Index[Current to Release 2016-5.]

Abandonment of property, 8(a)(ii)n33.absconding debtors. See Absconding debtors.

Absconding debtorsgeneral, 1(a)(iii)United States Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, 13(i)(ix) (text accompanying notes

233 et seq.), 13n52.3d

Accountants, financial planners and trustees, and others, advice from, 2n1.2a; 13n1.1.See also Solicitors

Actions and other proceedingsbars to, 5(c)challenges to plaintiff’s pleadings, 5(a)(iii)class actions, 5(a)commencement of, 5(a)damages and other pecuniary claims, 1(a)n15, 7(b)(i)(A.2)effect of successful, 7(b)personal action against transferee, 7(b)(i)(A.2), 10 (text to nn4 et seq.)person standing in actual privity with the debtor, whether necessary and/or proper

party to fraudulent transaction proceeding, 5(b)summary and other procedures, 5(a), n1

British Columbia, 5(a), n1Alberta, 5(a), n1Reform (New Brunswick), 5(a), n1use of, to defraud creditors, 7.1

transferor, whether necessary and/or proper party to fraudulent transaction pro-ceeding, 5(b)

Actions, etc., conveyances defeating, 1(a)nn3.2, 25

Acts of bankruptcy. See Bankruptcy (Canadian federal Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act)

Advancement, presumption of, 6n6See also, Trust, enforcement against transferee

Advice, from solicitors, accountants, financial planners and trustees, and others, 2n1.2a;13n1.1. See also Solicitorsgeneral, 2(b.1), 13(a)(i)(B), 21 (text accompanying nn35 et seq.transferee, advice given to, 13(a)(i)(B)

Agents, 13(a)n1. See also Solicitors

Agreement between debtor and transferee. See Prior agreements

Anton Piller order, 7(b)(i)(A.2)(III)

Appointment, powers of, 8(b)

Arm’s length and non-arm’s length transactions. See Bankruptcy (subheadings for bothpreferences and reviewable transactions)

Associates. See Consideration, Transactions between relatives

I-1 (Frauds on Creditors) (2016 – Rel. 5)

Badges of fraudbona fides, and, 14(a)(iii)n41effect of, 13(e)examples (non-exhaustive)

benefit, retention by debtor, 13(b) (badge of fraud (2): see nn41.2-41.3b)retention of benefit and good faith, 14(a) (text accompanying nn4.13 et seq.

close relationship between debtor and transferee, 1 (text accompanying n7.3);13(b) (badge of fraud (12): see n45)

concealment or removal of property, 1n79.6.027aconsideration,

cash transaction, 13(b) (badge of fraud (11): see n44.1a)false statements concerning, 13(b) (badge of fraud (8): see n43.1a)grossly inadequate, 13(b) (badge of fraud (9): see nn44 and 44.1)

conveyanceantedating, 13(b) (badge of fraud (25): see n50.1)documents, destruction of, 13(b) (badge of fraud (24): see n50)made ‘‘honestly”, etc., 13(b) (badge of fraud (6): see n43)made pending or because of legal action against debtor, 13(b) (badge of

fraud (4): see nn41.5 and 41.5a)made to transferee without transferee’s knowledge, 13(b) (badge of fraud

(23): see n49.1)down payment, false statement of, 13(b) (badge of fraud (14): see n48.1)gift of all of debtor’s assets, 13(b) (badge of fraud (1): see n41.1)haste, 13(b) (badge of fraud (10): see n44.1)payment to third person, not a party to conveyance, 13(b) (badge of fraud (13))red flags in real estate transactions, 2(b)(i) (LSUC, r. 3.2-7, Commentary [4.1],

[4.2])representation by debtor that property was the debtor’s, after conveyance, 13(b)

(badge of fraud (26): see n50.2b)revocation of conveyance, power given to debtor, 13(b) (badge of fraud (7))secrecy, 13(b) (badge of fraud (3): see n41.4)

notice of impugned transaction, failure to give, 13n41.4trust, creation of, 13(b) (badge of fraud (5): see n42)

generally, 13(b)good faith, and, 14(a)(i)n5preference actions, use of badges of fraud in, 1n13.1; 18(e)(iv) (esp. in text accom-

panying nn37.1 et seq.)presumptions of fraud, and, distinguished, 13(a),(c)(i)sufficiency or insufficiency of, 13n40.1, 13(e)suspicious circumstances, 13(b)transfer is voluntary and transferor is solvent, 9(a)n7.1, 13(b)n44, n50.4awhere no badge is present, 13(b)n39

Bankruptcy (Canadian federal Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act)acts of

generally, 9(f)n61proving, 5(d)

bankrupt, no need to add as defendant, 1n79.3b1consideration, nominal, meaning of, 21(e)(vi)(B)creditor, defined, 20(a), 20(i)examination of bankrupt

I-2

INDEX

creditors and other parties, examination by, 19.1(d)introduction, 19.1(a)Official Receiver, examination by, 19.1(b)trustee in bankruptcy, examination by, 19.1(c)

good faithbankruptcy offences (s. 198(1)(g)), 23.1settlements, 21n9

initial event, defined, 20(d), 21(f), 22(b)(i)(E), 23(b)limitation periods, application of provincial legislation, 5(e)(iii.1), 20(d.1), 31(g)(v)(B)offences

acts of bankruptcy and the institution of a voidable transactions proceeding, 5(d)concealment, removal, destruction, etc. of property, 23.1(c)fraudulent disposition of property, 23.1(b)generally, 23.1

payment of dividends/purchase or redemption of shares.exception, 23(e)generally, 23(b), 25.1n6.6initial bankruptcy event, and, 23(b)remedy, 23(d)reverse onus, 23(c)right to director to seek recovery, 23(e)statutory provisions, 23(a)time periods, relevant, 23(b)

preferencesarm’s length and non-arm’s length transactions

directors and the corporations they serve, 20(d.2)general, 20(b), 20(d.2)

control, meaning of, 20(e)date of bankruptcy, 20(d)elements of impeachable preference

effect of non-arm’s length transactions, 20(k)elements, listed, 20(f)federal and provincial legislation, overlapping and conflicting, 1(b.1)(ii)(A)in favour of creditor, 20(i)intent, relationship of effect of conveyance on issue of intent, 20 (text ac-

companying nn96.2, 96.3intention to prefer

general, 20(j)test (objective), 20(j) (text accompanying nn83 et seq.; 20(k) (text fol-lowing n96.1)

insolvency of bankruptbalance sheet test, 20(h.1)(i)exempt property, 21(e)(v)ceasing to meet liabilities as they fall due, 20(h)(iii)inability to meet obligations, 20(h)(ii)“obligation”, meaning of, 20(h.1)(i)statutory definition, 20(h)(i)

payment by debtor to creditor, 20(f)n21.1payment by third party to creditor, 20(f)n21.1

payment for work or services to be performed, 20(i)n80presumption, statutory

exemption from, for margin deposit made by clearing member, 20(b)

I-3 (Frauds on Creditors) (2016 – Rel. 5)

INDEX

generally, 20(k)rebuttal of

continuing in business, 20(l)(iii)diligent creditor, 20(k), 20(l)(v)

See also: pressure, doctrine of, 18(g)(iii)ordinary course of business, 20(l)(i)prior agreement to grant security, 20(l)(ii)security for current advances, 20(l)(iv)trust, where transferee is trust beneficiary, 20(c)n2

transactions subject to attackconsent to judgment, 20(g)consolidation of accounts by bank, 20(g)default judgment, 20(g)landlord’s distress, 20(g)payment to secured creditor, 20(g)property of bankrupt, 20(g)repossession of goods, 20(g)

trust, where transferee is trust beneficiary, 20(c)n2introduction, 20(a)initial bankruptcy event, 20(b)other jurisdictions, relevance of laws of, 20(k)n104principle of equality of distribution, 20(c)related persons, 20(e)relevant date of transaction, 20(l)(iii)n138statutory provisions, 20(b)time periods, relevant, 20(b),(e)timing, 20(d)

provincial legislationoverlapping or conflicting with bankruptcy legislation, 1(b.1)(ii)(A)pleading both provincial and federal statutes, 21n1.1

purposes of bankruptcy legislation (equality among creditors), 20(c)reviewable transactions

arm’s length and non-arm’s length transactions, 22(b)(i)(A)n7, 22(b)(i)(D)conspicuous difference in value, 22(b)(iii)defendants, 22(b)(vi)

innocent defendant, 22(b)(vi)knowledge of defendant, 22(b)(vi)

discretion of court, 22(b)(vii)discretion to conduct an inquiry 22(b)(vii)(B)discretion to grant relief 22(b)(vii)(C)introduction, 22(a)judgment for difference in value, 22(b)(v)prejudgment interest, 22(b)(vi)privy to reviewable transaction

general, 22(b)(vi)piercing the corporate veil and privity, 22 (text accompanying nn52.1a et

seq.)statutory provisions, 22(b)time periods, relevant, 22(b)(ii)transaction between bankrupt and neighbour, 22(b)(i)(D)trustee’s opinion of value, 22(b)(iv)within one year, 22(b)(ii)

I-4

INDEX

settlements, 21conversion to exempt assets, 21(e)(v)designation of beneficiary or RRIF, 21(e)(v)(B)intention, 21(e)(ii)

statutory definition of, 20(d), 21(f), 23(b)tracing proceeds, 10transfers at undervalue, 21trustee in bankruptcy

bankrupt, no need to add as defendant, 1n79.3b1bankrupt’s interest, trustee representing, 1n79.3b1code of conduct, 2n0.2bremedies, provincial, right to assert, 1(b.1)(ii)(A)reviewable transaction, trustee’s opinion of value of property, 22(b)(iv)right to assert provincial remedies, 1(b.1)(ii)(A)

void/voidable. See Void/voidable

Beneficiarycreditors as, directors’ duty of care, 25designation of, of life insurance policy, 8(b)designation of, settlements, 21(e)(v)(B)exigibility of interests in land, 8(b)n107trust interest, as conveyance, 8(b)

Benefit to debtor,no need to show, for fraudulent conveyance, 1(a)(v)n10, 8(b)(i)n44.1

sham transactions, See Sham transactions.

Bill of exchange, endorser of, as creditor, 17(e)

British Columbiahistory of Fraudulent Conveyance Act, 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(II)asale of property, 7(b)(i)n108

Bona fides. See Good faith

Bonds, use of, to defraud creditors, 1(a)(iii), 7.1

Bulk sales legislation, 30

Burden of proof. See also Badges of fraud, Presumptionscorroboration, 13(d)(ii)insolvency of debtor, 9(b)intent, fraudulent conveyances, 13(a)intent, fraudulent preferences, 18(e)(iii)res ipsa loquitur, 13(d)(ii)saving provisions, 14, 15where suspicious circumstances, 13(e)

Caution, 26(e)

Cautionary note, 1(a)

Ceasing to meet liabilities as they fall due, 9(c), 20(h)(iii)

Certificate of pending litigation, 26(e)

Change of position, defence of, 20(c)

I-5 (Frauds on Creditors) (2016 – Rel. 5)

INDEX

Characterization of fraudulent conveyances and fraudulent preferences, 5 (text fol-lowing n67), 5n67.1, 7(b)(i)

Choice of law, 11(a)(i), 11(c)

Class action, 5(a)

Clearing housedefined, 20(a)exemption from statutory presumption of preference, 20(a)

Clearing member, defined, 20(a)

Close relationship between transferor and transferee. See also Family law legislation(provincial) and matrimonial cases; Trustsgeneral, 13(d), 14(b)(ii), 18n37.1whether leniency warranted in family arrangements, 14nn57, 64, 71

Cognovit actionem, use of, defraud creditors, 7.1(b)

Collusion, 1(a)(v)n23. See also Deceit and dishonesty, in relation to fraudcollusion, guile, malice, dishonesty and deceit in British Columbia and beyond, sec.

1(b.1)(ii)(B)(II)b and c, 13(a.1)

Commencement of action, 5(a)

Commercial interests, transactions affecting, 1 (text accompanying nn12.1b et seq.);1nn12.7.2 et seq.; 18 (text accompanying nn87.7 et seq. and 89.2 et seq.); 19n1.2

Common lawfraudulent conveyances, 1(b)(i)fraudulent preferences, 16(a)

Concealment or removal of propertybadge of fraud, as, 1n79.6.027aBankruptcy and Insolvency Act, 23.1(c)Criminal Code (Canada), 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(III)general, 1(a)(iii.1); 13(i)(x)United States Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, 1n79.6.027a, 1(a)(iii.1), 13(i)(x)

Concurrent intent doctrinedebtor’s answers on discovery, effect on proving transferee’s intent, 13(a)n5.2,

14(c)(ii)(A)n86.0.1fraudulent conveyances, 14(b)(ii)

British Columbia, 14(c)(ii)(A)n93.4fraudulent preferences, 18(e)(ii), 18(e)(iv)not relevant in bankruptcy preferences cases, 20(j)

Confession of judgment, use of, to defraud creditors, 7.1(b)warrant of attorney to confess judgment, 7.1(b)

Conflict of lawschoice of law, 11(a)(i), 11(c)forum non conveniens, 11(b)(iv)introduction, 11(a)

choice of law, 11(a)(i), 11(c)service out of the jurisdiction, 11(a)(ii), 11(b)(iii)

jurisdiction, 11(b)

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INDEX

forum non conveniens, 11(b)(iv)general limits on, 11(b)(iv)oppression actions, 11(b)(ii)service ex juris, 11(a)(ii), 11(b)(iii)

remedies, 11(d)

Conflicting and overlapping legislation, 1(b.1)

Consent to judgment, 20(g)

Considerationadequacy of

Assignment and Preferences Act model, 14(b)(i), 15(c)Fraudulent Conveyances Act model, 13(d)(i)n126, 14(b)(i), 14(b)(ii)

full consideration not required, text accompanying 14n70; text following13n35.8

antecedent debt, payment in satisfaction of, 14(b)(i.1)debts of debtor, transferee’s assumption of, as sufficient consideration, 14(b)(iii),

15(c)(i.1)family property law claims, release or compromise of, 14n62, 18nn94, 110.2, and 19(d)forbearance to sue, 14n62, 18nn94, 110.2, and 19(d)full consideration

not required to uphold conveyance, text following 13n35.8; text accompanying14n70

voiding conveyance despite, text accompanying 14n71.1“good” and “valuable”, 14(b)(ii)good faith, linked to, 14(a)(ii)matrimonial claim, compromise of, 14(b)(ii)n62matrimonial dispute, settlement of, 14(b)(i.1)n62natural love and affection, 14nn57, 64nominal consideration, meaning of

bankruptcy, 21(e)(vi)(B), 21 (text accompanying n75.23provincial law, 13n44; 14nn62.2, 69.1,73, text accompanying n80.1b

past and present considerationfraudulent conveyances, 14(b)(i.1)fraudulent preferences, text accompanying 14nn55.3a-55.4

presumption of intent where no valuable consideration, 13 (text accompanying notes29.1 et seq.)

promise, unperformed, as consideration, 14n57.1arole of, 14(b)sale of property for full value, 1(c)n99, 19(d)security for existing debt, 14(b)(i)spousal relationship, 14(b)(ii)n64transactions between relatives, 14(b)(ii)transferee’s intent, and, 13(b)n44, 14(b)(ii)

presumption of intent where no valuable consideration, 13 (text accompanyingnotes 29.1 et seq.)

United States Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, 13(i)(xi)valuation of, 14(b)(ii)n58

Conspiracy, tort ofessential elements, 2(c)solicitor’s liability for, 2(c), 2n69.2transferee, use of tort against, 1n1.1d, 2n34, 7(b)(i)(A.2)

I-7 (Frauds on Creditors) (2016 – Rel. 5)

INDEX

Consumer debt, consequences of increased, 1 (text following n1)

Contempt orders, against debtor, 1(b.1)(ii)(C)

Constitutionalitycriminal and quasi-criminal provincial fraudulent transactions legislation, 1(b.1)(ii)

(B)(II)afraudulent conveyances legislation, 1(a)(v)n17fraudulent preferences legislation, 17(d)rules dealing with fraudulent concealment of property, 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(III)

Continuing in businessbankruptcy, 20(l)(iii)provincial legislation, 18(g)(ii)control, 22(b)(i)(B)

Contracts, interference with the finality of, 1 (quoted text accompanying nn12.6a,142.0.2)

Controlling or directing mind of corporation. See Corporations; Directors

Conveyance, disposition and other similar transactions. See also Fraudulent con-veyances; Fraudulent preferences; Transactions, void/voidableall or virtually/essentially all of the debtor’s property, 13n41.1by act outside debtor’s control, 8nn45, 47.1ddebtor must have interest in conveyed property, 12n1.1, 13(d)(v)meaning of, 8(b), 20(g)must have prejudicial effect, 13(a)nn3, 25, 26, 29other than by debtor, 1(a)(v)n14refusal of a gift (powers of appointment, disclaimers, legacies, beneficial interests)

current law, 8(b)(i.1)(C)law reform, 8(b)(ii)

releases and other similar instrumentscurrent law, 8(b)(i.1)(B)law reform, 8(b)(ii)

sham transactions. See Sham transactions

Corporations. See also Directorscorporation, defined 22(b)(i)(E)directorships, interlocking corporate, 13(c)(i)fraud and dishonesty, advice from solicitor, 2(b)(i) (LSUC r. 3.2-8)intent of “directing” or “controlling” mind, 13(a) n2notice or knowledge of transferor’s intent where transferor and transferee are the

same, 14(c)(ii)n84.1piercing corporate veil, 12n90, 13nn2, 62.1a, 26n92.1private, or closely-held, corporations, 29

share-holding rights, nature of, 29(a)transfers (voluntary) and transmissions (non-voluntary), 29(a)

restrictions on payment of dividends and redemption of sharesbankruptcy and insolvency provisions, 23general, 16n9law reform, 25.1(b)legislation concerning fraud

current, 29(c)(i)proposed, 29(c)(ii)

I-8

INDEX

provincial legislation, 25.1(a)definition, 29(a)n3restrictions on share transfers, 29

courts, intervention or non-intervention by, 29(a)company law, effect on, 29(a)execution and bankruptcy proceedings, effect on, 29

transfers and transmissions, distinction, 29(a)reasons for, 29(a)sheriff’s execution sale, effect on, 29(a)types of restrictions, 29(a)

subsidiary, associated and related corporations or other entities, creation and legiti-macy of, 13(c)(i)

transactions involving close corporate relationships, 13(c)(i)transferee corporation controlled by debtor, 14(b)(ii)n84.1

Corroboration, 13(d)(ii)res ipsa loquitur, and, 13(d)(ii)

Courtsdecisions not based on statutory provisions, 1(a)(v)n15.1c, 8(b)(i)(at text accom-

panying n68.01)powers of, 7(b), 7(b)(i)(A), 7(b)(ii)(A)

Creditconsumer debt, consequences of increased, 1 (text accompanying and following n1)role of, and voidable transactions law, 1(a)responsible practices during credit relationship, ensuring, 1 (text following n1)

Creditors or “others”beneficiary of directors’ duty of care, 25bill of exchange, endorser of, 17(e)creditors or “others”, 12(a)(ii), 12(a)(ii.1)debtor-creditor relationship, requirement of, 1n1defined

bankruptcy, 20(a), 20(i)expanded definitions and remedies (preferences),

Alberta Fraudulent Preferences Act, s. 10, 17(a)(ii)general, 18(d)(ii)Saskatchewan Fraudulent Preferences Act, s. 12(1), (2), 17n2.1rstanding, 17(a)(ii)

general rule, 12(b), 17(a)(i), 18(d)expanded definition, 17(a)(ii)

use of term, 1(a)(i), 1(a)(ii)diligent, 20(l)(v)execution. See Execution creditorguarantor, 17(e). See also Guaranteesinitiator of a fraudulent preference (pressure by preferred creditor), 18(g)(iii)intent to defraud ‘‘any creditor” (U.S. Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act), 12n70judgment, 12(a)(i)non-judgment, 12(a)(ii)promissory note, endorser of, 17(e)ratification of transaction, 1n7.2remedies. See Remediessecured

I-9 (Frauds on Creditors) (2016 – Rel. 5)

INDEX

grant and recording of security interest, whether prejudicial to creditors.8(b)(i.1)(D), 19(e)(i)

payments to secured creditor, 20(g)priority over unsecured judgment creditors, 1n2.1protected transactions — fraudulent preferences, 19(e)secured financing as protected transaction, 19(e)security for current advances, 20(l)(iv)standing to impeach fraudulent conveyance, 12(a)(iii)standing to impeach fraudulent preference, 17(c)

subsequent/future creditorsstanding to impeach fraudulent conveyance, 12(a)(iv), 12(b)

intent to defraud ‘‘any creditor” (U.S. Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act),12n70

intent to defraud subsequent/future creditors in general or specific sub-sequent/future creditors, 12(a)(iv) (esp. nn70,71)

standing to impeach fraudulent preference, 17(b)substitution of new for old, 12(a)(iv)n78third party, of, 12(a)(v)waiver of rights, 1n7.2

Creditors’ relief legislationconveyance legislation, and, 7(b)(i)(B)effect of, where statutory right to impeach judgment or execution used to defraud

creditors, 7.1(c), 30.1(d)(ii)general, 7(b)(i)(B)preference legislation, and, 1(b)(i), 1 (text accompanying nn96 et seq.), 16n1reform, 7(b)(ii)

Criminal offences, 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(III), 1(b.2), 2(b)n15

Crown, legislation binding on,bankruptcy and insolvency legislation, 20(a)provincial legislation, 1(b.2)

Custody, preservation and detention of property orders, bankruptcy legislation, 26n1

Damagesno right to, for fraudulent conveyances and fraudulent preferences, 5 (text

accompanying nn63 et seq.)punitive, awarded against defendants, 7(b)(i)(A.2)(III)

Debtor. See also Insolvency of partiesabsconding, 1(a)concealment of property by, 3(b),(d)(ii)consumer debt, consequences of increased, 1 (text accompanying and following n1)debt crisis, origins and consequences of recent, 1 (text accompanying and following

n1)debtor-creditor relationship, requirement of, 1n1debtor-solicitor relationship

dishonesty, fraud, etc. by debtor, 2(b)(i) (LSUC r. 3.2-7)general, 2(b)solicitor as dupe of debtor, 2(b)(i) (LSUC r.3.2-7.1, Commentary [1])

examination ofbankrupt and others (federal law), 19.1debtor (provincial law), 3n2

I-10

INDEX

discovery, debtor’s answers, effect on provingtransferee’s intent, 13(a)n5.2, 14(c)(ii)(A)n86.1

financial situation. See Insolvency of partiesintent of

bankruptcy, 20(j)fraudulent conveyances. See Intent — fraudulent conveyancesfraudulent preferences, 18(e)(i)

interest in conveyed property, 8(a)(i), 12n 1, 13(d)(v)payment to creditor by, 18(c)n3.4, 19(e)n70.1, 20(f)n21.1remedies against. See Remediesremoval from jurisdiction, 1(a)(iii)rights concerning conveyed property, 6n6testify or give evidence, failure to, 13 (text at n50.5), 13(f)use of term, 1(a)(i), 1(a)(ii)

Debtor-creditor relationship, requirement of, in voidable transactions cases, 1n1

Deceit and dishonesty, in relation to frauddishonesty and honesty in the context of judgment-proofing advice by solicitor,

2n69.5 (and accompanying text)general, 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(II)b and c, 1nn79.6.01a, 79.6.05a, 79.6.023a, 1(c), 13n43.1awhether transferee’s notice or knowledge constitutes ‘‘dishonesty”, 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(II)c.

(text accompanying note 79.6.025b)

Declaratory relief, for fraudulent conveyances and fraudulent preferences, 5 (text fol-lowing n67), 5n67.1, 7(b)(i)

Deemed, meaning of, 22(b)(i)(A)n10

De facto control, 22(b)(i)(B)n17

Default judgment, 20(g)deemed admission of allegations, 13(a)

Defences — fraudulent preferenceschange of position, 20(c)honest attempt to stave off going out of business, 18(g)(ii), 20(l)(iii)pressure, transfer made in response to, 18(g)(iii)previous promise to make future transfer, 18(g)(i), 20(l)(ii)

De jure control, 22(b)(i)(B)

Derivative action. See also Oppression remedy; Remediesintroduction, 24(a), 24(c)(i)legislation, 24(c)(ii)remedies, 24(d)standing, 24(c)(iii)

Designation of beneficiary of life insurance policy, 8(b)

Detention, custody and preservation of property orders, bankruptcy legislation, 26n1

Deterrence, 1(c), 1(d)(ii)(B)

Diligent creditor, bankruptcy, 20(l)(v)

Directors. See also Corporations; Payment of dividends/purchase or redemption ofshares; Oppression Remedy

I-11 (Frauds on Creditors) (2016 – Rel. 5)

INDEX

fraud and dishonesty, advice from solicitor, 2(b)(i) (LSUC r. 3.2-8)liability of

CBCA liability, 23(e)n10fraudulent, as against creditors, 13(a)n.2interlocking corporate directorships, 13(c)(i)payment of dividends/ purchase or redemption of sharesbankruptcy and insolvency provisions, 23law reform, 25.1(b)provincial legislation, 25.1(a)personal liability, 13(a)n2, 22(b)(vi)n50, 23(a)n1.1, 24(a)n10, 24(d) n124, 25.1

notice, knowledge and privity ofnotice or knowledge of transferor’s fraudulent intent, 14(c)(ii)(A n 84.1privy to reviewable transaction (bankruptcy), 22(b)(vi)

Disclaimers of legacies or giftsconveyance, as, 8(b)(i.1)(C)disposition, and, contrasted, 8(b)(i.1)(C)n92law reform, 8(b)(ii)surrender or release, and, contrasted, 8(b)(i.1)(C)

Discoverydebtor’s answers on discovery, effect on proving transferee’s intent, 13(a)n5.1,

14(c)(ii)(A)n86.1equitable, 3(c)(ii)

Dishonesty, in relation to fraud. See Deceit and dishonesty, in relation to fraud

Distribution of proceeds of enforcement proceedings. See Creditors’ relief legislation

Distraint for rent arrears, and fraudulently conveyed property, 20(g), 27

Dividends, payment of, and purchase or redemption of shares bankruptcy. See Bank-ruptcy (Canadian federal Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act)provincial legislation, 25.1(a)law reform, 25.1(b)

Double intent requirement. See Concurrent intent doctrine

Dreiser, Theodore, The Financierfinancial and other practical consequences of criminal fraud conviction, 1n1.1c1motives for giving a preference, 16n3.4apreferences

creditor’s forbearance to sue, 19n64.4amotives for giving a preference, 16n3.4arole of debtor’s solicitor, 1n1.15a, 16n3.4a

Duty of carecreditors as beneficiaries of, 25

Effect of transactionfraudulent conveyances. See Fraudulent conveyancesfraudulent preferences. See Bankruptcy (preferences): Fraudulent preferencesoppression remedy, 24nn8, 75

Endorser of debtor’s debtas a ‘‘creditor” under preference legislation, 17(a)(ii)payment to, as preference, 18(d)

I-12

INDEX

Enforcement of judgment and other debts. See also Execution, by sheriff; Seizure;Sheriffconveyance of property exempt or immune from, 8(a)(ii)enforcement measures against debtor’s property, by judgment creditor, 8nn1.1b,

1.1b.1generally, 1(a)(i)indemnification of sheriff, 7nn100.2, 100.22 (and accompanying text)proceeds, distribution of. See Creditors’ relief legislationstay of enforcement proceedings, 7(b)(i)(A.2)(V)voidable transactions law, as adjunct to enforcement law, 1 (quoted text following

n142.0.2)wrongful or excessive seizure, 7nn100.2, 100.22 (and accompanying text)

Equitable change of position, doctrine of, 19(g), 20(c)

Equitable discovery, 3(c)(ii)

Estate planning. See also Tax sheltering arrangementscloaking real purpose of transaction, 2(b.1)general, 2(b.1), 13(a)(i)(B)judgment-proofing techniques, 1nn10.1, 12

Examination of debtors and others (outside bankruptcy)contempt orders, against debtor, 1(b.1)(ii)(C)debtor, of, 3(b),(d)(i)

discovery, debtor’s answers, effect on proving transferee’s intent, 13(a)n5.1,14(c)(ii)(A)n86.1

sheriff, by, 4(a)generally, 3persons other than debtor, of, 3(c)

Execution, by sheriff. See also Enforcement of judgment and other debts; Seizure;Sheriffconveyance of property exempt or immune from, 8(a)(ii)indemnification of sheriff, 7nn100.2, 100.22 (and accompanying text)stay of execution, 7(b)(i)(A.2)(V)wrongful or excessive seizure, 7nn100.2, 100.22 (and accompanying text)

Execution creditorbringing suit in own name alone, 5(a)n6enforcement measures against debtor’s property, by, 8nn1.1b, 1.1b.1excessive intervention in execution process, 4(a)n7property of no or trivial value, execution against, and fraudulent conveyances

statutes, 1(a)(iv)n6.1, 8nn1.1b, n14.1burden of proof on transferee, 8n1.1b

Exempt propertybankruptcy, 20(h.1)(i)provincial law

conveyance of property exempt or immune from enforcement proceedingscurrent law, 8(a)(ii)(A)law reform, 8(a)(ii)(B)

exempt property acquired by debtor pursuant to a conveyance, 8(a)(iii)proceeds of the sale of exempt property, 8(a)(ii.1)property rendered exempt by conveyance, 8(a)(iii)

I-13 (Frauds on Creditors) (2016 – Rel. 5)

INDEX

seizure of consideration given for exempt property, 8(a)(ii)(A), text accompany n19.1United States law, 8(a)(ii)(C)

exempt property, excluded under definition of ‘‘assets”, 8n42.1a1insolvency, exclusion of exempt property from determining value of debtor’s

assets, 9(c)(ii)other property not reachable under enforcement proceedings, 8n42.1a1

value of property exceeds legislated exempt amount, 8(a)(ii)(A)n19.1

Expert witnesses, 13 (text accompanying n5.0.1)

Failure to testify or give evidence, 13(b) n50.5, 13(f)

Family arrangements, whether leniency warranted, 14(d)n126

Family law legislation (provincial) and matrimonial cases. See also: Close relationships;Trustsdisclosure of debtor’s assets transferred or gifted to another person, 30.1n87.4family law agreements (pre-nuptial or pre-marital agreements, co-habitation agree-

ments, and separation agreements)general, 30.1(c.1)law reform, 30.1(d)(ii)

family property legislation, disposition of propertybadges and presumptions of fraud, and, 13(b)n41.2, 30.1(b)(iv)fraudulent conveyances and potential claims under family property legislation (list

of types of claims), 12n25.5.11injunctions, distinguished from, 30.1(c)jurisprudence, 30.1(b)(iv)restraining and preservation orders, 30.1(c)(i)statutes

British Columbia, Manitoba, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan,30.1(b)(i)

Nova Scotia, 30.1(b)(ii)statutes not expressly requiring fraudulent intention, 30.1(b.1)(i)statutes requiring fraudulent intention, 30.1(b)statutory language, compared with Fraudulent Conveyances statutes, 30.1(b)(iii)

maintenance and support legislation (provincial)marriage contracts, 13n188

change, suspension or termination of order, evidence of prior fraudulent con-veyance, 30.1n87.1

enforcement of orderpreservation orders, 30.1(c)(ii)(B)restraining orders, 30.1(c)(ii)(A)

spousal misconduct, fraudulent conveyance as, 30.1n87.4matrimonial cases, 12(a)(ii.1), 13(d)(v), 13(g)

Financial planners, advice from, 2n1.2a

Forfeitures, under fraudulent conveyances statutes, 1(b)(ii), 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(I),1(b.1)(ii)(B)(II)a

Fraudbadges of fraud. See Badges of fraudillegality, fraud as, 6(a.1)judgment obtained by, 7.1, 14(c)(i)meaning, 1(c), 13(a)

I-14

INDEX

term not used in narrow, technical or criminal sense, 1n83theories of, 1(a), text accompanying nn12.2 et seq.transactions induced by, in equity, 28

Fraudulent conveyancesall or virtually/essentially all of the debtor’s property, 13n41.1badges of fraud. See Badges of fraudBritish Columbia Fraudulent Conveyance Act, 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(II)b, 13(a.1), 14(c)(ii)(B)characterization of, 5 (text following n67), 5n67.1, 7(b)(i)

damages, no right to, 5 (text following n67), n67.1declaratory relief, 5 (text following n67), 5n67.1, 7(b)(i)

constitutionality of legislation, 1(a)(v)n17Criminal Code, 2(d)effect of conveyance

general, 1(text accompanying nn48.4 et seq.), 1(d)(ii)(B), 13nn1a, 3, 4.0.1, 43,13(c)(ii)

intent, relationship of effect of conveyance on issue of intent, 1 (text accom-panying n48.7a); 13(a)(iii); 13(b)

law reform, 13(h)where debtor has no equity, 13(a)

family property law, and, 31.1potential claims under family property legislation, list of, 12n25.5.11

Fraudulent Conveyances Act (Ontario), s. 4, expanded voiding provision, 1n7.5, 14n58fraudulent preferences and fraudulent conveyances

distinguished, 1(a), 14(b)(i)fraudulent preferences and fraudulent conveyances, same transaction as,

1nn13.1, 99.2 et seq.failure to distinguish, 1nn13, 22pleading both fraudulent conveyances and fraudulent preferences Acts, 1(a),

18n1.2agoals, purpose, and “normative ideals” of legislation, 1(c), 16

mixing fraudulent conveyances and fraudulent preferences, 1n80.2tort and fraudulent conveyances distinguished, 1 (text accompanying note 80.3)

good faithbadges of fraud, as evidence of, 14n5comprehensive basket provision, as, 14(a)(iv)consideration and, 14(a)(ii)generally, 15n5meaning, 14(a)reference to

debtor, 14(a)(i)genuineness of transaction, 14(a)(iii)transferee, 14(a)(ii)

illegal transactions, fraudulent conveyances as, 6(a.1)insolvency

no need to prove, 9(a) (esp. n1)statutory provisions, extended scope, no reference to, 18n1.1

intent. See Intent — fraudulent conveyancesliberal/broad interpretation of legislation

bankruptcy legislation, 1n85, 20n2 (and text following n2)general, 1nn 57, 80.2, 84 et seq. (and accompanying text)provincial Interpretation Acts, 1n84.2

motive. See Intent — fraudulent conveyances.

I-15 (Frauds on Creditors) (2016 – Rel. 5)

INDEX

property of no or trivial value, and fraudulent conveyances statutes, 1(a)(iv)n6.1,8(a)n14.1

protected transactions, 14sale of property, British Columbia, 7(b)(i)n10.6.8solvent transferor, 13n17standing to impeach. See Standing to impeach — fraudulent conveyancesvoid/voidable. See Void/voidablewrit of execution, and, 4(b)

Fraudulent preferencesattack under fraudulent conveyances legislation, 1(a), 1(c)n106, 14(b), 16bankruptcy law, under. See Bankruptcy (Canadian federal Bankruptcy and Insolvency

Act), preferencesBritish Columbia, Fraudulent Preference Act, ‘‘disposition”, examples of, 18(c)n2.1characterization of, 5 (text following n67), n67.1

damages, no right to, 5 (text following n67), n67.1declaratory relief, 5 (text following n67), n67.1

elements of impeachable preference under provincial legislationdisposition of property, 8effect of transaction, 18 (text accompanying nn42.2 et seq.)elements, listed, 18(a)insolvency of debtor. See Insolvency of partiesintent. See Intent — fraudulent preferencesmotive. See Intent — fraudulent preferences.payment by debtor to creditor, 18(c)n3, 19(e)n70.1payment by third party to creditor, 18(c)n3, 19(e)n70.1proportionality test, 18(f)(ii)proving preferential effect

general, 18(e)(iv), 18(f)(ii)presumptions

within statutory presumption periodAlberta, 18(f)(v)British Columbia, 18(f)(iv)New Brunswick, 18(f)(viii)Nova Scotia, 18(f)(ix)Ontario, 18(f)(vii)Prince Edward Island, 18(f)(x)Saskatchewan, 18(f)(v)Yukon, 18(f)(vi)

presumptions, inferences and badges of fraudgeneral, 18(e)(iv)outside the statutory presumption period, 18(f)(x.1)

time period, calculation of, 18(f)(iii)quid pro quo, need for, 18(e)(iv)n51.1to or for creditor, 18(d)

“creditor”, expanded definitions and remedies,Alberta Fraudulent Preferences Act, s. 10, 17(a)(ii)general, 18(d)(ii)Saskatchewan Fraudulent Preferences Act, s. 12(1), (2), 18n2.1r

fraudulent conveyances and fraudulent preferencesdistinguished, 1(a), 14(b)(i)

fraudulent conveyances and fraudulent preferences, same transaction as,1nn13.1, 99.2 et seq.

I-16

INDEX

failure to distinguish, 1nn13, 22pleading both fraudulent conveyances and fraudulent preferences Acts, 1(a),

18n1.2agoals, purpose, and “normative ideals” of legislation, 1(c), 16

mixing fraudulent conveyances and fraudulent preferences, 1n80.2good faith, 19(b)introduction/history/goals, 1(c), 16protected transactions, 19reform, 18(e)(i)n11.1standing to impeach. See Standing to impeach — fraudulent preferences

Future income plans. See RRSPs and RRIFs

Gifts, 21(e)(i)as essentially evidencing nominal consideration, 1(a)(v)n7, 14(b)(ii)n73refusal of a gift (powers of appointment, disclaimers, legacies, beneficial interests)

current law, 8(b)(i.1)(C)law reform, 8(b)(ii)

Goals of voidable transactions law, 1(c), 1(d)(ii)(B), 16, 20(c)

Grant of security, 8(b)(i.1)(D)

Guaranteesfuture or contingent liability, 8(b)(i), 9(d)giving of a guarantee, as a “conveyance” within voidable transactions legislation,

8(b)(i.1)(D)guarantor

debtor as, 12n12creditor as, 12(a)(ii), 17(a), 17(e)

payment made under a guarantee, 8(b)(i.1)(D)whether guarantee constitutes a debt, 9(d)

GuileBritish Columbia, Fraudulent Conveyance Act, 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(II)b, 13(a.1), 14(c)(ii)(B)outside British Columbia, 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(II)c, 13(a.1)

Hazardous business/investment, 12(a)(iv)nn55, 69, 87, 13(c)(i)nn57, 58

Honesty, in relation to fraud. See Deceit and dishonesty, in relation to fraud

Illegal transactions, whether fraudulent transactions may be characterized as, 6(a.1)preferences, action by third party, 7(b)(i)(A), text accompanying n21

Impeachment, effect ofcharacterization of court order in Limitation Act proceedings, 5(e)(iii)(C)(III),

7(b)(i)(A)(II).generally, 7(b)

Imputed knowledge, 18(e)(iv)n41

Inability to meet obligations, 20(h)(ii)

Income taxtax avoidance and tax evasion, 2n69.2tax sheltering and other similar arrangements, 8n56

solicitor and other advisors, position of, 2transferor-transferee liability, 22nn8, 9

I-17 (Frauds on Creditors) (2016 – Rel. 5)

INDEX

Incorporation to shield assets, 8(b)

Indemnification of sheriff, 7n100.22

Information concerning debtor’s property, 3(a)-(d)examination of bankrupt and others, 19.1

Initial bankruptcy event, defined, 20(d), 21(f), 23(b)

Injunctionsinjunctive relief, and judgment in voidable transaction proceeding, 7nn10, 10.1, 21.1Mareva. See Mareva injunctionspre-Mareva, 26(a)restraining and preservation orders under provincial family law legislation

family property legislation, 30.1(c)(i)maintenance and support legislation, enforcement of orders

provincial legislationpreservation orders, 30.1(c)(ii)(B)restraining orders, 30.1(c)(ii)(A)

Insolvency and restructuring practitioners, advice from, 2n1.2a

Insolvency of partiesCanada, provincial law

insolvency of debtorbadges of fraud, and, 13(b)nn50.3c, 50.3dconsumer debt, consequences of increased, 1 (text accompanying and fol-

lowing n1)effect of future, contigent liabilities, 9(d)evidence of intent in fraudulent conveyances, 9(a)knowledge of, by creditor, 18(e)(iv)onus of proof, 9(b)presumptions of fraud, and, 9(a)n1, 13(b)nn50.3c, 50.3dprevention of (increasing financial literacy, etc.), 1 (text following n1)statutory provisions, extended scope, no reference to, 18n1.2atests, 9(c)

equitable liability principles, 18 (text accompanying nn49.6, 49.7); 28(text accompanying nn5 et seq.)statutory tests read disjunctively, 9 (text accompanying n3.1a)

valuation of debtor’s assets and liabilities, 9(d)assets outside the province, 9(f)n61future and contigent assets and liabilities, 9(d)

where, proof of, required, 9(a), 15(a)no proof required (Fraudulent Conveyances Act model), 9n1

insolvency of transfereewhere transferee conveys in fraud of transferee’s creditors, 1n7.1

solvent debtor, voidable transaction by,fraudulent conveyances, 1nn3.1, 77.1-78.1 (and accompanying text), 80.2 (re:

liberal statutory construction); 9(a); 13n39.2, 18(b)fraudulent preferences, 1n3.1; 13n39.2; 18(b)

Canada, federal bankruptcy law, preferences. See Bankruptcy (Canadian federalBankruptcy and Insolvency Act) (preferences . . . insolvency of bankrupt)

United States,‘‘commercial insolvency” (failure to pay debts when due), 9nn3.2, 13, 16

I-18

INDEX

exclusion of certain property interests from determining value of debtor’s assets,9(c)(ii)

generally, 9(c)(ii)‘‘legal insolvency” (insufficient assets to pay debts), 9nn3.1c, 3.2, 33.2presumption of insolvency, 9nn3.2, 13, 16Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, 13(i)(xii)

Insurance, designation of beneficiary as conveyance, 8(b)nn56, 61, 62

Intent — fraudulent conveyancesadmission of fraudulent intent, 13nn11, 23.1; text following n34.1; text accompanying

nn35.6-35.7badges of fraud. See Badges of fraudcorporations, 13(a)creditors need not be wholly defeated, text following 13n35.8deemed, by default judgment, 13(a)degree of proof required, 13(a)nn5, 7direct evidence of fraud, 13nn11, 23.1; text following n34.1; and text accompanying

nn35.6-35.7dominant intent, 2 (text accompanying n27.2a), 13 (text accompanying nn15 et seq.)effect of transaction. See Fraudulent conveyances (effect of conveyance)

test (objective), 1 (text accompanying n48.7a); 13(a)(iii); 13(b)fact, intent as a question of, 13 (text accompanying n5), 23.1 (text accompanying nn7-

9)failure to testify, 13(f)generally, 13hindsight, 1nn96.4a et seq.insolvency of debtor, as some evidence of intent, 9(a)intent to prejudice only some creditors, 13(a)intent to transfer debtor’s interest to transferee, Ontario Fraudulent Conveyances Act,

s. 4, expanded voiding provision, 1n7.5, 14n58knowledge of debtor, 1nn96.4a et seq.motive, 13(a)n15onus of proof, 13(a)(ii)pre-existing agreement, effect of, 13(g)presumptions of fraudulent intent.

See Presumptions of fraudulent intent — fraudulent conveyancesreasonable belief of debtor, 1nn96.4c et seq.standard of proof, 13(a)(ii)

“balance of probabilities”, “clear and sufficient proof”, “preponderance of evi-dence”, “substantial evidence”, 13(a)(ii)

standing to impeach, 12(c)surrounding circumstances, 13(b)n38.1timing, 13(a)

events subsequent to conveyance, effect of, on intent, 13(a)registration of instrument, effect of, on intent, 1(c)n93.1, 13(a)n4

Intent — fraudulent preferencesbankruptcy

intent to prefer, 20(j)settlements, 21(e)(ii)

burden of proof, 18(e)(iii)disproving requisite intent. See Defences - fraudulent preferencesdominant intent, 13(a)n15, 18(e)(iv)nn48.1-48.2

I-19 (Frauds on Creditors) (2016 – Rel. 5)

INDEX

fact, intent as a question of, 13 (text accompanying n5), 23.1 (text accompanying nn7-9)

hindsight, 1nn96.4a et seq.intent of debtor, 18(e)(i)insolvency of debtor, as some evidence of intent, 9(a)intent to defeat, delay, defraud creditors, need to prove, 1(c)n99.1, 18(e)(i)intent of recipient creditor, 18(e)(ii)

creditor’s knowledge of debtor’s insolvency, 18(e)(iv)creditors need not be wholly defeated, text following 13n35.8

intent of transferee, 14(b)(ii)motive, 18(e)(iv)

debtor’s reasons for giving a preference, 16nn3.3-3.4a (and accompanying text)dominant intent, and, 16n48.1irrelevant to issue of dominant intent, 16n3.4 (and accompanying text)

pressure, doctrine of, 18(g)(iii)proving requisite intent, 18(e)(iv)reasonable belief of debtor, 1nn96.4c et seq.reform, 18(e)(i)n11.1statutory presumptions of intent

Alberta, Saskatchewan, 18(f)(v)British Columbia, 18(f)(iv)calculating relevant time period, 18(f)(iii)New Brunswick, 18(f)(viii)Nova Scotia, 18(f)(ix)Ontario, 18(f)(vii)Prince Edward Island, 18(f)(x)Yukon, 18(f)(vi)

Interpretation Acts (provincial), 1(c)n84.1

Joint tenancy, conveyance of, as fraudulent conveyanceCanada, 8(a)(ii) nn19, 42.1, 8(a)(iii.1)(A)United States, 8n1.3, 8(a)(iii.1)(B)

JudgmentBritish Columbia, 7(b) (text to nn49 et seq. and nn97 et seq.)common law and equity, distinguished, 7(b)(i)confession of judgment, use of, to defraud creditors, 7.1(b)consent, use of, to defraud or prefer creditors, 7.1, 14(c)(i), 18(c.1)effect of impeachment

general, 7(b)rescission, contrasted, 7n51void/voidable distinction. See Void/voidable

enforcement of, 8nn1.1b, 1.1b.1, 19.1entitlement to, 7(a)

injunctive relief, 7(a)(i)right to sue and right to judgment, distinction, 7(a)(i)valid claim, evidence of, 7(a)(i)voidable transactions proceeding and main action, timing and process, 7(a)(i)

pecuniary judgment against transferee, 7(b)(i)(A.2), 10standing, and, 7(a), 12(a)(ii)n13summary procedure, 5(a)(i)title register, change of, in favour of transferor, 7(b), esp. n29use of, to defraud or prefer creditors, 1(a)(iii), 7.1, 14(c)(i), 18(c.1)

I-20

INDEX

where value of property has increased since conveyance, 7(b)

Judgment debtor examination, 3(a)n2

Judgment-proofing techniques. See also Estate planninggeneral, 1nn10.1, 12

Judicial process, use of, to defraud creditors, 7.1, 14(c)(i)

Jurisdiction (conflict of laws). See also Conflict of lawsforum non conveniens, 11(b)(iv)general limits on, 11(b)(i)oppression actions, 11(b)(ii)service ex juris, 11(a)(ii), 11(b)(iii)

Lachesgenerally, 5(f)limitation periods and, 5 (text accompanying nn74.2 et seq.), 24 (text accompanying

nn88.1-88.2)oppression remedy, limitation periods and laches, 5 (text accompanying nn74.2 et

seq.), 24 (text accompanying nn88.1-88.2)

Law Reform and Law Reform Commissions (Canada)Alberta Institute of Law Research and Reform

Remedies of Unsecured Creditors, 3(a)nn2, 3Alberta Law Reform Institute,

Exemption of Future Income Plans, 1(a)(v) n15.1, 21(e)(v)(B) n75.20.1British Columbia, Law Reform Commission of,

Fraudulent Conveyances and Preferences (“B.C. Working Paper”), 1(a)(v)n27;1(b)(ii)n59; 5(e)(iii)n41; 8(b)(i)n90; 16(b)(ii)n20

Report on Fraudulent Conveyances and Preferences (“B.C. Report”), 1(a)nn4, 5-7,12, 16, 24, 26, 28-34, 54; 1(c)nn84, 106, 108-09; 5(a)(i)n1, 5(a)(ii) n. 11.1; 6n6;7(b)nn50-51, 56; 7(b)(ii)nn128-129; 8(a)(i)nn1, 3; 8(a)(ii)(B(III); 8(b)(i)nn46-47,57-58, 65, 91, 96; 8(b)(ii)(B); 8n131.11; 9(c)n28: 10(a)nn14, 22, 25, 29;12(a)(ii)nn7, 13; 12(a)(ii.1)nn28, 31; 12(a)(iv)nn51, 56, 68, 72, 75, 78, 86;12(a)(v)nn88, 90; 13(a)nn3, 10-12, 19-21, 25, 28, 32, 34, 37; 13(b)nn41, 48;13(c)(i)n58; 13(c)(ii)n123; 13(d)(i)n125; 13(e)nn158, 161-163, 171, 172.2, 172.9;13(g)nn183, 194.2; 14n3; 14(a)(i)n5; 14(a)(ii)n25; 14(a)(iii)nn42-43;14(b)(ii)nn59, 73, 77; 14(c)nn90-91, 104, 117; 16(a)nn8-9, 13; 14n122.3;16(b)(ii)n21; 17(a.1)n2.1j; 17(c)n28; 18(e)(ii)n23; 18(e.1)nn54.12-54.13;18(f)(iv)nn70, 73; 18(f)(xi)(B)(at #5); 18(f)(xi)(B)n88.6; 19(c)nn31-32; 19(d)n58

Report on Bulk Sales Legislation, 30Report on Illegal Transactions, 7(b)(ii)n127Testamentary Intent and Unexpected Circumstances, 8(b)(i) n 92

Manitoba Law Reform CommissionReport on the Bulk Sales Act,30

New Brunswick, Department of Justice, Law Reform DivisionThird Report of the Consumer Project, Vol. II, Legal Remedies of the Unsecured

Creditor After Judgment (“New Brunswick Report”), 4(a)nn3,9-10; 5(a)(i)n1.5;7n25; 7(b)(ii)nn120;; 8(a)(ii)(B)(II) n. 39.11; 9(a)nn4-5; 9(c)nn22, 25; 9(d)n38;9(g)n78; 10(a)nn2, 14, 22; 10(b)(i)nn33, 36-38; 12n2.1; 12 (a)(ii)nn10, 12;12(b)nn93-94, 96; 12(d)(i)nn110-11; 13(a)n27; 13(g)n184; 14(a)(iii)nn40, 50;14(c)nn105-06, 108-09; 15(b)nn7-9; 15(c)(ii)n16; 17(b)n15; 18(e)(ii)n30;19(c)nn29, 47-51

Ontario Law Reform Commission

I-21 (Frauds on Creditors) (2016 – Rel. 5)

INDEX

Ontario Law Reform Commission, Report on the Enforcement of Judgment Debtsand Related Matters, Part III (1981), 7nn100.22a, 100.22b

Report on Amendment of the Law of Contract, 6n6; 7(b)n26Report on Class Actions, 5(a)(ii)nn2, 18, 20Report on Family Law, Part IV, Family Property Law (1974), 30.1nn2.1, 2.2Report on the Enforcement of Judgment Debts and Related Matters, Part I (1981),

3(a)nn11-12; 4(a)n7.1, 7n100.22Report on the Enforcement of Judgment Debts and Related Matters, Part II (1981),

3(d)(ii)n32.1, 7n100.22cReport on the Enforcement of Judgment Debts and Related Matters, Part IV (1983)

(“O.L.R.C. Report”), 1(a)(v)n36.1; 1(b.1)(i)(A)n79; 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(II);1(-b.1)(i)(B)n79.6.027;1(iii)(B); 1(c)nn83, 91, 99; 1(d)(i); 4(a)n8; 5(a)(ii)n13;5(e)(iii)(C)(II); 7(b)(ii); 8(a)(i)n3; 8(a)(ii)(B)(I); 8(b)(ii)(A); 9(g); 10(a)n25;10(b)(i); 12(d)(i); 13(a)n29; 13n122.3; 13(e)n164; 13(h)(i); 14(d); 15(b)n9;16(b)(i)n14-17; 17(b)n15; 17(c)n28; 17(e); 18(e)(i)n11.1; 18(e.1)(i); 18(f)(i)n55;18(f)(ii)n57.01; 18(f)(xi)(A); 18(g)(iii)(B);19(b)(ii); 19(c)n28, 30-31; 19(e)(ii);19(f)(ii)

Report on the Enforcement of Judgment Debts and Related Matters, Part V (1983),1(d)(i)n111, 4(a)n7, 7n100.22

Report on the Law of Landlord and Tenant, 27(a)n27Report on Liability of the Crown, nn79.6.1, 79.7, 79.9.1-79.9.9, 79.11-79.23Report on Limitation of Actions, 5 (text accompanying nn68.3 et seq.)

Uniform Law Conference of Canada“ULCC (Buckwold)”, 1(c), 1(d)(ii)(B); 5(e)(iv); 6)n4; 7(a)(ii); 7(b)(ii)(II)b;

7(b)(ii)(A)(II)b.; 8(a)(ii)(B)(IV)a; 8(a)(iii)(A); 8(b)(i); 8(b)(i)n120; 8(b)(ii)(-C)(II); 9(g)(ii); 12(a)(iii)n34; 12(d)(ii)(B); 13nn217, 232; 13(a), 13(a)n17;13(b)n36.14; 13(h)(ii)(B); 25.1(b); 26(d)(ii)

‘‘ULCC (Buckwold) (Preferences: 2008)”, 1nn2.1, 96.2a, 96.7; 7n110; 9n3.2;16nn7.1, 12.1; 16(b)(ii)(B); 17nn.2.1j, 18; 18nn2.1, 3.1, 5.4, 55.1, 84.1, 87.6, 88.7,89.1, 106, 117; 18(e.1)(iii)(B); 19n1.2, 5.1a

‘‘(ULCC (Buckwold) (Preferences: Final 2011)”, 1nn96.1, 96.2, 103.1;1(d)(ii)(A.1); 7nn26, 113

“ULCC (Dunlop)”; 1(a)(v)nn15.1, 17, 20.1; 1(b)(i), 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(II); 1(c)nn84, 96,96.3, 1(d)(ii)(A), 6(a)n2; 6(b); 7(b)(ii)((A)(II)a; 7(b)(ii); 8(a)(i)n3.1; 8(a)(ii)(-B)(IV)n39.13b 8(b)(i)nn45, 71; 8(b)(ii)(C)(I); 9(a)n3.1a; 9(c)nn19.1, 19.2;9(d)n33.1; 9(f)n58; 10(b)(ii); 12n2.1a; 12(d)(ii)(A); 13(c)(ii)n122.1; 13(h)(ii)(A);14(c)n81; 16(a)nn1; 4.2; 16(b)(ii); 17n1.1; 18(e.1)(iii)(A); 18(f)(xi)(B);18(g)(iii)(A)(II)n121; 19(b)(i)nn7.1, 15.1; 19(e)(i)n71.1; 21(e)(v)(B)n75.20.1;31(a)n1

“ULCC Act (2012)”, 1nn1.1c.1, 3.3.1, 12.6a, 15.1, 18nn3.6a, 3.6b; 79.6.01;1(d)(ii)(C). (See also the complete Uniform Reviewable Transactions Act in theLegislation tab of the text.)

Northwest Territories Committee on Law Reformbulk sales, 30

Saskatchewan Law Reform CommissionThe Bulk Sales Act, 30

Law Reform and Law Reform Commissions (Outside Canada)New Zealand Law Commission

Company Law Reform and Restatement, 18(e)(i)n11.1United Kingdom, The Law Commission

Distress for Rent, 27n27

I-22

INDEX

United States. See United States law, National Conference of Commissioners onUniform State Laws, Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act and Uniform FraudulentConveyance Act

Landlord and tenant matters. See Distraint for rent arrears, and fraudulently conveyedproperty

Lawyers. See Solicitors

Legacy, refusal of, 8(b)(i.1)(C)

Legislationbankruptcy, 20(b)British Columbia, 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(II), 13(a.1)consumer debtor legislation (common law), inheritance from United Kingdom

bankruptcy and insolvency law, 16n4.1derivative action, 24(c)(ii)goals, 1(c)history, 1(b)inappropriate interference with commercial transactions, 1(a)(v), text accompanying

nn12.1b et seq.liberal interpretation, 1nn57, 80.2, 1(c)

counter argument, 1(a)(v), text accompanying nn12.2 et seq.Interpretation Acts, federal and provincial, 23.1 (text accompanying nn12 et seq.)normative ideals respecting voidable transactions law, 1(c), 16

Ontario. See Ontario legislationoppression remedy, 24(b)(i)pleading both fraudulent conveyances and fraudulent preferences Acts, 1(a)provincial (statutory presumption of intent), 18(f)(iv)-(x)Quebec. See Paulian actionUnited Kingdom,

Law of Property (Amendment Act), 1924, c. 5, 1n60Law of Property Act, 1925, c. 20, 1n60, 14(b)(ii)

United States. See United States law

Leveraged buyouts, 1(a)(v)n11, 8(b)(i.1)(D), 13(c)(ii)n122.5

Life insurance policies, 8(b)(i.1)(A)

Limitation periodseffect of impeaching transaction, characterization of court order, 5(e)(iii)(C)(III),

7(b)(i)(A)(II)laches and, 5 (text accompanying nn74.2 et seq.), 24 (text accompanying nn88.1-88.2)provincial, 5(e)provincial legislation, application to bankruptcy proceedings, 5(e)(iii.1), 20(d.1),

31(g)(v)(B)

Lis pendens, 26(e)

Malice (B.C. Fraudulent Conveyance Act), 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(II)b, 13(a.1)

Mareva injunctionsclaims by third parties, 26(c)conditions, 26(b)n24effect, 26(d)generally, 26(b)nondisclosure, consequences of, 26n22.0.1

I-23 (Frauds on Creditors) (2016 – Rel. 5)

INDEX

post-judgment injunction, 26(b)n15reconciliation with fraudulent conveyances and preferences law, 26(d)where property transferred out of jurisdiction, 11(c), 26(b)n18world-wide injunction, 26(b)nn20.3, 20.4

Margin depositdefined, 20(a)exemption from statutory presumption of preference, 20(a)

Marriage contract, 13(g)n188

Money had and received, action by transferee for, 7

Moral principles and normative ideals supporting voidable transactions lawgeneral, 1(c)oppression remedy (reasonable expectation of creditors), text accompanying nn53 et

seq.preferences, 16 (text accompanying nn1.1 et seq.)

Mortgageequitable, created by impugned transaction, 13(g)n194effect of Ontario Fraudulent Conveyances Act, on lawful mortgage, 26(e)

Motive of parties. See Intent — fraudulent conveyances; Intent — fraudulent pre-ferences

Natural love and affection, as consideration, 14nn57, 64

Non-ownership of conveyed property, 8(a)(i)n2

Normative ideals supporting voidable transactions law. See Moral principles andnormative ideals supporting voidable transactions law

Notice or knowledge by transferee of transferor’s intent. See Transferee

Ontario legislationantecedents

common law, 1(b)(i)pre-modern English legislation, 1(b)(ii)

generally, 1(a), 1(b)(iii)statutory presumption of intent, 18(f)(vii)

Onus of proof. See Burden of proof

Oppression remedy. See also Derivative action; Remediesintroduction, 24(a)legislation, 7(b)(i)(A.2)(III), 24(b)(i)limitation periods and laches, 5 (text accompanying nn74.2 et seq.), 24 (text accom-

panying nn88.1-88.2)moral principles and normative ideals (reasonable expectation of creditors), text ac-

companying nn53 et seq.remedies, 7(b)(i)(A.2)(III), 24(d)standing, 24(b)(ii)

Ordercharacterization of court order in Limitation Act proceedings, 5(e)(iii)(C)(III),

7(b)(i)(A)(II)granted to successful creditor, generally, 7(b)

I-24

INDEX

use of, to defraud creditors, 7.1, 14(c)(i)

Ordinary course of businessbankruptcy, 20(l)(i)provincial legislation, 19(b)

Overlapping and conflicting legislation, 1(b.1)

Parties to fraudulent transaction proceeding, 5(b). See also Standing to impeach —fraudulent conveyances and Standing to impeach — fraudulent preferences

Paulian action (l’action en inopposabilite), 31limitation period, application to bankruptcy proceedings, 20(d), 31(g)(v)(B)uniform Canadian voidable transactions legislation, as part of, 31(a)n1

Pecuniary judgment against transferee, 7(b)(i)(A.2), 10(a)

Penalties, under fraudulent conveyances statutes, 1(b)(ii), 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(I), 1(b.1)(ii)(-B)(II)a

Person, defined, 22(b)(i)(E)

Personal property legislation, 19(e)

Piercing corporate veil, 12n90, 13nn2, 62.1a, 22 (text accompanying nn52.1a et seq.)26n92.1

Pleadings. See Actions and other proceedings; Procedure; Proceedings

Pledge of assets, 8(b)(i.1)(D)

Ponzi schemegeneral, 1n1.1b; 7 (text accompanying nn29.18 et seq.); 18nn49.1, 49.2; 28United States law, 7 (text following n29.21, at #43)

Powers of appointmentas a conveyance, 8(b)(i.1)(C)law reform, 8(b)(ii)

Powers of the court, 7(b)(i)(A), 7(b)(ii)(A)

Prejudgment remedies, 2

Preservation and similar ordersbankruptcy legislation: preservation, detention or custody of property, order for,

26n1provincial legislation, 30.1(c)(ii)(B)

Pressure, doctrine of, 18(g)(iii)See also: diligent creditor, bankruptcy, 20(l)(v)

Presumptionsbankruptcy. See under Bankruptcy - elements of impeachable preferencefraudulent conveyances. See Presumptions of fraudulent intent — fraudulent con-

veyancesfraudulent preferences, 18(f)rebuttable presumption of law, 20(k)n103

Presumptions of fraudulent intent - fraudulent conveyancesbadges of fraud, and, distinguished, 13(a),(c)(i), (e)

I-25 (Frauds on Creditors) (2016 – Rel. 5)

INDEX

effect of, 13(c)generally, 13(c)(i)one intends natural consequences of one’s actions, 13(c)(ii)where necessary effect is to defraud creditors, 13(c)(ii)where no valuable consideration, 13 (text accompanying notes 29.1 et seq.)

Prior agreementsbankruptcy, 20(l)(ii)effect on proving debtor’s intent, 13(g)family law agreements (pre-nuptual or pre-marital agreements, co-habitation agree-

ments, and separation agreements)general, 30.1(c.1)law reform, 30.1(d)(ii)

formality required, 13(g)n185, 18(g)(i)nn104, 105method of proof, 13(g)n179previous promise to make future transfer, 18(g)(i)series of agreements, 18(g)(i)

Procedure. See also Actions and other proceedings; Proceedingsclass action, 5(a)general, 5summary, 5(a)n1

Proceedings. See also Actions and other proceedings; Procedurecommencement and prosecution, 5under both Fraudulent Conveyances and Fraudulent Preferences Acts, 1(c), 5(a)(i) n1use of, to defraud creditors, 1(a)(iii), 7.1, 14(c)(i)

Proceeds, recovery and distribution ofpecuniary judgment against transferee, 7(b)(i)(A.2)proceeds of enforcement proceedings, distribution of. See Creditors’ relief legislationrecovery from transferee, where transferee resells property, 1n21, 10

Professional adviceaccountants, financial planners, insolvency and restructuring practitioners, and

trustees, 2n1.2alawyers, 2

Promissory note, holder or endorser of, as creditor, 12(a)(ii)n19, 17(e)

Propertyconcealment or removal

badge of fraud, as, 1n79.6.027aCriminal Code (Canada), 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(III)general, 1(a)(iii.1), 13(i)(x)United States Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, 1(a)(iii.1), 1n79.6.027a , 13(i)(x)

conveyance of all or virtually/essentially all of the debtor’s property, 13n41.1detention, custody or preservation, order for, 26n1.1enforcement against debtor’s property, by judgment creditor, 8nn1.1b, 1.1b.1, 19.1exchanged or substituted property, execution against, 10(a)exempt property or property immune from enforcement proceedings,

conveyance ofCanada, 8(a)(ii)United States, 8n1.3, 8(a)(ii)(C)

I-26

INDEX

insolvency, exclusion of certain property interests from determiningvalue of debtor’s assets, 9(c)(ii).

exempt property acquired under fraudulent transaction, 8(a)(iii.1)proceeds of sale of, 8(a)(ii.1)property rendered exempt by conveyance, 8(a)(iii)

joint tenancy, conveyance of, as fraudulent conveyance,Canada, 8nn19, 42.0.3, 8(a)(iii.1)(A)United States, 8n1.3, 8(a)(iii.1)(B)

meaning of, 8(a)(i), 21(e)(vii), 22(b)(i)n2property interest in debtor required, 8(a)(ii)n2receiver, appointment of, 26n1.1recovery of, 10retention of property interest by debtor

badge of fraud, 13(b) (esp. text accompanying nn41.2 et seq.)sham transactions. See Sham transactions

return of property by transferee to debtor, 1n7.1sale of, in British Columbia, 7(b)(i)n108tangible and intangible property, application of statutes to, 8(a)trust property, 8(a)(iv)

Proportionality test, 18(f)(ii)

Protected conveyancesAssignments and Preferences Act model

consideration, adequacy of, 15(c)insolvency of debtor, 15(a)transferee, knowledge or intent of, 15(b)

Fraudulent Conveyances Act modelconsideration, adequacy of, 14(b)(i), 14(b)(ii)good faith conveyances. See Good faithtransferee, notice or knowledge of, 14(b)(ii)

Protected transactions — fraudulent preferencesintroduction, 19(a)court orders, payments under, 19(f)legislation, payments under, 19(f)payment of money to creditor, 14(b)(i), 19(c)sale in ordinary course of trade, 19(b)sale of property for full value, 19(d)secured financing, 19(e)wages, payment of, 19(f)

Punitive damages, awarded against defendants, 7(b)(i)(A.2)(III)

Purchase of shares (liability of directors)bankruptcy and insolvency provisions, 23

Purchaser, bona fide, 7

Quebec, Paulian action (l’action en inopposabilite), 31limitation period, application to bankruptcy proceedings, 20(d), 31(g)(v)(B)uniform Canadian voidable transactions legislation, Paulian action as part of, 31(a)n1

Ratification of transaction by creditor, 1n7.2

Rebuttable presumption of law, 20(k)n103

I-27 (Frauds on Creditors) (2016 – Rel. 5)

INDEX

Receiver, appointment of, 26nn1, 1.2

Redemption of shares (liability of directors)bankruptcy and insolvency provisions, 23

Reform. See Law Reform and Law Reform Commissions (Canada); Law Reform andLaw Reform Commissions (Outside Canada)

Registration of instrument, effect of, on intent, 1(c)n93.1, 13(a)n4

Related persons and other entitiesrelated groups and corporations, 22(b)(i)(C)related individuals, 22(b)(i)(A)

Relatives. See Consideration, transactions between relatives

Releases and other similar instrumentscurrent law, 8(b)(i.1)(B)law reform, 8(b)(ii)

Remedies. See also Anton Piller order; Derivative action; Enforcement of judgment andother debts; Execution, by sheriff; Injunctions; Oppression remedy; Punitive damages,awarded against defendants; Seizure; Sheriff; Unjust enrichment, damages forcharacterization of court order in Limitation Act proceedings, 5(e)(iii)(C)(III),

7(b)(i)(A)(II)conveyances defeating, 1(a)nn3.2, 25derivative action, 24(d)generally, 7(b)impeachment, effect of, 7oppression remedy, 24(d)pecuniary judgment against transferee, 7(b)(i)(A.2)punitive damages, awarded against defendants, 7(b)(i)(A.2)(III)sanctions for debtor’s failure to produce information, 3(d)unjust enrichment, damages for, 7(b)(i)(A.2)(IV)where property transferred out of jurisdiction, 2(b)n18, 11(d)

Removal or concealment of propertyas a badge of fraud, 1n79.6.027aCriminal Code (Canada), 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(III)general, 1(a)(iii.1), 13(i)(x)United States Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act, 1(a)(iii.1), 1n79.6.027a , 13(i)(x)

Representative actions, 5(a)

Res ipsa loquitur and corroboration, 13(d)(ii)

Res Judicata, 5n1

Rescission, contrasted with impeachment, 7(b)n.58

Restraining orders. See Injunctions

Right of revindication, 20(g)

Reviewable transactions (bankruptcy). See Bankruptcy (Canadian federal Bankruptcyand Insolvency Act)

Rollovers, 21(e)(v)(B)

RRSPs and RRIFs

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INDEX

exempt property, as, 21(e)(vii)n84legislation, 8(a)(iv)n39.15, 8(b)(i)n56transfer of rights in, 8(b)n56, 21(e)(v)(B)n75.20.1valuing RRSP, consideration of tax cost to access funds, 9(d)n33.1

Sale of property, in British Columbia, 7(b)(i)n108

‘‘Second evidentiary rule”, res ipsa loquitur and corroboration, 13(d)(ii)

Secured creditorsgrant and recording of security interest, whether prejudicial to creditors. 8(b)(i.1)(D),

19(e)(i)payments to secured creditor, 20(g)priority over unsecured judgment creditors, 1n2.1protected transactions — fraudulent preferences, 19(e)secured financing as protected transaction, 19(e)security for current advances, 20(l)(iv)standing to impeach fraudulent conveyance, 12(a)(iii)standing to impeach fraudulent preference, 17(c)

Seizure, by sheriff. See also Execution, by sheriff; Sheriffabandonment of, 7n100.22cbar to action, as, 5(c)exchanged or substituted property, execution against, 10(a)indemnification of sheriff, 7n100.22of goods held in trust, 12n1sheriff, by, 1(a), 4(a),(b), 7(b)(i)

fraudulent conveyance, 1(a)(v)n15, 4(a), 4(b)property of no or trivial value, execution against, and fraudulent

conveyances statutes, 1n6.1, 8n1.1bburden of proof on transferee, 8n1.1b

stay of execution, 7(b)(i)(A.2)(V)trespass to goods by sheriff, 7n100.22cwhat constitutes, 7n100.22cwrongful or excessive seizure, 7nn100.2, 100.22 (and accompanying text)

Settlement, matrimonial dispute, as good consideration, 14(b)(ii)n62

Settlements. See Bankruptcy (Canadian federal Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act)

Sham transactionsbadges of fraud, and, 13(b) (esp. text accompanying nn41.2 et seq.benefit accruing to transferee (settlements under bankruptcy law), 21nn9.1, 14, 22.1,

43.1, 81.0.9.6debtor, retention of a benefit by, 1nn6.1, 9.2 and 10; 8(b)(i.2)generally, 1nn6.1, 10; 8(b)(i.2); 8n9.2 (and at text after and accompanying n9.2);

13n41.3c; 14 (at text preceding n52.1), 26n92genuineness of the transaction, and, 14(a)(iii)good faith, and, 1n10; 8 (text accompanying n131.4; 14(a)(iii))transferee, no retention of a benefit, 8(b)(i.2)

Shareholders, liability of, 23(a), (d), (e)

Sheriffindemnification of, 7n100.22powers/duties, 4(a),(b)

I-29 (Frauds on Creditors) (2016 – Rel. 5)

INDEX

property of no or trivial value, execution against, and fraudulent conveyancesstatutes, 1n6.1, 8n1.1bburden of proof on transferee, 8n1.1b

rights with respect to debtor’s exigible assets, 7(b)(i), 8nn5, 68.3, 116stay of execution, 7(b)(i)(A.2)(V)trespass to goods by, 7n100.22cwrongful or excessive seizure, 7nn100.2, 100.22 (and accompanying text)

Solicitorsadvising clients respecting conveyances, general, 2advisors and advocates, distinction, 2(b)n4.1civil liability of, 2(c)codes of professional conduct, 2(b)(i)counselling of fraud, 2(b.1)criminal aspects of judgment proofing, 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(III)criminal liability of, 1nn79.6.031, 79.6.039, 79.6.040 (and accompanying text), 2(d)estate planning advice, 2(b.1), 13(a)(i)(B)ethical considerations, 2imputing knowledge to client, 13(a)n1, 18(e)(iv) n. 41payment of fees, as preference, 20(l)(iii)n138professional obligations, 2(b)

advising transferee, 2n1.15, 14n101dishonesty, fraud, etc. by debtor-client, 2(b)(i) (LSUC r. 3.2-7)dupe of debtor-client, solicitor as, 2(b)(i) (LSUC r.3.2-7.1, Commentary [1])fiduciary obligations, 2(b)(i) (LSUC r. 3.2-2, Commentary [1.1])honesty and candour, text following 2n1.16information, providing and withholding, 2(b)(i) (LSUC r. 3.2-2, Commentary

[1.1], [1.2]; LSUC r. 3.2-7.2, Commentary [3])red flags in real estate transactions, 2(b)(i) (LSUC r. 3.2-7.3 (Commentary [4.1],

[4.2])representation, withdrawal from, 2(b)(i) (LSUC r. 3.7-1)rules of professional conduct

American Bar Association, Professional Responsibility and Code of JudicialConduct, 2n2

Law Society of British Columbia, Professional Conduct Handbook, 2n1.16Canadian Bar Association, Code of Professional Conduct, 2(b)(i)Law Society of Upper Canada

Practice Tips, 2(b)(i) (text accompanying nn9 et seq.Rules of Professional Conduct, 2(b)(i)

transactions where vigilance is required, 2(b)(i) (LSUC r. 3.2-7.3 (Commentary[2])

removal of property from jurisdiction by debtor, assistance by, 1(a)(iii.1)solicitor-client privilege, 2(e)

Solvent debtor, voidable transaction by. See Insolvency of parties (under Canada,provincial law)

Spouses. See Family law legislation (provincial) and matrimonial cases

Standing — Derivative Actionscreditor, applicant need not have been, 24(c)(iii)(A)good faith, 24(c)(iii)(B)in interests of corporation, 24(c)(iii)(B)

I-30

INDEX

Standing — Oppression Remediesapplicant “creditor”, 24(c)(iii)(A)improper conduct, 24(b)(ii)(A)“proper” person, 24(b)(ii)(A)

Standing to impeach — fraudulent conveyancesAssignments and Preferences model, 12(b)Fraudulent Conveyances model

creditor of third party, 1(a)(v)n14, 12(a)(v)distinguished from ability to obtain judgment,12(a)(ii)nn14, 16lien claimants, 12(a)(iii)n41judgment creditors, 12(a)(i)non-judgment creditors/claimants, 12(a)(ii)secured creditors, 12(a)(iii)spouses, 12(a)(ii.1)subsequent creditors, 12(a)(iv)

intent of debtor, 12(c)judgment, and, 7(a), 12(a)(ii)n13

Standing to impeach — fraudulent preferencescreditor, expanded definition of, 17(a)(ii)judgment, and, 7(a)persons with unliquidated claims, 17(a.1)secured creditors, 17(c)subsequent creditors, 17(b)trustees in bankruptcy, 17(d)

Statute of Elizabeth and other English statutes, 1(b)(ii), 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(I), 8(a), 13(a.1)criminal and quasi-criminal provisions (Statute of Elizabeth), 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(I)description, Statute of Elizabeth, 1(b)(ii)Law of Property Act, 1925, c. 20 (U.K.), 1(b)(ii)n60legacy of Statute of Elizabeth, 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(II), 13(a.1)pre-modern English legislation, 1(b)(ii)tangible and intangible property, application of Statute to, 8(a)

Statutes, provincial, fraudulent conveyances and preferences, list, 1(a)(v)n19exempt property, disposition of, 21(e)(vii)initial bankruptcy event, and, 21(f)introduction, 21(a)judicial approaches, 21(e)(v)(A)new statutory definition, 21(e)(vi)Ramgotra (Trustee of) v. North American Life Assurance Co.settlement on bankrupt himself, 21(e)(v)(B)n75.4settlement, defined

generally, 21(e)(i), (iv), (vii)intention, 21(e)(ii)new definition, 21(e)(vi)purposive approach, 21(e)(iii)

time periods, relevant, 21(f)transfer from RRSP to RRIF, 21(e)(v)(B)transactions at undervalue, 21(e)(vi)n81where no transfer of property, 21(e)(vii)within one year, 21(f)

I-31 (Frauds on Creditors) (2016 – Rel. 5)

INDEX

Summary procedure, 5(a)(i)

Surety of debtor’s debtas a ‘‘creditor” under preference legislation, 17(a)(ii)payment to, as preference, 18(d)

Suspicious circumstances, 13(b), 13(d)(iii)

Tax sheltering arrangements. See Income tax; Estate planning

Tenant, fraudulent removal of inventory, 27(b)(i)

Testimony or evidence of debtor or transfereefailure to testify or give evidence, 13 (text at n50.5), 13(f)value of testimony or evidence of debtor or transferee,

corroboration, 13 (text accompanying nn50.5.1, 177.4)general, 13 (text accompanying nn50.5.1, 177.4)

Title, change of registration on successful impeachment of fraudulent conveyance,7(b)(i)n29

Tools of the trade exemption, 8(a)(ii)

Tort, purpose of, distinguished from fraudulent conveyances, 1 (text accompanyingnote 80.3)

Tracing proceeds, 7, 10calculation of monetary judgment against the transferee 7(b)(i)(A.2)(II)tracing property purchased with proceeds, 7n72

Transactions, void/voidable. See also Conveyance; Fraudulent conveyances; Fraudulentpreferencesat undervalue, 21(d), 21n81, 21(f)between relatives and associates

close relationshipsinferences arising from, 13(c)(i)suspicious circumstances, and, 13(d)(iii), 14(b)(ii) 20(e)types of close relationships, 13(c)(i)

consideration, 14(b)(ii)corroboration, 13(d)(ii)generally, 13(d)(i)pressure, doctrine of, 18(g)(iii)n133types of close relationships, 13(c)(i)

intent to transfer debtor’s interest to transferee, Ontario Fraudulent Conveyances Act,s. 4, expanded voiding provision, 1n7.5, 14n58

sham and genuine. See Sham transactionstiming, 13(a)

Transfereeadvice given to, by solicitors and others, 13(a)(i)(B)benefit, transferee not receiving, 14n101due diligence, lack of, 2n1.15, 14(c)n101failure to inquire, 2n1.15, 14(c)(ii)n101intent to transfer debtor’s interest to transferee, Ontario Fraudulent Conveyances Act,

s. 4, expanded voiding provision, 1n7.5, 14n5notice or knowledge of debtor’s fraudulent intent (fraudulent conveyances)

Assignments and Preferences Act model, 15(b)

I-32

INDEX

Fraudulent Conveyances Act model, 9n1, 14(c)whether notice or knowledge constitutes ‘‘dishonesty”, 1(b.1)(ii)(B)(II)c.

(text accompanying note 79.6.024.2). See also Deceit and dishonesty, inrelation to fraud

personal action against, 7(b)(i) (text to nn50 et seq.), 10(a) (text to nn4 et seq.)pecuniary judgment against, 7(b)(i)(A.2)Prince Edward Island, abolition of need to prove transferee’s notice or knowledge,

14(c)(ii)(A); 14n88.1; 18n14.1; 18 (text following n18.1); 18(e)(ii)(A)remedies against. See Remediesremedy by, after impeachment, 7(b)(iii)return of property by transferee to debtor, 1(a)(v)n7.1

where insolvent transferee conveys in fraud of transferee’s creditors, 1n7.1transfer made without transferee’s knowledge or consent

general, 14n101transferor-transferee liability — income tax, 22nn8, 9transferee having no control over transferred property, 14n101where bond, judgment, proceeding, etc., 14(c)(i)

Trollope, Anthony, The Way We Live Nowharassment of debtors by creditors, 18n113.1sham transactions, 8nn131.1, 131.2atransferee as passive recipient of transfer, 14n101

Trustsbare trustee, 8(a)(iv)beneficiary’s interest, as conveyance, 8(b)cases (general), 8(a)(iv), 12n1.1, 13(d)(v), 13(g)constructive, 13(g)n194

claim, sufficient to grant standing, 12(a)(ii)n18, 12(a)(ii.2)declaration of, for property conveyed to transferee, 7(b)nn74.1–86, 10(a)enforcement by transferor against transferee, 6

See also Advancement, presumption ofproperty held in trust, 8(a)(iv), 12n1.1transferee as trust beneficiary, 20(c)n2

Undervalue, transfer at (in bankruptcy), 21

United States lawdiscussion by American commentators (see, inter alia, reference to Alces and Glenn in

List of Works Abbreviated in Footnotes), 1nn1.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.7, 8, 12.2, 15.1c, 80, 86,89-90, 93, 94, 96, 99-101, 103-104, 107; 5nn21.1, 22.1, 23.9-23.10, 23.13; 6nn4, 11.2,11.5, 11.7, 11.9-11.10, 11.12-11.13; 7n8, 24, 8nn1.1-1.1b, 14.1a, 17, 19.2, 20.1, 20,39.13h1, 39.15.a, 68, 68.1-68.8; 12nn2.1, 10.1; 13(i)(x); 14n52.1; 16n22; 18nn87.8,89.4; 19n1.2

National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, Uniform FraudulentTransfer Act and Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act, 1nn1.1c2, 1.1d, 1.1e, 3.6,79.6.027a, 8, 12.1b, 15.1b, 20.2a, 23n11, 54.9, 55.4, 73.4, 115, 121, 133, 142.1, 144,1(a)(iv), 7(a)(iii), 7(b)(ii.1), 8(a)(i), 8(a)(ii.1), 8(a)(iii.1), 8nn 19.1, 42.1a, 45.1, 45.2,64.14a, 134, 9 nn3.1b, 3.2, 33.7a, 33.7c, 84, 88-89, 12nn6, 70, 112, 13(i), 13nn1.1,36.13b, 41.1, 41.2, 41.4, 41.5, 43-46, 52.3b, 164, 198, 219, 14 nn20, 55.1a1, 55.2a,57.3, 64, 80.8, 134, 15(c)(i.1), 18nn57.01, 20nn 39.1, 39.2, 88-89, 28 n10, 30(a)(i).(See also the complete Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act in the Legislation tab ofthe text.)

I-33 (Frauds on Creditors) (2016 – Rel. 5)

INDEX

Unjust enrichment, damages for, 7(b)(i)(A.2)(IV)

Unjust preferences. See Fraudulent preferences

Void/voidable. See also Judgmentgeneral (provincial law), 6timing of determination, 13(a)transfers at undervalue and settlements (bankruptcy), 21(g)

Wages, payment of, 19(f)

Waiver of rights by creditor, 1n7.2

Warrant of attorney to confess judgment, use of, to defraud creditors, 7.1(b)

Will, gifts under, 8(b)

I-34

INDEX