INDEX Additional Indexes Page Index of Standards 2677 ...s Handbook 27th/27_Main_indx.pdfeffect of,...

2588

AAbbreviations

accuracy 1250mathematical signs and 2542scientific and engineering terms 2540–

2543symbols for mechanics 2543welding 1435

Abrasivebelt

applications 1230cutting off difficulties 1233grinding 1230–1231rotative speeds 1234selection 1230–1231

contact wheel selecting 1232cubic boron nitride (CBN) 782, 1178,

1195, 1204cutting 1230–1233diamond 1177grains and materials 1177grinding 1177honing 1233–1235lapping 1235–1238polishing 1460stones for honing 1235

ABS plastics 2533Absolute

programming, NC 1269system of measurement 142temperature 2583zero 2583

Acceleration 142, 167–170angular 169constant 167linear, of point on rotating body 169of gravity, g 142

Accuracyeffect of, on part tolerances 1249of NC machine tools 1247–1248positioning 1245repeatability, and resolution, NC 1245significance of 1247–1248

Acme threadsabbreviations 1826–1827angle of thread 1825ANSI Standard 1825–1846centralizing 1832–1843checking 1908

Acme threads (continued)diameter allowances 1825diameter tolerances 1825drill sizes for 919form 1825general purpose 1825–1832length of engagement 1825multiple start 1826–1827stub 1843–1846

alternative 184660-degree 1846

taps for 918–919thread profile form 1825–1834tolerances application 1837types of 1825, 1834, 1837wire sizes for checking 1908

Active face width 2029Acute-angle triangles solution 64, 94–95Adaptive control, NC 1262Addendum 2029

chordal 2048–2049modification 2077

involute spur and helical gears 2077Addition

decimal fractions 10fractions and mixed numbers 9matrix 119

Addresses, letter, NC 1272Adhesives

acrylic 2481bonding 2480moisture cured polyurethane 2483one-component 2482retaining compounds 2483rubber cements 2483sealants 2484threadlocking 2484two-component 2480types 2480–2481

Adiabatic expansion and compression 430Adjoint of a matrix 121Adjusting gear blanks for milling 2093Aerodynamic lubrication 2342Aerospace screws, bolts and nuts 1805Aero-thread 1890Aging of metal 503Air

absolute pressure 433–435adiabatic expansion and compression 431compression and flow 428density 429expansion and compression

adiabatic 430

INDEX

Additional Indexes Page•Index of Standards 2677•Index of Interactive Equations 2689•Index of Materials 2694

Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition

Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY

INDEX 2589

Air (continued)expansion and compression

compression 430expansion 430horsepower to compress 432–435isothermal 431work to compress 431

flow in pipes 436gage pressure 433–435power or work to compress 431, 435pressure, temperature, and volume

relationships 430properties of 428–429velocity of escaping 437volume and weight at different

temperatures 428volume transmitted through pipes 436work to compress 431

Airdry wood, weight per cubic foot 413AISI–SAE

alloy steels 446–447carbon steels 444–445

Algebra and equations 29Algebraic

expressions and formulas 30rearrangement and transposition of

terms 29Allowances and tolerances

allowance defined 645, 651allowance for forced fits 647application 646bending sheet metal 1332–1335cylindrical fits, ANSI Standard for 651fits 645–651

metric ISO, British Standard for 679–688

preferred series 652tolerance defined 645, 651unilateral and bilateral tolerances 645

Alloy cast iron 1360Alloy steels 439

AISI-SAE designations 442–443basic numbering system 440, 442carburizing grades 455casting 1363compositions 446–447, 1364, 2146directly hardenable grades 456–457drilling and reaming 1061–1064effects of alloying elements 2147electrodes (welding)

current to use with 1413elongation 1364forged and rolled 2145gears 2145hardness of heat-treated 466–471heat treatments 533mechanical properties 466–471, 1364milling 1045–1048numbering system 440, 442strength of heat-treated 466–471

Alloy steels (continued)tensile strength 1364turning 1027–1030

Alloysaluminum 571–579antimony 585bearing 1373, 2261–2263binary 441brazing 1382–1388cast steels 1362copper 555–570copper-beryllium 569–570copper-silicon 569die casting 1371magnesium 586, 588nickel 589–590nonferrous 554numbering systems for 440quaternary 441soldering 1380ternary 441titanium 589, 591

Alternating current motors 2469–2472Alternating stress 206Aluminum

alloys 571–579anodizing 1463characteristics 584chemical composition 575, 578–579electrical conductivity 584elongation 575–583high corrosion resistance 584mechanical properties 584temper 575–583ultimate tensile strength 575–583workability 584yield strength 575–583

Association 572, 575bearing material 2264cast composition 575characteristics of 571clad alloys 583–584coefficient of expansion 403density 403designations 575die casting 1372elongation 417heat treatability of wrought 583machining 1153melting point 403soldering 1380specific heat 403structural shapes 2518temper designation 572–575tensile strength 417thermal conductivity 403welding 1416wrought 583yield strength 417

AmericanBoiler Makers Association 292



INDEX2590

American (continued)Brass Company 569Bureau of Shipping 390Foundrymen's Association 503Gear Manufacturers Association

(AGMA) 2032, 2035, 2068Institute of Steel Construction 291

column formulas 289Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 380, 440,

442National Standards Institute vi, 2079

(see also ANSI Standard)Society for Metals (ASM) 471Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM) 503, 550, 586–588, 1360copper alloys 554

Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) vi, 2079

(see Index of Standards)Standard Code for Information

Interchange (ASCII) 1323Standards Association viwire gage 2520

AMO thread 1886–1889design dimensions 1888design requirements 1887formulas 1888gage testing 1887lengths of engagement 1887limit of size 1889swiss screw thread 1889symbols 1888tolerances and allowances 1887, 1889

Analysis, break-even 134–137Analytical geometry 39–48Angle

between lines tangent to two circles 715between two lines 42compound 108–110cutting tool 750degrees into radians 96, 98functions of 88–107helix 1965indexing 1990involute functions of 103–107lead 1965length of arc of given radius 66, 70–72length of chord 66, 70–72measuring by disc method 713minutes, seconds into decimal degrees 97minutes, seconds into radian 96radian into degrees 96–98sine bar for measuring 695–705structural 2515–2517

bent to circular shape, lengths of 2508moment of inertia 2515–2517radius of gyration 2515–2517section modulus 2515–2517weight per foot 2515–2517

taper per foot corresponding to 714

Angle (continued)thread, tolerances on gages 1917to find, given taper per foot 713–715tolerance, single point tool 767trigonometric functions of 99–102useful relationships among 99

Angularacceleration 169

torque, relation to 172backlash in gears 2073indexing 1990–2009velocity 167–169

of rotating bodies 168Annealing 450, 503

constant temperature, transformation 525temperatures

carbon steel 525stainless 536–537

tungsten 541Annuities (calculation of) 127–128Anode 1349Anodizing 1464

hard 1468ANSI Standard

abbreviations 2540, 2543Acme threads 1825–1843bolts, nuts, screws, washers

inch 1512–1539metric 1540–1544

boring tools 887, 891carbide 887–888

buttress inch screw thread 1850cap screws

inchhex 1516slotted head 1618–1619socket head 1620

metric 1540–1543socket head 1552

chain, transmission 2441–2446clearance fits 669–671, 674–675core drills 876cutting tools 756–772cylindrical fits 645diamond wheels 1201–1206dowel pins, hardened and ground 1670–

1671drawing and drafting practices 630

symbolsaccuracy 1250–1253between 633comparison to ISO 633concentricity 1252controlled radius 633datum referencing 638diameter 633parallelism 633part tolerance 633, 667perpendicularity 633position 633, 1250roundness 633



INDEX 2591

ANSI Standard (continued)drawing and drafting practices

runout 633section lining 632statical tolerance 633total runout 633, 1253welding 1432

drill drivers 875, 878collet type 875

drive screws 1654drive studs 1678electric socket and lamp base

threads 1884engineering drawings 630–631fine-pitch

helical gears 2108–2111standard gear tooth parts 2040worm gearing 2095–2098

fire hose connection threads 1874fits 652

hole basis 670–673shaft basis 674–677

flat metal productsinch sizes 2522–2523metric sizes 2523

gagemakers tolerances 678gages 1910–1918

for self-holding tapers 934for Unified screw threads 1911–1918usage, recommended 678

gear tooth forms 2035geometric characteristic symbols 633geometric dimensioning and

tolerancing 630grinding wheel safety 1207–1211grinding wheels 1179–1187, 1195, 1204grooved pins 1677hexagon socket head shoulder

screws 1624hexagon spline socket set screws 1627hose coupling screw threads 1873–1876interference fits 669, 672–673, 1877–

1882involute splines 2156, 2160

metric module 2176–2181jig bushings 975–985key drive 931–932keys and keyseats 2363keys and keyways 819knurls and knurling 1240–1244letter symbols for mechanics 2543limits and fits 651–677lock washers 1535–1539M profile thread

design profile 1787designations 1803limits of size 1797tolerances of internal threads 1794

machine screws 1587–1596binding head 1595

ANSI Standard (continued)machine screws

fillister head 1593flat, countersunk head 1588–1590hexagon washer head 1590metric 1597–1604oval head 1593–1595pan head 1592round head 1596slotted hexagon 1591truss head 1591

manufacturers’ standard gage for sheet steel 2522

metriccap screws 1540–1543clearance fits 670–671, 674–675hex flange nuts 1564hex flange screws 1547interference fits 672–677nut thread series 1563nut tops 1561nuts 1560, 1567retaining rings 1684–1692screw 1551screw threads, M profile 1783–1803screw threads, MJ profile 1804–1807screws, bolts, nuts, and washers 1540–

1544slotted hex nuts 1563square neck bolts 1547–1548transition fits 672–673, 676–677

microscope threads 1884milling cutters 797–825miniature threads 1777–1781numerical control 1255nuts 1512–1516pins 1667–1683pipe and pipe fittings 2526–2530pipe thread 1860–1869plain washers 1532–1535, 1569preferred

basic sizes 690fits 669metric limits and fits 656metric sizes 665, 690thicknesses, thin, flat metals 2522

reamers 839–853retaining rings 1684–1692rivets 1483–1485roundness symbols 1251runout symbols 1253screw thread symbols 1825–1834, 1837,

1846, 1878metric 1785

screw threads 1725, 1732–1776, 1783–1843, 1850, 1881

metric MJ profile 1804–1807screws and bolts

hex structural bolts 1549hexagon socket 1560metric 1540, 1544–1546



INDEX2592

ANSI Standard (continued)screws and bolts

metric hex bolts 1550metric neck bolts 1547square neck bolts 1548

section lining symbols 630, 632self-tapping thread inserts 1654self-threading screws

inch 1639–1649metric

head types 1656serrations, involute 2156set-screws

heads and points 1625–1628socket type 1626, 1631

shoulder screws 1624slotted headless set screws 1625spindles and drives for portable

tools 948–951spline socket set screws 1626, 1631splines, involute

metric module 2176–2181spring pin 1682spur gear tooth forms 2035square head set screws 1628straight pins 1673surface texture 724symbols 678

accuracy symbols 1253concentricity 633datum referencing 638diameter 1251for section lining 632

tang drives 929–930tapers 926–938taps and threading dies 892–918thread dimension 1879threads for electric sockets 1884thumb screws 1712–1720T-nuts, T-bolts, T-slots 1664–1666tolerances 652

allowances for cylindrical fits 645gagemakers 678symbols 633, 638

tooth proportions 2039transition fits 669, 672–673twist drills 854–877Unified threads 1725, 1732–1782washers

inch 1532–1539metric 1566, 1568

welded and seamless wrought steel pipe 2527

wing nuts and screws 1712–1720wood screws 1477woodruff keys 2369–2372worm gearing, fine pitch 2095–2098wrench openings 1530

Antifriction bearings 2269–2323

Apothecaries measurefluid 2567weight 2571

Applications nickel alloys 589–590APT (automatically programmed

tool) 1292–1309axis nomenclature 1264circles 1294–1299, 1301computational statements 1294for turning 1307–1309geometry statements 1294geometry, 3-D 1303motion statements 1299–1304planes 1302points 1295postprocessor statements 1304–1309program 1306programming 1292–1309tabulated cylinder 1303

Arborscircular saw 948diameters for spring-winding 353dimensions of centers 839keys and keyways for 819milling cutters 815shell reamer 850standard milling machine 940–944

Arcchecking radius of 718cutting 1418electric, cutting of metals 1418–1419length of given angle and radius 66, 70–

72plasma precision cutting 1418plasma welding 1414welding 1389–1414

Areacircle 66circular

ring 67ring sector 67sector 66segments 66, 71–72

cycloid 66ellipse 68enclosed by cycloidal curve 61fillet 67finding by Simpson’s rule 60geometrical figures 63–74hexagon 65hyperbola 68irregular outline 60octagon 65parabola 67–68

segment of 68parallelogram 63plane figures 63–74plane surface of irregular outline 60polygon 65rectangle 63spandrel 67



INDEX 2593

Area (continued)square 63surface of revolution 59–60trapezium 65trapezoid 64triangle 64units 2563units and conversion of 2563–2565various sections 238–247volume 59–80

Argon, welding gas 1393, 1401, 1414Arithmetical

operations, sequence of 5progressions 36–37

ASA Code for transmission shafting 303ASCII, American Standard Code for

Information Interchange 1323Atmospheric pressure 428, 2574Austempering 503, 520Austenite 507, 511Autocollimation 1248–1249Automatic screw machines 1131–1136

knurling on 1131Avoirdupois or commercial weight 2571Azimuth reading displacements 1248

BB & S automatic screw machines 1131Babbitt metals 2261–2263

properties of 2263SAE general information 2261

Backlash 2030allowance in checking gears by the pin

method 2139bevel gears 2069calculation 2067control of allowances in production 2070control of in assemblies 2072determining proper amount of 2067excess depth of cut 2070fine-pitch gears 2071gearing 2067–2073hypoid gears 2069recommended for gears 2069

Balance wheels 183Balancing

calculations 197–202counterbalancing masses

located in single plane 198–200located in two or more planes 200–201

dynamic 197lathe fixtures 201–202machines 197rotating parts 197–202running or dynamic 197static 197

Ball bearing (see Bearings: ball)Balls, standard 2323–2331

Balls, standard (continued)grades 2326hardness corrections for curvatures 2329hardness ranges 2327materials 2326number per kilogram 2331number per pound 2330ordering specifications 2324package markings 2315preferred gages 2324preferred sizes 2325, 2328–2329tolerances 2326

Band brakes 2358coefficient of friction 2360simple and differential 2359

Band sawblade selection 1138–1139blade types 1139break-in 1142–1143speed and feed 1140speed for cutting materials 1141–1142speeds and feeds, metal cutting 1140–

1142tooth forms 1139

Barometer reading and equivalent pressure 430

Barreleffect 1350liquid capacity 2567volume 80

Basecircle 2030, 2157diameter 2157helix angle 2030oils for metal cutting 1146pitch 2030spur gear, diameter 2035tooth thickness 2030

Basicdimensions 636

of shaft or hole 645endurance limit 2077gear dimensions 2041rack profiles 2180space width 2157

Baumé’s hydrometer 408conversion 407

Beams 260–276, 2508–2514channel 2514, 2518combined stresses in 215–218curved 279deflections 260–271, 277–281

designing for 277–281fixed at one end 272–276I-beams 2508–2513, 2518rectangular solid 272–276stresses in 213, 260–271stresses produced by shocks 283supported at both ends 260–276

Bearings 2218–2323ball bearing 2269–2288, 2294



INDEX2594

Bearings (continued)ball bearing

ABEC tolerances 2279–2284alignment and squareness 2295allowance for axial displacement

in 2286angular contact 2271cage materials 2277clamping and retaining methods 2297–

2302clearances, running 2304closures 2297, 2302deficiencies 2307design and installation 2286designation 2277, 2289double row bearing 2271equivalent thrust load 2313failures 2307fatigue life 2307fits 2297, 2302flanged housing 2277friction losses 2302handling precautions 2306housing bore tolerances 2289–2290housings, soft metal 2296life 2307

adjustment factor application 2318adjustment factor for material 2318adjustment factors 2318criterion 2307

limitations 2308load ratings 2307locknuts and shafts for 2299–2300lockwashers for 2298lubrication method 2304materials for 2277mounting 2294

precautions 2297types 2305

pillow block 2277plastics 2276quiet or vibration-free mountings 2297radial and angular contact 2309–2310radial and axial clearance 2305radial, deep groove and angular

contact 2308rating life 2309, 2316reliability 2318seating fits 2297selection 2303shaft

and housing fits for metric radial 2288

bore limits 2289–2290housing fits 2286–2288tolerance

classifications, metric 2287–2288limits, metric 2288–2289

single row radial, filling slot 2270single row radial, non filling slot 2270

Bearings (continued)ball bearing

soft metal and resilient housings 2296special or unconventional types of 2276squareness and alignment 2295starting torque 2303static

equivalent load 2321–2322load criterion 2308load ratings 2319

symbols 2269, 2271thrust 2274, 2312thrust load 2313tolerances 2278, 2284types 2270, 2308

guide 2221, 2260hydrostatic 2221journal 2229

allowable pressure 2234bearing pressure 2233capacity number 2236classes 2234clearance modulus 2234diameter of bearing 2233diametral clearance 2234eccentricity ratio 2235factor 2236film thickness 2239flow factor 2236flow of lubricant 2236friction horsepower 2236friction torque 2236hydrodynamic flow of lubricant 2238length of bearing 2233length to diameter ratio 2234lubrication analysis 2239operating temperature 2234pressure 2234pressure flow of lubricant 2238temperature of mineral oils 2236temperature rise 2239torque parameter 2235total flow of lubricant 2238viscosity of lubricant 2234

keying 2223laminated phenolic 2265life adjustment factors 2318lubricants and lubrication

grease 2227journal bearings 2230, 2233, 2239plain bearings 2226–2230

materials, plain 2260–2268aluminum 2261, 2264babbitt metals 2261bronze 2264cadmium alloys 2263carbon-graphite 2264cast iron 2264compatibility 2260conformability 2260copper-lead 2261, 2263



INDEX 2595

Bearings (continued)materials, plain

corrosion resistance 2262embeddability 2260fatigue resistance 2260graphitic 2266laminated phenolics 2265load capacity 2262nylon 2265plastics laminates 2265porous 2265properties 2260rubber 2266SAE compositions 2261silver 2264strength 2262teflon (TFE) 2265thermal conductivity 2262tin-bronze 2261white metal 2261–2262wood 2266

needle 2274loose roller 2275symbols 2274types of 2274

needle rollerdesignations of 2289fitting and mounting practice 2291roller and cage assemblies 2291shaft and housing tolerances 2292–

2293tolerances 2284–2286

pillow block 2277plain 2218–2268

allowable pressures 2233boundary lubrication 2222circumferential-groove 2218classes of 2218clearances 2233controlled clearence noncontact

seals 2224cylindrical-overshot 2220cylindrical-undershot 2220design 2221–2258design notation 2232die casting in place 1373displaced elliptical 2220elliptical-overshot 2220full film lubrication 2222full film operational mode 2222greases 2229grooving feeding 2230hardness and surface finish 2225heat radiating capacity 2229hydrostatic 2221journal 2230journal bearing oil grooving 2230journal bearing types 2231journal or sleeve 2218keying methods 2223

Bearings (continued)plain

length-to-diameter ratio 2233lubricants 2227lubrication analysis 2233lubrication methods 2226machining 2225–2226materials 2260mixed-film lubrication mode 2222modes of operation 2221, 2223multiple-groove 2220nutcracker 2220oil bath lubrication 2227oil feeding 2230oil grooves 2229, 2233oil ring lubrication 2227operating temperatures 2234pivot-shoe 2220positive contact 2224press or shrink fit 2223pressure 2220pressure lubrication 2226pressure profile 2231retaining methods 2223rubbing seals 2224sealing methods 2223–2225sleeve 2230solid lubricants 2229splash lubrication 2226static seals 2225surface finish and hardness 2225three-lobe 2220types 2218–2221viscosity conversion table 2334viscosity temperature chart 2228waste pack lubrication 2227

porous 2265retension

dowel pin 2224housing cap 2224set screws 2223woodruff key 2224

roller 2269–2323ABEC and RBEC tolerances 2289alignment and squareness 2295allowance for axial displacement 2286barrel roller 2272barrel type 2276bearing closures 2302cage materials 2277clamping and retaining methods 2297closures 2302cylindrical type 2272, 2276deficiencies 2307design and installation

considerations 2286designation of 2277, 2289failures 2307fatigue life 2307fits 2297, 2302flanged housing 2277



INDEX2596

Bearings (continued)roller

friction losses in 2302handling precautions 2306high speed effects 2313housing bore tolerances 2289–2290housings, soft metal and resilient 2296internal clearance 2313life 2307

adjustment factors 2318for application 2318for material 2318

criterion 2307life adjustment factors 2318load ratings 2307location and seating 2294–2302locknuts and shafts 2299–2301lockwashers 2298lubrication 2304, 2313materials for 2277, 2313method of designation 2288–2289mounting 2294

precautions 2297type 2305

needle type 2291–2293pillow block 2277plastics 2276quiet or vibration-free mountings 2297radial 2315, 2323radial and axial clearance 2305radial load 2315rating life 2314, 2316reliability 2318seating fits for 2297selection 2303–2304self-aligning 2274shaft and housing fits for 2297, 2302

metric radial 2286–2288soft metal and resilient housings 2296special or unconventional types of 2276spherical roller 2272spherical type 2276squareness and alignment 2295static equivalent loads 2322–2323static load criterion 2308stress concentrations 2313symbols 2269tapered 2273tapered roller thrust type 2273thrust 2273–2274, 2284, 2316tolerances for 2278–2286torque, starting 2303types of 2272, 2313

roller thrustspherical roller 2274

sleeve 2229spacing and shaft stiffness 2084tapered

land thrust bearing 2242, 2251, 2256roller bearings 2273

Bearings (continued)tapered

roller thrust bearings 2273thrust bearing 2242, 2274

ball 2274symbols 2272

design notation 2243flat plate design 2242, 2244–2249

depth of chamber 2246film flow 2245flow per chamber 2245–2246friction power loss 2245kinetic energy correction 2246length of pad 2245number of pad 2245pitch line velocity 2245radial pad width 2244required oil flow 2245

flat plate type 2248friction power loss 2246leakage factor 2253load 2243parallel flat plate 2242plain 2242rated life 2312–2318roller 2273–2274, 2316

symbols 2273–2274static equivalent load 2322–2323step design 2242, 2248–2251

depth of step 2250film thickness 2250friction power loss 2250hydrodynamic oil flow 2250length of pad 2250number of pads 2250pad step length 2250pitch line circumference 2250pitch line velocity 2250radial pad width 2249temperature rise 2250

tapered land design 2242, 2251, 2256film thickness 2252friction power loss 2253length of pad 2252number of pads 2252oil film flow 2253oil flow factor 2253oil leakage factor 2252pitch line circumference 2252pitch line velocity 2252radial pad width 2252shape factor 2253taper values 2252

tilting pad design 2242, 2256bearing unit load 2257dimensionless film thickness 2259film thickness 2258friction coefficient 2258length of pad 2257number of pads 2257operating number 2257, 2259



INDEX 2597

Bearings (continued)thrust bearing

pitch line velocity 2257radial pad width 2257temperature rise 2258

tolerances 2284tolerances 2278

metric ball and roller 2279–2286needle roller 2278thrust 2278

Belleville disc springs or washers 348, 354(see also Springs: disc)

Belts and pulleys 2388–2440flat belts 2391

length formula 2388rules for diameters and speeds of

pulleys 2388speed limitations 2391

speed in compound drive 2390synchronus belts 2432, 2436–2440

cross section 2438designation 2432, 2438horsepower rating 2439–2440length determination 2436pitch lengths 2435pulley

and flange dimension 2434diameter 2436–2437size 2437, 2440tolerances 2438

section dimension 2434service factors 2432storage and handling 2429timing 2432tolerances 2435tooth dimensions 2433–2434torque ratings 2438–2439width factor 2440width, finding 2439widths and tolerances 2436

variable speed belts 2422–2427arc of contact 2429cross section selection 2426degree 2427, 2429designation 2425dimension 2422drive design 2425groove dimension 2424horsepower rating 2426–2427length correction 2428lengths 2423sheave dimension 2424sheave groove data 2425speed ratio 2426

V-belts 2393–2431belt lengths and center distances 2398classical V-belts 2399–2406

arc of contact correction 2406cross section correction factors 2398datum length 2400

Belts and pulleys (continued)V-belts

groove dimension 2401horsepower ratings 2403length correction 2405sheave dimensions 2400–2402speed ratio correction 2405

double V-belts 2406–2414arc of contact 2414design method 2410effective diameter 2409effective length 2406groove dimension 2407length determination 2409length-flex correction 2413number of belts 2410sheave dimension 2406–2407tension 2414tension ratings 2413–2414tight side tension 2411

effective length 2391horsepower ratings 2388light duty V-belts 2414–2417

arc of contact 2414designation 2414dimensions 2415groove dimension 2416horsepower rating 2416sheave dimension 2416

narrow V-belts 2393, 2398arc of contact correction 2399cross section selection 2397groove dimension 2395–2396horsepower ratings 2397length correction factors 2399number of belts 2399sheave

dimensions 2393, 2395–2396outside diameter 2397size 2397

speed ratio correction factors 2398ratio 2388SAE belts and belting 2429

belt dimensions 2430pulley dimensions 2430

service factors 2431sheaves 2388sixty (60)-degree 2429storage and handling 2430–2431V-ribbed belts 2417–2422

arc of contact correction 2421cross-sections 2417designation 2419dimensions 2417effective length 2420grooved dimension 2418horsepower rating 2419length correction 2421sheave dimension 2418–2419speed ratio correction 2422

60 degree 2429



INDEX2598

Belts and pulleys (continued)V-belts

speed ratio correction 2427Bending

allowances, sheet metal 1332–1335formulas

for beams 260–276for shafts 299–301

stress in beams 260–281structural angles 2515–2517

Bending load, wood 411Bending moments units conversion 2577Beryllium and copper alloys 570Bevel gearing 2081–2095

ANSI/AGMA Standard 2085applications of 2083bearing spacing 2084blanks 2083bronze and brass gears 2147chordal addendum 2095chordal thickness 2093, 2095circular pitch 2088circular thickness 2095cutting angle 2088cutting teeth 2084design 2083dimensions 2087face angle 2088factors for offset of cutter 2092formed cutters for 2089–2091German standard tooth form 2121hypoid gears 2082materials for 2094milled 2085, 2093milling cutters for 817milling setup 2092–2093mountings 2084nomenclature 2085offset of cutter 2092pitch cone 2087pitch diameter 2087planetary 2115replacement gear dimensions 2154selecting formed cutters for 2091shaft stiffness 2084spiral 2082straight 2029, 2081, 2083thickness of tooth 2088types of 2081typical steels used for 2094Zerol 2029, 2082–2083

Bilateral and unilateral tolerances 645Binary multiples 2546Birmingham wire gage 2520Birnie's equation 295Blank diameters, drawing dies 1331, 1333Blanks, sintered carbide 764Blast cleaning of castings 1368Block

brakes 2361

Block (continued)NC 1270, 1272, 1274or multiple indexing 2021–2022

Blow, force of 175Boilers, strength of flat stayed surfaces 292Boiling temperature,various substances 399Bolt hole circles

chordal distance 69coordinates for 989–1004

Bolts and nutsangularity and eccentricity 1579ANSI Standard 1514ANSI, inch dimensions

cap or acorn nuts 1523countersunk bolts 1528–1529flat jam nuts 1520hex

flat nuts 1520nuts 1519slotted nuts 1520, 1522thick slotted nuts 1521–1522

jam nuts 1519ribbed neck bolts 1527round head bolts 1525–1527round head fin neck bolts 1526slotted countersunk bolts 1529square

neck bolts 1525, 1528nuts 1512–1513, 1522

step bolts 1528T-bolts 1665T-nuts 1666Unified 1512, 1519, 1522wing nuts 1712–1716

ANSI, metric dimensionsdiameters 1543heavy hex bolts 1549heavy hex flange screws 1546heavy hex nuts 1567hex jam nuts 1567hex nuts 1562prevailing torque hex

flange nuts 1566nuts 1565

reduced diameter bolts 1544slotted hex nuts 1563thread series 1563

bolt designation 1513, 1550–1551, 1566, 1570, 1579–1580, 1588, 1601, 1618, 1629, 1632, 1640, 1656, 1715, 1718

British Standard 1614fine thread 1638, 1859–1885hexagon bolts, screws, and nuts 1578hexagon slotted and castle nuts 1573metric hexagon 1574precision hexagon nuts 1572slotted and castle nuts 1572Unified 1616Whitworth 1571–1573, 1610, 1617,

1638chamfering 1579



INDEX 2599

Bolts and nuts (continued)combination 1580counterbore sizes 887, 1557countersinking 1579deflection 1495designation 1580diameter-length combinations 1552drill sizes 1557elongation and tightening tension 1504elongation measurements 1500eye bolts and nuts 394–395finish 1578friction coefficient 1504friction coefficients 1498grade markings for steel 1508head markings

inch 1508–1509metric 1550, 1561, 1566

heavy hex structural 1514heavy hex structural bolts 1549hex structural 1513hexagon bolts, screws, and nuts 1578hexagon sockets 1560identification symbols 1551length of thread 1579load allowable on bolts 1509loaded joints 1496marking 1580materials properties 1550metric hex bolts 1550metric hex cap screws 1553metric hex flange nuts 1564metric hex lag screws 1552metric round head bolts 1551metric screw 1551nominal lengths 1578preload 1495

adjustments 1498application methods 1500applications 1497loaded joints 1496shear 1496

proof strength 1495relaxation of preloads 1499round head neck bolts 1526socket head cap screws 1552, 1560spacing for wrench clearances 1530–

1531spline sockets 1560square 1513steel nuts 1580strength grade designations 1508–1509,

1550–1551, 1561, 1566, 1579–1580tightening 1495torque 1495torque prevailing types 1564torque required to tighten 1495Unified square 1514–1515Unified Standard 1514–1515washer facing 1579

Bolts and nuts (continued)working strength of bolts 1509wrench and socket clearances 1530–1531wrench clearances for nuts 1530wrench openings 1530yield strength 1495

Bonding, adhesives 2480Boring

carbide tools for 887–888cutting time for 1082insert holder 762–764wood 414

Boring machine, origin 891Boring tools

carbide carbide tipped round 889carbide sizes 887carbide style 887sintered carbide 887solid carbide 891

Boring-bar, cutters, carbide 887–888Boron nitride

cubic (CBN) abrasive 1013, 1178, 1195, 1204

cutting tool materials 1013speeds and feeds for 1033, 1039

Box wrench clearances 1530Brakes

band 2358block type 2361coefficient of friction 2359

Brass and bronzealloys 555

cast 556–559speeds and feeds

drilling and reaming 1072wrought 560–568

speeds and feedsturning 1037

strength data 554Brass files 965Brazing 1382–1388

blowpipe 1387dip 1387filler metals for 1382fluxes for 1386furnace 1387heating for 1387induction 1387methods 1387resistance 1387supplying heat

blowpipe 1387torch 1387

symbols 1387–1388vacuum furnace 1387work 1387

Break-even analysis 134–137Breaking load, bolts 1511Breaking load, screws 1511Bricks strength 420



INDEX2600

Briggs (now ANSI) standard pipe thread 1861–1862, 1890, 1892drills for 1941

Brinell hardness 547aluminum alloys 575–583heat-treated steels 466–471Rockwell conversion tables 550–551test 547

British Associationbasic dimensions 1886instrument makers threads 1886standard screw threads 1885tolerance formulas 1886tolerances and allowances 1886

British Standardbutton head screws 1632buttress threads 1849cap screws 1633cheese head screw 1615clearance holes for metric bolts and

screws 1938combined drills and countersinks 874core drills 880–881countersunk head screws 1610, 1614,

1617deviations for holes 687deviations for shafts 685dowel pins, metric 1668–1669drills and countersinks 878drills, metric 878, 880–884fasteners, mechanical properties 1578,

1632fine threads (BSF)

basic dimensions 1859tolerance formulas 1857

fits 683hexagon and thin nuts 1576hexagon bolts 1570hexagon bolts and screws 1575hexagon head screws 1614–1615hexagon nuts 1573hexagon slotted and castle nuts 1572,

1577hexagon socket countersunk 1632hexagon socket screws, metric 1632,

1634, 1637button head 1636cap 1633set 1635, 1637

imperial wire gauge 2520interference fits 1581ISO metric

grade markings 1578limits and fits 679–688tapping drill sizes for 1937taps 922–925threads 1805, 1823

ISO metric nuts 1576ISO profile dimensions 1814keys and keyways 2374, 2387

British Standard (continued)limits and fits 684limits of tolerance for shafts 682machine screw nuts 1605, 1610machine screws 1605–1617

countersunk head 1608material 1605metric series 1607slotted countersunk head 1607

machine screws and nuts 1614machine screws, cheese head 1612machine screws, metric series 1613metric

and inch pipe threads 1870–1871basic sizes, preferred 690bolts, clearance holes 1938bright metal washers 1585comparison of British, French, German

and Swiss 1824dowel pins 1668–1669drills 878–884gauge and letter sizes 879hexagon socket screws 1632, 1637keys and keyways 2374, 2387limits and fits 679–688machine screws and nuts 1605metal washers 1584series 1605series plain washers 1584–1586series spring washers 1582–1584spring washers 1583–1584taps, ISO 922–925threads 1824

morse taper 881mushroom head screw 1615nuts 1571–1574, 1576–1577, 1605–1614pan head screw 1615pipe threads

jointing threads 1870longscrew threads 1870non pressure tight joints 1869pressure tight joints 1870

precison metric nuts 1577preferred metric basic sizes 690preferred numbers 690preferred sizes 691recessed head screws 1614rivets 1485–1491, 1494RMS thread 1886round head screw 1614screws 1570, 1605, 1617, 1632–1638

thread dimensions 1871, 1886thread profiles 1782, 1857

slotted head screws 1614socket head 1633spark plug threads 1883spur and helical gears 2076straight splines 2182studs 1570, 1581taps, ISO, metric 922–925tolerance for holes and shafts 680, 682



INDEX 2601

British Standard (continued)twist drills 880–883Unified

machine screws and nuts 1616screws and nuts 1616thread system

UNJ profile threads 1782washers, plain, metric 1584–1586Whitworth and fine machine screws 1605Whitworth threads (BSW) 1857–1859

basic dimensions 1858–1859formulas 1858–1859instrument threads 1886machine screws 1617measuring 1896–1897, 1899, 1902pipe threads 1869–1870set-screws 1617, 1638thread form 1857tolerance formulas 1857

British thermal units, (BTU) 2583converted into foot-pounds 2579power and heat equivalents 2578

Broacheschip breakers 959–960clearance angles for teeth 959depth of cut per tooth 958depth of teeth 959face angle or rake 959land width 959pitch of teeth 956–959radius of tooth fillet 959shear angle 959–960surface 957total length of 959types 955–956

Broaching 955–961cutting oils for 1146cutting speeds for 1074difficulties 961pressure 957types of machines 959–960

Broken tap, removal of 1941Bronze bearing material 2264Brown & Sharpe

automatic screw machines 1131–1136forming tool formula 787indexing plates 1983, 2011–2012milling machine indexing 1983, 1985,

2011–2012taper 926, 935–936taper reamers for sockets 852wire gage 2520

Brush finishing, power 1456–1459Buckling, columns 286Buffing and polishing 1457Buffing wheels 1460Bulk modulus of various material 420Buoyancy 424Burs and files, rotary 965

Bushingsgear 2149jig, materials for 975standard, for jigs 975

Butt joint, riveted 1478–1482Button head screw 1632Buttress threads 1849–1856

allowances and tolerances 1855ANSI Standard inch type 1850basic dimensions 1849–1850British Standard 1849designations 1856diameter equivalents 1852diameter-pitch combinations 1849–1850dimensions 1855formula 1856height of thread engagement 1850lead and flank angles 1852pitch-diameter tolerances 1851symbols and formulas 1850thread form 1850tolerances 1851, 1854–1855wire method of measuring 1910–1911

Byte 2546Byte, PLC 1258

CCables, wire, breaking strength 372–377CAD/CAM 1315–1325

drawing exchange standards 1322–1324projections 1317rapid prototyping 1324standard lettering sizes 1322tips 1318

Cadmiumbearing alloys 2263plating 1465vacuum coating 1471

Cage materials, anti-friction bearings 2277Caliper

gear tooth 2051measurement of gear teeth 2051vernier 692

Calorie, kilogram 2578, 2583Cams and cam design 1135–1136, 2188–

2213accelerating forces 2205acceleration, velocity, and displacement

formulas 2190classes of cams 2188constant velocity with parabolic

matching 2195contact stresses 2210cylinder cams shape 2211displacement

constant velocity 2190curves 2189cycloidal 2192diagrams 2189



INDEX2602

Cams and cam design (continued)displacement

harmonic 2191parabolic 2190synthesis of 2192

follower systems 2188forces 2205–2206friction forces 2206harmonic motion 2204layout of a cylinder cams 2211materials 2205, 2210

compressive stress 2210milling 2212offset translating follower 2198pressure angle 2197, 2206

formula 2201harmonic motion 2202parabolic motion 2202uniform velocity motion 2202

profile determination 2194, 2196–2197radius of curvature 2203

cycloidal motion 2204parabolic motion 2204

rise for threading 1134size determination 2197–2201stresses, contact 2205, 2209–2210swinging roller follower 2196, 2200symbols 2189torque 2207translating roller follower 2196

Cams and tool design 1135Canned (fixed) cycles, NC 1287–1291Cap screws 1516, 1618–1623

button head 1623drill and counterbore sizes for 1621finished, hexagonal 1516flat head 1622hexagon socket head 1632hexagon socket type 1620–1623hexagonal 1516metric 1541round head 1619slotted fillister head 1619slotted flat head 1618–1619slotted head 1618

designation 1618length of thread 1618

spline socket type 1620–1623Capitalized cost 132Carat 2571Carbide blank

designations 764–765sizes 764–765

Carbide tools 771, 773application of cutting fluids to 1148boring 887–888, 1075coated 1011–1012cutting 764grinding 971–974insert holders 752–764, 1310–1312

Carbide tools (continued)insert type 752, 756–764materials for 773–780, 1010–1012nose angle 769–770nose radius 767, 770rectangular shank 767sharpening 971side cutting edge angle 768single point 764sintered 764square shank 767standard blanks for 764style A 767style B 768style C 769style E 770style EL 770style ER 770tips for boring tools 887–888

Carbides and carbonitrides 773–778Carbon steel 438

AISI-SAE designations 442–443chemical compositions 444, 2145classification 452cold drawn 464–465electrodes 1413forged and rolled 2145free cutting 454gears 2145heat treatments 532mechanical properties 466–471milling 1045–1048numbering system 440, 442structure of 507tool steel as a cutting tool material 1010turning 1027–1030unified numbering system 440, 442

Carbonaceous mixtures 526Carbon-graphite bearings 2266Carbonitrides and carbides 773–778Carbonitriding 510Carburizing 503, 509, 526

gas 528liquid 528solid materials 526steels for 455temperatures

alloy steel 533carbon steel 532

vacuum 528Cartesian coordinates 42Case hardening 503, 526

steel 526Cash flow conversion 127–130

annuity to future value 129annuity to gradient value 129annuity to present value 129diagrams 128future value to annuity 129future value to gradient 129future value to present value 129



INDEX 2603

Cash flow conversion (continued)present value to annuity 129present value to future value 129present value to gradient 129

Casing thread 1890Cast copper alloys 555–559Cast iron

bearings 2264chilled 1360coefficient of expansion 404cutting, flame 1419density 404ductile 1361malleable 1361melting points 404nodular 1361specific heat 404speeds and feeds for

drilling, reaming, and threading 1068–1069

milling 1052–1053turning 1033–1034

strength 474thermal conductivity 404

Cast metals, power constant 1084Cast roller chains 2441Cast steel 1362

austenitic manganese 1364chemical composition 1364, 2146corrosion resistant alloy 1364elongation 1364mechanical properties 1363strength 474, 1363tensile strength 1364yield point 1364

Casting processesaccuracy 1376aluminum alloys 1372ductile iron 1361extrusion 1377gravity die casting 1367gray iron 1366green-sand molding 1366investment casting 1374, 1376investment removal 1376low pressure casting 1367permanent mold 1366–1367shell-molding 1366squeeze casting 1367V-process 1366weights and sizes 1376

Castingsalloy steel 1362blast cleaning 1368brass and bronze 554bronze and brass for gears 2147centrifugal 180cleaning 1368cleaning methods 1368die design 1371

Castings (continued)dimensions 1375ductile (nodular) iron 1361finishing operations 1367heat treatment 1367–1368investment 1374malleable iron 474, 1361metal 1365milling cutters 1377nodular cast iron 1361removal of gates and risers 1367shrinkage of 1369steel, for gears 2094, 2146surface texture of 735tolerances 1375weight 1368, 1370

Castle and slotted nuts 1513, 1571, 1573Cathode 1350Cell, flexible manufacturing, NC 1264Cement, strength of 420Cementation 503Cemented carbide tools 773–778

coated 778drilling with 1061–1064grinding 971–974materials for 1010–1012milling with 1044–1053turning with 1027–1040

Cementite 507Cements, pipe joints 2484Center

distance, gear set 2041, 2043, 2111drills reamers and machine

countersinks 839of oscillation 235of percussion 235

Center distance, gearing 2030Center of gravity 225–231, 235

any four-sided figure 226circle sector 227circular arc 226cone 229cone, frustum 229cylinder 228cylinder, portion of 228ellipse segment 227ellipsoid, segment of 230fillet 227of two bodies 229parabola, area of 228paraboloid 230part of circle ring 227perimeter or area of parallelogram 225pyramid 229pyramid, frustum 229spandrel 227sphere, hollow 230spherical

sector 230segment 230surface 227



INDEX2604

Center of gravity (continued)spheroid, segment of 230trapezoid 226triangle 225wedge 230

Centering tools, length of point 877Centerless grinding 1220–1222

troubles 1221–1222Centers, for arbors and reamers 839Centimeter-gram-second system of

measurement 2544Centimeter-inch conversion tables 2553Centipoises 2334, 2586Centistokes 2334, 2586Centralized lubrication systems 2335Centralizing Acme threads 1832, 1843

alternative series 1843, 1846basic dimensions 1834designation 1843diameter allowance 1836diameter tolerance 1837formulas for determining diameters 1836limiting dimensions 1836major and minor diameter allowances and

tolerances 1837pitch diameter allowances 1836pitch diameter tolerance 1837single start screw thread 1836thread data 1836thread form 1834

Centrifugalcasting 180clutches 2353force 179–182

calculation 180stresses in flywheels 188

Ceramiccoefficient of expansion 415, 780compressive properties 415compressive strength 415, 780cutting tool materials 778–781, 1012density 415, 780dielectric strength 415fracture toughness 780hardness 415, 780mechanical properties 415modulus of elasticity 780modulus of rigidity 780poission’s ratio 780properties 780tensile strength 415thermal conductivity 415, 780whisker reinforced 781

Cermets 773Cgs system of measurement 2544Chain

cast roller 2441close-link 390crane and hoisting 386–391detachable 2441

Chain (continued)pintle 2441saw files 965

Chamfering insert holder 762–764Chamfers and corner clearance,

gearing 2164Change gears

compound 1946, 2009finding accurate ratios 1950finding ratios 1950helical gear hobbing 2112helical milling 1965idler gears 2009lathe 1946leads and angles for helical milling 1980–

1981odd inch pitch threads 1949output, quick change 1948relieving helical-fluted hobs 1950–1951thread cutting, lathe 1946

fractional ratios 1947fractional threads 1946metric pitches 1946–1947modifying the gearbox output 1947threads per inch with given

combination 1946–1947trains, for fractional ratios 1947

Channelsaluminum 2518moment of inertia 2514, 2518radius of gyration 2514, 2518section modulus 2514, 2518steel 2514structural 2514, 2518weight per foot 2514, 2518

CheckingAcme threads by three-wire method 1906assembly 643castings 643dimensions 643drawings 642–644enlarged spur pinion 2143for strength 642gear size 2125–2143gears 2134machined parts 644measurements over pins or wires 2143radius of arc 718rake angles

indicator drop method 829–830indicator drops on milling cutter

face 830relief angles

indicator drop method 829indicator drops on end teeth 829indicator drops on side teeth 829

screw thread dimensions 1901shaft conditions 719spur gear by wires 2126–2133spur gear size 2126–2133Whitworth threads 1901



INDEX 2605

Cheese head screws 1610, 1615Chemical compositions

alloy steels 446–447, 1364aluminum alloys 578–579carbon steels 444, 1364cast steels 2146copper 569copper alloys 556–568forged and rolled alloy steels 2146forged and rolled carbon steels 2145HSLA steels 463magnesium alloys 587molybdenum 541nickel alloys 589–590shock-resisting tool steels 497stainless steels 448–449tool steels 481treatment of metals 1461vapor deposition (CVD) 776

Chemical elements 398atomic number 398atomic weight 398melting temperature 398symbol 398

Chemical surface treatment of metals 1462–1464

Chilled cast iron 1360Chip flow angle 1100Chip thickness 1093, 1158Chipbreakers 755

angular shoulder type 755grinding 973–974groove type 755light cuts 756parallel shoulder type 755

Chordlength for given angle and radius 66, 70–

72length for given number of

divisions 989–992Chordal addendum 2030, 2049

milled bevel gear teeth 2095milled, full-depth gear teeth 2047–2048

Chordal distance of bolt circle 69Chordal thickness 2030

gear teeth 2046, 2048, 2093milled bevel gear teeth 2095milled, full-depth gear teeth 2047–2048

Chrome 1465Chromium

gearing material 2146plating 1423–1424tool steels 491

Chucking reamers 833expansion 842rose 834

Chucksdrill, tapers and threads for 939hexagonal, for portable tools 951spindle, for portable tool grinders 948

Cincinnati milling machines, indexing movements 2017–2020

Circles 45center 45chords for dividing circumference

of 989–992dividing, on jig boring machine 993–

1004enclosed within a circle 81–84enclosed within a rectangle 86general equation 45geometry of 53lengths of chords for dividing 989–992moment of inertia 241packing

in circles 81–84in circles and rectangles 81–86in rectangles 86

programming in APT (NC) 1296–1299radius 45radius of gyration 241section modulus 241segments 66, 70–72squares of equivalent areas 73

Circulararc center of gravity 226disk, radius of gyration 233gear teeth 2039interpolation, NC 1283–1284measure 2550mil gage for wires 2563pitch 2030, 2157

given center distance and ratio 2045pitch gears, diameters of 2052pitch in gears 2052ring

moment of inertia 242radius of gyration 242section modulus 242sector area 67

saws, arbors for 948sector segment 989–992sector, area 66segment

area 66, 70formulas 70table of dimensions 71–72

thickness 2030milled bevel gear teeth 2095outside diameter

has been enlarged 2046has been reduced 2046is standard 2045

tools 794Circumference

chords for dividing 989–992of a circle, spacing 991–992

CL data, NC 1271Clad aluminum alloys 584Cladding with lasers 1454



INDEX2606

Classical belts and pulleysV-belts 2399–2406

datum length 2400groove dimension 2401horsepower rating 2403length correction 2405sheave dimension 2400–2401

Classification of carbon steels 452Clavarino's equation 295Clearance 2030

anglesboring tools 887–888for dies 1329milling cutters 825punch and die 1329reamers, tooth rest position 835

drill sizes, machine screw 1934effects on working pressure 1329for wrench 1530–1531holes 640, 645, 652, 655, 670

hex-head bolt and nut 887inch machine screws 1934metric

bolts and screws 1938machine screws 1604screws and bolts 1556socket head cap screws 1557square neck bolts 1558tapping screws 1659

punch and die 1329Cleveland forming tool formula 787Clevis pins 1668Closed-loop system 1262, 2488Clutches 2350–2357

angle of cone 2352angle of dividing head for milling 2356–

2357centrifugal and free-wheeling 2353cone 2351–2352cutting teeth 2355–2356cutting with angular cutters 2355, 2357disk 2350double angle cutter 2357friction 2349, 2351friction coefficients 2351magnetic 2352–2353positive 2354–2355power capacity of 2350saw tooth 2356single angle cutter 2356slipping 2353wrapped spring 2353

CNC 1254–1255programming 1269–1309

Cobalt alloys 1012Cobaltchrom steel 538elongation 418hardness 418tensile strength 418yield strength 418

Coefficient ofexpansion

aluminum 403cast iron 404ceramics 415common materials 402copper alloys 403ductile iron 404plastics 416thermoplastics 402titanium alloys 404various substances 402

friction 157–158, 2362rolling resistance 159steel on various materials 158various materials on metal 2351

heat radiation 402heat transmission 402

Cofactors of a matrix 121Cold-form tapping 1939–1941Cold-work

tool steelsair hardening 495chemical composition 495heat treatment 495oil hardening 494

Collets 945–947Colloidal suspension 1350Coloring metals 1462–1464Columns 285–291

American Institute of Steel Construction 289, 291

American Railway Engineering Association formulas 285

eccentrically loaded 286Euler formula 286–289J. B. Johnson formula 288–289Rankine or Gordon formulas 285, 287steel pipe, allowable concentric

loads 290–291Combination 18

drill and tap 1943involute spline types 2167shank, helix single end mills 807

Combined drills and countersinks 873Combined stress 215–218

normal stresses at right angles 215Common fractions 8Compensation, insert radius, NC 1310–1312Complex conjugate 17Complex or imaginary numbers 17Composite, checking of gears 2073Compound

angles 108–110indexing 1984–1990thread cutting, NC 1292

Compressionin columns 285–291springs 308–328

Compressive propertiesceramics 415



INDEX 2607

Compressive properties (continued)definitions 205of air 430, 437strength

ceramics 415common non-metals 420iron and steel 474magnesium alloys 588wood 412

strength, wood 412Computer numerical control, CNC 1254–

1255programming 1269–1309

Computer-aided (or-assisted)design (CAD) 1315–1325manufacturing (CAM) 1315

Concave arbor-type milling cutters 815Concrete strength 420Conditional expressions, NC 1287Conductance, thermal 401, 2582Conductivity

electrical, of metals 1354electrical, of plastics 605

Conecenter of gravity 229clutches 2351–2352frustum

center of gravity 229of volume 77polar moments of inertia 252radius of gyration 234

polar moments of inertia 252radius of gyration 234volume 77

Coned springs 354Conical pendulum 165Conjugate fractions 12, 14Constants, fundamental 2548Constructional steels 1188–1189Contact

diameter 2030, 2059diameter, gearing 2059ratio 2030, 2060

face 2030gearing 2060total 2030

stress 2030stresses, cams 2210

Contents of tanks 61–62Continued fractions 11–12

use of as conjugates 13–14Continuity equation 432Control, adaptive, NC 1262Convergents 11–14Conversational part programming,

NC 1269–1270Conversion

acceleration 2586acres to hectares 2563bending moments 2577

Conversion (continued)celsius to fahrenheit temperatures 2583centimeter to inch 2553coordinate systems 42–44cutting speed formulas 1016density units 2572energy units 2581fahrenheit and celsius temperatures 2583flow units 2570force units 2576fractional inch to millimeter 3millimeter to fractional inch 3moment and torque units 2577moment of inertia units 2587newton-meters into pound-inches 2577numbers to powers-of-ten notation 15oil viscosity unit 2334pound-inches into newton-meters 2577power units 2581pressure units 2576section modulus units 2587specific gravity 408tables

angular measure 96, 98cutting speed and diameter to

rpm 1017, 1211cutting speed formulas 1943decimal multiples of SI units 2546foot-pounds into Btu 2579fractional inch to millimeter 2552hardness 550–551horsepower into kilowatts 2579millimeter to fractional inch 2552pounds-force into newtons 2577power and heat 2578radians into degrees 96, 98

thermal conductance 2582torque units 2577U.S.gallons into liters 2566UK gallons into liters 2566velocity units 2586viscosity 2586work units 2581

Convex arbor-type milling cutters 815Coolants for

lapping 1238machining

aluminum 1153magnesium 1154–1155tool sharpening 973–974zinc alloys 1155

tapping 1943Coordinate system 42–44

converting to another 43Coordinates, for jig boring 986–1004Copolymer 594Copper

coloring 1462lead bearings 2261–2264passivation 1462plating 1466



INDEX2608

Copper and copper-base alloysclassification 555coefficient of expansion 403composition 556–568copper-silicon alloys 569copper-zinc-tin alloys 569

strength 420density 403die casting 1372elongation 417, 556–568hardness 417machinability 556–568melting points 403passivation 1462, 1464powdered metal alloys 419specific heat 403speeds, for drilling and reaming 1072

for turning and milling 1037tensile strength 417, 556–568thermal conductivity 403UNS number 555–568yield strength 417, 556–568

Copper- and iron-base sintered bearings 2267–2268

Copper-base powdered alloysdensity 419elongation 419hardness 419rupture strength 419ultimate strength 419yield strength 419

Cordeaux thread 1891Core drills 876Corner-rounding milling cutters 800, 815Corrosion-resisting alloys 457, 460, 554, 570Cosecant 88Cosine law of 89Cost

cutting grinding 1115feeds and speeds 1118function 1108minimum 1107, 1109, 1161optimum 1109regrinding 1116tools with inserts 1116

Cotangent 88Cotter pins, standard sizes 1667, 1678, 1681Cotters 2374Coulomb shear theory (plastics) 609Counterbores

cutters and guides 886pilot 886solid 886three piece 886

Counterboring 885Countersinks 839, 891

combined with drills 872machine 839

Countersunk headcap screws 1618

Countersunk head (continued)rivets 1483, 1485, 1491

British Standard 1491screw, British Standard 1614screws 1588–1590, 1593–1594, 1610–

1622British Standard 1610–1617

Couples of forces 148Couplings

connecting shafts 2346double-cone 2347fire-hose 1874–1876flexible 2348hose 1873–1874interference fits 2347knuckle joint 2350safety flange 2346shaft 306single keys used as fixed 2169–2170slipping 2353universal 2348

CPVC plastics 2533Crane

chainhoisting 386–391safe loads 387–388, 390slings 387–388strength 386–387

hooks, eyes, shackles 386–395capacity of 393dimensions 393–395

Crane motors 2476–2477Crater-resistant carbide tools 1011Creep 205, 208, 313, 602

modulus 602rupture 205, 602

Criticalslenderness ratio 286speeds 195–196

formulas for 195–196of rotating bodies and shafts 195–196

speeds of rotating shafts 306temperatures, heat treatment 503, 512

determining 515Critical points of

decalescance 514–516recalescance 514–515

Croning shell mold process 1366Crosby Group 392–395Cross recesses

for machine screws 1596for self-tapping screws 1642

Cross section lining, ANSI Standard for drawings 630, 632

Crossed helical gears 2029Crowned involute splines 2173Crushing strength, wood 411Cryogenic treatment, steel 547Cube, volume 75Cubes of wire diameters 351



INDEX 2609

Cubicboron nitride (CBN) 1013, 1033, 1035,

1039, 1177–1178, 1195, 1204grinding wheels 1195, 1204

conversions 2566equations 33measure 2566

Cumulative fatigue damage 207Cupola malleable iron 1361Curve, normal distribution 1245–1248Curved beams 279

stress correction factor 279Curved tooth files 964Cutoff or roughness sampling length 734Cut-off tools, circular dimensions 795Cutter

bevel gear, formed types 2089–2090box-tool 1132compensation, NC 1280–1282, 1310–

1312helical gear, formed type 2108internal gear 2074location data (CL data) 1271

Cuttingabrasive 952–954bevel gear teeth 2084blades 783clutch teeth 2355costs grinding 1115electric arc 1418–1419fluids 1143–1148

application of to carbides 1148aqueous solutions 1144broaching 1146carbides 1148chlorinated oils 1144–1146magnesium 1146, 1148mineral oil 1146selection 1144–1146soluble oils and compounds 1144sulfurized oils 1144, 1146–1147various alloys 1144–1146

gas torch cutting 1418, 1420metals oxidizing flame 1418roller chain sprocket teeth 2460time for turning, boring and facing 1082time per piece 1114wire rope 380–381

Cutting fluidsfor different materials 1145for different operations 1145for steel 1145

Cutting forces 1100Cutting plane irons 783Cutting speed

economic 1110files and burs 966lives 1122optimum 1112

Cutting speeds and feeds 1009–1074automatic screw machine 1132–1133bandsaw 1140–1142broaching 1074chip thickness 1023–1025cutting speed calculations 1036cutting tool materials 475–501CVD diamond tools 1013diamond tools 1012drilling and turning titanium and titanium

alloys 1038drilling, reaming, and threading

copper alloys 1072ferrous cast metals 1068–1069glass 1065light metals 1070plain carbon and alloy steels 1061–

1064stainless steels 1067tool steels 1066

equivalentchip thickness (ECT) 1023–1025rpm for given cutting speed 1017–1021rpm for given drill sizes and speed 1017

formulas for 1016, 1036honing 1233–1235metal cutting saws 1082milling 1040–1053

feeds for high-speed steel cutters 1054ferrous cast metals 1052–1053plain carbon and alloy steels 1045–

1048stainless steels 1050–1051titanium and titanium alloys 1038

planing 1082reamers 1071rpm for different speeds and

diameters 1018–1021shaping 1082tapping 1072–1074, 1993–2007thread chasing 1072–1074tool

inserts 1310–1312life 1013–1014

adjusting 1035–1036, 1040, 1043, 1059

steels 1031, 1049–1050, 1066turning

copper alloys 1037ferrous cast metals 1033–1034light metals 1038stainless steels 1032superalloys 1039titanium and titanium alloys 1038tool steels 1031unusual materials 1082

twist drills 1071work materials 1009

Cutting tool grade 1059Cutting tools 749–764, 833–834

angles 749–764, 1310–1312



INDEX2610

Cutting tools (continued)angular

milling 802, 808, 821, 824, 834application codes, ISO 779boring-bar 887–888carbide grade selection 773–783, 1011–

1012carbon tool steels 1010carbonitrides (cermets) 773–778, 1012cast nonferrous alloy 1012cemented carbides 773–778, 1010–1012ceramics 778–780, 1012checking relief and rake angles 826, 830chipbreaker 752chucking reamers 834clearance angles 826, 831coated carbides 1011coatings 776, 1011crater-resistant carbides 1011cubic boron nitride (CBN) 1013, 1178,

1195, 1204CVD diamond 1013diamond 781, 1012

polycrystalline 781, 1012grades 1011–1012grinding 823–831

checking rake angle 829checking relief angle 829

high-speed steel 1010indexable insert holder 751indexable inserts 751, 1310–1312machining data 782materials 771, 773, 1009–1013

carbide ceramics 781metals

compositions and properties 774hardness 774rupture strength 774structures 774tungsten carbide 774

oxide ceramics 780silicon nitride base 781superhard 781

milling 796–831hand of flute helix 799side 799staggered tooth 799

point configuration 758radial relief, eccentric type 826rake angles 826rose chucking reamers 834sharpening 968–969single-point 749–764specifications, ISO 778spline 824titanium carbides 778, 1011tool bit 751tooth rest positions 831trouble-shooting checklist 1014T-slot cutters 800

Cutting tools (continued)tungsten carbide 771, 773, 1011

combined with other elements 776wheels for sharpening milling

cutters 823–825Woodruff keyseat cutters 820

Cyanide hardening (cyaniding) 504, 510, 527

Cycloid 2030area 66curves, area enclosed by 61

Cylindercenter of gravity 228collapsing pressure 297–298hollow

polar moment of inertia 250radius of gyration 234volume 77

plates and shells 292–298polar moment of inertia 250portion of volume 76–77portion of, center of gravity 228radius of gyration 233strength to resist internal pressure 294–

298volume 76working pressure vs. radius ratio 295–

296Cylindrical

coordinates 44tank, contents 61–62to rectangular coordinates 44

Cylindrical grinding 1212–1220automation in 1215–1216basic process data 1215high speed 1215–1216machines 1212operating data 1214selection of grinding wheels 1180, 1194–

1195, 1204, 1213–1214traverse and plunge grinding 1212troubles 1216–1219workholding 1213

Cylindrical roller bearings, symbols 2272

DDamascus steel 441Dardelet thread 1891Data input, manual, NC 1269Datum

feature 634identifier 634plan 635reference frame 635referencing 634, 638simulator 635target 635, 639target lines 640target points 640



INDEX 2611

Decalescence point in steel hardening 514–516

Decimalfractions 10inch into fraction inch 3, 2552multiples and submultiples of SI

units 2546point programming, NC 1274

Dedendum 2030Definitions

gear terms 2029–2032, 2077–2079geometric dimensioning and

tolerancing 634spline terms 2157–2159, 2172surface texture 726surfaces of solid materials 724

Deflectionbeams 260–271, 277–281calculation 214flat plates 292–294shaft, linear 302shaft, torsional 301–302springs

compression and extension 325–328torsion 343–346

Degrees, expressed in radians 96, 98Density

air 429aluminum 403cast iron 404ceramics 415copper alloys 403copper-base powdered alloys 419ideal 2548iron-base powdered alloys 419nickel alloys 404of air at different temperature 428plastics 416plastics materials 416powdered metals 419stainless steels 404titanium alloys 404tungsten-base powdered alloys 419units conversion 2572water 423wood 413

Department of Commerce 297Deposition rates (welding) 1395Depreciation 130–131

double declining balance method 130property class and factors 131statutory depreciation system 130straight line method 130sum of the years digit method 130

Depth of cut 1013–1014Depth of engagement 2157Derivatives of functions 34Detachable chains 2441Diameter factor 1163Diameter of circle enclosing smaller

circles 81–84

Diameters for finished shafting 303Diametra pitch

knurls, (ANSI) Standard 1241Diametral pitch

definition 2030equivalent

circular pitch and tooth proportions 2038–2039

metric modules and circular pitch 2124knurls, (ANSI) Standard 1240–1244system 2034

Diamondbuilt up edge 783concentration 971–972cratering 783dust for lapping 1237grinding wheels 1190–1207laps and lapping 1237tool materials 781, 1012–1013truing 1196–1200wheels 971–973, 1201–1207

composition 1204designation symbols 1201–1204diamond concentration 971–973feeds and speeds 1207grades, grit sizes 971–972modifications 1204operating guidelines for 1207operations and handling 1207selection of 1206shapes of standard 1201–1204speeds and feeds 1207terminology 1201thread grinding 1957work speeds 1207

Die castingalloys 1371–1374bearing metals 1373design 1370–1371dies machines 1373files 965injection molding 1374machining zinc alloy 1155porosity 1370–1371skin effect 1371

Dielectric strengthceramics 415plastics 416

Diemaker's reamers 822Dies and taps

combination drill and tap 1943maximum pitches 1964square thread 903, 907–910tap drill size 919, 1933

Acme threads 919formula 1934metric 1937pipe 1942Unified 1925–1932

Dies, sheet metalbending allowances 1332–1335



INDEX2612

Dies, sheet metal (continued)blank diameters for drawing 1331clearance between punch and die 1329diameter reductions in drawing 1333lubricants 1330rectangular drawing 1330–1331

Dies, steel rule 1346–1348Dies, threading, maximum pitches 1964Differential

indexing 2008pulley 163

Dimensionbasic 636, 645origin 636reference 636

Dimensioning and tolerancing, geometric 630

Dip brazing 1387Direct (or distributed) NC 1324Disc spring 354–368

contact surfaces 355, 358forces and stresses 358group classes 354materials 355nomenclature 354stacking 356

Diskcircular, radius of gyration 233clutches 2350method of measuring tapers 713springs 348

Displacement in ball and roller bearings, allowance for axial 2286

Distance across bolt circle 717Distance between two points 39Distributed numerical control (DNC) 1324Distribution curve, normal 1245Dividing

circles 993–1004fractions and mixed numbers 9head, angular position 821–824numbers written in powers-of-ten

notation 16Dolly bars for riveting 1483Double angle milling cutters 802Double V-belts

(see Belts and pulleys: double V-belts)Double-cone clamping couplings 2347Dovetail slides, measuring 713Dowel pins 1667–1673

designation 1671–1672ductility 1671hardened ground machine 1670–1671hardened ground production 1671–1672lengths and sizes 1671metric 1667–1669shear strength 1671–1672unhardened ground 1672–1673

Drafting practices, ANSI Standard 630Draw-in bolt ends 943

DrawingANSI Standard

line conventions 630–631surface texture symbols 732–733welding 1442

applying surface texture symbols 733bisect angle 55checking 642

inspecting a new design 642materials specified 642method of making drawing 643

circle around square 57circle around triangle 56circular arc 56data for gear blanks 2064data for gears 2067data for involute splines 2167data for spur and helical gear 2067data, splines 2169divide line into equal parts 54drafting practices 630ellipse 47, 57equilateral triangle 55helix 58hexagon around circle 57hyperbola 58involute 58metric dimensions on 735parabola 58parallel lines 55perpendicular lines 54scales of metric drawings 736sheet sizes 630specifying spur and helical gear data

on 2065square around circle 57symbols

ANSI Standard 630section lining 632

geometric 633ISO 633lines 630–631materials 632

tangent to circle 56tempering, steel 521triangle around circle 5645-degree angle 5560-degree angle 55

Drawing diesannealing drawn shells 1330blank diameters 1331brass 1330depth drawn in one operation 1334diameter reduction in one operation 1334rectangular 1330–1331

Dressing grinding wheels 1196–1200Drilling

accuracy of drilled holes 884automatic screw machine feeds and

speeds 1132cutting speeds for 1131



INDEX 2613

Drilling (continued)cutting speeds for

ferrous cast metals 1068–1069light metals 1070superalloys 1039titanium and titanium alloys 1038tool steels 1066

difficulties 1065estimating thrust, torque, and

power 1090–1092feed factors 1091holes in glass 1065holes, accuracy of 884horsepower and thrust for 1090–1092machine, shaftless motor type 2474spade 1075–1079

Drillsaccuracy of drilled holes 884and countersink plain types 873and countersinks, bell types 873angle of cutting point 968–970ANSI Standards 854chucks, tapers 939cobalt high-speed steel 885combined drills and countersinks 872–

874core, taper shank 874counterbores 854cutting speeds and equivalent rpm 1017definitions of terms 854diameter factors, thurst 1091diameter factors, torque 1091diameters of tap 1925–1932driver, collet type 878driver, split sleeve 878drivers 878for taper pin reamers 1674, 1677grinding 968–971jobbers length 856–862length of point 877letter sizes and gauge 879metric, British Standard 874–884nomenclature 854screw machine drills 856–867sharpening 969–971sizes for tapping 1933

for Acme threads 919sizes for tapping Acme threads 919spade 1075–1079specifications 1675steels for 884–885straight shank 854straight-shank drill sizes

core drills 876letter 860–861metric 856–866number 856–860

straight-shank, taper-length, drill sizesfractional 857–866letter 860–861

Drills (continued)straight-shank, taper-length, drill sizes

metric 857–866number 857–860screw machine length 867

tangs for 866tap and clearance hole sizes 1934taper shank 854taper-shank core drills 873–876taper-shank drill sizes

fractional inch 868–873metric 868–873

terms 854–855twist 854–877twisted

jobber series 882parallel series 883

types 854–855Drives

nose key 931–932screws 1639, 1654square, for portable tools 949studs 1681taper 930–931

Drums, chain and wire rope 378–379, 391Drunken thread 1891Dry measure 2567Dryseal pipe threads 1866–1869

assembly limitations 1869designations 1868–1869diameter pitch combinations 1869fine taper 1869limitation of assembly 1866limits on crest and root 1866pressure tight joints 1866taps for 901types 1866

Ductilecast iron 1361iron 474, 1361

Duranickel, machining 1155Durometer tests 551Dynamic

balance 197stresses 283viscosity coefficient 2345

Dynamic factor 2078Dynamometers 2359Dyne 2544

EEccentricity 2165Echols thread 1891Economic tool-life 1110ECT (equivalent chip thickness) 1023–1025EDG (electrical discharge grinding) 1350EDM 1349

capacitor 1350craters 1350



INDEX2614

EDM (continued)dielectric

filter 1350fluid 1350strength 1350

discharge channel 1350dither 1350duty cycle 1350, 1353electrical controls 1354electrode

growth 1350wear 1350

electrode materials 1355electrode uses 1356electro-forming 1350electronic controls 1352Farad 1350flushing 1352gap current 1350gap voltage 1350heat-affected zone 1353ion 1350ionization 1350low-wear 1350machine settings 1353materials 1355

characteristics 1355elctrode 1355

metal removal rates 1354negative electrode 1350no-wear 1350overcut 1351plasma 1351plunge (sinker) method

electrode materials 1354machine settings 1352making electrodes 1357metal removal rates 1354

positive electrode 1351power parameters 1351process 1351quench 1351recast layer 1351, 1354secondary discharge 1351spark frequency 1353spark in and out 1351square wave 1351stroke 1351UV axis 1351white layer 1351wire 1359

drilling holes 1359EDM 1351guide 1351speed 1351

wire electrode 1359wire method 1349workpiece materials 1354

Effectivedimensions, splines 2157, 2165length of bolt 1499

Efficiency 2031influence of friction on 157machine tool 1086–1090riveted joints 1479–1483

Elasticlimit 204limit, plastics 598modulus 204

in shear (torsion) 204spring materials 348–350various materials 204

properties of material 420region 204, 1503–1504

tightening fasteners in 1497–1502Elastohydrodynamic lubrication 2342Electric

arc, cutting metals 1418–1419fixture threads 1885motor keys and keyseats 2368socket and lamp base threads 1884

Electrical fixture threads 1884lamp base 1884socket shell threads 1884

Electrical network 124Electrical relationships 2587Electrode

diameter, sheet metal 1407making 1357

machining graphite 1357material 1355

brass 1356copper 1356copper-tungsten 1356graphite 1356steel 1356zinc 1356

material selection 1357uses on various materials 1356wear 1357

Electrodes (welding)characteristics of standard types 1409

AWS E60XX 1406current to use with 1394, 1413deposition rates 1391, 1395–1397diameter to use 1390, 1399, 1408selecting GTAW tungsten type 1411–

1414wire, feed rates 1394

Electropolishing 1468Elements, table of chemical 398Elevation reading displacements 1248Ellipse 46–47

area 68drawing 47, 57eccentricity 46foci 46general equation 46major axis 46methods of drawing 57minor axis 46moment of inertia 242



INDEX 2615

Ellipse (continued)radius of gyration 242section modulus 242segment, center of gravity 227

Ellipsoidpolar moment of inertia 251radius of gyration 235volume 78

Elliptic gearsGears and gearing

elliptic 2114Elongation

alloy steel 1364aluminum 417aluminum alloys 575–583carbon and alloy steels 466–471carbon steel 1364carbon steel rounds, squares, and

hexagons 464–465cobalt alloys 418copper alloys 417, 556–568copper-base powdered alloys 419copper-beryllium alloys 570copper-silicon alloys 569high-strength, low-alloy steels 463iron-base powdered alloys 419magnesium alloys 588measurement of bolts 1500nickel alloys 418, 589–590plastics 416powdered metals 419stainless steel 418, 472–473steels 417, 1363titanium alloys 591tungsten-base powdered alloys 419

Emerygrades 1461grain numbers for polishing 1461

End millsangles for milling teeth in 821ANSI Standard 804–814combination shanks for 806high speed steel 807plain and ball end 810terminology of 803with combination shank 807with straight shanks 808–809with taper shanks 809with weldon shanks 804, 806–807, 810

Endurance limit 205, 2077–2078for spring materials 318

Energy 173–174, 1350and momentum 171kinetic 173–175of flywheels 184–185potential 174units conversion 2581

Engagement, length of thread 1510Engine lathe, change gears 1946Engineering economics 125–137

Enlarged pinionscenter-distance system for 2058in helical gearing 2108–2111in spur gearing 2050, 2058

Epicyclic gearing 2115–2118bevel gear type 2116–2118ratios 2116–2118

Epicycloidal curves, areas 61Equations

cubic 33line 40quadratic 31simultaneous 122solution of

first degree with one unknown 31first degree with two unknowns 31numerical with one unknown 33quadratic with one unknown 31

using Newton-Raphson method 33Equilateral triangle 88Equivalent chip thickness (ECT) 1023–1025Equivalent pitch ratio 2031Equivalent uniform annual cost 133–134Erg 2544Etching and etching fluids 1461–1462Euler’s formulas for columns 286–287Evaluating alternatives 131–134

benefit cost ratio 134capitalized cost 132equivalent uniform annual cost 133net present value 131payback period 134rate of return 134

Evaluation length 727Evaporation, latent heat of 399Everdur copper-silicon alloy 569Exbi 2546Expansion

air 430chucking reamers 842fits 648hand reamers 844pipe 427

Exponent 14External spline 2158, 2167External spur gear 2029Extrusion

applications 1378for tubes 1378of metals 1377process 1377

cold 1377hot 1377

Eye bolts and nuts 394–395Eye splice 393

FFabric, bonding 2482Facing cutting time for 1082



INDEX2616

Facing insert holder 762–764Factorial 18, 103Factors

of numbers 19–28prime number 19–28

Factors of safety 208machine columns 288shafts 300, 305tubes subject to external pressure 298wire rope 375–376

Failurefatigue, modes of 207fatigue, springs 318of riveted joints 1479of springs 352

Fasteners detecting counterfeit 1509Fatigue

combined with creep 208contact 208corrosion 208cumulative damage 207failure, modes of 207influence of stress on 206–208life factor involute splines 2172low/high cycle 207properties 205S-N diagrams 205, 207springs 318surface 208tests on plastics 603thermal 207

FCAW (flux-cored arc welding) 1398Federal specification

gage blocks, inch and metric sizes 743Feed

function, NC 1278–1279rate override, NC 1280rates

centering tools 1132for drilling 1132for milling 1040for turning 1027–1040hollow mills 1132number of teeth 1128

Feeds and speeds 1009–1074, 1079, 1131–1132, 1140–1143grinding 1158total costs 1118

Feetand inches into inches 2550into meters 2562

Feet per minute into rpm 1016–1021, 1943Fellows stub tooth gears 2041Ferrite 507Ferrous

cast metals, speedsfor drilling, reaming, and

threading 1068–1069for milling 1052–1053for turning 1033–1034

Fiber, vulcanized, strength of 420

Files 1456chain saw 965characteristics 963classes 963

American pattern 963curved tooth 963machinist’s 963mill or saw 963rasp 963Swiss pattern 963

coarseness of cutbastard 963coarse 963second 963smooth 963

cross section 963curved tooth class 964–965cut

double cut 963double cut finishing 963rasp 963single cut 963

cutting speeds 966definitions of terms 962flat 964machinist’s class 964

flat 964general purpose 964half round 964hand 964knife 964pillar 964round 964square 964three square 964warding 964wood 964

mill or saw class 963blunt hand saw 964blunt mill 964blunt triangular 964cantsaw 963crosscut 963double ender 963mill 963taper saw 964triangular saw 964web saw 964

pillar 964rasps 965rifflers 965rotary 965round 964shear tooth 965special purpose 965

aluminum rasp 965brass file 965chain saw 965die casting 965foundry 965lead float 965



INDEX 2617

Files (continued)special purpose

long angle lathe 965shear tooth 965

square 964Swiss pattern class 965

blunt machine 965die sinker 965die sinker rifflers 965needle 965silversmiths rifflers 965

teeth, cut of 963warding 964wood 964

Filler metals for brazing 1382Fillet

area 67center of gravity 227radius 2031

Fillister head machine screws 1593Fine blanking 1344

tool dimensions 1345Finishing, power brush 1456–1459Fire hose connection

screw threads 1874–1876Fire hose connection screw threads

ANSI Standard 1874thread designation 1874thread form 1874

Fits 652actual 652and limits

graphical representation 655–657tolerances designation 666

basic shaft fits 656bilateral hole fits 656British Standard

limits and fits 684minimum and maxmum clearances 683tolerance limits

holes 682shafts 682

clearance fits 670–671, 674–675cylindrical

allowances and tolerances for 645ANSI Standard 651–677British Standard 679definitions 645expansion 648forced 646, 663metric ISO, British 679–688metric radial, ball and roller bearing

shaft and housing 2286preferred series 652shrinkage 648, 663transition 657, 662

drive 656expansion 648force 655–656, 663

allowance 647

Fits (continued)force

pressure in assembling 647hole basis

British Standard 680figure 668

hole system 652interference 652, 669locational 655

clearance 655, 660interferance 665interference 655transition 655, 662

metric clearance fits 670–671, 674–675metric interference fits 672–673metric transition fits 672–673running 655, 658shaft basis

British Standard 680figure 668

shaft system 652shrinkage 648, 655–656, 663

allowance 648–650sliding 655, 658transition 652, 669

Fittingspipe 2526–2538pipe,friction loss in 427

Fixed (canned) cycles, NC 1287–1291Fixtures and jigs 975–985Flame

cutting of metals 1418–1420cutting torch 1419hardening 529spraying process 1472

Flanged housing bearings 2277Flank of tooth 2031Flat

belts rivets 1485head cap screws 1618, 1622head machine screws 1588–1590, 1614metal products, preferred

thicknesses 2523plate

circular 294square and rectangular 292–293strengths 292–294thin radius of gyration 232

stayed surfaces in boiler work, strength 292

Flexiblebelts 2388couplings 2348manufacturing

cell 1264module 1264systems, (FMS) 1263

Flexural modulus, plastics 416Floor and bench stand grinding 1229Flow of air in pipes 436



INDEX2618

Flow of water through nozzles 425in pipes 423, 2531

Flow, units conversion 2570Fluid maintenance 1151

biocide treatment 1151personal protective clothing 1151system service 1151

Fluidized bed furnace 503, 512Fluting cutters, reamers 833–834fluting, for reamers 833–834Fluxes

brazing 1386soldering 1380

Flywheels 183–194bursting speed tests 192–193calculations 184–194centrifugal stresses in 188classification 183design, general procedure 184energy of 184–185for presses, punches, shears 185–188

dimensions of 186rim velocity 186simplified calculations 187–188weight of rim 187

pulley 183spokes or arms of 194stream engine 193–194stresses 193

centrifugal in rim 188combined bending and centrifugal 189in rotating disks 193

types of 183Foot-pound

equivalents 2578into British thermal units 2579

Force 141, 203acceleration resulting from 171–172addition and subtraction of 145algebraic composition and resolution

of 148–156algebraic solution

forces in same plane 149–151forces not in same plane 153–156

and couples, work performed by 174centrifugal 179–182

calculating 180colinear 148components of 145, 148composition 145, 148concurrent 148

components of single force 149coplanar 148couples of 147–148differential pulley 163disc springs 358for moving body on horizontal plane 161friction 171graphical representation 145–149moment of 141, 147

Force (continued)noncoplanar 148normal component 171of blow 175of gravity 171on inclined plane 160parallel 146parallelogram of 145polygon of 146pound 142–143relationship to time 203resolution of 145, 148

into rectangular components 153resultant 145, 148

any number of concurrent forces 153locating when components are

known 156non-intersecting forces 151–152non-parallel, non-intersecting

forces 155parallel forces 150parallel forces not in same plane 154single force and couple 150three or more concurrent forces 149two concurrent forces 149

screw 163systems 145toggle joint 164units conversion 2576work performed by 174

Formatclassification 1272–1274detail, NC 1272–1274word address, NC 1272–1274

Formed cutters for internal gears 2074Formica, machining 1156Forming tools 784–795

arrangement of 789circular 787

constant for determining 789corrected diameter 789diameters of 789–795with top rake 789

diameter 788dimensions 785feeds per revolution 789, 795, 1131formula 787

Acme machine 787Brown and Sharpe machine 787Cleveland machine 787

screw machine dimensions 794speeds for 789, 795straight 784

with rake 784Formulas

algebraic 30area 63–68column

American Railway Engineering Association 285

Euler 286–289



INDEX 2619

Formulas (continued)column

Johnson 286Rankine or Gordon 285straight-line 285

contour milling 2025critical speeds 195–196cutting speed 1016derivative 34dimensions of milled bevel gears 2085,

2087dimensions of SAE standard splines 2185dimensions of standard spur gears 2035distance across bolt circle 717for helical gears 2099, 2101–2105, 2107,

2110for module system gears 2121, 2123integral 34internal gears 2075linear motion, constant acceleration 167pendulum 165proportions of ANSI fine-pitch worms

and wormgears 2096rearrangement of 29rotary motion, constant acceleration 169tooth parts, coarse pitch spur gear 2035torque capacity of involute splines 2170transposition 29triangle

oblique 64, 94–95right 64, 91, 93

trigonometric 89–90volume 75–80work and power 178

Fractional inch to millimeter conversion 3, 2552

Fractional threads 1946Fractions 10

conjugate 12continued 11–12

use of 13–14mixed numbers 9

Freebody diagram 171cutting steels 454wheeling clutches 2353

Freezing mixtures 403French

metric screw threads 1824thermal unit 2583thread 1891

Fretting damage 2174Friction 157–159, 171

brakes 2358–2361clutches 2349, 2351coefficient in gears 2078coefficients 158, 1505, 2351, 2359–2362

bolts 1498hexagon head bolt and nut 1504–1505nuts 1498

Friction (continued)coefficients

rolling resistance 159static steel on various materials 158torque 1504–1505

effect on efficiency 157in brakes 2360laws of 157rolling 159wheels horsepower 2362wheels, power transmission 2360–2361

Friction losselbow

45 degree 42790 degree 427

in bearings 2302standard tee

flow thru branch 427flow thru run 427

Fuels, equivalent 2582Functions

derivatives 34integration 34involute 103–107of angles graphic illustration 98sevolute 103trigonometric 88–90, 99

tables of 99–102versed cosine 103versed sine 103

Fundamental constants 2548Furnace brazing 1387Furnaces, steel heat-treating 503, 511–512,

543Fusion, latent heat of 399

GGage block sets

inch sizes 744metric sizes 745

Gage blocks, precision 743–745federal specifications for 743inch sizes 744metric sizes 745

Gage tolerances 1916–1917Gagemakers tolerances 678Gages

ANSI Unified threadclassification 1911constants for computing

dimensions 1916form 1913, 1916formulas for limits 1918tolerances for plain gages 1916

rods 2519sheet metal 2522–2523sheet zinc 2522–2523thickness and diameter sizes, galvanized

sheet 2522–2523



INDEX2620

Gages (continued)thread form 1914tolerances 1914tubing 2519usage, ANSI Standard recommended 678wire 351, 2519zinc 2522–2523

Gaging methods and measuring instruments 692

Gallonscylindrical tanks 61–62in tank at given level 61–62into cubic inches 2566U.S. into liters 2566, 2569

Galvanized, (welding) 1390Gas

carburizing 528illuminating, specific gravity 407metal arc welding (GMAW) 1390specific gravity 407specific heat 400tungsten arc welding (GTAW) 1409–

1414G-code programming, NC 1272–1292Gear cutters, formed

involute 2048, 2074, 2109milling cutters for

chain sprockets 817–81814.5 deg pressure angles 816–817

number for bevel gears 2089–2090Gear cutting

block or multiple indexing 2021–2022excess depth to obtain backlash 2070formed cutter selection 2052, 2089–

2090, 2108internal gears 2074

Gearing materialseffect of alloying meatals 2146

chrome-molybdenum 2147chrome-nickel 2147chrome-vanadium 2147chromium 2146manganese 2147molybdenum 2147nickel 2146nickel-modybdenum 2147vanadium 2147

forged and rolledalloy steels 2145carbon steels 2145

non metallic 2149applications 2150bore sizes 2151diametral pitch for given power 2151diametral pitch for given torque 2152keyway stresses 2151mating gear 2150power transmitting capacity 2150preferred pitch 2151safe working stress 2150

Gearing materials (continued)non metallic

tooth form 2150sintered materials 2147steel castings 2146

Gears and gearing 2099–2143active face width 2029active spline length 2157actual safety factor 2078actual space width 2157actual tooth thickness 2157AGMA Standards 2068, 2072angular backlash 2067–2073arc

of action 2029of approach 2029of recession 2029thickness of internal gear tooth 2074thickness of pinion tooth 2074

axialpitch 2029plane 2029thickness 2030

backlash 2067–2073, 2139angular 2073recommended 2069

bearing spacing and shaft stiffness 2084bevel gears 2081–2095blanks

design of 2065for fine pitch gears 2064

bottom land 2030bronze and brass castings for 2147bulk temperature thermal flash

factor 2079bushings for gears 2149calculated safety factors 2078calculating

dimensions of milled bevel gears 2087replacement gear dimensions 2153spur gear proportions 2035

case hardening steels for 2144change gears, for lathe 1946checking

gear sizes 2125–2143pressures 2073spur gear sizes 2135–2138

chordal measurement of teeth 2140–2142circular pitch system 2034coefficient of

friction 2078contact ratio factor 2060, 2077–2078crossed helical 2029deburring tooth profile 1456design of bevel gear blanks 2083diametral pitch

definition 2030preferred 2040system 2034

differential indexing ratio 2008



INDEX 2621

Gears and gearing (continued)drawing

data for spur and helical gears 2067information to be given on 2076

efficiency 2031elasticity factor 2077–2078endurance limit 2078enlarged pinion

fine-pitch 2054meshing without backlash 2058reduced dimensions to avoid

interference 2050epicyclic 2115–2118equivalent pitch radius 2031external spur gears 2029

dimensions for checking over wires 2126–2129

face advance 2031Fellows stub tooth 2041fillet radius 2031fillet stress 2031finishing gear milling cutters 2054flank of tooth 2031forged and rolled

alloy steels for gears 2145carbon steels for gears 2145

formed cutters for bevel gears 2091formulas

for helical gears 2099, 2101–2105, 2107, 2110

for module system gears 2121, 2123for spur gears 2035–2036, 2039, 2041–

2042given center distance and ratio 2041,

2043to mesh with enlarged pinion 2058

gear ratio, definition 2031geometrical factor 2078–2079given center distance and ratio 2043harder pinion 2145heat treatment to permit machining 2144helical 2029, 2099–2114herringbone 2114highest point of single tooth contact

(HPSTC) 2061hypoid bevel gears 2029, 2082increasing pinion diameter to avoid

undercut or interference 2052inspection of gears 2073integral temperature criterion 2079interference 2031internal diameter 2031internal gears 2031, 2074

spur 2029, 2074–2075dimensions between wires 2130–

2133invention 2152involute curve 2033land 2031lead 2031

Gears and gearing (continued)length of action 2031life factor 2077–2078line of action 2031load distribution 2078lowest point of single tooth contact

(LPSTC) 2031, 2060lubricant influence 2078

roughness, and speed 2077lubrication film factor 2078material quality 2077materials for 2144–2150

bevel gears 2094maximum hob tip radius 2061measuring

gear size over wires 2125–2143teeth 2051

methods of cutting internal gears 2074metric module gear cutters 2052module system 2121–2124module, definition 2031motion control 2493mountings for bevel gears 2084nomenclature of gear teeth 2033non-metallic 625, 2149normal plane 2031number of teeth 2031

to avoid undercutting 2058outside diameter 2031pin method of checking size 2125–2143pinions flanges composition 2149pitch diameter 2034

obtained with diametral pitch system 2034

pitch point 2031plane of rotation 2031planetary 2115plastics gearing 625pressure angle 2032, 2039profile checker settings 2062rack 2032ratchet gearing 2119–2120ratio, defined 2031relative sizes of internal gear and

pinion 2074replacement gear dimensions 2153roll angle 2032root diameter 2032selection of involute gear milling

cutter 2052shapers, root diameters of gears cut

on 2042size factor 2077size, checking 2125–2143specifications 2067spur gear 2033–2067

external 2029internal 2029, 2074–2075

standard normal diametral pitches 2076steels for 2144, 2146straight bevel 2029



INDEX2622

Gears and gearing (continued)surface condition factor 2078tangent plane 2032tangential force 2077teeth invention 2152terms used in gear specifications 2065through hardening steels for 2144tip relief 2032tooth caliper, vernier 2051tooth face 2032tooth profile

deburring 1456producing a radius 1456

tooth proportionscomparative sizes and shape of 2033fine-pitch involute spur and helical

gears 2039for enlarging fine-pitch pinions 2056–

2057tooth stiffness constants 2078tooth surface 2032tooth thickness allowance for

shaving 2045tooth-to-tooth composite error 2073total composite error 2073total face width 2032transverse load distribution factor 2078transverse plane 2032trochoid curve 2032true involute form diameter 2032, 2061undercut 2032

limit for hobbed involute gears 2061Van Keuren wire diameter 2133wear equalizing 2145welding factor 2079whole depth 2032wire diameter 2133work hardening factor 2077–2078working depth 2032worm gears 2029, 2095–2098zerol bevel 2029zone factor 2077–2078

Gears, metric thread on inch lead screw 1948General purpose Acme threads 1825–1832

data 1827designation 1826–1827form 1825, 1827, 1834formulas for diameters 1827limiting dimensions 1826–1830, 1834pitch diameter allowances 1827thread form 1827, 1834

Generator shaft keys and keyseats 2368Geneva wheel 163Geometric dimensioning and

tolerancing 630, 634datum

feature 634identifier 634plane 635reference frame 635

Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (continued)datum

simulator 635target 635target areas 640target lines 640

definitions 634degrees of freedom 635dimension

basic 636origin 636reference 636

feature 636feature control frame 636free state 642least material condition (LMC) 636material removal required or

prohibited 732maximum material condition

(MMC) 637mean line 726modifiers 640position 637positional tolerance 640projected tolerance zone 640regardless of feature size (RFS) 637relation of surface roughness to

tolerances 729size, actual 637size, feature of 637tangent plane 642

Geometricalconstructions 54–58dimensioning and tolerancing 630progression 36–38propositions 49–53symbols for drawings 633symbols, comparison of ANSI and

ISO 633German standard

gear tooth 2121screw threads, metric 1824

Gib-head keys 2366Gibi 2546Gleason system, Zerol bevel gears 2082Glue, pattern 1368GMAW

(gas metal arc welding) 1390welding carbon steels 1393welding stainless steel 1393

GO and NOT GO gages 2175Gold, plating 1468Goodman diagram 206–207Gordon formula for columns 285, 287Grade markings on bolts and nuts

ASTM and SAE 1508inch 1508metric 1578

Gramsinto ounces, avoirdupois 2571–2572



INDEX 2623

Grams (continued)per cubic centimeter into pounds per cubic

inch 2573Granite, strength 420Graphical solution of force systems 145–149Graphitic materials for bearings 2266Gravitational system of measurement 142Gravity 142

acceleration due to 142center of, in various geometrical

figures 225–231die casting process 1367force of 171lubrication systems 2335specific 407

gases 407liquids 407–408various substances 408

Gray cast iron 1360Grease lubricants 2337Grease lubrication 2340Greek symbols and alphabet 2540Green sand molding 1366Green wood, weight per cubic feet 413Grindability data 1166–1168, 1189–1190Grindability of tool steels 1189–1193Grinders spindles for portable 950Grinding 1177

abrasive belt grinding 1230abrasives 1177–1179basic rules 1158carbide materials, diamond wheel 1173carbide tools 971–974cast iron 1170centerless 1220–1222centerless grinding troubles 1221–1222ceramic materials, diamond wheel 1173chip breakers 973–974cost 1176cutting forces 1164cutting time formula 1114cutting torque 1164cylindrical 1212–1220cylindrical grinding troubles 1216–1219data selection including wheel life 1165data, wheel life selection 1165diamond wheel 971–973, 1173–1174,

1201–1207ECT,grinding 1159equivalent diameter factor 1163feeds 1158finishing 1166floor and bench stand 1229fluids 1144grindability groups 1166grinding rules and data selection 1158heat resistant alloys 1172inconel 1172internal centerless 1220milling cutters 823

Grinding (continued)minimum cost conditions 1161mounted wheels and points 952offhand grinding 1229optimization planning 1176optimum grinding data for roughing 1161planing tools 756plunge 1212portable grinding 1229power 1164procedure to determine data 1168ratio 1158relative grindability 1167rene 1172rpm, various speeds and diameters 1211screw threads 1957–1960side feed, roughing and finishing 1166silicon carbide wheels 971–973spark-out time 1163specific metal removal rates 1163speeds 1163spindles for portable tools 948stainless steels 1169surface 1222–1228surface finish, Ra 1162surface grinding troubles 1227swing-frame 1229terms and definitions 1167tool steels 1170–1172tools

carbide 971–973twist drills 968–971

traverse 1212unhardened steels 1169user calibration of

recommendations 1174vertical and angle spindles 948wheel life

cost 1176grinding data relationship 1160grinding ratio 1158life vs. cost 1176relationships and optimum grinding

data 1160wheel safety 1207–1211

handling 1207inspection 1207machine conditions 1207mounting 1207portable grinders 1210safe operating speeds 1209–1211speed conversion table 1211speeds, maximum 1210storage 1207

wheel safety grades 1178wheels 1177–1200, 1207–1211

abrasive materials for 1177–1178angles for eccentric type radial relief

angles on milling cutters 828-829bond properties 1178, 1227CBN 1178, 1195, 1204



INDEX2624

Grinding (continued)wheels

cubic boron nitride 1177, 1195cutting fluids 1165diamond 781

truing of 1196–1200dressing and truing of 1196–1200eccentric type 828faces, shapes of 1188finishing 1166grades 1178handling 1208inspection 1208markings, standard 1179–1180mounted wheels and points

metric 954mounting and safety 1207–1208radial relief angle 828roughing 1166safe operating speeds 1165selection of 1165, 1180–1200sequence of markings 1179shapes and sizes, standard 1180–1188

metric 1186–1187side feed 1166silicate bonding process 1227single point truing diamonds 1200storage 1208structure 1178–1179truing

diamond feeds 1199diamond sizes 1199dressing of 1196–1200

vitrified 1227wheel markings 1179

work speedand depth of cut selection 1159in rough and finish grinding 1163

Grooved drive studsdimensions 1681hole sizes 1681

Grooved pins 1677designation 1678hole sizes 1678lengths and sizes 1677materials 1678, 1680properties 1680requirements 1678standard sizes 1680type 1679

Grooving and oil feeding of bearings 2229Grooving insert holder 762–764Ground thread tap, designations 918GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding) 1409–

1414Guide bearings 2221, 2260Guldinus or Pappus rules 59Gutta percha, turning 1083G-word, NC 1274–1278

Gyration, radius of 232bar, small diameter 232circular disk, thin 233circular ring, thin flat 233cone, frustum 234cylinder, hollow 234ellipsoid 235flat plate, thin 232hollow cylinder, thin 234hollow sphere 235paraboloid 235parallelepiped 233parallelogram 232prism, rectangular 234ring 232sphere, hollow 235spherical shell, thin 235thin flat plate 232

HH- and L-limits 916–917Half circle

moment of inertia 241radius of gyration 241section modulus 241

Handexpansion reamers 844of flute helix 799of milling cutter 797reamers 832taps 892

Hard facing 1420austenitic high chromium irons 1421austenitic manganese steels 1421cobalt base alloys 1421copper base alloys 1422high speed steels 1420materials 1420nickel-chromium-boron alloys 1423

Hard rubber, machining 1156Hardening 513–515

alloy steels 456steel 503, 512, 515

flame 529induction 529

temperaturesstainless steel 536–537tool steels 515

test methods 508tool steels 477

Hardmetals 773–783carbonitride based 776coated 778ISO classifications 779titanium carbide 776tooling for wood and nonmetals 783tungsten carbide 774–776

Hardness 507aluminum alloys 575–583



INDEX 2625

Hardness (continued)bearings 2225ceramics 415cobalt alloys 418copper alloys 417copper-base powdered alloys 419heat-treated steels 464–465iron-base powdered alloys 419magnesium alloys 588nickel alloys 418number

Brinell 552Rockwell 552steel 1363

O-ring 2502, 2504plastics 416powdered metal alloys 419relation to tensile strength 551scales

comparison 549–551Rockwell 548unhardness scales 552

stainless steel 418steel 417

carbon and alloy 466–471tool steels 488, 490–491, 497, 500

testing 547Brinell 547conversion errors, causes 551conversion tables 550correction for curvature 2325durometer 551, 2505Hultgren ball 547, 551Keep’s test 549Mohs hardness scale 551monotron 549Rockwell 548, 550scleroscope 548, 551Turner's sclerometer 551Vickers 548, 551

tungsten-base powdered alloys 419Harmonic 166Harvey grip thread 1891Heat

absolute temperature and zero 2583coefficients of radiation 402coefficients of transmission 402fahrenheit-celsius conversion 2583freezing mixtures 403ignition temperatures 403latent 399loss from uncovered steam pipes 400mechanical equivalent 2583power equivalents 2578quantity measurement 2583radiating capacity of bearings 2229, 2231radiation coefficient 402scales 2583specific 399–400temperature scales 2583thermal energy 2583

Heat treating furnacefluidized bed furnace 513oven or box 512pit type 512pot type 512retort 512vacuum furnace 512

Heat treatment 503–547alloy steel 533

carburizing temperatures 533normalizing temperatures 533tempering temperatures 533

carbon steels 532molybdenum high speed steels 542stainless steel 536–537

quenching medium 536–537tempering temperatures 536–537

stainless steel temperatures 536–537steel 449, 503–512, 515, 1363

annealing 450, 503, 507, 524annealing temperatures 525baths quenching 519carburizing temperatures 526, 532case hardening 526cleaning work after case hardening 528colors for tempering 522cooling period 546cooling subzero, to improve

properties 546cyanide hardening 527decalescence point 503, 512defects in hardening 517flame hardening 529furnaces 503, 511–512hardening baths 517hardening temperatures 503, 512, 515,

533hardening, defects in 517induction hardening 529–531interrupted quenching 519lead bath temperatures 516liquid baths 516nitriding 543normalizing 450, 524, 526

temperatures 532oil quenching 517pack-hardening 527pressure-spraying quenching 518protective coatings for molybdenum

steels 542quenching 540

temperatures 533quenching baths 517recalescence point 503, 512scale formation 517spheroidizing 524, 526stabilizing dimensions 545–546strength and hardness of AISI

steels 466–471stress relieving 450subzero treatments 546



INDEX2626

Heat treatment (continued)steel

surface hardening 531tanks for quenching baths 519tempering 506, 521

temperatures 532tempering period 546time aging 545water quenching 518

Hectares into acres 2563Helical

end mills 809gear, helix angle 1966interpolation, NC 1284milling, change gears 1965wire screw thread inserts 1654

Helical gearing 2029, 2099–2114addendum 2099

modifications 2077backlash 2068British Standard 2076calculations 2099center distance 2099

exact 2102for enlarged 2111

change gears 2112checking gear size 2134, 2139cutter for milling 2108data on drawings 2067direction of thrust 2099enlarged fine-pitch pinions 2108, 2110–

2111feed rate change 2113fine pitch teeth 2110formulas 2099, 2101–2105, 2107, 2110helical overlap 2031helix angles 2100, 2105herringbone type 2114hobbing 2112, 2114involute form milling cutter 2109lead accuracy 2113lead of tooth 2099machine

with differential 2113without differential 2112

measurements using wires or balls 2139milling the helical teeth 2109minimum center distance 2105, 2107normal tooth thickness 2039pitch diameter 2099pitch of cutter 2100replacement gear dimensions 2155shafts

at right angles 2103–2104parallel 2101–2102

shafts at right angle 2106specifications 2065spur gear replacement by helical

gears 2153, 2155thrust 2099

Helical gearing (continued)tooth proportions 2039tooth thickness measurement 2139troubleshooting 2114wire diameter 2134

Helical millingdevelopment of helix 1965helix angle 1966lead of ahelix 1965

Helical overlap 2031Helix 1965

angle 1966, 2031angle factor 2078angles, screw threads 1763–1772constructing 58end mills with welden shanks 805lead and diameter 1981–1982lead and pitch radius 1982lead angle 1966lead for given angle 1977–1979measurement of angle 1965number of tooth 1982

Herringbone gearing 2114failures 2114

Hertz stress 2031Hexagon

area 65distance across corners 74moment of inertia 240radius of gyration 240section modulus 240

Highest point of single tooth contact (HPSTC) 2031, 2061

High-speed steels 488–490, 1010annealing rehardening 540as cutting tool materials 1010cobalt 884–885cobaltcrom 538cooling period 546cutters 826drawing 540hardening molybdenum 541heat treatment 538

annealing 541cutting efficiency 539equipment 543hardening temperatures 539preheating tungsten 538quenching

molybdenum 542tungsten 539–540

subzero treatment 547tempering molybdenum 542time for through hardening 539

molybdenum 488, 493, 541–543hardening 541

quenching straightening 540tempering 540tool 490tungsten 490, 493, 538, 541tungsten annealing 541



INDEX 2627

High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels(see HSLA steels)

Hob tip radius, maximum 2061Hobs

change gears for relieving 1950roller chain sprocket 2459–2460tip radius, maximum 2061worm gear 2095

Hoisting chain and wire rope 369, 386–391Holders for NC, insert 758–764, 1310–1312Hold-on or dolly bars for riveting 1483Hole sizes, tapping 1935–1936Holes

accuracy of drilled 884coordinate dimension factors for jig

boring 993–1004difficulties in reaming 840for riveted joints 1478for tapping 1925–1932in glass, drilling 1065sizes for self-tapping screws 1647spacing of, on a jig borer 993–1004

Hollowcircle, moment of inertia 241circle, radius of gyration 241circle, section modulus 241cylinder, radius of gyration 234mills, feeds and speeds 1132sphere, radius of gyration 235

Honing process 1233–1235adjustments 1234–1235carbide tools 973–974rotative speeds in 1233–1235stock removal, rate of 1233tolerances 1235

Hooks, dimensions of crane 393Horsepower 141

air compression 435calculating by dynamometer 2360chain transmission 2451–2455converted into kilowatts 2578–2579disk clutches 2350drilling different materials 1090dynamometer test 2359–2361electric motor 2473

ratings 2466equivalents 2578–2579formulas 178friction wheels 2360–2362gearing 2149–2150hour equivalents 2578machining 1084–1090nonmetallic gears 2149–2150planing and shaping 1084–1088roller chains 2451–2455set-screw transmitting capacity 1637shafting 299–301spade drilling 1080, 1090–1091to compress air 432–435torque equivalent 299–301

Horsepower (continued)V-belt drives 2391water at a given head 423

Hose connection screw threads 1872–1876ANSI Standards 1872basic dimension 1875tolerances 1875

Hot-working, tool steels for 491HSLA steels 442–443

application 462chemical compositions 463composition 462elongation 463formability 463properties 462tensile strength 463toughness 463weldability 463yield strength 463

Hunting tooth ratio 2098Hydrant screw thread 1874–1876Hydrometer, Baumé’s, and specific

gravity 408Hyperbola

area 68area construction 58eccentricity 47foci 47general equation 47major and minor axis 47

Hypocycloidal curves, areas 61Hypoid gears 2029, 2080, 2082–2083

applications of 2083Hypotenuse 88Hysteresis 313

II-beam

aluminum 2518standard structural steel 2513structural

moment of inertia 2509–2513section modulus 2509–2513steel 2509weight per foot 2509–2513

Idler gears 2009IGES (initial graphics exchange

specification) 1322–1324Ignition temperature 403Impact force of 175Impact strength, Izod

carbon and alloy steels 466–467plastics 416

Impulse 176–178angular momentum 177

Inchdecimals of, into millimeters 2556–2557into centimeter and millimeter 2553



INDEX2628

Inch (continued)millimeters into decimals of 3, 2552,

2558–2559Inclined plane 161, 171

force for moving body on 161forces on 160motion on 171

Inconel metals 589–590Incremental programming, NC 1277Index plates, one hole moves of angular

values 1991Indexable

carbide inserts 756insert holder

boring 762–764chamfering 762–764end cutting edge angle 761facing 762–764grooving 762–764identification system 757, 759insert shape 761lead angle 761NC 758–764, 1310–1312planing 762–764plunge angle 762rake angle 761selection 761shank sizes 759shape 762tracing 762–764turning and backfacing 762–764turning and facing 762–764

Indexingangular 1990–2007block or multiple 2021–2022Brown and Sharpe milling

machine 2011–2016compound 1984–1989compound gearing ratio 2009differential 2008

ratio of gearing 2008gear ratio

finding 2009head angular position for

milling end mills and angular cutters 821–824

head worm wheel with 64 teeth 2023hole circles 1983milling machine 1983–1989movements 1985–2007, 2009–2020,

2023–2024number of holes 1983ratio of gearing 2009reamer teeth for irregular spacing 833simple 1983–1989, 2011–2016simple and differential 2011–2016smaller angles 2007tables 2021

Indicator drop method 829

Inductionannealing 530brazing 1387hardening 510, 529–531

equipment 529gear teeth 531

normalizing 530Inertia 141

electric motor 2474moment of 237–259

polar 248–249Initial graphics exchange specification

(IGES), NC 1322–1324Injection molding, metal 1374Insert radius compensation 1310Inserts

hardmetal materials 773–783holders for NC 758–764, 1310–1312indexable 756–764, 1310–1312radius compensation, NC 1310–1312screw thread 1654self-tapping screw 1654throw away carbide 773

Inspection methods 692Instrument maker's thread system 1884Integration of functions 34Interest 125–128

compound 125finding unknown rate 127nominal vs. effective 126simple 125

Interference 2031Interference fit threads 1877–1882

allowances 1881British Standard 1581change in diameter 1882coarse threads 1881design and application data 1878designation symbols 1878dimensions 1879driving speed 1880driving torque and length of engagement

relation 1881engagement lengths 1880interferences 1878, 1880lead and angle variations 1882lubrication 1880materials for 1880profile 1877spur gearing 2050, 2052surface roughness 1881thread dimensions 1879tolerances for pitch diameter 1881torques 1880variation in axial lead 1882

Interferometer 1248Internal diameter 2031Internal gears 2031

spur 2029, 2074International System (SI) units 2544



INDEX 2629

Interpolation 110, 112circular, NC 1283–1284helical and parabolic, NC 1284linear, NC 1282

Interrupted quenching 518–519Inverse

and direct proportions combined 7of a matrix 122ratio or reciprocal 5

Investmentcasting 1374

design 1376making procedure 1375milling cutters 1377

materials 1375Investment casting alloy

elongation 417–418hardness 417–418tensile strength 417–418yield strength 417–418

Involute 2031constructing 58curve properties 2035curve, properties 2033functions 103–107gear cutters, formed type 2052, 2074serrations 2156true form diameter in gears 2032

Involute splines 2031, 2156, 2159–2177American National Standard 2156application factor 2171basic dimension 2162basic rack profile 2181bursting stress 2173chamfers and fillets 2164, 2181circular pitch 2157, 2162classes of tolerances 2162combinations 2167combinations of types 2167compressive stress at side teeth 2173compressive stresses allowable 2172crowning for misalignment 2173diametral pitch 2158dimensions, effective and actual 2177,

2179drawing data 2167, 2169effect of spline variations 2165effective

and actual dimensions 2165–2166, 2175

clearance 2158space width 2158tooth thickness 2158variation 2158, 2180

fatigue life factor 2172fillet 2158

chamfers 2164, 2181root splines 2158, 2164

fit classes 2162, 2177, 2181flat root splines 2158, 2164

Involute splines (continued)form circle 2159form clearance 2159form diameter 2159formulas 2181

basic dimension 2161, 2177, 21792-pin measurement 2175

fretting damage 2174inspection

methods 2174types of gages 2175with gages 2175

interchangeability 2167internal splines 2159, 2167lead variations 2159, 2165length of engagement 2159length of splines 2170load distribution factors 2171machining tolerance 2159, 2181major circle 2159major diameter fit 2159, 2162manufacturing 2187maximum

actual space width 2167actual tooth thickness 2166effective space width 2167effective tooth thickness 2166

metric module 2176–2181milling cutter 824minimum

actual space width 2166actual tooth thickness 2167effective space width 2166effective tooth thickness 2167

minor circle 2159minor diameter 2159misalignment 2171parallelism variation 2159pin measurement of 2175pitch 2159

circle 2159diameter 2159point 2159

pressure angle 2159rack profiles 2180reference dimensions 2167, 2169, 2181shear stress

allowable 2172at pitch diameter 2173at the pitch diameter of teeth 2173under roots of external teeth 2172

side fit 2162sizes and lengths, estimating 2169–2170space width and tooth thickness

limits 2166, 2177stub pitch 2159symbols 2159–2160, 2167, 2177tensile stresses allowable 2172terms and definition 2157, 2177tolerances 2162, 2177, 2180tolerances and variations 2180



INDEX2630

Involute splines (continued)tooth

numbers 2159, 2162proportions 2159–2181thickness limits 2166, 2180thickness modification 2180

torque capacity formulas 2170total index variation 2159total tolerance 2159types and classes of fits 2162variations 2165, 2180

allowance 2159, 2165eccentricity 2165effect of 2180effect of profile 2165lead 2165types of 2157, 2180

wear life factors, flexible splines 2172width and tooth thickness 2180

Ironand copper-base sintered bearings 2268castings 1360coloring 1463copper-base sintered bearings 2267

Iron-base powdered alloys 419density 419elongation 419hardness 419rupture strength 419ultimate strength 419yield strength 419

I-sectionmoment of inertia 242radius of gyration 242section modulus 242

ISO Standarddrawing symbols, compared with

ANSI 633geometric dimensioning and

tolerancing 630metric

British Standard taps 922–925grade markings on bolts 1578hexagon bolts, screws and nuts 1574limits and fits, British Standard 679thread 1805, 1823thread system, miniature screw

threads 1814surface finish 738surface parameter symbols 739surface texture symbology 741washers, compared with ANSI 1568

ISO surface finish 738Isosceles triangle 88Isothermal

expansion, compression of air 431quenching 521

Izod impact strengthcarbon and alloy steels 466–467plastics 416

JJacobs tapers 939Jam nuts, standard 1513, 1519–1520

metric 1567Jarno taper 926, 937Jig

boring 986–988hole coordinate dimension factors

for 993–1004lengths of chords 990transfer of tolerances 987

bushings 975–985definitions 975designation system for 985fixed type wearing bushings 981head type liner bushings 979, 983headless type liner bushings 979, 982headless type press fit 977locking mechanisms for 984materials 975plate thickness 985press fit wearing bushings 976, 979slip type 980

fixture 975–985fixture definition 985

Jobbers reamers 845drills 856–862

Johnson, J. B., column formula 288–289Joints

plastics pipe 2532–2534riveted 1478toggle 164universal 2348

Journal bearing (see Bearings: journal)

KKarat 2571Keep’s hardness test 549Kelvin, degrees 2583Key and spline sizes and lengths 2169Keying bearings 2223Keys and bits, hexagon and spline 1630Keys and keyseats 2363

alignment tolerances 2364ANSI Standard 2363British Standards 2374, 2387

keyways and keybars 2381–2384rectangular parallel keys 2381–2384woodruff keys and keyways 2385–

2386chamfered keys 2368, 2374cotters 2372, 2374depth control values 2364depth of keyseat 2374depths for milling keyseats 2374dimensions and tolerances 2380



INDEX 2631

Keys and keyseats (continued)effect on shaft strength 305estimating key sizes 2169filleted keyseats 2368, 2374fitting 2367gib-head keys 2366, 2379, 2383–2384,

2387keyseat milling cutters, Woodruff 820keyseats, depth of 2364, 2374metric 2374metric keys length 2376, 2380milling cutters and arbors 819parallel and taper 2364, 2367, 2380parallel keys 2376plain 2366, 2383–2384, 2387preferred length 2380rectangular parallel keys 2376, 2378rectangular taper keys 2377, 2379–2380set screws for keys 2368shaft diameter 2363size vs. shaft diameter 2363, 2374square parallel keys 2376, 2378square taper keys 2377, 2379strength considerations for shafts 305taper key tolerances 2380taper keys 2379–2380tolerances 2366, 2368–2370transmission chain 2446woodruff keys and keyseats 2368, 2380,

2385Kibi 2546Kilogram calorie 2583Kilograms

into pounds 2571–2572per cubic meter into pounds per cubic

foot 2573per square centimeter into pounds per

square inch 2575per square meter into pounds per square

foot 2575per square meter into pounds per square

inch 2575Kilometers into miles 2562Kilopascals into pounds per square

inch 2575Kilowatt

hour equivalents 2578into horsepower 2579power required for machining 1084

Kinematics and kinetics 141Kinetic energy 173–175Kingsbury thrust bearing 2242Kirchoff

current law 124voltage law 124

K-Monel, machining 1155Knee tools, speeds and feeds 1132Knoop hardness numbers 549Knuckle joints 2349

proportions 2350

Knurls and knurling 1240–1244automatic screw machines 1131–1136concave 1244diagonal teeth 1240diametral pitch knurls 1240–1244dies marking 1244flat tools 1242formulas 1242lathe knurls 1240revolutions required for top

knurling 1131sizes, preferred 1240speeds and feeds 1132straight teeth 1240tools 1241tracking correction 1240work diameter tolerances 1243–1244

LLag screws and threads 1517–1518

metric 1545Lame’s formula for internal pressure 295Land gear tooth drill 854Laps and lapping 1235–1239

abrasives 1238carbide tools 973–974charging laps 1237cutting properties 1238cutting qualities 1238flat surfaces 1236grading abrasives for 1236grading diamond dust for 1237lubricants 1238materials for 1235–1236pressures 1239rotary diamond 1237tests 1239wear 1238wet and dry 1239

Lasers 1443–1455beam focusing 1443–1444beams 1443cladding 1454cutting metal with 1447

cut edge roughness 1448cutting speeds 1451heat-affected zone 1449–1450kerf widths 1448narrow kerf 1448

cutting nonmetals 1449–1450direct drilling 1453drilling 1453drilling rates 1454drilling theory 1453hardening rates 1454heat affected zones 1449



INDEX2632

Lasers (continued)heat treatment 1454industrial applications 1445industrial systems 1445light 1443marking 1455mask marking 1455materials 1446, 1454nonmetals cutting rates 1451safety 1446scanned beam marking 1455thermal properties 1447trepanning 1454types of industrial 1445welding

conduction 1451deep penetration keyhole 1451joint design 1451–1452processing gas 1452

helium 1453rates 1451–1452theory 1451

Latent heat 399Lathe

change gears 1946fixtures, balancing 201–202screw constant 1946

Law ofcosines 89sines 89

Lay symbols 735Lead

angle of cutting tools 749inserts 1310

angle of screw thread 1965tables for 1763–1772, 1827, 1836,

1846, 1908of helix

change gears and angles for milling 1980–1981

find change gears for milling 1967–1976

for given angles 1977–1979, 1982of milling machine 1964of screw thread 1893, 1965side cutting edge 754

Lead and lead alloyselement 398lead bath 516

tempering in 523melting temperatures 398, 523solder 1380

Lead-base alloys, die casting 1373Leaded-bronze bearings 2261–2264Least material condition (LMC) 636Length

differences due to temperature 405engagement of screw thread 1510of action 2031of engagement 1935

Length (continued)of rivets for forming heads 1483units and conversion of 2549–2562

Letteraddresses, NC 1272symbols for mechanics 2543

Levers 159Light

duty Belts and pulleysV-belts 2410–2417

laser 1443metals

drilling, reaming, and threading 1070milling 1044turning 1038

wave interference bands, measuring surface variations with 723

Limestonecutting speed for 1083strength 420

Limitelastic 204endurance 205proportional 203–204

Limits and fitsactual size 651allowance 651ANSI Standard preferred metric 656basic size 651–652, 665, 680British Standard for holes and

shafts 680–688cylindrical fits, ANSI Standard 651–677definitions 656design size 651deviations for holes 687deviations for shafts 685dimension 651gagemakers tolerance 678gages, plain 646, 678gages, thread 1914graphical representation 656–657indicating on drawings 645maximum material condition 652metric screw threads 1787minimum material condition 652screw thread gages 1914size, nominal 651symbols 667tolerance 651, 666

bilateral 652unilateral 652

tolerance limit 652tolerances 652, 680woodruff keys 2369–2370

Limits, upper and lower (UL and LL) 637Line

angle between two 42conventions for drawings 630distance between point 39, 42distance to external point 40equation of 40



INDEX 2633

Line (continued)geometry of 51intermediate points on 39of action 2031parallel 41perpendicular 41slope of 40

Linearcoefficient of expansion 402, 405–406

metals 402–404pipe material

copper 427FRP 427PP & PVDF 427PVC 427steel 427

plastics 402deflection of shafting 302interpolation, NC 1282

Lines, points, circles (APT) NC 1294–1299Liquid

baths, heating steel in 516depth to volume conversion 61–62specific gravity 407

Litersinto cubic feet 2568into U.S. gallons 2566

Lloyd and lloyd thread 1892Load

rating, static, bearings 2319ratings and fatigue life, bearings 2307–

2323Lobing 721Lock nut pipe thread 1892Lock nuts, ball and roller bearing 2299Lock wire proceedure 1511Locknuts, ball and roller bearing 2299

shafts for 2300–2301Lockwashers

ANSI Standard 1536–1539ball and roller bearing 2298British Standard, metric

plain 1584–1586spring 1582–1584

spring type 1536–1537tooth lock 1538tooth type 1536, 1538–1539

Logarithms 111–118common 111, 115–116extracting roots by 114mantissa 111natural 111, 113, 117–118obtaining powers by 113tables 115–118

common 115–116natural 117–118

using calculator to find 113Long angle lathe file 965Low pressure casting 1367Löwenherz thread 1849

L-sectionmoment of inertia 246radius of gyration 246section modulus 246

Lubricants 2332application of oils 2333bearings 2227–2229, 2339cutting 1143–1148density 2332dynamic viscosity coefficient 2345electric motors 2478grease 2227, 2337oil mist 2336oil types 2333operating temperature 2229pressure-viscosity coefficient 2345presswork 1330solid films 2339specific gravity 2334temperature vs. viscosity 2228, 2334viscosity 2332, 2340

Lubrication 2226–2229aerodynamic 2342analysis 2239analysis, journal bearings 2233anti-friction bearing 2339centralized systems 2335chain 2463density 2332drip -feed 2335elastohydrodynamic 2342film thickness 2239films 2339gravity systems 2335grease consistancy classifications 2337greases 2228, 2337, 2340hydrodynamic flow 2238method 2304motors 2478oil bath 2227oil, application 2334oils 2336, 2340plain bearings 2226pressure flow 2238relubricating with grease 2338roller chain 2463selection for bearings 2227solid films 2339specific gravity 2334system, wiper type 2336temperature effects on grease 2338total flow 2238viscosity 2228, 2332, 2341

pressure relationship 2345waste pack 2227wick-feed operation 2335wicks and wick feeds 2335

Lumber, sizes of sawn 414



INDEX2634

MMachinability

copper alloys 556–568of wood 413

Machineaccuracy, effect of on part

tolerances 1249countersinks 839cutting time formula 1114elements, subjected to compressive

loads 286nuts coating 1605screw coating 1605screw nuts 1614screw taps 892, 903–913settings costs 1113settings economy 1113tool

accuracy 1245efficiency 1088repeatability 1245resolution 1245

Machine screwsANSI Standard 1587–1604binding head 1595body diameter 1588British Metric 1605, 1617British Standard 1613–1614British Unified 1614–1616BSW and BSF 1605, 1610, 1617cheese head 1612chesse head screw 1612, 1615clearance holes, metric 1604countersunk head 1589, 1598–1599,

1609countersunk head screw 1614cross recesses 1596designation 1588, 1601diameter of body 1601diameter of unthreaded shank 1606end of screws 1609fillister head 1593flange head metric 1602flat head 1588–1590, 1598header points for metric 1593–1594,

1601header points for threading 1594–1595hex and hex flange 1602hexagon head screw 1591, 1615hexagon nuts 1587hexagon washer head 1590length of thread 1606lengths of thread 1601, 1606metric countersunk 1597, 1599metric recessed countersunk head 1597metric thread lengths 1597metric, ANSI standard 1596–1604

Machine screws (continued)mushroom head screw 1615nuts for 1587oval head 1593–1595, 1599pan head screw 1592, 1600, 1611, 1615radius under the head 1606recessed flat head 1598recessed pan head 1600round head screw 1596, 1614slotted and crosses 1598, 1600slotted countersunk head 1589, 1608slotted pan head 1611slotted, recessed 1599square nuts 1587tap and clearance drills 1925–1932,

1934, 1938taps for 892, 903–913thread 1597, 1606truss head 1591washerhead 1590washers for 1532–1537, 1584–1586

Machine toollathe, change gears for fractional

ratios 1947motor types 2476–2477

Machiningaluminum 1153bearings 2225copper alloys 1156economy

chip thickness 1123, 1125depth of cut 1123, 1125high speed 1122high speed milling 1129

formica 1156hard rubber 1156magnesium 1154–1155micarta 1157monel and nickel alloys 1155–1156noise 1325nonferrous metals 1153–1156power constants 1084–1085power factors

chisel-edge 1091drill diameters 1091feeds 1085, 1092machine tool efficiency 1088metal removal rates 1088tool wear 1085work materials 1090

power, estimating 1084–1091unit horsepower for 1080, 1084–1085,

1089processes, ANSI Standard tolerance grade

relationships 652, 654, 679speeds and feeds (see Speeds and feeds)tolerances and variations 2180ultrasonic 1157zinc alloy die castings 1155

Macro, NC 1286–1287



INDEX 2635

Magnesium alloys 586–588, 1372applications 586bearing strength 588coloring 1464compositions 587compressive strength 588cutting fluids for 1148, 1154–1155designations 586die casting 1372elongation 588extruded bars 587machining 1154–1155mechanical properties 588plate 587pressure die casting 587properties 588sand and permanent mold 587shear strength 588sheet 587soldering of 1382tensile strength 588yield strength 588

Magnesium, coating 1466Magnetic clutches 2352–2353Malleable

cast iron 1361iron castings 1361Iron Research Institute 1369strength 1361

Manganesebronze castings 558gearing material 2147steel 446–447

Manganese-bronze castings 558Manila rope, strength 387, 391Mantissa, logarithm 111Manual data input, NC 1269Manufacturers' standard gage for sheet

steel 2522Manufacturing cell, flexible, NC 1264

module 1264system 1264

Marble turning 1083Martempering 521Martensite 511Mass 141–143

units and conversion of 2571–2573Materials

disc spring 355mechanical properties of 203–204spring, disc 355

Mathematicalconstants, frequently used 16signs and abbreviations 2542

Matrix 119–122addition 119adjoint 121cofactors 121column 119determination 120

Matrix (continued)diagonal 119identity 119inverse 122minors 121multiplication 119rank 122row 119simultaneous equations 122singular 122square 119–120subtraction 119zero 119

Maximumbending load, wood 412material condition (MMC) 637temperature, plastics 416

MBEC bearing tolerances 2263M-codes (M-words), NC 1278Mean positional deviation 1245–1248Measurement of backlash 2071Measuring

angles with sine-bar 695–705buttress thread 1910compound angles 108–110dovetail slides 713gear size 2125–2143instruments and gaging methods 692over pins

bolt circle 717gear size 2125–2143splines 2175

over pins, bolt circle 717pitch diameter

thread ring gages 1911three wire method 1900

radius or arc, over rolls 717–718tapers 698

center distance 716diameter 716

threadsAmerican standard 1899–1901buttress 1910–1911taper screw 1909tapered 1909using micrometer 1893using screw thread gage 1910using three-wire method 1893, 1910Whitworth 1901

V-shaped groove, over pins 717with light-wave interference bands 723with micrometer 694–695, 1893with vernier 692–693

Measuring screw threadsAcme thread 1899Acme thread thickness 1905ball point micrometer 1894buckingham involute helicoid

formula 1903buttress thread 1899, 1910contact pressure, measurement 1897



INDEX2636

Measuring screw threads (continued)formula for checking pitch diameter 1899formula to taper pipe threads 1909formula, three wire method 1898helical gear formula 1903lowenherz 1899pipe thread 1899pitch diameter equivalent 1909profiles 1895three wire method 1897

Acme threads 1905, 1907buttress thread 1910checking thickness of Acme

thread 1905stub Acme threads 1905, 1907testing angle of thread 1906wire diameters and constants 1907wire sizes 1906

V thread 1899Whitworth 1899, 1901wire accuracy 1897wire diameter 1910wire sizes for checking pitch

diameters 1896worm thread 1899

Mebi 2546Mechanical equivalent of heat 2583Mechanical properties

aluminum alloys 583bolts, inch sizes 1508–1509bolts, metric sizes 1540ceramics 415copper 569magnesium 586–588nickel 589–590plastics 416, 596powdered metal alloys 419spring wire 421stainless steels 472–473steel 474titanium 589, 591tool steels 475various materials 203–204wood 411–412

Mechanics of materials 141acceleration 169, 171

due to gravity, g 142algebraic solution of force systems 145,

148–156angular

impulse 177momentum 177velocity 167, 169

centerand radius of oscillation 235of gravity 225–231, 235of percussion 235

centrifugal force 179–182calculating 180

couples 147–148

Mechanics of materials (continued)differential pulley 163dynamics 141energy 173–174flywheels 183, 194force 145, 148–149force of a blow 175graphical solution of force systems 145–

149impulse and momentum 176–178

angular 177inclined plane 161, 171kinetic energy 173–175levers 159linear velocity 167metric SI units 141–145moment of inertia 236–252momentum 176–178Newton's laws 171pendulums 165–166potential energy 173–174pound force 142power 178–179pulleys 162radius of gyration 232–235radius of oscillation 235scalar and vector quantities 145screw 163SI metric units 141–145statics 141toggle joints 164torque 172units 142vectors 145velocity, angular 167–170velocity, linear 167–168wedge 161wheels 162work 174, 178–179

and energy relation 174and power formulas 178–179performed by forces and couples 174

Melting pointsalloys of copper and zinc 1382–1383alloys of lead and tin 1380aluminum 403brazing alloys 1382–1385cast iron 404chemical elements 398copper alloys 403–404solder 1380stainless steels 404titanium alloys 404

Metalalumimium alloys 403balls, standard 2323–2331bonded grinding wheels 971–972, 1178casting 1365coatings

conversion coatings 1462–1464surface coatings 1464–1471



INDEX 2637

Metal (continued)coloring 1462–1464etching 1461–1464foundry patterns 1369identification 441, 551injection molding 1374numbering systems for 440–449patterns 1369plasma welding 1414–1416removal rate 1088, 1163slitting saws 801spraying process 1472temperature effect on strength 421working

fluids occupational exposure 1149–1152

working application 1150working fluids 1149–1150

Metal ballsordering specification 2324preferred gages 2325tolerances 2325

Metal washersbright 1584metric series 1584–1585

Metallography 534Metallurgy, powder 1379Meters into feet 2562Metric

basic sizes, British Standard preferred 690

bolts and screws, British Standard clearance holes for 1938

conversion factors 2553dimensions on drawings 735dowel pins, British Standard 1668–1669drawings, scales 736fasteners

ANSI hex nuts 1563ANSI nut thread series 1563bolts and screws

bolt clearance holes 1556bolt designation 1551bolt thread lengths 1551bolt thread series 1556cap screws 1553, 1557–1559clearance holes 1558countersink 1557diameter-length combinations 1552,

1554drill and counterbore sizes 1557drilled head dimensions 1558hex flange screws 1553hex screws 1553hex structural bolts 1554identification symbols 1551neck bolts 1554, 1558socket head cap screws 1555socket head neck screws 1558thread length 1551–1552

Metric (continued)fasteners

hex structural bolts 1549nuts 1564

ANSI Standard 1562bearing surfaces 1561materials 1561mechanical properties 1561

heavy hex structural bolts 1549hex bolts 1550inch vernier, dual 693–694International System of Units (SI) 2544–

2546ISO limits and fits, British Standard 679keys and keyways, British

Standard 2374–2380micrometer, reading 694–695module, gear cutter 2052

gear teeth 2121–2124round head square neck bolts 1547–1548screw threads

aerospace screws, bolts and nuts 1805basic profile 1727, 1788crest diameter tolerance 1819design profiles 1817designation 1817–1818diameter pitch combinations 1804–

1805, 1823dimensional effect of coating 1793fits 1788fundamental deviation 1790, 1818length of thread engagement 1791,

1817lengths of engagement 1819–1822limiting dimensions formula 1793limits and fits 1787limits and tolerance 1819–1822M crest 1784M profile 1784

external thread 1784internal thread 1784

M profile designations 1790minor diameter tolerances 1790MJ profile

designations 1807symbols 1807

root form 1784tolerance system 1790tolerances of external threads 1795,

1797–1798tolerances of pitch -diameter 1795

series British ISOhexagon bolts, nuts, and screws 1574machine screws and nuts 1605–1613metal washers 1584–1586spring washers 1582–1584taps 922–925

SI units, factors and prefixes 2546sizes, preferred for flat metal

products 2523systems of measurement 2544



INDEX2638

Metric (continued)threads, British (ISO) 1805, 1814, 1823threads, SI 1857twist drills, ANSI 854–873vernier, reading 693washers, plain, ANSI 1566, 1568

Metric system (SI) 141–142base units 143in mechanics calculations 141–145in strength of materials calculations 203,

213–215, 218, 221–224, 232, 236–237, 260, 273, 277–278, 280–281, 283–284, 286, 293–297, 300–302, 304–306

Micarta, machining 1157Microinch 2549

into micrometers (microns) 2560–2561Micrometer

into microinches 2560–2561reading 694–695screw thread 1893

Microprocessor 1258–1259Microscope screw thread 1885–1889Mil 2549Miles into kilometers 2562Military plating specifications 1464–1471Mill or saw files 963Millimeters

hundreds of, into inches 2553into inches 3, 2552–2553, 2558–2559thousandths of an inch, into 2556–2557

Millingangular 802, 808cam 2212change gears for helical or spiral 1964–

1982chip geometry 1123cost 1122cutters, hollow 1132depth of cut 1056–1058economy 1129feeds for

cemented carbide cutters 1044–1053high-speed steel cutters 1054in inches per tooth for cemented carbide

cutters 1044–1053helical, change gears for different

leads 1964–1982horsepower for 1082–1090lead angle 1056, 1058machine tool shanks 1313short lead 1965speed adjustment factors 1056–1058speeds and feeds

aluminum alloys 1044automatic screw machine 1132copper alloys 1037, 1055ferrous cast metals 1052–1053light metals 1044metal slitting (saws) 801, 1043

Milling (continued)speeds and feeds

plain carbon and alloy steels 1045–1048

stainless steels 1050–1051titanium and titanium alloys 1038tool steels 1049–1050

thread 1962–1963Milling cutters 796–831

ANSI Standard 797–820arbor keys and keyways 819arbor type 815bevel gear 817, 2089–2090casting 1377clearance angles 796, 825concave and convex 815corner rounding 800, 815double angle 802eccentric type radial relief 826end mills 804–814

medium helix 813stub length 813terminology 803with weldon shanks 813

gear 816–817grinding or sharpening 823–831hand of

cut 797–798cutter 797flute helix 799rotation 798

helical gear 2109high speed steel 807indicator drop methods of checking relief

and rake angles 826keys and keyways 819keyseat 820metal slitting (saws) 801mounting method 797multiple flute 809number of teeth 796peripheral teeth 827pitch diameter 2109plain and ball end 810radial relief angle 827rake angles 796, 826relief on cutting edges 797relieved corner rounding cutters 800roller chain sprocket 817–818selection of 796setting angles for milling teeth in 821–

824sharpening wheels 824shell mills 803single angle 802, 808–809sintered carbide 826speeds and feeds for sharpening 825spline shaft 824spur gear 816, 2052taper and weldon shanks 800teeth, clearance angles 825



INDEX 2639

Milling cutters (continued)terminology 801tool material 826T-slot 800weldon shanks 800, 812, 814with taper shanks 809Woodruff keyseats 820

Milling machineBrown & Sharpe 2011centering plugs 943Cincinnati 2017–2020cutters for 14.5-deg. pressure angle

gears 816–817draw-in bolt ends 943indexing 1983–2024lead of 1964spindle noses 940–941, 944

tapers for 940tool shanks 942

V-flange, NC 1313Miner's law of linear damage 207Miniature end mills 808–809Miniature screw threads 1777–1781

basic thread form 1777design thread form 1777–1778formulas 1777hole sizes 1936root flats 1781tapping 1936tolerances and size 1780

Minors of a matrix 121Minutes into decimals of a degree 96, 98Miscelaneous threads aero-thread 1890Miscellaneous functions, NC 1278Mixed numbers 9Module 2031

flexible manufacturing, NC 1264splines, metric 2176–2181system gearing 2121–2124

diametral pitch 2123formulas 2121, 2123rules 2123

Modulus ofcreep or apparent 602elasticity, E (Young’s modulus) 204

for various materials 204iron and steel 474nickel-based alloy 312–313nonferrous metals 554of various materials 420perforated metal 2521plastics 416, 596–598, 601spring materials 349–350

polar section 213, 248–249rupture

powdered metal alloys 419wood 411–412

secant 598shear, G (rigidity) 204, 600

for various materials 204, 609

Modulus of (continued)shear, G (rigidity)

in angular deflection formula 214nonferrous metals 554spring materials 350

Mol 410Mold dispensable patterns 1375Molding

green sand 1366shell 1366

Molds, steels for permanent 497Molecular weight 410Molybdenum

gearing material 2147high-speed steels

chemical composition 541tool steels 488, 490–491, 493

steels, SAE 442Moment and torque

in combined stresses 215in simple stresses 213unit conversion 2577–2578

Moment of a force 141, 147Moments of inertia 236–252

angles, steel 2515–2517built-up sections 237channels, aluminum 2518channels, steel 2514circle 241circular ring 242cross-sections 238–247ellipse 242formulas for various sections 238–247half circle 241hollow circle 241I or S shapes, steel 2513I-beams, aluminum 2518I-beams, steel 2509–2513I-section 242L-section 246octagon 241of complex areas 252pipe 2360–2361plane areas 236polar 236, 248–252

cone, frustum 252cylinder, hollow 250ellipsoid 251paraboloid 251prism 250pyramid 250solid ring 251sphere 250spherical sector and segment 251torus 251

rectangles 239, 253round shafts, table for 254–259structural channels 2514, 2518trapezoid 240triangle 240T-section 245



INDEX2640

Moments of inertia (continued)units conversion 2587wide flange, steel 2509–2512Z-section 247

Momentum 176–178Monel metals, machining 1155

properties 589–590Monotron for hardness testing 549Morse

reamers for sockets 851stub taper shanks 927–928taper shank twist drill 881tapers 926–937

Mortising wood 414Motion

accelerated 169, 171–172constant acceleration 167constant velocity 167force and work 171, 174general formulas 167, 169

constant acceleration 167, 169Newton

first law 171second law 171third law 171

on inclined plane 161, 171rotary, formulas 169uniformly accelerated 167

Motion control 2487analog transducers 2495closed loop system 2488–2489control function 2490

features of controllers 2490damping system response 2490driving power 2490electric motors 2492electromechanical system 2491electronic control 2500feedback transducers 2494gearing 2493hydraulic fluids 2496hydraulic pumps 2496hydraulic systems 2497–2498

control systems 2496electronic controls 2500proportional control 2499pumps and fluids 2495–2496

mechanical stiffness and vibration 2491motor types 2488open loop systems 2487pneumatic systems 2496–2497, 2500proportional system 2499synchros and resolvers 2495system application factors 2487torsional vibration 2492

Motors, electric 2465, 2492adjustable speed motors 2468adjustable-voltage, shunt-wound 2469alternating current 2469–2472armature rotors 2479

Motors, electric (continued)ball or roller bearings 2478brushes 2478characteristics 2468–2477classes of standards 2465commutators 2478compound-wound 2469–2470constant speed motors 2468control 2488, 2492current definitions 2465DC motors 2476–2477design letters 2465direction of rotation 2467frame sizes, standard 2465high frequency induction 2471horsepower requirements 2473hydraulic, NC 2495–2496induction motor 2470injurious operating conditions 2475inspection schedule 2478–2479insulating materials 2475locked rotor current and torque

ratings 2466–2467lubrication, proper 2478maintaining and repairing 2478–2479maintenance 2478mechanical condition 2478monthly inspection 2478mounting dimensions, standard 2465multiple speed induction 2471multispeed motor 2468NEMA 2465–2467

standards for 2465–2466polyphase AC motor 2470polyphase wound-rotor 2466pull up torque 2466, 2468rotation, standard direction 2467rotors and armatures 2478selection 2473–2474shunt-wound 2469single-phase motors characteristics 2472space limitations 2474speed reducer type 2473speed requirements 2473squirrel cage induction 2469–2470squirrel cage rotors 2479stepper, NC 2493synchronous motor 2470temperature effects 2475torque and inertia requirements 2473torque definitions 2467type, dc and ac 2468, 2492types and characteristics for different

applications 2476–2477, 2492variable speed 2467–2468weekly inspection 2478windings 2478wound rotor induction 2471wound rotor type 2470

Mounted wheels and points 952–954Mounting bearings 2294



INDEX 2641

Multiple or block indexing 2021–2022Multiplication of matrix 119Multiplying 15

decimal fractions 10fraction and mixed numbers 9numbers written in powers-of-ten

notation 15Music wire 309Music wire, gages 2519M-words, NC 1278

NNails and spikes, standard 1476National Tube Co. 298Nautical measure 2549NC programming 1269–1312Negative and positive numbers 4Negative functions of angles 99NEMA standards for electric motors 2465–

2467Net present value 131Newton's laws of motion 171Newton’s laws of motion 143Newton-Raphson method 33Newtons into pounds force 2577Nickel alloys 589–590

applications 589–590chemical composition 589–590chromium steels, SAE strength 474coefficient of expansion 404density 404elongation 418, 589–590gearing material 2146–2147hardness 418machining 1155–1156melting points 404plating 1467, 1469specific heat 404tensile strength 418, 589–590thermal conductivity 404yield strength 418

Nitinol, machining 1155Nitralloy steels 527Nitriding 509, 527

high-speed steel tools 543ion nitriding 527

Nitrogen, liquid temperature 648Nodular cast iron 1361Noise, machinery 1325Nomenclature

bevel gears 2085gear teeth 2033spur gears 2034

Nominal clearance 2159Nominal vs effective interest rates 126Nondestructive testing symbols 1441–1442Nonferrous metals 554

machining 1153–1156

Nonferrous metals (continued)modulus of elasticity 554modulus of shear 554shear strength 554strength 420, 554tensile strength 554yield strength 554

Normaldistribution curve 1245–1248positional deviation 1245–1248

Normalizing 450temperatures, alloy steel 532–533

Norton Company 1180, 1188–1194Nose radius 754

carbide tools 767single point tool 767

Nozzles, flow of water through 425Number of nails and spikes in a pound 1476Number of teeth 2031Numbering systems

for aluminum alloys 575for aluminum alloys, wrought 578for metals and alloys 440, 442for steel 440–443

Numbersassociative law 4commutative law 4distributive law 4identity law 4inverse law 4positive and negative 4powers-of-ten notation 14, 16preferred series 656, 690prime 19–28progressions 36–37

Numerical control 1254–1325absolute programming 1277accuracy, repeatability, and

resolution 1245–1248adaptive control 1262addresses, letter 1272APT programming 1292–1309

circles 1298–1299, 1301computational statements 1294example program 1306for turning 1307–1309geometry statements 1294lines 1296motion statements 1299–1304planes 1302points 1295postprocessor statements 1304–1309tabulated cylinder 1303

automatically programmed tool (APT) 1292–1309

axis nomenclature 1264–1268bit 1258block 1272–1274byte 1258CAD/CAM 1324–1325central processing unit 1258



INDEX2642

Numerical control (continued)circular interpolation 1283–1284closed-loop system 1262computer-aided part programming 1270control, adaptive 1262cutter compensation 1280–1282, 1310–

1312cutter location data 1271decimal point programming 1272direct (or distributed) NC 1324feed rate override 1280fixed (canned) cycles 1287–1291flexible manufacturing

cell 1264module 1264system 1263

format detail 1272F-word 1279G-code addresses 1274–1278helical interpolation 1284incremental programming 1277initial graphics exchange specification

(IGES) 1322–1324insert holders for NC 1310–1312insert radius compensation 1310–1312interpolation

circular 1283–1284helical and parabolic 1284linear 1282

letter addresses 1272–1274macro 1286–1287manual data input 1269microprocessor 1258–1259miscellaneous functions 1278parabolic interpolation 1284parametric

expressions and macros 1286–1287programming, NC 1286–1287subroutine 1286–1287

part programming 1269–1272part tolerance symbols

ANSI 1250–1253compared to ISO 633

points, lines, circles (APT) 1295–1299postprocessor 1272, 1294preload registers (G92) 1278preparatory word 1274–1278programmable controllers 1258–1262programming

absolute 1277incremental 1277NC 1269–1312

repeatability, accuracy, and resolution 1245–1248

sequence number 1274standards 1255–1256steeper motors 2493subroutine 1285–1287S-word 1280tapping 1942

Numerical control (continued)thread cutting 1291tool

compensation 1310–1312data table 1280length offset 1282nose radius compensation 1282, 1310–

1312offset 1281

total indicator reading 1267turning cycles 1291T-word 1280–1282V-flange tool shanks 1313word address format 1272–1274zero suppression 1274

Nutsacorn 1523ANSI, inch dimensions

flat jam 1520hex 1513hex flat 1520hex slotted 1520, 1522hex thick slotted 1521–1522jam 1519machine screw 1587square 1513, 1522T-type 1666Unified 1519, 1522

ANSI, metric dimensionsheavy hex 1567hex jam 1567hex, styles 2 and 3 1562metric hex flange nuts 1564prevailing torque, hex 1565–1566slotted hex 1563

British Standard 1614ISO metric 1574–1577metric 1605, 1608, 1610, 1615Unified 1616Whitworth 1571, 1573, 1617, 1638

crown, low and high (SAE) 1523eye nuts 395friction coefficients 1498high, SAE 1524slotted, high hex (SAE) 1524tap 892, 904, 910–911wing nuts 1712–1715wrench clearances 1530–1531wrench openings 1530

Nylonbearings 2265properties 416rope, strength of 389

OObtuse-angle triangles solution 64, 94–95Octagon

area 65moment of inertia 241



INDEX 2643

Octagon (continued)radius of gyration 241section modulus 241

Offhand grinding 1229Offset method of determining yield

strength 204Ohm’s law 2587Oil feeding and grooving of bearings 2229Oil lubrication 2340Oilless bearings 2267–2268Oils

and compounds, machining 1143–1156emulsifying or soluble 1144mineral 1146–1147sulfurized and chlorinated 1146–1147

coating 1468lubricating 2332, 2340

viscosity unit conversion 2334tempering 521

Open-end wrench clearances 1531Open-loop system 1262, 2487Operations on complex numbers 17Orbit 1351Order of performing arithmetic 5O-ring 2502–2507

applications 2503, 2505compounds 2506diametral clearance 2505flurocarbon 2506gland depth 2503groove dimensions and clearances 2502,

2505hardness 2504nitrile 2506reciprocating seals 2503ring materials 2507silicon 2506squeeze 2502static seals 2503surface finish in contact with 2504tolerances 2505washers, backup 2503

Oscillation, center and radius of 235Ounces, avoirdupois, into grams 2571–2572Out of roundness 721Oval head machine screws 1593–1595Overhead

machine-hour distribution 137man-hour distribution 137man-rate distribution 137

Oxygen gas in welding 1394, 1419

PPack hardening 527Packing

in circles 81–84in circles and rectangles 81–86in rectangles 86

Palladium, plating 1469

Pan head machine screws 1592Paper, bonding 2482Pappus or Guldinus rules 59Parabola 45

area 67–68center of gravity 228constructing 58directrix 45focus 45general equation 45latus rectum 45segment of area 68vertex 45

Parabolic interpolation, NC 1284Paraboloid

center of gravity 230polar moment of inertia 251radius of gyration 235segment volume 80volume 79

Parallel lines 41Parallelogram

area 63center of gravity 225geometry of 51of forces 145radius of gyration 232

Parametric subroutine, NC 1286–1287Passivation of copper 1462Patterns for castings 1368

dispansable 1375master mold 1375materials 1368metal 1369shrinkage allowances 1369, 1375varnish 1369weight of casting from 1370wood selection 1368–1369

Payback period 134Pearlite 507, 511Pearlitic malleable iron 1361Pebi 2546Pendulum 165–166

calculations 165conical 165formulas for 165physical 165simple and compound 165torsional 165types of 165

Percentage 7Percussion, center of 235Perforated metals, strength and stiffness

of 2521Permanent mold, casting process 1367Permanickel, machining 1155Permutation 18Perpendicular lines 41Petroleum oils, application 2333, 2582Phenolic plastics 2265Philadelphia carriage bolt thread 1892



INDEX2644

Phosphor-bronze, worm gearing 2149Physical vapor deposition (PVD) 776Piano wire, working stresses 318

at elevated temperatures 319–320Piles, weight of 409Pillow block bearings 2277Pin method for checking

gear sizes 2125allowance for backlash 2139for involute splines 2175wire diameters 2125, 2134

spur gear sizes 2135–2138V-shaped grooves 717

Pinion, spur gearenlarged to avoid undercut 2050

Pinsclevis 1668cotter 1667, 1678, 1681dowel 1667–1673grooved 1677, 1681metric dowel 1667, 1669spring 1682–1683straight 1672–1674strength of taper 224taper 1674–1677

Pintle chains 2441Pipe and pipe fittings 2526–2538

ANSI Standard wrought steel 2529–2530bending pipe and tubes 2535British threads 1870–1871columns 290–291cross-sectional area of metal 2529–2530cubic contents for given length 427,

2529–2530definitions 2526, 2532–2533definitions of pipe fittings 2535–2538dryseal 1866–1869

measuring by wire method 1909taper 1860threads 1866–1869

flow in 2531gallons per foot 427, 2529–2530grades of 2527–2530heat loss from uncovered steam 400internal thread in pipe couplings 1864length per cubic foot 2529–2530loads, table of 290–291metric weights and mass 2526moment of inertia 2529–2530plastics 2532–2538

joining 2532–2533pressure ratings 2534properties and use of 2533temperature correction factors 2534threads 610weights and dimensions 2532

radius of gyration 2529–2530reamers, taper 852schedule numbers 2527sealing joints 1479

Pipe and pipe fittings (continued)section modulus 2529–2530steel, welded and seamless 2527taps, dimensions 899–902, 914

Briggs and Whitworth 1941internal dryseal 1868power for driving 1941straight 892, 899–916taper 892, 900–901

threadsAmerican National Standard 1860–

1868British Standard 1869–1871designation and notation 1860

wall thickness 2526weight per foot 2527–2530welding 1425

fill passes 1427flux cored electrode 1428fusion 1428position 1426

flat 1426horizontal 1426–1427overhead 1426vertical up and down 1427

procedure 1429carbon steel 1429–1431MIG 1429–1431root 1429–1431thick walled 1429–1431

root passes 1426thin wall 1428

wrought steel 2526–2527Pitch 2031

broach teeth 955–958circle 2031circular, of gears 2033diameters, gears

circular pitch 2052helical 2099pin method of checking 2125spur 2035, 2052worms 2096

diameters, roller chain sprockets 2447–2448

diameters, threadchecking 1893for tensile stress area 1502metric, M profile 1795–1797unified 1732–1772wire sizes for measuring 1895

diameters, thread unified 1736gear 2035plane 2031rivets 1478, 1482–1483screw threads, measuring 1893worm gearing 2095worms 2095

Pitot tube 2570Plain bearing (see Bearings: plain)Plain milling cutters 798



INDEX 2645

Plain washersinch 1532–1535metric 1568types 1568

Plane figures, areas and dimensions 63–74Plane of rotation 2031Planetary gearing 2115–2118

bevel gears 2115compound drive 2115direction of rotations 2115

Planetary thread milling 1963Planing

estimating cutting speeds 1082power required 1084–1088speeds and feeds 1082time 1082tool grinding 756wood 414

Planing insert holder 762–764Plastics 592–628

aging at elevated temperature 604assembly with fasteners 620bearings 2276

anti-friction 2276laminated, plain bearings 2265sleeve 2265

bending strength 601bending stress 627bonding 616brittleness 595characteristics 592chemical resistance of 607coefficient of expansion 416compressive strength 601creep 603deflection 601, 604density 416design

analysis 607for assembly 615for injection molding 611stress 609

developing prototypes 623–624draft angles and depth of draw 614drilling speeds and feeds 623ductility 595effects of temperature 603, 605elasticity 595, 598electrical properties 605

comparative tracking index 606conductivity 605dielectric constant 606dielectric strength 606permittivity 606surface resistivity 605volume resistivity 605

elongation 416environmental effects 606fatigue 603fillets 615

Plastics (continued)flammability ratings 604flexural modulus 416, 601gearing 625

accuracy 628backlash 628service factors 627tooth form factors 626

glass transition point 604hardness 416heat dissipation factor 606hoop stress 609impact loading and testing 603impact resistance 612injection moldings 611izod impact 416linear thermal expansion 604lubricity 595machining 621

cutting off 622drilling 622molded 623sawing thermoset cast 623tapping 623threading 623turning 622

material 592–593elastomers 593thermoplastic 593thermoset 593

maximum temperature 416mechanical fasteners 616mechanical properties 596

effect of temperature on 603–604related to time 602

milling 624mixtures 593

coploymers 594reinforcing fibers 593

molulus of elasticity 597normal strain 597notch sensitivity 595opacity 594physical properties 596

density 594shrinkage 594specific gravity 594water absorption 594

pipe and fittings 2532–2533pipe threads 610plasticity 595press fits 609pressure vessels 609propotional limit 598region 204relaxation 603sawing, speeds and numbers of

teeth 623–624secant modulus 598shear modulus, G 600shear stress 599



INDEX2646

Plastics (continued)snap-fit 616specific gravity 416stress 596

normal 597stress relaxation 602structural analysis 607

safety factors 607structures 593temperature effect 604temperature index 604tensile impact 603tensile modulus 416thermal conductivity 604thermal properties 603thermal stresses 610thermal welding 616thermoplastic 592thermosetting 592toughness 595ultimate strength 598undercuts 615vicat softening point 604wall thickness 612–613yield point 598

Platesflat, strength and deflection of 292–294shells and cylinders, strength of 292–298

Plating 1464–1471chromium 1423magnesium anodic treatment 1466magnesium, coating 1466phosphate coating 1469–1470surface coatings 1464zinc 1471

PLC (programmable logic control) 1258–1262

Plow steel haulage rope, strength of 372–377, 387

Plunge angle 762Points, lines, circles, (APT) NC 1294–1299Poise 2334, 2586Poisson’s ratio 204

flat plates 292for various materials 204, 294, 420perforated metal 2521plastics 599

Polar coordinates 42Polar moment of inertia 236, 248–252, 254–

259cone 252

frustum 252cylinder, hollow 250ellipsoid 251formulas 250–252masses 236paraboloid 251plane areas 236prism 250pyramid 250

Polar moment of inertia (continued)solid ring 251spherical sector 251spherical segment 251torus 251

Polar section modulus 248–249, 254–259Polishers, spindles for portable 950Polishing and buffing 1457

abrasives 1457, 1460operations 1460speeds 1460wheels, material 1457

Polygonarea 65, 69forces 146formulas and table 69length of side 69radius of circumscribed circle 69radius of inscribed circle 65, 69

Polygon shafts 2186connections 2186

dimensions of 2186manufacturing 2187strength of connections 2187three- and four-sided designs 2186

Polyphase motors 2467, 2470Polypropylene plastics 2533Polyurethane plastics 2506Porosity, pressure die castings 1370Porous bearings 2265Portable grinding 1229

safety 1210Portable tools

hexagonal chucks for 951spindles and drives for 948–951

Positional deviation, mean 1245–1248Positioning accuracy 1245–1248Positive and negative numbers 4Positive clutches 2354Positive functions of angles 99Postprocessor, NC 1272, 1294Potential energy 173–174Poundal 2578Pounds

force 142–143force into newtons 2577mass 143per cubic foot into kilograms per cubic

meter 2573per cubic inch into grams per cubic

centimeter 2573per square foot into kilograms per square

meter 2575per square inch into kilograms per square

centimeter 2575per square inch into kilopascals 2575

Powder metallurgy 1379briquetting tools 1379design 1379limiting factors 1379metal process 1379



INDEX 2647

Powdered metal alloyscopper base 419density 419elongation 419hardness 419iron base 419tungsten base 419

Powdered metal bearings 2265Power

calculating by dynamometer 2360consumption spade drilling 1080cutting tool 1086feed factors 1085for driving pipe taps 1942general formulas 178heat equivalents 2578in mechanics 141motor 1086required for machining 1084–1092roots of numbers 14transmission

belting 2391–2440by friction wheels 2361capacity 2150, 2350chain 2451–2455disc clutch 2350friction wheels 2360–2362

units conversion 2581Power brush

brush finishing 1456–1459brush uses 1456deburring 1456tooth profile of gears 1456

Power constantalloy steels 1086high temperature alloys 1085nonferrous metals 1085plain carbon steels 1086stainless steel 1085tool steels 1085wrought steels 1086

Power of ten notation 14, 16expressing numbers in 15

Power transmissionroller chain 2441–2464

Precipitationhardening 504heat-treatment 583

Precisionbolts and screws, British 1571–1572,

1578gage blocks 743–745investment casting 1374

Preferredbasic sizes, ANSI Standard 690hole basis metric fits, ANSI

Standard 669, 673metric sizes

ANSI Standard 665, 690British Standard 690

Preferred (continued)numbers, ANSI Standard 689numbers, British Standard 690roughness average values (Ra) 734roughness values and roughness

grades 740series for tolerances and allowances 652series maximum waviness height

values 735shaft basis metric fits, ANSI

Standard 668, 674–677thicknesses for

flat metal products, metric 2523uncoated metals and alloys 2522

Preload measurements 1499Preload registers, (G-114 word) NC 1278Preload relaxation 1499Preparatory word, (G-word) NC 1274–1278Present value and discount 127Pressure

and flow of water 422angle 2032angle, cams 2197composite checking of fine-pitch

gears 2073cylinders and tubes, collapsing

pressure 297–298definition and units for 144–145effect on wood property 412head in foot to psia relation 422Lame’s formula for internal 295psia to head in feet relation 422radial on sheave or drum 379spherical shells, strength to resist

internal 295tight joints 1864tube, collapsing pressure 298unit conversion 430, 2574–2575viscosity coefficient for lubricants 2345

Prime numbers and factors 19–28Principle reference planes 2032Prism

polar moment of inertia 250volume 75volume formula 59

Prismoidal formula for volume 59Production rate 1108Profile checking, gearing 2062Programmable logic controller, NC 1258–

1262Programming

absolute, NC 1277APT 1292–1309G-code 1272–1292incremental, NC 1277numerical control 1269–1309

Progressionarithmetical 36–37geometrical 36–38

Prony brake dynamometer 2360–2361



INDEX2648

Propertiescommercial petroleum oils 2333mechanical 203–204, 420

compressive 205definitions 203fatigue 205modulus of elasticity values 204perforated metal 2521Poisson’s ratio values 204shear 205strength 420–421, 464–465thermal 399–400, 421yield point values 204

of materialsair 428aluminum alloys 571copper alloys 554copper-zinc-tin alloys 420magnesium alloys 586–588metals 420nickel alloys 589–590nonferrous alloys 554plastics 416powdered metal alloys 419specific gravity 408spring wire 421standard steels 438, 460, 464–465titanium alloys 589, 591tool steels 490, 501water 422wood 413

strength effect of heat or temperature 603Proportion 5–7

compound 5inverse 6–7simple 6

Proportional limit 203plastics 598

Protractor, reading vernier scale on 692Providing backlash 2070PTFE plastics 2265, 2485Pulley

speeds, rpm into feet per minute 1016–1021

taps 904, 910–911Pulleys and belts

and belt drives 162–163and wheels in mechanics 162–163arc of contact correction factors 2399center distances, V-belt 2391center to center distance 2388cross section correction factors 2398diameter and speeds 2389diameter in compound drives 2389differential 163flat belt 2388, 2391flywheel pulley 183length correction factors 2399length of belt traversing three

pulleys 2390

Pulleys and belts (continued)lengths of open and crossed belts 2388lengths of V-belt 2394rules for calculating diameters and

speeds 2388sheave size 2397speed in compound drive 2390speed ratio correction factors 2398speeds, rpm into feet per minute 1943V-belt 2388wrap angles 2388

Pull-up torque 2466Pump

head and horsepower relation 423horsepower at different head 423

Punch presses speeds and pressures 1330–1331

Punches and diespressures required 1331

PVC plastics 2533Pyramid

center of gravity 229frustum center of gravity 229polar moment of inertia 250volume 75volume of frustum 76

QQuadrant 99Quadratic equations 31Quenching 449

baths 519tanks for 518

high speed steel 540interrupted 518–519media 508tungsten 540

air cooling 540salt bath 540

RRack 2032

gear 2036milling, indexing 2024spline, metric 2181

Radian per second conversion from rpm 169Radians equivalent to degrees 96, 98Radius

of arc, checking 717–718of curvature 2203of gyration 232, 235

angles, steel 2515–2517bar of small diameter 232bar, small diameter 232channels, aluminum 2518channels, steel 2514circle 241



INDEX 2649

Radius (continued)of gyration

circular disk, thin 233circular ring 242circular ring, thin flat 233cone 234cone, frustum 234cylinder 233cylinder, hollow 234ellipse 242ellipsoid 235flat plate, thin 232half circle 241hexagon 240hollow circle 241hollow cylinder, thin 234hollow sphere 235I-beams 2509–2512I-beams, aluminum 2518I-section 242L-section 246octagon 241paraboloid 235parallelepiped 233parallelogram 232pipe 2529–2530prism, rectangular 234rectangle 239ring 232S- or W-shape, steel 2513sphere 235sphere, hollow 235spherical shell, thin 235structural angles 2515–2517thin flat plate 232thin spherical shell 235trapezoid 240triangle 240T-section 245various cross-sections 238–247wide flange, steel 2509–2512Z-section 247

of oscillation 235Rails

size to carry given load 281strength of 281

Rake angles 753checking milling cutter 826single-point cutting tools

lead angles 753turning tool 750

Rank of a matrix 122Rankine's formulas for columns 285, 287Rankine, temperature 2583Rasps 965

aluminum 965Ratchet gearing 2119–2120

frictional 2120multiple pawl 2120pitch of wheel teeth 2120

Ratchet gearing (continued)reversing 2120shape of wheel teeth 2120types 2119

Rate of return (interest) 126–127, 134Ratio 5–7

and proportion 5–7compound 5contact, in gearing 2055–2060epicyclic gearing 2115–2118fractional, change gears for 1947gear for differential indexing 2008geometrical 36–38inverse or reciprocal 5mean proportional 6of volumes 80Poisson’s 204slenderness, columns 285

Ream, paper 2587Reamer

bull center 851center 851

Reamers 832–853ANSI Standard 832–853arbors for shell 850Brown & Sharpe taper socket 852center and countersink 839centers for 839chucking 834, 837, 841, 846–847

straight flutes 846–847definition 835die-maker's 853drills for taper pin 1675–1677driving slots and lugs 845expansion chucking 842expansion hand 844finishing 851fluting cutters 833–834

dimension 834fluting to obtain negative rake 832formed 834hand 833, 843–844

squared shank 844straight and helical flutes 843–844

helical flutes 850jobbers 845letter sizes 847machine countersinks 840morse taper socket 851negative front rake 832pipe 852rose chucking 834, 848

straight and helical flutes 848shell 845, 849straight and helical flutes 841, 849straight flutes 845–846straight shank 840stub screw machine 847, 850taper pin 853taper pin reamers, drills for 1674, 1677taper pipe 852



INDEX2650

Reamers (continued)taper shank 841taper, milling teeth 821terms applying to 835threaded end 833

dimension 833tooth-rest position for grinding

clearance 835wire gage sizes 846

Reamingautomatic screw machines 1132cutting speeds for

copper alloys 1072ferrous cast metals 1068–1069light metals 1070stainless steels 1067tool steels 1066

difficulties 840bellmouth holes 840oversize holes 840poor finish 841

taper pin 1676Rearrangement of terms in formulas 29Recalescence point in steel hardening 503,

512Recessing tools, speeds 1132Reciprocals of numbers 5, 8Rectangle

area 63moment of inertia 239radius of gyration 239section modulus 239table of section moduli 254

Rectangularcoordinates 42cylindrical coordinates 44spherical coordinates, relationship 43

Refrigeration of steel 546Relative density 407Relief and rake angles

for single-point cutting tools 752, 1944indicator drop method of checking 826

Relief anglesfor single-point cutting tools 752turning tool 750

Repeatability, accuracy, and resolution 1245Replacement-gear dimensions 2153Resinoid bonded wheels 971–972, 1178

thread grinding 1957Resistance brazing 1387Retaining rings 1684

ANSI Standard 1684–1692centrifugal capacity 1708compressed in bore 1690diameter tolerances 1702–1703dimensions in inches 1701, 1704expanded over shaft 1688external dimensions 1705, 1708external series 1684–1685external spiral 1695, 1699

Retaining rings (continued)failure of 1702, 1709groove bottom radii 1685groove design and machining 1706–

1707, 1710groove diameter 1685groove diameter tolerances 1703groove failure 1709groove width 1685groove width tolerances 1703industrial 1707internal 1708internal spiral 1693, 1697load capacity 1700material 1700metric performance data 1688ring free diameter 1685rotation between parts 1709seated in groove 1688, 1690, 1692–1693selection 1684self locking dimensions 1707self locking external and internal 1708self locking inch series 1708self locking types 1707spiral 1695standards 1708–1711tapered 1684–1685thickness 1696, 1700thickness tolerances 1696, 1700, 1702–

1703thrust load capacities 1706thrust load safety factors 1705width capacity 1702

Retarded motion 167Retention knobs, V-flange tool shanks 1313Reyn 2334, 2586Rhodium plating 1470Right-angle triangles solution 64, 91–93Rigidity

modulus of (shear) 204spring materials 348–350

Ringarea and volume 59radius of gyration 232solid

polar moment of inertia 251stresses in loaded 223–224

Rivetallowable stresses 1480ANSI Standard 1483–1485belt 1485British Standard 1491, 1494

cold forged 1491hot forged 1491lengths 1491snap head 1491universal head 1491

button head 1483, 1485cone head 1483cooper's 1485countersunk 1483, 1491



INDEX 2651

Rivet (continued)diameters for given plate

thicknesses 1478dimension countersunk head 1494dimension snap head 1494excess length to form head 1483flat head 1485, 1491hold-on or dolly bar sets 1483large rivets, standard 1483material 1479mushroom head 1491pan head 1483, 1485pitch 1478, 1482–1483sets, dimensions of impressions in 1483shearing strength 1482–1483small rivets, standard 1483–1485spacing 1478steel 1479strength 1479tinner's 1485truss 1485types 1478

Riveted joints 1478–1483allowable stresses 1479double and triple 1482efficiency 1479–1480failure 1479holes for 1478joint failure 1479joint strength 1479–1480rivet length for forming heads 1483rivet materials 1479strength 1480types of riveted joints 1478working strength 1479

Rockwell hardnessconversion to Brinell hardness 550–551number 552scales 548test 547–548

Rod gages 2519Roebling wire gage 2519Rolled threads, electric socket and lamp

base 1884Roller bearing (see Bearings: roller)Roller chain, double pitch 2442Rolling

contact bearings 2269–2323friction resistance 159

Rolling screw threads 1952–1956cylindrical die machines 1952diameter of blank 1953diameter of threading roll 1954flat die machines 1952in automatic screw machines 1953shapes and kind of thread 1954speeds, and feeds 1955steels for 1953

Root diameter gearing 2032

Rootsand powers of numbers 14finding square and cube 14

Ropemanila, safe loads and strength 387, 391nylon, safe loads and strength 389safe loads for 387slings, strength 387, 389weight per 100 feet 391wire 369

definitions of terms 369–370strength and properties 372–377winding drum, grooves for 378–379

Rose chucking reamers 834fractional sizes 848

Rotary file or burs 965Rotary motion formulas 169Rotating parts, balancing 197–202Roughness

control of 724cutoff 734height values 726–727parameters

rules for determining 739rules for measurement of 740

symbols indicating degree of 724–727Round head machine screws 1596Royal Microscopical Society thread 1886–

1887, 1889Rpm

conversion to radian per second 169for various cutting speeds and diameters,

inch units 1018–1021metric units 1020–1021

for various grinding speeds and diameters 1211

Rubberbearings 2266bonded grinding wheels 1178bonding 2481turning 1082

Running balance 197Rupture strength

copper-base powdered alloys 419iron-base powdered alloys 419tungsten-base powdered alloys 419

SSAE Standards

babbitt metals 2263bearing metals 2263crown or acorn nuts 1523die casting alloys 1371high nuts 1524taper shaft ends 2373V-belts 2429Woodruff keyseat cutters 820

SAE steelsbasic numbering system 440



INDEX2652

SAE steels (continued)compositions 440, 442, 446–447heat treatments for 532

Safe loads for wire rope 372–377Safe speeds grinding wheels 1209–1211Safety

factors of 208, 2078flange couplings 2346for wire rope 375–376

Salt baths for heat treating 516Sand blast cleaning 1368Sanders, spindles for portable 950Sanding wood 414Sandstone and limestone, strength 420Saw tooth clutches 2356Sawn lumber size 414Saws

band 1138–1143circular, arbors for 948metal-cutting, speeds 1082metal-slitting 801sharpening files 963slitting 801

Scalar and vector quantities 145Scleroscope 548Screw machines

automatic 1131–1136automatic box-tools 1132drilling speeds and feeds 1132drills 860, 867forming tools with rake 784–789knurling 1131–1132reaming speeds and feeds 1132speeds and feeds 1132–1133stock required for given production 1136threading cams 1131

Screwsand bolts 1512angularity and eccentricity 1579ANSI head recesses 1642breaking load 1511British Standard

BSF 1617inch 1570–1573, 1605, 1632–1638metric 1578, 1605–1613, 1632–1637Unified 1614, 1616Whitworth 1570, 1573, 1617, 1638

cap 1516, 1618–1623cap, metric 1541drive 1639, 1654force for turning 163form 1579grade markings for steel 1508–1509head recesses 1642heavy hex 1516hex cap 1513inserts 1654jig and fixture

button head 1636heavy hex 1516

Screws (continued)jig and fixture

hex 1513lag screw 1517–1518

metric 1545length of engagement 1510length of thread 1579mechanical principle of 163metric

British Standard 1613cap 1541diameters 1543flange 1546–1547formed 1542heavy hex 1543ISO 1575reduced body diameter 1544socket 1632

self-threading 1639–1663set 1625–1638shoulder 1624sockets for 1627sockets metric series 1634strength of 1509stress areas 1502, 1510tap drills 1933–1941tap marking symbols 916–917thumb 1716, 1719–1720Unified Standard 1512, 1616wing 1716wood 1477worm threads 2095–2098

Sealants 2484anaerobic pipe 2486gasket materials 2485pipe joining 2484silicone rubber gasketing 2485tapered pipe threading 2485types 2484

Sealing bearings 2223–2225Seasoning steel, sub zero 547Secant 88Secant modulus (plastics) 598Section lining, standard for drawings 630,

632Section modulus

angles 2515–2517circle 241circular ring 242ellipse 242for torsion 283formulas for various sections 238–247half circle 241hexagon 240hollow circle 241I-beams 2509–2513I-section 242L-section 246octagon 241pipe 2529–2530polar 248–249, 254–259



INDEX 2653

Section modulus (continued)rectangle 239rectangles, table for 253–254round shafts, table for 254–259structural shapes

angles, steel 2517channels, aluminum 2518I-beams or S-shapes

aluminum 2518steel 2513wide flange, steel 2509–2512

steel 2514trapezoid 240triangle 240T-section 245units conversion 2587Z-section 247

Segment, circular 66, 70–72area 66, 71–72height for given angle and radius 66, 70–

72Seizing and cutting wire rope 380–381Self alignment roller bearings

symbols 2272Self-threading screws 1639–1663

countersink heads 1639cross recesses 1642designations 1640drill size 1650drilled hole sizes 1648drive type 1639–1640extruded hole sizes 1648fillister head 1640head cross recesses 1642hex head 1640hex washer head 1640hole sizes 1647, 1650inch, metric 1654metallic drive 1640metals

brass sheet metal 1650monel steel 1650stainless steel 1650steel 1650

metric 1654–1663clearance holes 1659cutting tapping 1656designations 1655–1656drilled hole sizes 1660, 1662extruded hole sizes 1659head types 1654–1655heat treatment 1658hole sizes for steel 1659–1663hole sizes for tapping 1659material 1658punched hole size for steel 1660, 1662recommended lengths 1657tapping 1659thread and point types 1655thread cutting types 1654–1658

Self-threading screws (continued)metric

tapping 1656thread forming 1656

tapping 1660–1661types 1654–1657

thread tappingin asbestos 1661in cast metals 1662–1663in plastics 1661, 1663in plywoods 1661in sheet metal 1662

pan head 1640round head 1639self-tapping inserts 1654sheet metal hole sizes 1650slotted pan head 1640steel thread cutting 1651thread and point

dimensions 1643–1646types 1641–1642

thread cutting 1646sheet metals 1650tapping 1642types 1639, 1642, 1644

thread forming 1643–1644, 1647–1648types 1641–1642

torsional strength requirements 1654truss head 1640types of 1639

Sellers screw thread 1892Sensivity factor 2078Sequence number, NC 1274Series, infinite 34, 103Set-screws

British Standardmetric 1632–1638Whitworth 1638

cone point 1625–1637cup point 1625–1637dog point 1625–1637flat point 1625–1637headless 1625hexagon and spline 1626hexagon socket 1632, 1635, 1637hexagon socket type 1637holding power 1637oval point 1625spline socket type 1631square head type 1628–1629, 1638

Sevolute functions 103Shackle and end-link chain 392Shaft conditions

checking 719out of roundness 723

no. of lobes 723V-block angles 723

out-of-roundness, lobing 721Shafts 299–307

allowances and tolerances for fits 645British Standard for fits 679–688



INDEX2654

Shafts (continued)brittle materials, formulas for 305checking for various conditions of 719–

723critical speeds of 306deflection, linear 302deflection, torsional 301–302effect of keyways on strength 305factor of safety 300, 305hollow 307horsepower transmitted by 299–302linear deflection 302maximum allowable working stress 305moment of inertia, polar 248–249, 254–

259polygon type connections 2186round, section moduli 254–259steel, diameters of 303strength 299–301taper ends, SAE Standard 2373torsional

deflection 301–302strength 299–301

hollow vs. solid 307transmission, design of 303–305

Shanks taper 926–937Shapes

of grinding wheels 1180–1188of mounted wheels and points 952–954

Shaping wood 414Shaping, speeds and feeds 1082Sharp V-thread 1725Sharpening

carbide tools 971–973circular saws 963diamond wheels for 972drills 969–971milling cutters 821, 824–825

Shearformulas for 213modulus 204

of G spring materials 348–350of various materials 204, 420

properties 205spring design 350stress 203, 214

combined with tension or compression 215

in beams 215–218Shear strength

cast iron 474magnesium alloys 588nonferrous metals 554rivets 1482–1483steels 474wood 412wrought iron 474

Shear tooth files 965Sheaves

for V-belt drives 2393for wire rope 353, 370

Sheet metalallowances 1335and wire gages 2522–2523bending allowances 1332–1335

formula 1339edging process 1339joining process 1339

angle frame 1343button punch snap lock 1341clinch bar slip and angle 1343clinch type flanged connections 1344corner standing seam 1341double flanges and cleats 1344double seam 1341flange 1342flange and flange corner 1341flanged duct connections 1343flanged end and angle 1343flat drive slip 1342flat S slip 1342flush lap 1340formed flanges 1343groove seam 1341hem 1342hemmed S slip 1343pittsburg 1342plain lap 1340raw and flange corner 1340slide corner 1341standing drive slip 1342standing seam 1341

joints 1340screws 1639stock allowances 1335–1338

Sheet sizes for drawings 630Shell

blanks, diameters 1331mills 803molding 1366plates and cylinders, strength 292–298reamers 849

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) 1405–1409

Shielding gases 1393Shipping measure 2566Shock-resisting

tool steels 495chemical composition 497heat treatment 497

Shocks, stresses in springs 283stresses produced by 283

Shore’s scleroscope 548, 550–551Shoulder screws 1624Shrinkage allowance, patterns 1369Shrinkage fits 648, 655–656, 663

allowances 648–650Shut height, power press 1331



INDEX 2655

SI system unitsin strength of materials calculations 203,

213–215, 218, 221–224, 232, 236–237, 260, 273, 277–278, 280–281, 283–284, 286, 293–297, 300–302, 304–306

metric 143use of in mechanics 141–145

SI, binary prefixes 2546Side cutting edge 754Side milling cutters 799Sigma (standard deviation) 1246–1247Significance of accuracy 1245–1248Signs and abbreviations

mathematical 2542scientific and engineering 2540–2543

Signs of trigonometric functions 89Silicon carbide grinding wheels 971–972Silver

bearing material 2264brazing filler alloys 1382plating 1470

Simpleindexing 2011–2016proportion 6stresses 213–214

Simpson's rule 60Simultaneous equations 122Sine bar

checking angle 696checking taper per foot 697checking templets 697constants 699–705measuring angle of templet 696settling to a given angle 696settling10- inch to an angle 697types of 695use of 695–705

Sine, law of 89Single tooth contact 2031Single-angle milling cutters 802, 808–809Single-point cutting tools 749–772, 887–888

angle tolerances 772carbide tips and inserts for 764–772chipbreakers 755–756definitions and terms 749–752end cutting edge angles 754indexable inserts 756–758insert toolholders 756–764, 1310–1312lead angles 754nose radius 754, 771numerical control tool

compensation 1310–1312planing tools 756rake angles 753relief angles 752relief angles for thread cutting 1944side cutting edge angle 754tip overhang 765–766tool contour 749tool holders, indexable inserts 756–764

Singularity of a matrix 122

Sinking funds 128Sintered

carbide toolsANSI Standard 764–772tool materials 1010–1012

gear materials 2147metal bearings 2265

Sixty (60)-degree stub threads 1846Size factor cover 2078Sizes of sawn lumber 414Slate cutting speed for 1082Sleeve bearings 2229Sleeves, Morse taper 935Slenderness ratio, columns 285–286Slides, measuring 713, 717Slings

and fittings for wire rope 381–386strength of rope and chain 387–390

Slipping clutches, couplings 2353Slitting saws, metal 801Slope of a line 40Slots for T-bolts, ANSI Standard 1664Slug 142S-N diagrams 205, 207Socket

ANSI hexagon and spline 1627head, screw type

British Standard metric 1632cap 1620–1623, 1633drill and counterbore sizes for 1621keys and bits for 1630set 1637shoulder 1624

reamers, Morse taper 851taper shank 926–937threads for electric 1884wrench clearances 1531

Solders and soldering 1380, 1382alloys for 1380aluminum 1380fluxes 1380forms 1380magnesium 1382methods 1380–1382stainless steel 1382ultrasonic fluxless 1382

Solid film lubricants 2339Solidification temperature 648Solids, volumes and dimensions 75–80Soluble oils for machining operations 1144Solution heat treatment 504Sorbite 521Sound level specifications 1325Space cutters, roller chain sprockets 2460–

2461Spacing holes on jig borer 989–1004Spade drills and drilling

blades 1076–1077drilling 1077, 1079feed rates for 1078–1079geometry of 1075–1079



INDEX2656

Spade drills and drilling (continued)power consumption and thrust 1080–

1081Spandrel

area 67center of gravity 227

Spark out time 1163Spark plug

threads 1883dimensions 1883hole in cylinder head 1883taps 911

Spatter, (welding) 1414Specific gravity 407

conversion 408gases 407liquids 407–408of various metals 407oils 2334plastics 416

Specific heat 399–400aluminum 403copper alloys 403gasses 400

Speed reducers, motors, built-in 2473Speeds

calculating cutting speeds 1016–1021critical, of rotating shafts 306pulleys, rules for calculating 2388rpm for different diameters and cutting

speeds 1016–1021Speeds and feeds, machining 1009–1074

abrasive belt grinding 1230bandsawing 1140–1143CBN grinding wheels 1195cutting 624, 1014, 1016, 1071, 1078,

1131–1143drilling 1132

diameters and rpm 1017feeds for spade drills 1078–1079

end milling 1040face milling 1040form-turning 1132, 1148general 1071, 1131–1132grinding wheels

maximum peripheral speeds 1210truing and dressing 1198–1199wheel and work speeds 1959

grinding with diamond wheels 1207honing 1230–1235milling 1022nonferrous metals 1153–1156reaming 1071, 1132reaming and threading 1022rotary files and burs 966sawing

band 1140–1143circular 1082

shaping 1082slit and slot milling 1040, 1043–1058

Speeds and feeds, machining (continued)superalloys 1039surface grinding 1226–1228tables, how to use 1022–1025tapping and thread cutting 1061–1070,

1072–1074, 1132, 1920–1921thread rolling 1955–1956titanium and alloys 1038tool life 1013–1025

adjusting 1035–1036, 1040, 1043, 1059tool steels

drilling reaming, and threading 1066milling 1049–1050turning 1031

turning 1022, 1026–1040carbon and alloy steels 1027–1030copper alloys 1037ferrous cast metals 1033–1034hard-to-machine materials 1039light metals 1038speeds and feeds 1026–1040, 1132stainless steels 1032superalloys 1039titanium 1038tool steels 1031

Spherehollow

center of gravity 230radius of gyration 235

polar moment of inertia 250radius of gyration 235surface area 78volume 78

Sphericaland rectangular coordinates,

relationship 43coordinates 43sector

center of gravity 230polar moment of inertia 251volume 78

segmentcenter of gravity 230polar moment of inertia 251volume 78

shell, thin 235shells, strength to resist internal

pressure 295–297surface center of gravity 227wedge volume 79zone volume 79

Spheroidal graphite iron 474, 1361Spheroidize, annealizing 450Spheroidizing 450, 526Spikes and nails, standard 1476Spindle

for portable tools 948–951function, NC 1280noses 940–944, 1280, 1313

Spiral bevel gears 2029, 2082–2083tooth contact 2082



INDEX 2657

Spline keys and bits 1630Splines 2159

application factors 2171comparison of symbols 2177data and reference dimensions 2169dimensions, formula 2185fatigue-life factors for 2172fittings 2183–2185fittings, torque capacity 2185for large misalignments 2173formulas for SAE standard 2185involute 2156–2181

(see also Involute splines)involute, socket keys and bits 1630machining tolerances and variations 2180milling cutter 824SAE standard splined fittings 2184–2185terms, symbols, and drawing data 2167variations 2165

Spray transfer (welding) 1392Spraying process, flame (metal) 1472Spring 308–353

arbor diameters for 353Belleville 348, 354–368clock 348compression, formulas for 321–322coned 354–368conical compression 348constant force 348copper-base spring alloys 311–312deflections for

compression 325–328extension 325–328torsion 343–346

design data 319–353disc 354–368

contact surfaces 355, 358forces and stresses 358group classes 354materials 355nomenclature 354stacking 356stress 358

elevated temperature stresses 318–319endurance limit for spring materials 318–

319extension 324–333extension spring design 331–333failure in 352force, disc 358heat treatment of 348–350helical compression spring design 320–

324helical, shock stresses produced in 283high-carbon spring steels 309index 319materials 309–313miscellaneous 348moduli of elasticity 348motor 348

Spring (continued)music wire arbor diameters 353nickel-base spring alloys 311–313pins 1682–1683shock stresses produced in helical 283spiral 348stainless spring steels 310–311steels for 309–311stresses 319–320

produced by shocks 283tolerances

compression and extension 332–335for torsion 341–348

torsionbars 347design 335–341modulus 348–350

volute 347–348wire

diameters for 309maximum working temperature 312tensile strength 421

Spring pinscoiled type 1683designation 1682lengths and sizes 1682materials 1682slotted type 1682

Spring washersdouble coil rectangular section 1583single coil square section 1584

Sprocketschain transmission 2441idler 2457

Spur gearing 2033addendum modifications 2077AGMA tolerances for fine pitch

gears 2072American National Standard tooth

forms 2035, 2039angular backlash 2073backash range 2068backlash 2067–2073, 2139basic dimensions 2041blanks for fine pitch gears 2064British Standard 2076bronze and brass gears 2147caliper measurement of tooth 2051center distance 2059

variable 2041, 2043, 2045center distance for enlarged pinion 2058checking gear size 2125chordal

addendum 2048–2049, 2051measurement 2142

thickness 2046, 2048–2049, 2051circular

pitch system 2034, 2052thickness 2046

given outside diameter 2045composite error inspection 2073



INDEX2658

Spur gearing (continued)contact

diameter 2059lowest point of single tooth 2060–2063ratio 2060

data on drawings 2067diameters for hobbing, preshaving, and

shaping 2042diametral pitch shown full size 2033diametral pitch system 2033–2034dimensions and formulas 2035drawing data 2067enlarged pinions 2050, 2108–2111external 2029Fellows stub tooth systems 2041fine-pitch 2039, 2064finishing gear milling cutters 2054formulas for basic dimensions 2161full-depth, teeth 2035, 2046gear milling cutters, series of

metric module 2052gear tooth parts 2036–2041

checking 2125German standard tooth form 2121hob tip radius, maximum 2061interference, avoiding 2050, 2052internal 2029, 2074internal arc thickness 2074internal gear and pinion sizes 2074internal gears rule 2075involute curve properties 2034lowest point of single tooth contact 2060measurement of tooth with caliper 2051measurement over pins 2125measurement over wires 2135–2138mesh with enlarged pinion 2058milling cutters 2052

metric module 2052minimum number of teeth 2058module system 2121–2124nonmetallic 625, 2149outside and root diameters 2042, 2052pinion arc thickness 2074pitch diameters, tabulated 2052profile checker settings 2062reduced gear 2050replacement gear dimensions 2153root and outside diameters 2042, 2052specifications 2065to avoid undercutting by hob 2058tooth

contact of highest point 2061dimensions 2036–2041forms 2035measurements over wires 2135–2138proportions 2039thickness measurement 2045

true involute form (TIF) diameter 2061undercut, limit for hobbed gears 2061

Squarearea 63circles of area equal to 73distances across corners 74of wire diameters 351prism volume 75recesses, for machine screws

for self-tapping screws 1642roots of numbers 14

Square thread 1848Squeeze casting 1366Squirrel cage induction motors 2466S-shapes, structural steel 2513

moment of inertia 2513radius of gyration 2513section modulus 2513weight per foot 2513

Stabilizing gages 545Stacking disc springs 356Stainless steels 439, 457, 460

application 460–461characteristics and applications 457chemical compositions 448–449coefficient of expansion 404compositions 448–449, 460–461cutting, flame 1418–1419density 404electrodes (welding) current to use

with 1413elongation 418, 472–473hardness 418heat treatments 536–537mechanical properties 472–473melting points 404properties 460–461soldering 1382

ultrasonic 1382specific heat 404speeds

for drilling, reaming, and threading 1067

for milling 1050–1051for turning 1032

strength 474tensile strength 418, 472–473thermal conductivity 404yield strength 418, 472–473

Stampingblank diameters 1331die clearances 1329fine blanking 1344lubricants for 1330pressures required 1331steel rule dies 1346–1348

Standarddeviation 1245–1247NC 1255nomenclature 2079organizations 2079wire gage (SWG) 2520



INDEX 2659

Static 141balancing 197equivalent load, bearings 2319load rating, bearings 2319

Statistical tolerance 641Statistics

normal distributions 1245standard deviation 1246

Stayed surfaces, flat 292Steel

alloycompositions of SAE 446–447general properties 466–471

Bessemer 452, 454carbon steel structure 507carburizing 453, 455, 526case hardening 526cast for gears 2146castings 1362

brinell hardness number 1363elongation 1363mechanical properties 1363tensile strength 1363yield point 1363

chromiumcompositions 460nickel austenitic 457, 460

classification 438, 443cobalt high-speed 884–885cobaltcrom 538color of heated 522coloring 1463columns, pipe 290–291corrosion-resisting 457–460Damascus 441deep-drawing 452elongation 417free-cutting 454, 456

stainless 457gearing, hardness 2147gearing, industrial 2147hardening 503, 512hardness 417

and tensile strength relationships 551of heat-treated 466–471

heat treatment 449–450, 503–512, 538–547

of high speed steel 538high-speed 480hypereutectoid 510hypoeutectoid 510induction hardening 529killed 452molybdenum

compositions 457, 460high-speed 488nickel chromium, SAE

compositions 457, 460nickel, SAE compositions 457SAE compositions 446–447

Steel (continued)nitriding 527numbering systems for 440–442pipe

ANSI standard 2527columns, allowable concentric

loads 290–291rimmed 452rivets 1479rolled sections, shape designations 2508rule dies 1346–1348

cutting edges 1347dimensions 1347heat treatment 1348makes 1347

SAE specification numbers 440, 442–443

sheet, standard gage 2522–2523silicon-manganese, SAE

compositions 446–447stainless 448–449, 457, 460strength 474

and hardness data 466–471, 474of heat-treated 474

structural shapes 2508–2517subzero treatment 544–547taps 1920tensile strength 417tool 475–501tungsten

compositions 490high-speed 490twist drill 884–885

wrought 2526yield strength 417

Steel wool 966Steel-threading screws

cast metals 1651, 1653depth of panetration 1653drill sizes 1653hole sizes 1653plastics 1651, 1653

Stellite alloy 1012Step bearings 2242, 2248–2251Stepper motors 2493Stock, amount required for screw machine

production 1136Stoke 2586Straight

bevel gears 2029line 39line column formula 285pins 1672–1674

designation 1674materails 1674

Straight pipe threadsfree fitting mechanical joints 1864hose couplings 1864locknuts 1864mechanical joints 1864–1865

Straight splines, British Standard 2182



INDEX2660

Strainlateral 204longitudinal 204ratio of 204

Strengthhollow vs. solid shafts 307of polygon connections 2187of screws and bolts 1509riveted joints 1479struts or columns 285–291tensile 204ultimate 204wire rope 370–377yield perforated metal 2521

Strength of materials 203angles, lengths of bent 2508beams 272–276

shock stresses in 283channels, elements of 2514, 2518columns 285–291

AISC formula 289AREA formula 285Euler formula for 286–289Gordon formula 285, 287Johnson formula for 286

combined stresses 215–218compression 205critical speeds of shafts 306curved beams 279cylinders 294–298definitions 203–204deflection of beams 260–271, 277Euler formula 286–289factors of safety 208ferrous metals 474flat plates 292–294heat-treated steels 466–471hoop stress

thick-walled tube 609thin-walled tube 609

influence of temperature 420Izod impact 416, 466–471J. B. Johnson column formula 286–289keyways in shafts 305linear deflection in shafts 302mechanical properties 203–204metals, properties of 420modulus of elasticity 204modulus of shear 204moment of inertia 238–247

built-up sections 237perforated metals 2521pipe columns 290–291plates, shells, and cylinders 292–298polar

moment of inertia 248–249, 254–259section modulus 248–249, 254–259

rails 281Rankine, column formula 285, 287rings, stresses and deflections 223–224

Strength of materials (continued)section moduli tables 238–259shafts 299–307

American Standard design code 305brittle material formula for 305critical speeds of 306effect of keyways on strength of 305horsepower transmitted by 299–302torsional strength of 299–301

shear 203, 205shells, spherical 295–297shocks, stresses produced by 283simple stresses 213–214springs, shock stresses in 283steels 474straight-line column formula 285stress 144, 203

areas of screw threads 1510concentration factors

grooved shaft in torsion 212shaft with transverse hole in

bending 212relieving 450working 208

struts or columns 285–291taper pins, strength of 224temperature effects 421tensile stress 203torsional strength of shafting 299–301tubes 297–298wood 412working stresses 208Young’s modulus 204

Stress 144alternating 206–207area of thread 1502, 1834bending in flywheels 189centrifugal in flywheels 188combined 215–218concentration factors 209–212

grooved shaft in torsion 212shaft with transverse hole in

bending 212contact, in cams 2209–2210cyclic 205disc springs 358hoop in flywheels 188–189in beams 213–218, 260–283in bolts when tightening 1497, 1505–

1507in flywheels 193in involute splines 2172in loaded ring 223–224in rotating disks 193in shafting 303–305in splines

allowable contact stress 2078allowable shear 2172

in springs 283, 319–320produced by shocks 283relieving 450



INDEX 2661

Stress (continued)shear 214

in beams 215–218simple 213–214spline teeth compressive 2173strain curves 203–204superposition of 215three-dimensional, or triaxial 219–221units and conversion of 2574–2576working, of various materials 208

Structural shapesaluminum 2518steel 2508–2517

angles, properties of 2515–2517channels, properties of 2514I- or S-shapes, properties of 2513standard designations 2508strength 474wide flange, properties of 2509–2512

Structure of carbon steel 510Stub Acme screw threads 1825, 1837–1843

alternative 1843, 1846ANSI Standard 1837–1846basic dimensions 1826designations 1843formula for determining diameters 1843limiting dimensions 1827shear area 1827stress area 1827thread data 1846thread form 1825, 1843wire sizes for checking 190829- and 60-degree 1963, 1968

Stub screw machine reamers 847Stub tooth gearing 2036, 2041

Fellows 2041former American Standard 2036, 2041outside and root diameters 2035, 2042

Stub’s iron and steel wire gage 2520Studs

British 1570, 1581drive 1678

Studs and pinsdesignation 1678hole sizes 1678material 1678standard sizes 1678

Subprogram, NC 1285Subroutine, NC 1285–1287Subtracting

decimal fractions 10fractions 9matrices 119

Subzero treatment of steel 544–547carburized parts 546

Superhard tool materials (CBN) 1013, 1039, 1178, 1195, 1204

Surfacecoatings for metals 1464–1471finish and hardness of bearings 2225

Surface (continued)grinding 1222–1228

advantages 1222common faults and possible

causes 1228common faults and possible causes

in 1227–1228principal systems 1223–1225process data for 1226selection of grinding wheels for 1177–

1188, 1222, 1225–1226wheel recommendations 1225–1226

of revolution, area 60roughness

measurements 731produced by common production

methods 729–730produced by laser cutting 1449relationship to tolerances 729, 731

speeds, diameters and rpmgrinding wheels 1209, 1211pulleys and sheaves 1016, 1018–1021,

1943speeds, diameters and rpm cutting speeds

formula 1016–1021, 1943Surface texture 725

applying symbols 732castings 735comparing measured values to specified

limits 738control and production 724cutoff for roughness measurements 731definition of terms 724, 726drawing practices for symbols 731–733error of form 724finish 1162

differences between ISO and ANSI symbology 738

flaws 724graphical centerline. 726instruments of measurements 730lay 724, 735

symbols 735–736measurement 729

area avearaging methods 731instruments 730

non-contact 730probe microscope 730skidded instruments 731skidless instruments 730

max rule 738profile 726

measured 726modified 726nominal 726real 726total 726variation 2159, 2165

root mean square 729roughness 724

average (Ra) 728, 734



INDEX2662

Surface texture (continued)roughness

evaluation length 728parameters 728production method 730profile 726sampling length 727spacing 726topography 727

roughness average (Ra) 728roughness sampling length 734sampling length 727spatial resolution 727standard roughness sampling lengths 734symbols 630, 731–733, 735

lay 735–736material removal 732proportions of 732

system height resolution 727topography 727

measured 727modified 727

traversing length 727use of symbols 732valley 727waviness 725, 727

evaluation length 727, 729height 729, 735long-wavelength cutoff 727parameters 729profile 727sampling length 727short-wavelength cutoff 727spacing 727topography 727

Surveyor's measure 2549Swing frame grinding 1229Swiss pattern files 965S-word, NC 1280Sychronous belts

(see Belts and pulleys: sychronous belts)Symbols

abbreviations 2540, 2542–2543ANSI Y14.5M 630, 632–633applying surface texture 732arc and gas welding 1432–1440arrow 1432basic weld 1432bearing

ball bearings 2269, 2271cylindrical roller bearings 2272needle bearings 2274roller bearings 2269self alignment roller bearings 2272tapered roller bearings 2273thrust ball bearings 2272thrust tapered roller bearings 2273

between, ANSI 633brazing 1387–1388buttress threads 1850

Symbols (continued)cams and cam design 2189chemical elements 398concentricity, ANSI 633, 1252contour and finish 1433controlled radius, ANSI 633diameter, ANSI 633, 1251diamond wheel marking 1201–1204dimensions 1433drawing practices for surface

texture 731–733gagemakers tolerance 678geometric characteristic 633geometric controls

forms 634locations 634orientation 634profiles 634runout 634straightness 634

Greek 2540grinding wheel markings 1179–1180hole basis 669involute splines 2159–2160, 2167lines for drawings 630–631mechanics 2543metric module involute splines 2177nondestructive testing 1441–1442parallelism, ANSI 633, 1252perpendicularity, ANSI 633, 1253reference line 1432roundness, ANSI 633, 1251runout, ANSI 633, 1253screw thread, for tap marking 916–917section lining

aluminum 632bronze 632cast and malleable iron 632earth 632insulation 632magnesium 632materials 632rock 632sand 632steel 632white metal 632

shaft basis 669standard geometric characteristic

engineering drawingsection lining 630

statical tolerance, ANSI 633surface profile, ANSI 633, 1251surface texture 732–733, 735tolerances 667total runout, ANSI 633, 1253welding 1432, 1442

System of measurementabsolute 142gravitational 142

Système International d’Unites (SI)in mechanics calculations 141–145



INDEX 2663

TTangent 88Tangential force 2078Tanks

contents at given level 61–62cylindrical, capacity in gallons 61–62quenching bath 518–519

Tantung alloy 1012Tap drill diameters, Acme 919Tap drill selection

(see Taps and tapping: tap drills)Taper

American (ANSI) Standard 926–938applications of standard 937British Standard 927–928Brown & Sharpe 644, 926, 935–936collets 945–947for given angle 715gages for self-holding 934Jacobs 939Jarno 926, 937keys 2379machine tool spindle 644, 937measurement methods 698measuring with

V-block and sine bar 698method of dimensioning 698milling machine spindles, arbors and

spindle noses 940–944Morse 926–937

stub taper shanks 927–928per foot and corresponding angles 714pin reamers 853, 1676pins 1674, 1677

designation 1675diameter 1675drilling spefications 1675drills for 1674, 1677hole sizes 1674materials 1674small ends 1675strength 224

pipe taps 900–901, 914reamers

Brown & Sharpe 852Morse 851

rules for figuring 715self-holding and self-releasing 926–934shaft ends, SAE Standard 2373steep machine 933, 938

Taper pipe threads 1860–1862angle of thread 1863basic dimensions 1861external 1863form 1860internal 1863lead 1863

Taper pipe threads (continued)pitch diameter formula 1860railing joint 1864taper 1860thread length 1860tolerances on taper 1863

Taps and tapping 1919–1944automatic screw machine 1132clearance holes

ISO metric bolts and screws 1938CNC machine 1942cold form tapping 1939–1941coolant 1943cutting oils 1147cutting speeds 1061–1070, 1072–1074,

1132, 1921hole size before tapping 1935–1936

Unified miniature thread 1925–1936length of engagement and

tolerances 1935lubrication 1147methods of tapping 1919nitriding of 1920numerically controlled 1942pipe

power for driving 1942tap drills for 1941

pipe threadsdrill sizes 1941power required 1942

pitch increased to compensate for shrinkage 1963

rake angles for various materials 1921removing a broken tap 1941serial taps and close tolerances 1920speeds 1920–1921spiral

fluted 1920pointed 1919

square threads 919–921, 925steel 1920surface treatment of 1920tap drills

Acme threads 919American National threads 1933

machine screws 1934diameter of tap drill 1924ISO metric threads 1937

coarse pitch 1937cold form 1941

pipeBriggs (NPT) 1941Whitworth 1941

Unified thread systemcold form 1940miniature 1936

tapping specific materials 1921alloy steel 1922aluminium 1923carbon steel 1921copper alloys 1924



INDEX2664

Taps and tapping (continued)tapping specific materials

free cutting steel 1923gray cast iron 1923high temperature alloys 1923high tensile strength steels 1922malleable cast iron 1923nodular cast iron 1923stainless steel 1922titanium and titanium alloys 1923

taps 892–895Acme 919–921

drill hole size 921–922adjustable 920–921ANSI Standard 892–918British Standard

ISO metric series 922–925collapsing 919definitions 892–895fits, classes obtained 915for Class 2B and 2C threads 915fractional inch sizes 896–897, 911hand, dimensions of standard 895, 903,

908–912hand, types of 892limits

cut thread 896–902, 911machine screw 900pipe 902

ground thread 897–903, 912H- and L- numbers 916–918pipe 901–902

H- and L- limits 897–898, 916–918machine screw 903–913markings

multiple-start threads 918over or under-size pitch diameter 918

metric D or DU limit 918standard 916symbols for identifying 899, 916–918

metric sizes 896, 903–913multiple-thread taps, marking 918nut 892, 904, 910–911pipe 892, 899–902, 914

straight 899–902, 914limits 901–902

taper 899–902, 914tolerances 900

pulley 892, 904, 910spark plug 911spiral

fluted 903, 906, 912pointed 905–913

square thread 918–919, 921straight fluted 895, 903, 908–909, 912terms 892thread series designations 916–917tolerances 896–917types of 892

Taps and tapping (continued)tolerances on minor diameter 1934–1935Unified thread form 1725

Taps and tapping tap drillsAcme threads 919

Taylor tool life equation 1023T-bolts and T-slots, ANSI Standard 1664–

1665Tebi 2546Teflon (TFE) bearings 2265Temper designations, aluminum alloy 572–

583Temperature

absolute 2583boiling points, various substances 399changes in length due to 405critical, heat treating of steel 504, 507,

511effect on working stresses, of

springs 318–319fahrenheit and celsius 2583ignition 403influence on strength of metals 421judging by color, steel 522of carbon dioxide, solid 649of freezing mixtures 403of ignition, various materials 403of lead bath alloys 523of nitrogen, solid 649required to develop tightening stress in

bolt 1500, 1502Temperature effects on grease 2338Tempering 449–509, 521–523

double 524in oil 522in sand 524insalt baths 522lead bath temperatures 523steel 450, 523temperature 522

carbon steel tools 522Tensile

modulus (see Modulus of: elasticity)strength 204, 206–207

aluminum alloys 417, 575–583ceramics 415cobalt alloys 418copper alloys 417, 556–568

copper-beryllium alloys 570copper-silicon alloys 569copper-zinc-tin alloys 569Everdur 569

magnesium alloys 588nickel alloys 418, 589–590nonferrous metals 554spring wire 421stainless steel 418, 472–473steel 417, 464–473

heat-treated 466–471high-strength, low-alloy 463relation to hardness 551



INDEX 2665

Tensile (continued)strength

titanium alloys 591wood 412

strength, alloy steel 1364strength, carbon steel 1364strength, steel 1363stress 203, 206test 207

Thermalconductance 401conductance units conversion 2582conductivity 401

aluminum 403cast iron 404ceramics 415copper alloys 403nickel alloys 404stainless steels 404titanium alloys 404

cracking of cutting tools 1148energy 2583expansion coefficients 402, 405stresses 405

plastics 610Thermometer scales 2583Thicknesses, preferred

metal products 2523uncoated metals and alloys 2522

Thin flat plate 232Thin spherical shell

radius of gyration 235Thread locking 2484Threading cam, screw machine 1131, 1135

cutting speeds, threading dies 1131Threads and threading 1725, 1776, 1783,

1787, 1794, 1797, 1803–1846Acme thread 1825–1848

pitch diameter allowance 1827, 1832aerospace screws, bolts and nuts 1805Aero-thread 1890allowance and tolerance 1855American microscope objective

(AMO) 1886–1889American National form 1725angle, wire method of testing 1906ANSI Standard

Acme thread 1825–1843buttress thread 1850–1856form or profile 1725M profile thread 1783–1803

allowances 1790–1791basic profile 1727, 1788coarse pitch 1787–1788coated threads 1791, 1793crest and root form 1784–1789data 1786design profile, M series 1784, 1787–

1788designations 1803

Threads and threading (continued)ANSI Standard

external thread design 1789external thread root 1789fine pitch 1789lengths of engagement 1791–1795limiting dimensions 1798–1802,

1824limits and fits 1787limits of size 1793major diameter tolerances 1795minor diameter tolerances 1794, 1803pitch diameter tolerances 1795profile data 1786profile series 1787symbols 1785thread series 1785, 1789tolerance grades 1790–1793

MJ profile thread 1803–1806Unified thread system 1732–1782

allowances 1736–1762basic dimensions 1763, 1772coarse thread series 1735–1763coated 1776definitions 1727–1731design profile 1733designations 1775–1776dimensions 1736–1762external and internal thread

forms 1725, 1779fine and extra fine series 1735–1768hole sizes for tapping 1776internal and external profile 1733limits 1736–1762, 1773miniature screw thread 1777–1781miniature, design dimensions 1779pitch diameter tolerances 1775standard series, tables of 1736–1762thread classes 1764–1768thread form, data and formulas 1725,

1732–1735thread series 1733uniform 4-, 6-, 8-, 12-, 16-, 20-, 28-,

and 32-pitch series 1735–1772Briggs pipe thread 1890British Standard

buttress threads 1849ISO metric 1805, 1823ISO profile 1814pipe 1869–1871RMS thread 1886UNJ profile 1782Whitworth 1857–1859

casing thread 1890change gears for lathe 1946

for fractional output 1947modifying the quick change gearbox

output 1947changing pitch slightly 1964chasing, cutting speeds for 1061–1074



INDEX2666

Threads and threading (continued)checking by three-wire method,

tables 1901, 1906classes of tolerance 1764–1832, 1850Cordeaux thread 1891crest diameter tolerance 1819cutting 1944

numerically controlled 1291–1292square 918–921

cutting, change gears 1946fractional ratios 1947

Dardelet thread 1891definitions 1727–1731design and application data 1878design dimensions and tolerances 1779designation of Unified threads 1736–

1776designation symbols for 916–917

on taps, marks and symbols for identifying 916–917

deviation formulas 1818diameter pitch combinations 1735, 1805,

1823diameters of wires for measuring 1895dies, maximum pitches 1964dimensional effect of coating 1793drunken thread 1891dryseal pipe 1866Echols thread 1891electric socket and lamp base 1884electrical fixture threads 1884external thread tolerances 1798formulas for three-wire

measurement 1894–1895French thread 1891fundamental deviation 1790gages for screw threads 1911

classification 1911for unified screw threads 1911standard tolerances 1917

grinding 1957–1960centerless method 1961

Harvey grip thread 1891helix angle 1729, 1763–1772hole size for tapping 1776hose coupling 1875–1876instrument makers' 1884interference fit 1729, 1877–1882internal threads in pipe couplings 1864International Metric thread system 1726ISO metric 1727, 1805, 1823

design profile 1817designation 1817–1818fundamental deviation formulas 1818lengths of thread engagements 1817

lead angle 1966length of thread engagement 1729, 1817,

1819–1822limiting dimensions formula 1793

Threads and threading (continued)limits

Class 1A and 1B 1737–1762Class 2A and 2B 1736–1762Class 3A and 3B 1736–1762

limits and tolerance 1819–1822Lloyd and Lloyd thread 1892lock nut pipe thread 1892Löwenherz 1849M profile limits of size 1797maximum material condition 1729measuring screw threads 1893–1918

three wire method 1894–1911contact pressure 1897formulas 1898–1899, 1901, 1903,

1909–1910accuracy 1904

Whitworthbest wire sizes 1896–1897formulas 1899

metric screw threadsANSI Standard

M profile 1783–1803allowance 1783comparison with inch threads 1783

MJ profile 1803–1806designations 1807diameter-pitch combinations 1804symbols 1807

British Standard ISO metric 1814–1823ISO metric 1727

British Standard 1814–1823miniature 1814trapezoidal 1807–1813

micrometers for measuring pitch diameters 1893

microscope objective thread 1885milling 1962–1963

changing pitch of thread slightly 1963classes of work 1963multiple cutter method 1962on numerically controlled

machines 1291–1292planetary method 1963single cutter method 1962–1963

miniatureISO metric 1814Unified 1777–1781

minor diameter tolerances 1776modified square thread, 10-degree 1848multiple, designation 1776National standard form or profile 1725Philadelphia carriage bolt thread 1892pipe

ANSI Standard 1860–1869dryseal 1866–1869taper 1860–1862

pitch 1730pitch diameter 1730pitch, changing slightly 1964



INDEX 2667

Threads and threading (continued)pitch, maximum when die cut 1963pressure tight joints 1864rolled lamp base threads 1884SAE standard screw thread 1892saw-tooth 1849screw thread, definition 1731self-forming screws 1639–1642, 1647self-tapping screws 1642Sellers screw thread 1892sharp V-type thread 1725spark plug threads 1883square thread 1848

ten-degree modified 1848stress area 1502, 1510, 1731, 1834

Acme thread 1827, 1831Unified fine thread 1763

stub Acme screw threads 1825, 1837–1843

stub thread, 60-degree 1846tap drill sizes 1925–1933taper, measurement by wire method 1910thread forms 1725thread grinding

accuracy obtainable 1957from the solid 1959multi-ribbed wheels 1958number of wheel passes 1958–1959ribbed wheel for fine pitches 1959roughing and finishing wheels 1958single edge wheel 1957wheels 1957

and work rotation 1959grain size 1961hardness of grade 1960speeds 1960truing 1960types for 1957

work speeds 1960thread rolling 1952–1956

advantages of process 1955automatic screw machines 1953blank diameter 1953dies, cylindrical 1952dies, flat 1952in automatic screw machines 1953machines used 1953precision thread rolling 1953production rates 1952speeds and feeds 1955steels 1953

thread selection 1775tolerance system 1790, 1815tolerances

grade dimensions 1797of external threads 1795of pitch diameter 1795

toolsrelief angles, single-point 1944–1945

Threads and threading (continued)tools for square threads 918–921trapezoidal metric thread 1807, 1809,

1813formulas 1808

US Standard 1725watch 1777–1781Whitworth 1887

truncated 1887, 1889wire sizes for checking pitch

diameters 1895–1896Three-dimensional stress 219–221Three-wire measurement

gears 2125–2143screw threads 1894–1911

Thrust bearing (see Bearings: thrust)Thumb screws

dimensions 1719flat-head type 1716, 1719–1720lengths 1719materials 1716points 1720

cone point 1720cup point 1720dog point 1720flat point 1720oval point 1720

threads 1720types 1716

Tin lead, plating 1466Tin plating 1471Tin-base alloys, die casting 1373Tin-lead alloys for soldering 1380Titanium and titanium alloys

coefficient of expansion 404density 404melting points 404properties 589, 591specific heat 404speeds and feeds 1038, 1074, 1142thermal conductivity 404Titanium Metals Corp. 591

Titanium carbides as cutting tool materials 1011

T-nuts, ANSI Standard 1666Toggle joint 164Tolerances 1312, 1815

ANSI Standard 652application of tolerances 646bilateral and unilateral 645symbols 633, 667

ANSI symbols 1250–1253ball and roller bearing 2278–2288bilateral 637British Standard 680British Standard ISO threads 1815buttress threads 1850–1851, 1854clearence fit 666compression spring 332–335core drill, metric 881cylindrical fits 645



INDEX2668

Tolerances (continued)defined 645designation of limits and fits 666dimensions on drawings 645drilled holes 884extension spring 332–335fundamental deviations 680gagemakers 678gages, direction of tolerances on 646gear, composite tooth to tooth 2073gear, composite total 2073geometric 637grades

relative to machining processes 652, 654, 679

hole basis 666honing 1235interference fit 666involute splines, inch 2156involute splines, metric 2177, 2180ISO metric threads 1815

crest diameter tolerance 1819finished uncoated threads 1819, 1822tolerance classes 1816tolerance grades 1816tolerance positions 1816–1817tolerances classes 1816

keys and keyways 2366knurling 1244limits and fits 680nut threads 1815obtainable by various operations 652,

654, 679positional 640

free state 642modifiers 640projected zone 640target plane 642

preferred series of 652relationship to surface roughness 729,

731shaft basis 666statistical 641symbols 633, 1250–1253tapped holes 1934taps 892–915

hand taps 896–900, 911machine screw taps 898–900, 915pipe taps 899–902, 914

thread gage 1914torsion springs 341–348transition fits 666twist drill, metric 881Unified thread gages 1917unilateral 637unilateral and bilateral 645zone symmetry 637

Tolerancing and geometric dimensioning 630

Tonlong and short 2571metric 2571

Toolchange schedule 1114–1115compensation, NC 1310–1312contour, cutting tools 749cost per batch 1115cost per edge 1116cost, cutting 1115data table 1280forming 784–795function, NC 1280–1282grade, cutting 1059grinding, angles 749–755holders 758–764

letter symbols 760indexable inserts 756–764, 779, 1310–

1312knurling 1240–1244length offset, NC 1282life 1013–1014, 1094, 1102, 1114

adjusting 1035–1036, 1040, 1043, 1059adjusting factors

drilling 1059end milling 1059face milling 1059reaming 1059

colding relation 1097cutting speed 1107drilling 1106economic 1110economy 1110feed speed 1107global optimization 1111grinding 1106milling 1106optimization models 1110optimum 1112surface finish 1104taylor’s equation 1095–1097turning 1106

life envelope 1099life factors for turning

carbides 1035CBN 1035ceramics 1035cermets 1035polycrystalline diamond 1035

materials 773–783, 1009–1013nose radius compensation, NC 1282,

1310–1312offset, NC 1281shanks, ANSI Standard for milling

machines 942sharpening

carbide tools 971grinding wheels for 971–974twist drills 968–971

single-point 749, 887–888steels 475–501



INDEX 2669

Tool (continued)steels

air hardening 495alloying elements effects 479–480applications 487chemical compositions 481chromium types 491classification of 480cold work 494–495cutting speed for 1031, 1049–1050,

1066decarburization limits 501dimensional tolerances 501faults and failures, common 478–482grindability of 478, 1189–1193hardening 477hardness 478high-carbon, high-chromium 494high-speed 488hot work 491, 493machinability 477machining allowances 501mechanical properties 475mill production forms 500–501mold 495, 497molybdenum types 488, 493numbering system 440, 442oil hardening 495properties of 475–478shock resisting 495, 497special purpose 495–499speeds drilling, reaming, and

threading 1066speeds, milling 1049–1050speeds, turning 1031tolerances on dimensions 501toughness 478, 481tungsten types 490water hardening 499–500wear resistance 478

trouble-shooting checklist 1014wear 967–969, 1093

Tooling cost equivalent 1115Tooling cost time 1115Tooth rest position

milling cutter grinding 831reamer grinding 835

Torches, metal cutting 1419Torque 141

calculating, for tightening bolts 163capacity

formulas involute spline 2170spline fittings 2185

clamping force 1503coefficient 1504–1505electric motor 2467, 2474pull-up 2466relationship to angular acceleration 172starting, small bearings 2303tension relation 1506

Torque (continued)tightening, for bolts 1495–1507torsion springs 335, 337unit conversion 2577

Torsionand bending of shafts, combined

formulas 213, 219, 303–305deflection of shafts, formula 301–302formulas for shafts 299–301modulus 213, 348–350springs, design 341strength of shafts 299–301

Toruspolar moment of inertia 251volume 80

Total indicator reading, NC 1267Toughness

HSLA steels 463tool steels 481

Transmission chains 2441cast roller chains 2441detachable chains 2441nonstandard 2441pintle chains 2441roller chain sprockets 2444

caliper diameter 2448classes 2446diameters 2446–2447flange thickness 2449manufacture 2461materials 2461proportions 2450

roller chains 2441, 2443attachments 2445bar steel sprockets 2450bent link plate 2445bore and hub diameters 2456bottom diameter 2448center distances and chain links 2456cutters for sprockets 2461cutting sprocket tooth forms 2460design procedure 2464dimensions 2443drive ratings 2462hob design 2459horsepower ratings 2451–2464idler sprockets 2457installation and alignment 2463keys, keyways and set-screws 2446length of driving chain 2457lubrication 2463multiple strand cast sprockets 2450nomenclature 2442nonstandard 2441numbering system 2444parts 2442pin dimensions 2445pitch 2444selection 2451single strand cast sprockets 2450straight link plate 2445



INDEX2670

Transmission chains (continued)roller chains

tolerances 2444, 2448tooth form 2458tooth section profile dimension 2449types 2441ultimate tensile strength 2444

types 2441Transmission shafting design 303–305Transpose of a matrix 120Trap rock, strength 420Trapezium area 65Trapezoid

area 64center of gravity 226moment of inertia 240radius of gyration 240section modulus 240

Trapezoidal screw threads 1807–1813data 1809–1813formulas 1808

Trepanning 1081, 1454Tresca shear theory (plastics) 609Triangle

acute 64, 88, 94–95area 64center of gravity 225equilateral 88geometry of 49isosceles 88moment of inertia 240obtuse 64, 88, 94–95radius of gyration 240right-angle 64, 88, 91–93section modulus 240solution 88–95

oblique angle 94–95right angle 91–93

Triaxial stress 219–221Trigonometric

formulas 89–90functions

of angles 88–107signs of 89using calculator to find 103

identities 89–90tables 99–102

Trochoid curve 2032Troostite 521Trouble-shooting

broaching 961drilling 1065machining difficulties 1015–1016reaming 840tools 479–482

Troy weight for gold and silver 2571Truing and dressing grinding wheels 1196–

1200T-section

moment of inertia 245

T-section (continued)radius of gyration 245section modulus 245

T-slots and T-bolts, ANSI Standard 1664–1665T-slot cutters, standard 800

Tube 2526collapsing pressure 297–298gages 2519maximum allowable pressures 298strength of 297–298subjected to external pressure

factor of safety 298thickness and working pressure 297–298wall thickness gages 2508, 2519

Tungstencarbide tools grinding 971–973carbide tools materials 1011electrodes, welding 1409–1414powdered alloys

density 419elongation 419hardness 419rupture strength 419ultimate strength 419yield strength 419

steels 490compositions 484, 490high-speed, heat-treatment of 538tool steels 490

Turner's sclerometer 551Turning

and facing, insert holder 762–764cutting speeds for

copper alloys 1037ferrous cast metals 1033–1034hard-to-machine materials 1039light metals 1038plain carbon and alloy steels 1027–

1030stainless steels 1032superalloys 1039titanium and titanium alloys 1038tool steels 1031unusual materials 1082

cutting time for 1082cycles, NC 1291insert holder 762–764speed adjustment factors

depth of cut 1035feed 1035lead angle 1035

speeds and feeds 1026–1040, 1132wood 414

Twist drill 854, 858–884equivalent of gage or letter size 856–860grinding (sharpening) 968–970length of point on 877parallel shank jobber 882parallel shank long series 883tolerances, metric 881



INDEX 2671

Twist drill (continued)types 854

T-word, NC 1280–1282Type metal 585

UU.S.

Board of Supervising Inspectors 292Dept. of Commerce, formula for pressure

in tubes 297gallons into liters 2569standard screw threads 1725standard sheet metal gage 2522

UK gallons to liters 2566, 2569Ultimate strength

common materials 420compressive 205copper-base powdered alloys 419iron and steel 474iron-base powdered alloys 419nonferrous metals 554plastics 598shear 205tungsten-base powdered alloys 419

Ultrasonic fluxless soldering 1382Uncoated metals and alloys, preferred

thicknesses, metric 2522Undercut, in spur gearing 2050Unified numbering system for metals

(see UNS number)Unified thread system

cold form tap drill sizes 1940screw thread form 1725–1727, 1731–

1782British UNJ 1782diameter-pitch combinations 1735hole sizes for tapping 1776, 1925–1932miniature screw thread 1777–1781standard series 1733, 1736–1762

coarse thread 1763constant pitch 1765–1772extra-fine thread 1764–1765fine thread 1763–1764

thread classes 1773–1775thread designation 1775–1776thread formulas 1734

threaded fastenersbolts, screws, and nuts 1512–1539,

1570, 1587, 1605, 1614–1616, 1618–1620, 1622–1625, 1628, 1631, 1639, 1654, 1715, 1720

tensile stress area 1502–1503, 1510tensile stress due to tightening 1498

Uniform motion 167Unit systems

cgs 142, 2544MKS 142, 2544MKSA (m-kg-s-A) 2544

Unit systems (continued)SI metric 2544, 2546–2547US customary 2548

Units of measure and conversion factorsangular and circular 2550Apothecaries’ fluid 2567area 2563barrel 2567dry 2567electric wires 2563energy 2581flow 2570fluid 2566–2567force 2576heat 2578inertia and momentum 2587length 2549mass and weight 2571

Apothecaries’ weight 2571Avoirdupois or commercial 2571Troy weight 2571

miscellaneous 2587nautical 2549power 2578, 2581pressure and stress 2574shipping 2566surveyors 2549temperature 2583thermal conductance 2582velocity and acceleration 2586viscosity 2586volume 2566–2567work 2581

Universal joints 2348angular velocity of driven shaft 2348indermediate shaft 2349maximum and minimum velocities 2348

UNS number 440copper alloys 556–568copper and copper alloys 555number 444–445plain carbon, alloy and tool steel 440,

442, 446–447series of different metal 440stainless steel 440, 448

Upsetting, steel for cold 452

VVacuum furnace brazing 1387Van Keuren gear measuring tables 2125–

2138Vanadium, gearing material 2147Variable speed belts (see Belts and pulleys:

variable speed belts)Varnish, pattern 1369V-belts (see Belts and pulleys: V-belts)Vector and scalar quantities 145Velocity 141, 167–170

angular 167, 169



INDEX2672

Velocity (continued)angular

rpm to radian per second conversion 169

converting to rpm 1016–1021linear 167

of points on rotating bodies 169unit conversion 2586

Vernier scaledual metric-inch 693–694reading 692reading a metric 693reading on a protractor 692

Versed sine and versed cosine 103V-flange tool shanks and retention

knobs 1313–1314Vickers hardness 548Viscosity 2332–2333

conversion table for lubricating oils 2586dynamic 2345oil 2341pressure relationship 2345temperature chart for SAE oils 2228temperature effect 2341unit conversion 2586

Vitrified bonded wheels 971–972, 1178coolants for 1146thread grinding 1957

Volumeair at different temperatures 428barrel 80cone 77cube 75cylinder 76

hollow 77portion of 76–77

ellipsoid 78frustum of cone 77geometrical figures 75–80measures 2566nozzles 425of flow in pipes and tubes 423, 427, 2531of solids 75–80paraboloid 79paraboloidal segment 80prism 75prismoidal formula 59pyramid 75

frustum of 76solid of revolution 59specific gravity 407–408sphere 78

hollow 79spherical

sector 78segment 78wedge 79zone 79

square prism 75torus 80

Volume (continued)units and conversion of 2566, 2570water at different temperature 422wedge 76

V-process, casting 1366V-projections, fine-blanking tools 1345V-shaped groove, checking by pins 717V-thread 1725Vulcanized fiber, strength 420

WWahl spring curvature correction factor 318Washburn & Moen wire gage 2520Washers

ANSI, lock 1535ANSI, plain 1532–1537, 1566, 1568Belleville or disc spring 348, 354British Standard metric 1584–1586

metric spring 1582–1584designations 1585metric 1566, 1568

designations 1568materials 1568

preferred sizes 1532–1535spring lock type 1536–1539tooth lock type 1536–1539

Watch screw threads 1777–1781Water

boiling point 422density 423flow in pipes 423–426, 2531flow through nozzles 425pressure 422pressure, head or depth known 422velocity due to head 426volume of flow in pipes and tubes 427,

2531Watt equivalent 2578Waviness 724

height values 729Wear life factor involute spline 2172Wear resistance cutting tool 967–968Wedge 161

center of gravity 230mechanical principle of 161spherical, volume 79volume 76

Weight 143air 428angles, structural steel 2515–2517avoirdupois or commercial 2571castings, from pattern weight 1370channels, structural 2514, 2518earth or soil 410hollow shafts 307I-beams 2509–2513metric measures 2571mol 410molecular 410



INDEX 2673

Weight (continued)nails and spikes 1476of natural piles 409per feet of wood 412pipe, per foot 2527–2530solid fuels 409specific gravity 407–408steel S-sections 2513troy, for gold and silver 2571water 422wide flange, steel 2509–2512wood 412–413

Weldability, HSLA steels 463Welding 1389–1442, 1451

aluminum 1416ANSI welding symbols 1432–1442

application of 1436–1440nondestructive testing 1441–1442

arc cutting of metals 1419basic symbols 1432–1433codes, rules, regulations,

specifications 1434complete fusion 1428controls 1393current ranges diameter, sheet metal 1408current selection 1412cutting

metalswith electric arc 1419with oxidizing flame 1418

with lasers 1447definitions and symbols 1432–1440designations 1435dies 1441dimensions 1433electrode 1389–1390, 1394, 1412–1414

AWS E60XX 1406AWS E70XX 1408carbon steels 1390characteristics 1407composition 1412current ranges 1413diameters 1407sizes 1390stainless steels 1390thoriated 1413zirconiated 1413

electron beam welding 1424FCAW (flux-cored arc) 1398–1405

all position electrodes 1401–1403alloy steeels 1398carbon steels 1398, 1400contact tip recess 1401deposition rates 1403–1405electrodes 1398–1399, 1404

diameter 1403gas shielded 1398, 1400material condition 1399pipe welding 1430porosity and worm tracks 1401

Welding (continued)FCAW (flux-cored arc)

selection 1399settings 1399shielding gases 1404–1405stainless steeels 1398weld requirements 1399

fill passes 1427, 1430–1431filler metals 1414fluxes 1389gas shielded, all position 1398GMAW (gas metal arc)

electrode diameters 1390metal thickness 1395–1396optimum settings 1397shielding gases 1391, 1393

alloy steels 1391aluminum 1393carbon steels 1391stainless steels 1392

spray transfer 1395–1397welding sheet steel 1391

GTAW (gas tungsten arc) 1409–1414aluminum 1413current 1409EWP electrode 1413filler metals 1414selecting tungsten electrode 1412–1414shielding gases 1414

hard-facing 1420horizontal pipe welding 1427laser

cutting 1447–1451welding 1451

letter designations for processes 1435materials used in welding 1432nondestructive testing 1441–1442PAW (plasma arc) 1414

applications 1416cutting 1417–1418equipment 1415fusion 1416gases for 1414of aluminum 1416surface coating 1417–1418surfacing 1417

pipe welding 1425fill and cover pass procedures 1430–

1431positioning of joint components 1426root welding procedure 1430–1431tack welding procedures 1430thick-wall 1429–1430thin-wall 1428, 1431

plasma arc weldinggases 1414shielding gases 1415

argon 1415helium 1415hydrogen 1415

process letter designation 1435



INDEX2674

Welding (continued)process names 1389root passes 1426shielding gas 1414SMAW (shielded metal arc) 1405–1409

characteristic of electrodes 1406specifications 1434supplementary symbols 1433–1434symbol 1433

arrow side 1438bead type back 1437bevel groove 1436built up surface 1437electron beam 1436, 1440fillet 1436–1437intermittent fillet 1438letter designations 1434melt thru weld 1440plug groove 1436process 1434resistance-seam 1436single pass back 1437square groove 1436U- groove 1439V-groove 1438

tungsten electrode compositions 1412use of flux-cored electrodes 1428vertical-up, vertical-down 1427wire extension 1429–1430

Weldon shanksdimensions of 804–814end mills 804–805, 807

Wheel life in grinding(see Grinding: wheel life)

Wheelsabrasive cutting 952–954and pulleys in mechanics 162–163buffing 1460diamond 971–973, 1201–1207

dressing 1196–1199flywheel

balance wheels 183flywheel pulley 183

Geneva 163grinding 1177–1200

diamond 1201–1207mechanical principles of 162polishing 1457, 1460silicon carbide 971–972

White cast iron 1360White metal bearing alloys 2261–2262Whitworth

bolts, screws, nuts, washers, and studs 1570–1573, 1605, 1617, 1638

screw thread form 1725, 1857–1859, 1869–1870, 1885–1889, 1891–1892

drills for pipe taps 1941measuring 1896–1897, 1899–1900,

1902truncated thread 1887wire size for measuring threads 1896

Wide-flange shapes, steel 2509–2512moment of inertia 2509–2512radius of gyration 2509–2512section modulus 2509–2512weight per foot 2509–2512

Winding drums, wire rope and chain 378–379, 391

Windlass 162–163Wing nuts and screws

nutsdimensions 1712–1715finish 1716materials 1716standard 1712–1715types 1712

screws 1712–1720dimensions 1716lengths 1719materials 1716points 1720

cone point 1720cup point 1720dog point 1720flat point 1720oval point 1720

threads 1720types 1716

Wirechecking screw threads 1894

Acme threads 1899, 1908buttress threads 1910contact pressure 1897formulas for large lead angles 1897–

1908taper screws 1909

circular mill measurement 2563diameters, raised to powers 351EDM 1349, 1358music 351, 2519nails and spikes 1476preferred thicknesses 2523rod gages 2519rope 369–386sheet metal gages 2522–2523size for checking gears 2125

for external spur gears 2125for helical gears 2139for internal gears 2134for spur and helical gears 2134

spring, tensile strength 421tubing, wall thickness gages 2519wire gages 2519

Wire ropebending stresses 380–381breaking strengths 370classes 371–374construction 369cutting and seizing 380–381definitions of terms 369–370drum or reel capacity 378–379drum score for winding 391



INDEX 2675

Wire rope (continued)factors of safety 375–376installation 376–382life 381lubrication 381maintenance 381plow steel, strength of 372–377properties 370–371rated capacities of 382replacement 381rope loads due to bending 380–381safe loads for 375–376sheave and drum dimensions 378simplified practice recommendations 374sizes 372–377slings and fittings 381specification 370strength 372–377weight 372–377

Woodbearings 2266bonding 2480boring 414compression strength 412crushing strength 411–412density 413dimensions of sawn lumber 413hardmetal tooling for 783ignition temperatures 403machinability 413maximum bending load 412maximum crushing strength 411mechanical properties of 412

effect of pressure treatment 412mechanical property 411modulus of rupture 411–412mortising 414patterns 1368planing 414sanding 414screws 1477shaping 414shear strength 412tensile strength 412tooling for wood and nonmetals 783

Woodruff keys and keyseatsANSI 2368

cutters 820key 2372

dimensions 2369–2370number 2372

keyseatdimensions 2371–2372hub 2372milling cutter 2372shaft 2372

British Standard 2385–2386Woodworking cutters 783Word address format, NC 1272–1274Word, NC 1272–1274

Work 141, 174formulas 174formulas for work and power 178maximum load in bending

wood 411relation to energy 174units conversion 2581

Working stress 204, 208, 216at elevated temperature 319factors of saftey 208flywheels 189of bolts 1509shafts 305springs 305, 319–320

Worm gearing 2095–2098addendum 2096ANSI Standard, fine-pitch 2095–2097effect on profile and pressure angle

of cutting diameter 2097of production method 2097

fine-pitch 2095–2098formulas for dimensions 2096hobs for 2095lead angles 2095–2096material 2098, 2149number of threads or “starts” 2098

multi-thread worms 2098single-thread worms 2098

outside diameter 2096pitch diameters, range 2097pitches, standard 2095pressure angles 2095, 2097proportions 2096ratio of teeth to thread starts 2098tooth form of worm and wormgear 2097

Worm wheel, indexing movements 2023Wrapped spring clutches 2353Wrench

clearancesfor box wrenches 1530for open end wrenches 1531for socket wrenches 1531for spacing of bolts 1530–1531

openings, ANSI Standard 1530torque

cap screws 1496steel bolts 1496studs 1496

Wroughtcopper alloys 560–568

copper-beryllium 570iron

strength 474temperature effect on 420thickness gage for sheet 2522–2523

steel pipe 2526–2527



INDEX2676

YYield point 204

for various materials 204heat-treated steels 466–471iron and steel 474plastics 598steel 1363

Yield strength 204aluminum alloys 417, 575–583carbon steel 1364cobalt alloys 418compressive 205copper alloys 417, 556–568

Cu-base powdered alloys 419Cu-beryllium alloys 570Cu-silicon alloys 569Everdur 569

iron-base powdered alloys 419magnesium alloys 588nickel alloys 418, 589–590nonferrous metals 554perforated metal 2521plastics 598shear 205spring wire 421stainless steel 418, 472–473steel 417, 464–473

high-strength, low-alloy 463titanium alloys 591tungsten-base powdered alloys 419

Young’s modulus (see Modulus of: elasticity)

ZZero suppression, NC 1274Zero, absolute 2583Zerol bevel gears 2029, 2082Zinc plating 1471Zinc-base alloys, die casting 1372Z-section

moment of inertia 247radius of gyration 247section modulus 247



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