hayes sent in troops to stop

Great Strike of 1877 Railroad Strike

Workers upset by wage cuts

Became violent Rutherford B. Hayes sent in troops to stop

Turning point Strike Riot broke out and a bomb killed seven

officers

Haymarket Riot Turning point Strike Riot broke out and a bomb killed seven

officers

Strike Steel workers at Carnegie Steel Carnegie sent out private police force

(Pinkertons) to put down strike Violence broke out

Homestead Strike Strike Steel workers at Carnegie Steel Carnegie sent out private police force

(Pinkertons) to put down strike Violence broke out

Strike Railroad car industry Plant closed Company town still charged same rate for

rent and food Owners got an injunction against union Federal government sent out troops

Pullman Strike Strike Railroad car industry Plant closed Company town still charged same rate for

rent and food Owners got an injunction against union Federal government sent out troops

President Grant’s Administration Scandal in which internal revenue

collectors tried to skim money off taxes collected for whiskey

Whiskey Ring Scandal President Grant’s Administration Scandal in which internal revenue

collectors tried to skim money off taxes collected for whiskey

President Grant’s Administration Scandal in which government officials and

stockholders in the Union Pacific railroad set up a dummy company to skim money off land grants

Credit Mobilier Scandal President Grant’s Administration Scandal in which government officials and

stockholders in the Union Pacific railroad set up a dummy company to skim money off land grants

Passed as a result of Garfield’s assassination by an office seeker

Established the civil service exam for appointment to any official position

Got rid of the spoils system

Pendleton Civil Service Act Passed as a result of Garfield’s

assassination by an office seeker Established the civil service exam for

appointment to any official position Got rid of the spoils system

Unofficial entity meant to keep a certain party or group in power

Used graft, corruption and bribery Headed by a boss

Political Machine Unofficial entity meant to keep a certain

party or group in power Used graft, corruption and bribery Headed by a boss

Political Machine Boss Ran New York’s Tammany Hall

Boss William Tweed Political Machine Boss Ran New York’s Tammany Hall

Muckraker Exposed the political corruption of the

political machine Went after “Boss” Tweed

Thomas Nast Muckraker Exposed the political corruption of the

political machine Went after “Boss” Tweed

Republicans who turned against their party and voted for Cleveland in the Election of 1884

Against patronage

Mugwumps Republicans who turned against their party

and voted for Cleveland in the Election of 1884

Against patronage

Created the Interstate Commerce Commission

Regulated railroad rates The Grange pushed for this law

Interstate Commerce Act Created the Interstate Commerce

Commission Regulated railroad rates The Grange pushed for this law

Made monopolies illegal Ensured fair competition

Sherman Antitrust Act Made monopolies illegal Ensured fair competition

1st time Sherman Antitrust Act used to break-up a monopoly

Could not break-up monopolies in manufacturing

US v. EC Knight 1st time Sherman Antitrust Act used to

break-up a monopoly Could not break-up monopolies in

manufacturing

Australian ballot Individuals cast vote in secret

Secret Ballot Australian ballot Individuals cast vote in secret

People have the power to remove corrupt officials

Recall People have the power to remove corrupt

officials

People elect candidate by popular vote

Referendum People elect candidate by popular vote

People can force a vote on an issue onto a ballot

Initiative People can force a vote on an issue onto a

ballot

Third party negotiations in a labor dispute

Arbitration Third party negotiations in a labor dispute