The Decolonization of Africa

The Independence of Ghana and Kenya

Post WWII Decolonization

“The wind of change is blowing through the

continent. Whether we like it or not, this growth of

national consciousness is a political fact.”

“The wind of change is blowing through the

continent. Whether we like it or not, this growth of

national consciousness is a political fact.”

British Prime Minister, Harold MacMillan in a speech to the South

African Parliament in 1960

Negotiated Independence

Film Clip

Events/Methods:“Freedom Now” from British rule“Positive Action” movementPan-African CongressInfluenced by Gandhi – Non-violentStrikes and boycottsCivil disobedience

Events/Methods:“Freedom Now” from British rule“Positive Action” movementPan-African CongressInfluenced by Gandhi – Non-violentStrikes and boycottsCivil disobedience

Film

Kwame Nkrumah: The Independence

of Ghana

Results: 1957 – Independence granted – 1st sub-Saharan nation to gain independence Nkrumah becomes 1st Prime Minister Formation of Organization of African Unity in 1963 (OAU)

Results: 1957 – Independence granted – 1st sub-Saharan nation to gain independence Nkrumah becomes 1st Prime Minister Formation of Organization of African Unity in 1963 (OAU)

“We face neither east nor west:

We Face Forward.”

“We face neither east nor west:

We Face Forward.”

Kwame NkrumahKwame Nkrumah

Major Problems: Nkrumah makes

himself “President for life” in 1964

Economic downturn – general unrest

Overthrown by Military coup – led to suspension of constitution and banning of political parties

1992 – new constitution, multi-party politics, elections – continued poverty

Major Problems: Nkrumah makes

himself “President for life” in 1964

Economic downturn – general unrest

Overthrown by Military coup – led to suspension of constitution and banning of political parties

1992 – new constitution, multi-party politics, elections – continued poverty

1. Describe what you see in this photo?2. What do you think the people in the photo want?3. What do you think the people would be willing to do to get what they want?

1. Describe what you see in this photo?2. What do you think the people in the photo want?3. What do you think the people would be willing to do to get what they want?

Do Now:

Aim: How did Kenya gain its Independence?

From 1948 to 1951 he toured and lectured around the country condemning idleness, robbery, urging hard work while campaigning for the return of land given to white settlers

and for independence within three years.

From 1948 to 1951 he toured and lectured around the country condemning idleness, robbery, urging hard work while campaigning for the return of land given to white settlers

and for independence within three years.

Jomo Kenyatta

Goals Independence from Britain using ______________, “pull together” peaceful protests Wanted to unite all Kenyans, Kikuyu and non-Kikuyu Get back fertile highland farmland from White farmers

Goals Independence from Britain using ______________, “pull together” peaceful protests Wanted to unite all Kenyans, Kikuyu and non-Kikuyu Get back fertile highland farmland from White farmers

Harambee

supported non-violent protests.toured his nation to inspire their people.was a Nationalist leaders who wanted to unite all

the people in their country.

supported non-violent protests.toured his nation to inspire their people.was a Nationalist leaders who wanted to unite all

the people in their country.

1. Both Gandhi and Kenyatta….2. Similar to Gandhi, Kenyatta...3. Like Gandhi, Kenyatta...

1. Both Gandhi and Kenyatta….2. Similar to Gandhi, Kenyatta...3. Like Gandhi, Kenyatta...

COMPARISON

The Mau Mau UprisingThe Mau Mau Uprising

• The Mau Mau were a Kikuyu rebel group that used violent guerrilla style tactics against Africans who were loyal to the British.

• They attacked British settlers and soldiers and began a major Rebellion from 1952-1960

• The Mau Mau were a Kikuyu rebel group that used violent guerrilla style tactics against Africans who were loyal to the British.

• They attacked British settlers and soldiers and began a major Rebellion from 1952-1960

The Mau Mau UprisingThe Mau Mau Uprising

• After many atrocities by both sides, the British put down the uprising but began to negotiate Kenyan Independence due to the cost of the conflict.

• After many atrocities by both sides, the British put down the uprising but began to negotiate Kenyan Independence due to the cost of the conflict.

NEGOTIATE

Kenyatta was arrested in 1952 for "managing and being a member" of the Mau Mau Society.

Kenyatta was arrested in 1952 for "managing and being a member" of the Mau Mau Society.

CONTROVERSIAL

Key Idea Information Summary Memory (Draw a Picture)

The Mau Mau

Rebels

The Mau Mau UprisingThe Mau Mau Uprising

The Man:____________The Man:____________

The Baby:____________The Baby:____________

The Snake:____________The Snake:____________

The British

Kenya

The Mau Mau

Polit ical Cartoon Analysis

Polit ical Cartoon Analysis

What is the major point of the cartoon?

“I have no intention of

retaliating or looking

backwards. We are going to

forget the past and look forward

to the future”

“I have no intention of

retaliating or looking

backwards. We are going to

forget the past and look forward

to the future”

Homework: Watch EdPuzzle Video

Homework: Watch EdPuzzle Video

Film ClipFilm Clip

Overall: Do you think Jomo Kenyatta was a great leader? How should he be remembered?

Overall: Do you think Jomo Kenyatta was a great leader? How should he be remembered?

The Hola MassacreThe Hola Massacre• The British forced many Kenyans into “Concentration Camps” to limit the

activities of the Mau Mau and to protect Kenyan loyalists. • On March 3, 1959, 11 Kenyas were bludgeoned to death by British colonial

forces at a camp in Hola province.

• The British forced many Kenyans into “Concentration Camps” to limit the activities of the Mau Mau and to protect Kenyan loyalists.

• On March 3, 1959, 11 Kenyas were bludgeoned to death by British colonial forces at a camp in Hola province.

• The British claimed the prisoners died from contaminated water. • Secret documents were found that the autopsies of the dead showed that the cause of

death was from violent attacks and torture. • Today, some Kenyans have sued the British government to pay reparations for these

crimes.

• The British claimed the prisoners died from contaminated water. • Secret documents were found that the autopsies of the dead showed that the cause of

death was from violent attacks and torture. • Today, some Kenyans have sued the British government to pay reparations for these

crimes.

“Short rations, overwork, brutality, humiliating and disgusting treatment and flogging—all in violation of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.”

—Colonial officer's description of British camp

“Short rations, overwork, brutality, humiliating and disgusting treatment and flogging—all in violation of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.”

—Colonial officer's description of British camp

Film ClipFilm Clip

• After 7 years in Prison, Kenyatta was released in 1961 and led the KANU

delegation where Kenya's independence and constitution were

being negotiated.

• After 7 years in Prison, Kenyatta was released in 1961 and led the KANU

delegation where Kenya's independence and constitution were

being negotiated.

NEGOTIATE

Results: Negotiated IndependenceResults: Negotiated Independence

• Elections were held 1963 and Kenyatta became the first prime minister of the new Kenyan government.

• After independence, he consistently asked white settlers not to leave Kenya and supported reconciliation.

• Elections were held 1963 and Kenyatta became the first prime minister of the new Kenyan government.

• After independence, he consistently asked white settlers not to leave Kenya and supported reconciliation.

Lasting Problems: Difficulty of Ethnic diversity and Tribalism One party/Kikuyu domination Government corruption 2007 – contested election erupted in violence

Lasting Problems: Difficulty of Ethnic diversity and Tribalism One party/Kikuyu domination Government corruption 2007 – contested election erupted in violence

“I have no intention of

retaliating or looking

backwards. We are going to

forget the past and look forward

to the future”

“I have no intention of

retaliating or looking

backwards. We are going to

forget the past and look forward

to the future”

Jomo KenyattaJomo KenyattaFilm ClipFilm Clip

Overall: Do you think Jomo Kenyatta was a great leader? How should he be remembered?

Overall: Do you think Jomo Kenyatta was a great leader? How should he be remembered?

Nkrumah in Ghana

Nehru in India Kenyatta in Kenya

Mao Zedong in ChinaGandhi in India

Independence Leaders

Line 1 - Name of rulerLine 2 - “Ruler/Leader of.....”Line 3 - Three traits that describe the rulerLine 4 - “Who has helped to” (2 good things)Line 5 - “But also ”(2 bad things)Line 6 - “Who will be remembered because of...”

Extra Credit: Create a Bio- Poem: Choose TWO people

• Mohandas Gandhi• Jiang Jieshi• Kwame Nkrumah• Nelson Mandela

• Muhammad Ali Jinnah• Mao Zedong• Jomo Kenyatta• Ho Chi Minh

Decolonization of Africa

The paranoia is in bloom, the PRTransmissions will resume, they'll try to push drugs, keep us all dumb down and hope that We will never see the truth around, so come on

Another promise, another scene, another Package not to keep us trapped in greed with all the Green belts wrapped around our minds and endless Red tape to keep the truth confined, so come on

They will not force usAnd they will stop degrading usAnd they will not control usWe will be victorious, so come on

Interchanging mind control, come let the Revolution take its toll, if you could Flick a switch and open your third eye, you'd see that We should never be afraid to die, so come on

UprisingRise up and take the power back, it's time that The fat cats had a heart attack, you know that Their time is coming to an end, we have to Unify and watch our flag ascend, so come on

They will not force usThey will stop degrading usThey will not control usWe will be victorious, so come on

Hey, hey, hey, heyHey, hey, hey, heyHey, hey, hey, hey

They will not force usThey will stop degrading usThey will not control usWe will be victorious, so come on

Hey, hey, hey, hey

Music Clip

Conclusions

Decolonization was sometimes a violent process- dependent in large part on how many settlers had come to the colony.

In many parts of world, decolonization was not revolutionary. Power passed from one class of elites to another. Little economic and social reform occurred.

Significant challenges faced independent nations. Western economic dominance of the global trade

system continued unabated. WHY?