Index

Acid inputs, 85, 122,300,325,330,332,334,336

Acid rain, acidic atmospheric deposition oracidic rainfall, 3, 11, 34, 87, 222, 300

Acidhumic, 111,346mineral, 11,34,87,111,121,135,

153organic, 121,315strong, 110, 117, 119, 169,249

Acidification of soils, 22, 248, 330Acidification of surface waters, 13,94,

240Acidification, stream, 21, 333Acidity, 13, 18, 20, 85, 87, 88, 97, 110,

111,116,121-123,139,144,171,233,236,244,258,266,276,289,306,323,325,328,332,333,334,335,336,346,401

Actinomycetes,371Adsorption, 13,69,76,91,97, 107,

114-116, 119, 121, 122, 124,144, 145, 147, 167, 182, 190, 191,196,197,198,219,231,240-242,245-247,300,303,317,346,369,398

Aeolian, fluxes or erosion, 100,202Aeration, 169,272,318,365,366,372Afforestation, 248, 334Agricultural catchment, 273, 336, 362,

367,376Agricultural

lands, 9, 256output, 364soils, 361, 366

Agriculture, 22, 85,153,166,167,208,216,268,277,335,361,372,373,377,385

Agrochemicals, 335, 366, 372Agroecosystems, 361, 366, 369, 370Alder, 67, 259, 266, 267, 317, 373Aldicarb, 369Alkalinity, 8,10, 19,20,21,34,87,

110-112,117,119,121,125,169-172,180,182,208

Aluminium, 7, 20, 116, 126, 134, 139,306,

315,316,323,345,346,372Amelioration, 366, 374Ammonium, 138, 139,244,257,258,262,

267,361,362,365,368,372,376Amorphous AI, 116,315Animal, 146,299,362,371Antecedent wetness, 10, 11,34Aquatic

ecosystems, 299, 300environment, 20, 166, 171

Aquifer, 43, 44, 50, 214, 369Assimilation, 19, 107, 110, 116, 117, 151,

170,303,315Atmosphere, 1, 11, 13,45,46,63,67,

69,77,85,87,89,107,110,122,124,166,189,190,202,229,233234,248,271,313,346,350,376,390

Atmospheric input, 8, 11, 16, 17,55,69,117,191,194,233,332

Atmospheric particles, 11, 55ATP,365Atrazine, 369

Balance,between rates of processes, 88, 101,

142,145,190,240,268,345,362charge, electrochemical, 180,288mass, 11, 16,31,32,39,44,46,48,

63,66,69,70,76-78,89,91-94,98,99,149,163,165,174,175,180, 182, 193, 194,202,233,236,240,241,245,272,285,311,313,317,324,326,332,336,349,362,401

nutrient, also imbalance, 14, 133, 135,139, 143,257,345

water, 10,40,44,50,207,215-217,344,350

Balances, input-output see Budgets, input-output

Barley, 365,367,371Barium, Ba, 123Basal area, 387Basalt, 12,209,292

410

Basecations,7,12,13,17,20,34,46,56,67,71,86,95,97-99,114,117,120,121,122,171,182,195,241,242,244,245,262,266,329,334,402,404

Base saturation, 20, 117, 121, 171Base-poor soils, 20, 171Baseflow, 35, 175, 176, 182, 184, 192,

194,201,207,214,290,291,292,353,354,355

Basin outlet, 10, 34Basin physiography, 48Bed load, 101, 177, 199,201Bedrock, 1,3, 10, 11, 12,33,36,48

78,85-89,93,101,133,152,167,184,189-193,209,218,222,290-292,306,311,316,317,324-326,332,333,336,353,374

Beetles, 371Bioavailability, 19, 116, 125, 166,299,

302,303,318Biogeochemical mapping, 377Biogeochemical models, 13, 94, 95Biogeochemistry, 1, 8, 17, 24, 31, 78, 95,

97,203,232,236,245,299,300,306,311,318,323,352,356,362

Biological membranes, 303Biological transport, 375, 377Biomass

accumulation, 197,202,240,323,350balances, 190pools, 197,335production, 14

Biomonitor, 69Biota, 13, 14,20,55,77, 107, 116, 125,

134,135, 137, 138, 148, 153, 154,166,178,190,191,218,303,318,324,336,370

Birkenes catchment, 4,120,170,171,195,196,285,289,290,293

Boundary layer, 58, 63, 65Bromide, Br, 46, 207, 218Brush,15,375,387Budget, 3, 9, 22, 77, 110, 190, 192, 193,

195,201,202,209,215,216,217,241,259,272,286,288,313,328,349

Budgets, input-output, 11, 14, 16,32,60,107,117,163,189-195,202,231,240,264,267,367,396,398

INDEX

Ca, see CalciumCadmium, Cd, 58, 60, 135, 139,300Calcium, Ca, 13, 14, 17,20,21,68,99,

120, 125, 134, 137-139, 149, 152,165-167,195,197,199,234,241,242,265, 269 292, 323, 326, 334,335,345,349,350,352,354,366,368,372,398,401,402,403

Canopy, 14, 17,21,56,60,63,65,67-72,74-76,78,133, 138, 139, 143,149,151,152,163,190,196,236,241,245,246,259,262,269,300,307,350,370,395,403

Capillarity, 36, 366Carbon dioxide, CO2, 13,20,21,85,87,

107, 110, 111, 119, 124, 166, 169,171,202,286,287,292

Carbon,C, 13, 19,118,124,125,138,140-144,147,150,170,202,259,264,286,287,288,313,364,366,367,368

Carbon, inorganic, 110, 124,286Carbon, organic, 19, 111,285,286,287,

288,310,313,315,318,352,353Carbon, total organic, TOC, 180,353Catchment,

agricultural, 273, 336, 362, 367, 376area, 2, 32, 324,326, 352, 353,356flow, 33forested, 49, 216, 222, 336high altitude, 41high-elevation, 11hydrology, 11,32,34,37,40,218,

334logged, 353outlet, 10,34,47, 101steep upland, 36, 353

Cation exchange, 13,20,98, 107,110-114,116,117,125,171,262,295,323,325,346,401,403

Cation exchange capacity, CEC, 113, 114,118, 119, 123,346,401

CEC, see cation exchange capacityCentral Europe, 4,17,75,116,143,194,

229,231,238,241CH4,see methane,Channel bank, 49,219Channel hydraulics, 42Channel network, 39Chloride, C1,7, 46, 56, 71, 78, 115,120,

125, 165, 166, 170, 174, 180, 182,191,193,194,196,207,218,293,302,352,376

INDEX

Chromium, Cr, 139,300CI, see chlorideClay, 89, 112, 116, 118, 123, 166,272,

317,350,365,371Clearcutting, 15, 16, 18, 137, 142,246,

247,315,334,335,349,353,387,390,395,398,401

Climate, 13, 15,20,32,41,60,71,94,99,118, 125, 134, 153, 154, 167, 192,193,209,211,216,258,262,269,270,272,275,276,295,306,311,323,329,336,348,349,350,386,404

Climatic change, 23, 256, 285Cloud deposition, 11, 17, 55, 60, 62, 66,

189,192,196,236,237,238,239,248

Cloud droplet impaction, 41Cloud immersion, 41, 60-62Cloud scavenging, 57Cloudwater, 11,41,60-62,66,67,69,71,

75,77,236CO2,see carbon dioxideComplex,

aquo,302inorganic, 315organic, 255

Complexation reactions, 13, 107, 111, 117,288,305

Conductivity, 10,33,35,36,43,44, 123,169,222,350,352,365

Conifers, 15,41,60,71,72,74,387,403Contamination, 19, 178, 179, 302, 318,

367,368,369,372,373,374Copper, Cu, 125, 139, 152,300,349Com, 370, 371Coweeta,3, 9, 16,22,137,142-145,147-149,

151,152,155,197,202,211,214,231,240,334,384,387,394

Critical loads, 9, 117, 154,242-244Crop, 18, 121,256,271,272,275,276,

347,361,362,364-367,370-372

Decomplexation, 315Decomposition, 14, 89, 97, 111, 116, 118,

133, 135, 137, 139, 142, 143, 152,166,259,273,289,295,300,310,313,347,349,350,365,371,372,401

Deforestation, 3, 4, 20, 22, 121, 166, 167,182,198,223,334,335,344,348,

411

383,398Degassing, 13,20,107,110,111,124,171,

292Degree of cultivation, 365, 368Denudation, 12,88,94, 167,323,324,

325,326Deposition

atmospheric, 3, 7,11,13,16,18,20,22,23,60,66,69,70,72,73,75,78,88,99,114,121,144,165,171,175,182,189,190,195,231,239,240,244,256,257,259,265,267,270,300,306,308,313,316,336,366,396

dry, 11, 16, 17,55,60,62,63,65-72,74,76-78, 138, 154, 165, 189-192,196,231,233-237,239,245-247,249,259,269,307,333,334

fluxes, 71, 197rates, 16,62,66,68,71,74,76,77,78,

101, 122, 135, 138,234velocity, 63wet, 11, 14, 17,55,56,66,69,76,77,

138, 154, 189, 192, 196,232- 237,239,240,245,248,307

Desorption, 91, 122, 145,240,300,303Detritivores, 14, 149, 153Deuterium, D, 45, 49, 207, 219Dialysis, 306Dichloropropane, 369Dielectric measurements, 43Diffusion, 63, 66, 138,303,358Dilution gauging techniques, 42Direct-drilled soil, 272, 365Disc harrowing, 364Discharge, 10,16,19,33,36,41-44,

46-49, 150, 163, 165, 167, 169,171,172,174,175-178,182,184,192,195,199,200,201,208,209,211,214,215,217,219,275,288,290,292,294,326,334,376,395,403

Dissolution, 14,86,87,91-95,98, 101,110,112,139,154,165,171,300,303,315,324

rate, 92-94Dissolved nutrient, 15, 392, 395Dissolved organic matter, 34, 92, 310Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 19, 112,

114,116,119,121,125,150,180,285-289,310,313,315,353

412

Disturbance, 3,14,18,42,100,111,122,144,147,152,153,192,197,256,264,265,266,315,316,353,354,357,395,398,401

Drainage basin, 1,31,32,101,167,176,209,317,392

Drainage system, 372Drainage water, 13, 107, 119, 122, 125,

197,310,315,316,318

Earthworm, 371EMEP, 232Emissions, gaseous, 17, 190,229,241,372ENCORE, 9Energy balance, 390Environmental monitoring, 8, 9, 22, 24Enzymatic activity, 371Episodes, 4, 41, 61, 243, 262, 362Equilibrium, 87, 88, 89, 97,110,116,182,

192,194,197,242,248,293,305Erosion, 2, 11, 12,22,85,86,88,89,98,

100,101,176,191,194,198,202,272,324,326,336,337,344,348,352,353,361,362,364,365,366,371,372,375,377,384,385,394

Essential nutrients, 12,86,346Evaporation, 19,41,45,49, 164, 165, 170,

217,350,365,366Evapotranspiration, 10, 14, 15,22,31,32,

40,120,124,133,152,193,207,214,215,216,217,239,275,334,350,385,386,387,390,391,392

Events, 3, 4,12,14,19,24,48,60,71,88,170,184,192,196,199,222,223,352,353,365

EXMAN,21Experimental manipulations, 3, 21, 241,

246,248Extraction, 11,68-70,306,345,346,373,

374,401

Fe, see IronFertilization, 121, 122, 153,241,266,271,

275,365-367,396Fertilizer, 18,232,256,257,271-273,

275,276,277,367,368-370,372,385,394

Filtration, 178, 201, 302, 306Fixation, 89, 107, 135,138, 141, 143, 165,

190,197,259,266,270,286

INDEX

Fixed moisture potential, 43Floods, 4, 207, 208, 209, 223, 272, 349,

375,383,384Flow

convergence, 35direction, 42duration curve, 48generation, 35, 37rates, 12, 15,35,369,392regime, 33, 63, 178velocity, 201

Flowpath, 10, 33, 293Flume, 42, 172Fluor, F, 116, 125,302,315Fluoride, see FFluvioglacial material, 193Flux

agrochemical, 368input, 190, 265internal, 139, 189

Fog, 11, 17,41,60-62,233,234,236,237238,248,249,300

Foliage, 65, 66, 70, 71, 143,249,259, 262Foliar analyses, 14,242Forecasting, 7, 207, 242, 245Forest

cover, 15,237,238,344,386,387cutting, 385, 395, 402dieback,4, 15,266ecosystem, 2, 14, 17, 18, 19,21,66,99,

135,141,142,143,144,147, 151, 154,192,240,241,243,256-259,262,264,266,268,269,300,302,315,345,384,386,394,396,401,404

floor, 17,75,98,112,140,142,144,147,151,152,240,259,269,286,300,307,311,313-315,347,354,398,401

harvesting, 15, 142,263,386hydrology, 383, 384management, 15,208,232,258,268,

334,383,385-388,390,392,395,396,398,403,404

soils, 17,98,115,117,121,126,136,139,143,144,241,242,243,268,271,361

vegetation, 15, 137,286,300,316,345,386,398

Forested catchments, 11, 14, 16, 17,21,49,55,60,68,73,75,76,133,143,191,214,216,222,232,234,235,236,241,256,257,276,306,402

INDEX

Forestry practices, 14, 165,404Fossil fuel, 13,58,85,88, 114, 121,

229-231,286,299,323,328,345364,372

FractionationAI, 124DOC, 125isotopic,45

Fungi, 370, 371

Gardsjon,6, 13,21,76,231,238,242,245,247,248,265,300,306,307,308,309

Gauge,6,41,43, 194, 195Gauging station, 2, 178, 385Gibbsite, 116Glaciated terrain, 12, 209Global warming, 4, 18,21,257,268,276,

337Grampian mountains, 239Grass cover, 15, 152,387,390,394Greenhouse, 21, 257, 377Groundwater, 1,7,10, 15,21,31,32,33,

36,40,43-46,48,49,50,87,88,89,95, 118, 119, 124, 133, 139, 153, 154,172,189,190,192,194,207,211,214,216,231,256,270,272,273,275,294,317,324,325,366,367,368,369,371,372,374,375

Growth regulators, 362Gypsum, 43,165

Hardwood, 3, 15, 16, 17, 137, 142-145,147,151,152,240,241,246,286,311,387,388,390,395,398,403

Harvesting, 15,85,89, 137, 144,208,232,246,328,392,394,395,401,402,404

Head gradient, 44Herbicides, 142,232,265,362,364,368,

370,394Herbivores, 14, 135, 153,370Hillslope, 35, 36, 43, 44, 47, 97, 101,217Historical change, 20, 134Hubbard Brook, 3, 4, 8, 9, 22, 24, 77, 98,

136, 142, 144, 146, 171, 182, 190,195,197,202,216,232,236,245-247,265,285,286,288,300,310-316,325,333,334,335,398,401

413

Human impact, 3, 4, 192, 194, 344Humic substances, 14, III, 126, 153,309,

310Humidity, relative, 3, 10,215,350Humus, 118, 119, 134, 138, 139,266,269,

371Hydraulic gradient, 35Hydrochemical response, 13, 107, 118,

122,285Hydrogen, W, 13, 16,17,44,45,62,76,

92,95,97,107,111-113,121,142,169,170, 171, 182,202,218,219,241,242,247,266,289,290,292,306,323,328,332,333,334

Hydrographanalysis, 47peaks, 37, 39separation, 46, 48, 218, 219, 293

Hydrologicboundary, 31, 207control, 42divide, 44event, 4, 10, 34input, II, 60pathways, 9, 10,33,37,49,219,222,

223,290Hydrological pathways, 3, 163Hydrological year, 40Hydrolysis, 13, 107, 166,369

Igneous rocks, 12,209Immobilization, 18, 137, 141, 142, 144,

147,191,240,266,271,276,308,313,315,316,350,367,371,376

Infiltration, 33, 35, 39, 107, 113, 120, 192,207,365,366,371

Input, chemical, II, 16,55,60, 182Insects, 14, 150-152, 153,262,266,370,

371,375Insolation index, 387Integrated Forest Study, IFS, 60, 67, 71,

72,75,76,236Integrated monitoring, 8, 9, 23, 135,248Interception, II, 15,41,60,69,75,76,77,

214,237,350,386,391Intercropping, 370Interflow, 49, 219Iodide, 42Ion exchange, 56, 89, 91, 97,138, 167,

180,196, 197,306Ion selective electrodes, 200, 306

414

Ionic composition, 20,152,171,180Iron, Fe, 19,20, 112, 114-116, 118,

123-125, 134, 135, 166, 167, 170,196,201,236,300,306,345

Irrigation, 121,270,271,275,367,36372

Isotopes, 7, 36, 39, 44-46, 48, 49, 99,207,218,219,240,248,318

Isotopes, stable, 45, 232, 249

KCl, 123,315

Lag times, 47Land management, 4, 384Landscape, 1,4,5,22,31,50,68,78,148,

189,207,223,269,270,275,276,277,324,349,362,375,377,384

Lateral flow, 190Lateral water movement, 40, 43Leaching

of base cations, 20,121,171,262,334of nitrate, 18, 143, 154,256,257,258,

262-268,270,273,275,276,365,367of nutrients,14, 17,22, 133,241,257,366of sulphate, 17,241

Lead, Pb, 7, 19,69,76, 100, 118, 125, 135,139,142,163,191,192,196,197,238,249,257,265,300,306,310-315,344,345,356,371,372,377,401,404

Ligandsinorganic, 302, 305organic, 302, 305, 306, 316

Limestone, 12,86,87,209Liming, 121, 122, 139, 153, 189, 194,232,

241,266Litterfall, 17, 135, 138, 139,241,264,

286,307,347Long time series, 22Long-term changes, 14, 19,24, 133, 134,

35,217,266,295,365Long-term monitoring, 19, 135, 154, 170,

245,265,269,276,315,318Long-term studies, 10, 245, 248, 356Losses of nutrients, 14, 153Lumbering, 89Lysimeters, 124, 197,266,275,361,364

Macropore flow, 19, 170Macropores, 35, 222, 374

INDEX

Magnesium, Mg, 13, 14, 17,21,68,69,98,99, 112, 120, 125, 137, 138, 139,152,165,167,195-197,234,241,242,258,266,267,269,275,307,313,317,323,326,347,349,350,352,354,366,367,369,372,398,403

Manganese, Mn, 110, 113, 125, 134, 139,236,267,300,306

Manipulation, 3,15,20,21,122,150,192,193,231,257,269,348,362,364,377,387,395

Mass balance, 11,32,39,48,63,69,70,76,77,78,89,91-94,98,99,149,163,174,175,193,194,202,233,236,245,313,317,324,326,332,336,362

Mass balances, 16,31,66,76,98,99,180,182,194

Mass output, 16, 175Mathematical models, 7, 16,23,37, 175,

269,277,285,293Mercury, Hg, 19, 139,300,306,307,308,

309, 310, 346Metal

complexation, 19,286,289deposition, 60, 300trace metal cycling, 300, 318

Metal-binding reactions, 306Metals, heavy, 14,24,121,139,153,154,

166,179,346,373,369Methane, CH4, 202, 257, 372Methylation, 303, 307, 309Microbes, 141, 142, 152Microbial

mineralization, 147,371production, 367

Micronutrients, 299, 368Micropore flow, 94Millipedes, 371Mineral functional groups, 303Minerals

primary, 197secondary, 91, 95,191,197,325

Mining, 85, 299, 345, 346, 373, 374Minor elements, 24Model

Birkenes, 7, 8, 39, 244, 293, 294hydrologic, 390ILVVAS,8, 16,39,95,97, 175, 193,

222,244,294MAGIC,7,8, 16,95, 175,244,288,294

INDEX

PROFILE, 97-98PROSPER, 193,390,391PULSE, 4, 39,142TOPMODEL, 39Trickle Down; Enhanced TrickleDown; EID, 8, 95, 294WATBAL,391

Modelling, 7, 17,37,39,40,41,61,62,66,68,88,94,97,101,126,144,209,214,217,222,236,244,245,248,294,295,337,357,377,385,390,402

Modelslumped, 37, 38, 39mixing, 7, 48, 49, 120,207,208,219,

222,293,294process-oriented, 9, 95, 293, 318semi-distributed, hydrological, 39

Moisture, 32, 33, 35, 36, 40, 42, 43, 94,97,118,142,144,145,268,324,334,365,366,370,371,372,390,401

Monocrops,370Monoculture,370Mucklands, 368

NADP, 60, 66Natural ecosystems, 18,31, 115,255,256,

276,362,369Natural forest, I, 192Near-stream vegetation, 373Needle surface area, 41, 60Nematodes, 370, 371Net release, 190, 192, 239Net uptake, 121,307Network, 8, 9, 22-24, 43, 44, 56, 135,223,

343,353,356,371Neutralization, 121, 171,292,300,323,

325,330,333New Zealand, 146,272,362,371Nickel, Ni, 139, 300Nitrogen, 9, 14, 16-18,22,33,58,67,75,

76,87,117,133,135,138,139,141-143, 152-154, 165, 166,190-192,194,202,241-243,244,255- 258,262,263,265,267,269,270,271,272,273,276,328,347,364,365,366,367,368,372,373,374,376,377,402

Ammonium, NH4, 16, 17, 56, 58, 76,117,119,123,124,125,165,166,180,184,241,336,368

415

cycling, , 14, 18, 154denitrification, 14, 18, 135, 139,

141, 143, 144, 148, 149, 154,202,257,258,259,262- 264,268-273276,364,366,367,371,373,374,376,377

dissolved organic, 165,265HN03, 65,87,269labile N, 365N budget, 259N flux, 263, 264,275, 362,366,

376N inputs, 142, 143,256-259,267-269,

367N uptake, 142,263,266,271N-fixing, 143,370N2O, 143, 144,257,268,269,272,

372nitrate, 18,33,138, 139, 142, 143, 154,

198,256-259,262-270,272,273,275,276,335,362,365-369,371,372,374,376

NITREX programme, 9, 22, 269nitric acid, 198, 202nitrification, 19, 110, 117, 120, 121,

123, 135, 141, 142, 143, 144, 152,170,247,259,262,266,267,269,273,335,398

nitrogenous fertilizers, 361, 377nitrous oxide, 18,268,273,276,348N02, 65, 346, 368N03-, 16,56,58,62,76,115,117,119,

120,124, 125, 140, 142-144, 148,149,151-153,165,166,170,180,182,184,258,275,335,367,368,395

NOx, 13, 18,58,85,87, 121,244,256,269

organic N, 120, 123, 152, 166,269Northern hemisphere, 20, 40, 134, 193,

231Nuclear magnetic resonance, 43, 288Nutrients, 3, 14, 16- 20,22,33,67,69,72

113, 115, 133, 135-139, 141, 142,148,149,151-154,166,170,169,176,179,180,222,231,241,248,249,255,257,259,262,263,265266,269,270,275,299,303,313,315,323,334,335,344,345,346,348-350,355,361-377,386,395,396,398,401-404

Nutrients, essential, 12,86,346

416

Oats, 366Organic matter, 14, 18,89, 110, Ill, 112,

115,116,118,119,123,133,134,138, 139, 142, 145, 149, 150, 153,165,166,171,197,198,256,266,271,272,273,276,286,300,303,308,310,313,317,345,364,365,371

Organic sediments, 14, 133, 134Organic, monomeric AI, 125,315Output flux, 31, 192, 265Overland flow, 10, 31, 33, 35, 39, 49, 207,

214,219,272Oxygen, 7,44,45,144,178,218,219,

366Oxygen-18, 45,49,207,219,293,294Ozone, 18, 135,262,276

Paired catchments, 3, 23Panola Mountain, 49, 222Parent material, 13,99, 100, 118, 119, 125,

193,194,323,403Particulate export, 16, 175Pasture catchments, 362Peak flows, 39, 272Peat bogs, 369Perturbation, 190, 343, 345Pesticides, 69, 121,362,366,368,369,

370pH, 10, 13, 19,20,34,86,87,92,97,

110-112, 114-118, 121, 123-125,134, 135, 139, 147, 166, 167,169-171,178,180,182,236,247,262,266,273,290-292,294,310,315,316,332,346,347,350,374

Phosphorusorganic P, 146, 369P, 14,32,71,85,93, 115, 116, 124,

137,138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 146,147,149,152,165,166,175,176,197,201,202,242,265,269,275,317,323,336,346,349,350,362364,365,366-369,372

phosphate, 115, 116,147, 166, 192,367Photochemical activity, 58Physical disruption, 373Piezometer, 44Pigment ochre, 374Plankton, 14, 133Plant uptake, 18, 256, 263, 266, 271, 276,

277,333,371,401,402

INDEX

Planting, 15,364,365,373,387,390Ploughing,275,364,365,366PMK,8Pollution input, 20Ponds,2,32,134,211,317,362,375,376Pools, 1, 17, 18,21,77,97,98,116,121,

122,138, 139, 140, 143, 144, 146,152,165,189,190,197,231,240,245,248,249,257,258,262,265,266,270,273,286,307,308,310,311,313-315,323,335,396,398,40 1-404

Porosity, 10, 33, 43, 93, 275, 366Porous cup, 43Potassium, K, 13, 14, 16,17,19,56,71,

87,93,98,99, 119, 125, 137, 138,139,149,165,170,180,182,190,191,195,197,241,242,265,267,269,275,299,323,326,334,335349,350,352,354,365,366,368,372,376,395,398,401,402,403

Potatoes, 366Precipitation

acid or acidic, 21, 78, 144, 330amount, 3, 4, 41, 56,192,216,238,388annual, 193,216,311channel, 10,33,35,211chemistry, 56collection, 41, 307collector, 195, 196frequency, 209gauge,6input, 31, 40, 50,170,190,195,237,

293, 310, 311intensity, 13,57, 126measurements, 248quantity, 19,32,170,209,211sampler, 56volume, 41

Predictions, 7,8,17,37,114,208,242,293,337,357,385,386,388

Pressure head, 43, 44Pressure potential, 44Pressure transducers, 42Proton budget, 328

Quickflow, 35, 39, 392

Radar, ground-penetrating, 44Rain, 4, 8,19,21,36,39,40,41,46,49,

INDEX

58,60,62,70,85,87,120,165,169,195,218,219,222,262,344,353,354,391

Rainfall intensity, 33, 35, 39Rainstoffil, 46Reaction rate, 87,91,97,337Recession curve, 48, 214Recharge, 10,33,35,43,44,46,214,368Reforestation, 20, 22, 208Regolith, 11, 12,85,88,89,91, 101,223Remote sensing, 23, 209, 217Replanting, 364Residence time, 10,33,34,45,46,218,

222,373Retention of input, 16, 182Retention of water, 22Riming, 11, 40, 55Riparian zone, 148,217,222,372Road construction, 191,232,373,394,395Rock weathering, 2, 22, 166,326Rocks, sedimentary, 12, 165,209,291ROOF, 21, 222, 241, 247, 248Root uptake, 14, 197,232,242,249Root zone, 137, 138,257,258,275,368Roots, 3,113,138,139,143,147,267,

316,345,347,367,383,401Runoff, 1,7,10,11,12,13,14,17,19,20,

21,22,32-35,38,40,42,47,77,88,125, 126, 135, 138, 139, 153, 163,166,169,171,174,189-93,203,207-209,211,214,215,216,223,232,233,236,238,239,245,248,249,258,265,266,268,270-273,275,285,290,293,294,307,309,310,344,350,353-355,362,364,367-369,373-377,383,385

Rye, 366

Salinization, 121,372Salt, 11,34,42, 123,229Sampling, 6, 9, 33, 40, 42, 44, 55, 60, 71,

107, 122-126, 163, 171, 172,174-179,182,184,192,195,199,200,201,238,288,307,311,353

Sandy soils, 275, 350Saturated soils, 35, 273Saturated zone, 36, 43, 272Seasonal pattern, 18,263,276Seasonal scale, 20, 171Seasonal variation, 182,307Seasonality, 33, 344

417

Sediment, 12, 15,88, 100, 101, 135, 149,165,177,178,201,273,300,317,318,344,-355,362,369,373,383,392,394

Seismic refraction, 44, 194Selenium, Se, 300, 348Sesquihydroxides, 191Settling, gravitational, 55, 66Shallow tillage, 365Silica, Si, SiOz, 12, 19,34,46,86,89,97,

98,118,125,134,165,170,197,218,323,325,326,352,353,354,355

Silt loam soil, 369Simazine, 369Simulation, 7,37,97,98,141,242,275,

294,369,372,390Sleet, 40, 41Slope gradient, 35Smoky Mountains, 60, 67, 76, 152Snow, 3, 40,41,46, 58, 87, 196,216,217,

218,292,293,311,391Snowfall, 31Snowmelt, 4, 11, 15, 19,33,34,35,36,42,

43,46-49,169,170,184,192,199,207,209,217,219,265,292,324,392

Snowpack,32,4O,49,216Sodium, Na, 21, 93, 190,336,350Soil

analysis, 287animals, 371compaction, 15,371,392cover, 3, 36, 273depth, 214, 387dielectric property, 43fauna, 269fertility, 18, 276, 395flora, 371fOffilation,13, 15,20, 118, 125, 134,

147horizon, 112, 116, 118-124, 126, 133,

138, 139, 147, 152,222,311,313,316,317

matrix, 43, 222, 289microbial community, 374mineral, 17, 112, 116, 119, 140, 142,

147,198,240,267,286,287,288,300,308,311,313-315,398

mineral horizons, 372minerals, 12,85,86, 112,313,315,403moisture, 32, 33, 35, 40, 42, 43,97,

334,372,390,401

418

Soils (cont' d)-moisture curve, 43organic horizons, 197organic matter, 18,89, 111, 112, 118,

138,142,197,256,266,272,273,276, 286, 300, 313

-plant system, 373, 374solution, 13,49,89,97,107,110,113,

114,116,119,120,121,123,124,126,197,222,242,267,311,313,362,401,403

stabilization, 370structure, 133, 364, 365, 370, 375surface, 35, 345, 350, 365, 366tillage, 18, 276water, 15, 19,36,42,43,75,94, 107,

110, 122, 124, 135, 138, 139, 153,165,180,197,217,232,249,258,272,275,286,287,292,315,325,364,386,392

wetness, 42, 217Soils

acidic, 13,43,111,116,123,147,369tillaged , 365

Solar radiation, 10, 215Solling, 267Soluble ions, 56, 57Solutes, 33, 39, 44, 46, 49, 58, 88, 107,

125,140,143,148, 152,167,175,191,193-195,197,199,200,202,207,218,219,222,306,310,324,326,334,335,353,354,355,372,398

Source waters, 45, 46, 48, 49, 207, 219,222Speciation, 17, 19,97,125,166,241,249,

299,302,303,305,306,315,316,318Steady state, 3, 73, 89, 91,190,191,194,

202,239,240,258,264Stemflow, 17,41,61,72,138,152,232,

236,237,267,350Steppes, 361Storm hydrograph, 15,36,391,392Storm type, 41Stormflow, 15,49,219,291,369,392Stream channel, 32, 49,176,179,182,

192,219,352Stream export, 77, 151, 191, 198Stream sedimentation, 385, 394Streamflow, 12,21,22,35,36,38,39,40,

41,42,44,46,47,48,49,50,75,76,77,152,175,176,207,208,209,211,214,216,217,218,219,222,246,311,369,384,385,386,387,391

INDEX

Streamside vegetation, 373, 395Streamwater

chemistry, 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, 19, 163, 164,169,170,171,182,184,195,244,285,289,290,293,294

quality, 13, 126,295Substrate, 353, 365, 371, 372Sulfometuron methyl, 369Sulphate

acid (Jurbanite, Basaluminite,Basanite), 13, 115, 117, 121, 191budgets, 46concentration, 239, 242decline, 198ester, 245flux, 240, 247soi-, 16, 17,20,55,60,62,67,72,

73,75,76,77,78,114,115,119,121,122,124,125,140,165,170,171,172,175,182,184,218,233-235237,238,245,290-292,315,333

Sulphurbudget, 241cycle, cycling, 16-18, 144, 147, 154,

202,229,231,234,241,245,248,249deposition, 8,11,17,74,78,196,235,

236,237,238,239,240,241,245dioxide, S02, 11, 13, 16,17,55,58,

65,73,85,87,114, 196,202,229,232-235,237,239,240,245,246,249,332,346

export, 238, 246input, 16, 77, 231, 234, 235, 236organic, 197,245oxidation, 372retention, 17, 236, 240

Surfaceflow, 31, 211wetness, 10,216

Suspended matter, particles, 56, 167, 177,182, 191,303,343

Swamps, 14,32, 133211

Target load, 243Temperature,3, 10, 15, 19,21,32,44,46,

65,86,87,94,97,111,118,133,142,144, 145, 166, 167, 170, 178, 194,215,268,269,324,349,350,392,395

Temporal variability, 20, 35, 49, 118,140,144,169,171,211,219, 273

Tensiometer, 43

INDEX

Tension, 36, 43, 124, 197Termites, 371ThroughfaU, II, 17,41,61,66,69-78,

135, 138, 139, 152, 154, 190, 195,196,232,233,236-239,241,245,248,249,259,263,264,266,267,307, 311, 315, 350

Throughflow, 36Tillage practices, 362, 364, 366Timber removal, 190Time Domain Reflectometry, TDR, 43Topography, 10, 13,31,33,35,38,41,56,

65,66,118,125,214,217,237,248,275Topsoil layer, 361Total head, 44Toxic, substances or acidic cations, 2, 13,

242, 368Toxicity, 166,266,303,316,345,346Tracers, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 71, 73, 147,

191,207,208,218,219,223,249Transit times, 3, 10, 33, 43, 44Translatory flow, 36Transmissivity, 44Transmitting capacity, 35Transpiration, 15, 19, 170,217,350,386,

391,403Transport mechanisms, 14, 154Tritium, T, 45, 46, 49, 85,133,219,285,

299,353,366,383Tropics, 343-358Tropics

agriculture, 362, 368forest management, 403, 404rainforest, 147sulphur budget, 241, 249weathering, 118, 324-326

Turkey Lakes Watershed, TLW, 171, 172,176, 182, 193, 196,290,292,293

Ultrafiltration, 306Undisturbed catchment, 354, 355Upslope saturation, 36Uranium, U, 19,24,49,50,97,202,207,

209,211,214,216,217,222,286,300,306,313,316-318,376

Vanadium, V, 139Variable source concept, 35Vegetation cover, 3,11,32,41,55, 193,

353,375

419

Volatilization, 241, 270, 362, 374

Waterbalance, 10,40,44,50,207,215,216,

217,344,350budget, 3, 9, 22, 192,209,215,216cycle, 7, 184, 189,222divide, 15,31,32, 189flux, 15,40,265,286,292level, 42, 44, 172, 176, 376management, 208, 372pathways, 7, 13, 19,46,126, 170,223,

372quality, 12, 14, 15,39,88, 167, 169,172,179,207,208,242,244,256,257,285,300,315,330,334,353,372,373,385,386,392,395,404retention capacity, 12,88storage, 10, 12,202,209,211,373table, 35, 36, 44, 372yield, 14, 15,33,48,216,386,387,

388,390,391,403Watershed boundary, 31, 190, 192Weathering

chemical, 12, 13,85-94,95,99,107, 1l0, 117, 122, 167,295,323,324,325,326,328,330,336,401

effects, 377input, 189, 191mineral, 20, 88, 95, 97, 101, Ill, 164,

165,171,172,180,202,337models, 12, 94, 97physical, 85, 101products, 10, 12,34,85,86,88, 167,

222,337rates, 3, 13,87,91,94,95,97,98,99,

100, 101, 191, 194, 197,202,203,323-326,328,330,332,334,335,336,337,403

reactions, 13,86,87,88,91,94,97,99,199,324,330,332,336,354

WEBB, 9, 33,199Weed, 364, 365, 370Weir, 42, 172,201,385Wetland, 214, 316, 372, 373Willow, 317, 373Wind speed, 10,56,62,216,239

Zone, unsaturated, 36,49,94,219