Index

acid rain 28, 222agricultural cooperatives 509agricultural development, history 4agricultural land

degradation 26distribution in EEC 360loss 26, 30reserves 32-5see also land

agricultural machinery 93control of weight 149in land clearance 111soil deterioration 330types 139weight and effect on soil 141-2, 143

Agricultural Memorandum (1980) 375agriculture

changes in 80-1,89-98collectivization in Czechoslovakia

325effects of transport 95-6fragility of land 286industrialization and 90-5integration with aquaculture 184-5,

193, 196-8intensification 278, 286intensification and soil organic matter

255intensive and wildlife 367-71large-scale in Czechoslovakia 319,

327-54origins of 46planning of transformation 287and population growtb 86-7pre-industrial 60-71productivity 281, 286and recreational areas 309regional specialization 95reversibility of land 286and saline seeps 394

science in changes 96state involvement in 96-8, see also

Czechoslovakiasubsistence 281sustainability of land 286urbanization and 89-90

agro-ecosystemeffect of pest control measures 229,

241resistance to chemical control

measures 243agrochemicals

effect of industrialization 93science in development 97

alfalfa 397Allocation Act (1920) 324-5animal manure 203-4

copper and zinc levels 251diversification of flora 270in fish ponds 299as fuel 207in organic farming 206overproduction 361pig 345-6supply 204

aquaculture, integration with agriculture184-5, 193, 196-8

aquifer, coastal 124-7arable farming

effects on soil 79-80yield and population growth 88-9

arable landarea 9, 10soil conservation in Australia 167-8use 11

arid zones, irrigation in 115-16see also Israel

Australia, soil conservation 166-8Avara desert 303Azolla 207

519

520

basin method of irrigation 118biological control of pests 233,234,242birds, migratory 375-6blue-green algae 207

in Padis 68, 88, 102boll weevil 233bollworm 243border method of irrigation 118British Association for the Advancement

of Science 22buffalo 55-6bush fallowing 104-6

Canada, see saline seepscanals in irrigation schemes 117, 121carbon dioxide release from conversion

of land to agricultural 18cash crops 218

and land use 154pesticide use 240

cationic exchange capacity (CEC) 258cattle 347-9, 253-4Centre for World Food Studies 24cereal crops

production and fertilizers 210surplus 16world production 14

chemical elementsmobility 259problems of analysis 259

chemical technology 15-16chestnut blight 232China

agriculture and aquaculture systems184-5, 193

bench terracing 162climate manipulation 26club root 236coconuts in wetland reclamation 174coffee rust 232colorado beetle 233Common Agricultural Policy 97conservation 4, 5

soil 29contour cultivation 157, 160Cooks, Sir W. 22copper content of soil 250-1cotton

growing in Israel 304industry 93plantation in southern Piedmont 412whitefly 242

Index

cottony cushion scale 233crop

area of production in dry regions218-19

canopy 219cash 154, 218, 240characteristics 12diffusion of 98diseases 112food 218losses 112, 229-31losses due to erosion 282pests 112protection 228-9susceptibility to pest attack 227types in Western European farming

100varieties 26

crop productionconstraints 13effect on environment 79and land use 13

crop protectionagricultural productivity 284-5techniques 5value of chemicals 238

crop rotation, 5, 112,205-6,216in Czechoslovakia 320, 322and organic matter of soil 256and pest control 234-7and soil depletion 430-1

crop yieldsin Czechoslovakia 321-3,336-7in EEC 359and erosion 415and mechanization 141in Netherlands 19-20and soil compaction 144- 5and soil depletion 432, 438in Southern Iowa River Basin 442-6in southern Piedmont 416-21

cropland, loss 30cultivation, history of 9Czechoslovakia

agricultural settlements 496-502animal life in cities 514-15area of agricultural land 319cattle farming 347-9, 353-4collectivization 325-7crop rotation 320, 322, 336, 338crop yields 321-3,336-7decline of horse population 344

Index

deforestation 321domestic animals 350-1ecological aspects of rural

development 513-16effect of industrial production 498effect of socialist agriculture 502-5farm animal population 343-51farming cooperatives 325-7, 509field size 341-2history of agriculture 320-5land reallotment 331-5large-scale crop production 327-43liirge-scale farming methods 319large-scale livestock farming 343-54loss of farm land 327-31management of rural settlements

512-13open-cast mining see North Bohemia

brown coal basinpig industry 344-6planning for livestock buildings

352-3poultry industry 347reallotment 342, 342-3recreational use of rural areas 502,

504-5regional planning 508rural housing construction 505-6rural population 503, 504settlement system 508-11sheep farming 349-50social heterogeneity of villages 499,

502soil exploitation 319soil fertility 336, 338state farms 509theory of urbanism 511-12transformation of villages into rural

cities 495-518transit gas pipeline 513-14use of agrochemicals 339vernacular architecture 496-8, 499village concept 505-8village types 496

dairy industry 361dams, 167

in irrigation schemes 117deep-ploughing 26deforestation 35

in ancient Israel 292in Czechoslovakia 321

521

effect on erosion 217effect on rainfall 217for irrigation 117-18North Bohemia brown coal basin

457by pastoralists 70structural degradation of soil 262-3water runoff coefficient 266

desertcultivation of 294irrigation in 115-16'out-of-season' agriculture in Israel

301desertification 27developing countries

absence of mineral reserves 214choice of crops 17commercial energy input 41interest rates 215

diet, western 102dike, crop 191-5dike-pond system 186-8, 189Dinka People 45direct drilling 142disaggregation 263disease

control 243increase in crop damage 244

domesticated animals 69source of energy to farmers 60

domesticationof animals 46of rice 103spread of ideas 98

downy mildew 232drainage 12

coastal plain of Israel 293damage to by reallotment in

Czechoslovakia 335inadequate and disaggregation 263lowlands of Israel 295manipulation of climate 26and mining 465in Pakistan irrigation system 122for reclaimed tidal swamplands 181reclamation of land 28saline seeps 402subsoil 123subsurface in soil management 150surface 123

draught animals 137-9drip system of irrigation 119

522

Dutch elm disease 232

dysentery 205

ecofallow 219ecological changes in pre-industrial

times 51economic aspects

of fertilizer use 214, 215labour costs 16of land use 3, 154of large-scale integrated farming

systems 194of soil conservation 158soil erosion projects in Australia

166-8of tidal swamp reclamation 183of transformation 14

ecosystemeffect of transformation 53human alteration to 45

electrical conductivity of soil water253--4

energyaccess to by farmers 60consumption in agriculture 40, 41fossil 111source and access through history

49-51source for fertilizer production 214

environmentchange and Western European farming

system 100changes in wetland reclamation 172damage to by humans 3disruption by large-scale farming

methods 320effect of large fields 342effect of pastoralists 69-70effects of intensification of agriculture

365-6planning changes 313, 342-3planning to protect 354pollution by agrochemicals 341terrestrial 271

ergot 232erosion 27, 31

after fire 60control by crop management 159control by land surface modification

156-68and crop residues 207and crop yields 415, 445-6

Index

Darling Downs 167-8and fertilizers 217field size 341following deforestation 60, 217irreversible effects 286, 287in Kenya 166mapping 437over-grazing 165protection from 28rate 436-7relation to productivity 282and reservoir silting 27, 167sheet 27soil degradation 281-2soil management 150soil surveys in USA 414in Southern Iowa River Basin 429-51southern Piedmont 407-27of topsoil in ancient Israel 292in USA 410-11,414

European corn borer 233European Economic Community 374-5eutrophication 204, 221

Lake Kinneret 306in Netherlands 367

evapo-transpiration 272-3

fallow 218-19period 100, 105

FAO Fertilizer Programme 223FAO Production Yearbook 13farmholdings, size in EEC 364fauna

effect of man 54-5, 55-6, 59effects of commercial forestry 269and intensive agriculture 369-71fertility

loss in irrigation 129.maintenance 203-7soil and plant analysis 224-5

fertilizers 5,15,93,112-13agricultural productivity 283-5application in Netherlands 361, 362effect on nitrogen cycle 22energy source for production 214field trials 223-4impact on agricultural production 210inorganic 203, 208-25introduction into rice farming 104and land transformation 283long term effects 219-22markets for increased production 215

Index

nutrient pollution 221organic 203-4organic for fish ponds 190-1projected needs 36,210-13regional use 208-9requirements and soil depletion 431supply of raw materials 213use in Czechoslovakia 338-41use in Israel 304-5wheat yields 18worldwide use 208-9

fireantiquity in Africa 45control by man 51in hunting 51and nutrient status of soil 51and nutritional quality of grazing 51source of energy to farmers 60use to hunter-gatherers 59

fishdike-pond system 186-8hazards of run-off from livestock units

204ponds 188, 190-1,207, 299

floodcontrol in China 162plains 154regime modification 267

floraeffects of commercial forestry 269and threats of intensive agriculture

367, 370food production and land use 154, 156food supply

effects of agricultural mechanization134-6

for population 81food-chain effect 244foreign aid 17forest

area 9, 10impoverishment of flora and fauna

269loss of 30, 35plantation 269recession 57, 58use 11

fragmentation of land 157Framework for Land Evaluation (FAO)

155freight rates 96fungal disease 231-2,235-6

523

fungicides 5furrow method of irrigation 118

glasshouses 26goats 350grain, world supply 218grape phylloxera 233grass strips 160, 165grassland

area 9, 10loss 30management and wildlife 368-9soil compaction 142use 11

'green revolution' 19greenhouse agriculture 303groundwater

electrical conductivity 253-4for irrigation in Israel 295level and subsidence 272and mining 467nitrates in 251-3, 284pollution 341pumping and subsidence 127-8and saline seeps 386-9, 394superficial 266-7

heavy metalslevel in soil 257in sewage 205

hedges, removal in Netherlands 367,373

herbicides 5, 240, 285hill land 27hillside ditches 159Holocene Period 45

hunters and animal populations 55-6Homo sapiens sapiens 51

extermination of flightless birds andmegafauna 54-5

and extinction of animal species 59as predator 54

horses 344Hoxnian interglacial era 45Hradec Program 325Huleh swamps, drainage of 305-6human sewage 205

treatment 205human society

capability to change environment 277effect of land transformation on 278farmers in 288

524

hunter-gatherers 45, 46-9access to energy 53effect on animal populations 55-6effect on environment 52effects on vegetation 59-60Mesolithic 56use of fire 51

hydrological cycle 119- 20effect of transformation 53manipulation for padi 68

hypomagnesemia 221

implements, agricultural 133Indonesia

coastal wetlands 172-84reclaimed tidal swamps 180-3

industrialization 74and agricultural change 90- 5and agricultural production 14-15, 18agrochemicals 93changes in demands for foodstuffs 91effect on farming population 14-15effect on incomes 90-1

industry, requirements for rural land309

insecticides 5resistance 239

insects 232, 233increase in crop damage 244pest control by crop rotation 235

integrated pest management programmes(IPM) 245

integrated rural development inSwaziland 164-5

intercropping 105interest rates in developing countries

215International Institute for Applied

Systems Analysis 24irrigation 4, 12, 279-80

area of world 116availability of water 36basin method 118border method 118deleterious land transformations

120-8drip method 119dynamic balance in management 129effect on land transformation 112,

115-30efficiency 121- 2furrow method 118

Index

influence on soil clods 265irreversibility of changes to land 286land clearance for 117-118land subsidence 127-8of light soils in Israel 296manipulation of climate 26mechanization 15modem planning methodologies

128-9in Pakistan 121pollution of groundwater 305problems created by schemes 117and production potential 39, 40rice 102-3, 179salinity 122-4seawater intrusion 124-7sprinkler method 119structural degradation of soils 254surface smoothing for 118surface transformation 117-19temperature of plot 273tidal of rice fields 179using groundwater in Israel 295, 296water balance 120waterlogging 121- 2wild-flooding 118

Israelagricultural achievement and

deterioration 291changes of land use 312-14citrus growing 296coastal plain 309-10cotton growing 304desert 310desert agriculture 301-4development of agriculture after

independence 298fertilizer resources 304geographical diversity 292greenhouse agriculture 303-4history of land transformation 291,

292-4inland basins 309-10land transformation in 291- 317land use 309-12management of coastal aquifer 125-6modem agriculture 311-12reclamation of the lowlands 295-301recreational use of uplands 300rural settlements 308upland slopes 310upland terracing 300

Index

urbanization 306-9, 312, 313use of agrochemicals 304-5, 312

Japanland loss 31rice production 20-1

Java, watershed management 163-4

kanat technology 298-9Kenya, soil conservation policy 165-6

labour 16availability before the industrial

revolution 293land

area 9capability classification scheme

(USDA) 155clearance 4exploitation dynamics 327-31ownership 27ownership and soil conservation 157pressures on availability 3projection of needs 35-41registration, 27resource planning 155-6use pressures 153-4value 16

Land Reform Act (1919) 324land surface modification

in China 162for conservation 159-60for soil erosion control 156-68

land tenure 154in Czechoslovakia 324-5, 333incentives for soil improvement 215

Land Transformation des Terres (1982)6

legumes 205-6ley-farming 15, 18lime

for legume crops 206and soil pH 219,220,257

liming 206livestock products, demand as foodstuff

91-2loam, beaten crust 262, 263, 265

maize leaf blight 232making-over of earth's surface 71-4malaria 183, 306

and pesticide resistance 241

525

mammalian megafauna 54mammals, herded 69manufacturing industry

demand for agricultural products 93supplies to farmers 93

manure, see animal manuremarginal land cultivation 153markets for increased crops 215Maya people 62-6mechanization 4, 5, 15, 133-51

and changes in food supply 134-6Dutch agriculture 361energy consumption 40introduction into agriculture 134-7and land transformation 113,280-1replacement of draught animals

137-9structural degradation of soil 263and wheat yields 18

Mesolithic Period 56-9mono-culture

and fertilizers 216rice 196

monocropping 5mountain slopes 27

cultivation 153-4, 155mulberry 186-8,191,193

Nabatean agriculture 294National Landscape Parks 376-7National Water Carrier 296, 298, 301

nitrate pollution 305natural control organisms and pesticides

242-3Negev desert 301, 303, 310nematodes 232Netherlands

agriculture within EEC 374-5dairy industry 361decline of flora and fauna 270-1effect of agriculture on landscape 357,

361, 373intensification of agriculture 357,

361-5land consolidation 363, 365land loss 31regional variations 371-3rural planning policy 376-8use of fertilizers 361, 362wheat production 19-20, 24wildlife and intensive agriculture

270-1,367-71

526

nitrates

content of groundwater 251-3groundwater contamination 221, 305pollution of water supply 126in saline seep areas 387-9seepage from organic farms 207

nitrogenand agricultural productivity 283cycle 221-2from fertilizers in groundwater 252fixation 205, 207fixation by blue-green algae 68, 88,

102, 207maize and wheat yields 212overloading 221relative use 208, 211reserves 213

non-agricultural land 11-12area 12transformation from agricultural 26

North American system of mechanicalsoil conservation 159-60, 165

North Bohemia brown coal basin 453afforestation 487, 490climate 455contamination of mine waters 467deforestation 457dynamic balance of landscape 490-1ecological factors of reclamation 481geology 454hydrological conditions 455-7impact of mining on biosphere

468-70impact of mining on landscape 461impact of mining on lithosphere

462-3implementing reclamation 484-6land reclamation 457, 470-90mining 459-60, 471mining and atmosphere 463-5mining and hydrosphere 465-7mining and pedosphere 467-8open-cast mining 457,459-76organization of reclamation projects

476,477phytogeographical conditions 458-9pollution 456, 458-9, 467-8reclamation methods 476, 478-83rehabilitation 470-90removal of overburden rocks 472-5results of reclamation 487-89soil conditions 457-8

Index

technologyof.reclamation 486-7waste dumps 472,473,475-6water management 456-7

nutrient cycle 61nutrients, decrease and productivity 28

oasis effect 272organic farming 206

nitrate seepage 207pest control 206soil structure 220

Oryza sativa 67

paddy see padipadi 67-9, 88Pakistan-India Indus Water Treaty

(1960) 121Pan are People 45Parthenium hysterophorus 234pastoralism 45, 46-9, 69-71pasture, diversification of flora 270pear fireblight 232-3pest control 228-9

biological 305in monoculture 216in organic farming 206

pesticides 5, 93, 112agricultural productivity 284-5environmental impact 244global use 238-9pollution 285resistance 241-2, 285side effects 241, 243synthetic organic 237-41

pestsaccidental introduction 233-4integrated management 241- 5

phosphaterelative use 208, 211reserves 213

phosphorus 257-8eutrophication of water 221overloading 221

photosynthetic production of crop,maximal 24

pig industry 344-6plant

analysis 224-5protection 227, 231

plant-breeding 96-7pleistocene era 54

Index

political factors 14, 16-17funding 16and land use 3, 154land use planning 16in soil conservation 29,156,160-1

pollen diagrams 57pollen-stratigraphic analyses 45pollution 112, 113

agrochemicals in Czechoslovakia 341air 28due to pesticides 285groundwater 5of groundwater in Israel 305nitrates 126in North Bohemia brown coal basin

456soil 5

pondsin Israel 299as organic systems 207

populationcivilian labour force in EEC 358distribution 86distribution in Indonesia 175growth 9, 81-8,90of Israel 291migration 87-8, 98migration in southern Piedmont

411-13projections for food production 37proportion of agriculturalists 49proportion of hunters 49regional Growth 84-5stabilization 9-10working in agriculture 41

population-supporting capacity 39potash

relative use 208, 211reserves 213

potassium overloading 221potato blight 232potential land use 18, 20-6

computer models 23, 24index for 20-1

poultry 347predators, beneficial 242-3pre-industrial times 45price regulation 16prickly pear 234prouuction

mode of 13per person 19

527

productivitydecline 12improvement 12reduction 28relation to erosion 282

projections of land needs 35-41computer models 37-8

rate of transformation 5reclamation 12, 27, 28

after mining in North Bohemia browncoal basin 470-90

of damaged soil 143-4ecological factors 481soil damaged by mining 457technology 486-7tidal swamps 180-3

recreationconflict with agricultural areas 309rural Czechoslovakia 510upland Israel 300

refrigeration 16registration of land 27reservoirs, silting up 27, 167rice

cultivation 67-9economies of Asia 102-4export 103improved varieties 99, 104tidally irrigated fields 179in wetland reclamation 174wetland transformation 195, 196yield 19-21,24

rootcrops 14, 142eelworm 236rot 235

rubber industry 93

St. John's wort 234saline seeps 381-2

agronomic control 394-8causes 393-4climatic factors 384-5control 394-402detection 389-90distribution 390-1engineering control 398, 400-1geology 382-4groundwater quality 386-9hydrology 385-6soils 391-3

528

salinityassessment of land transformation

253in irrigation systems 123-4problems with animal manure 204

Salinity Control and Regulation Project(SCARP) 124

salinization, irreversible changes 287salt lunettes 272scientific research and Western European

agriculture 101SCOPE Land Transformation Project 6seawater intrusion

into rivers 126-7in irrigation schemes 124-7

sewage see human sewagesheep 349-50shifting cultivation 12, 79, 104-6silk growing 187, 192-3silt fertility 203sinkholes 272social factors 14

and land use 3sodium

absorption ratio (SAR) 253-4in soil improvement 219

soilacidity of peat 182alluvial 186analysis 224-5beaten crust 262, 263, 265changes in forms of arrangement of

constituents 263classification information 222-3clods after ploughing 265compaction 142, 143-4, 264compaction with intensive agriculture

368compaction in mono-culture 216concentrations and flows of elements

259conditions 13, 26, 33conservation 158, 281-3conservation in Australia 166-7,

167-8conservation and land ownership

157-8conservation policy in Kenya

165-6copper and zinc content 250-1cultural profile 265-6, 271damage in plough layer 141decline of organic matter 207

Index

degradation 281-2degradation by mining 467-8degradation and crop yields 445degradation in southern Piedmont

407-27depletion in Southern Iowa River

Basin 429-51depth of compaction 144depth of working 146deterioration with large machinery

330disaggregation 263disturbance 366effect of arable farming 80effect of mechnical action 264effect of transformation 53environment 149-50erosion 150, 156-68, 217, 434erosion and crop residues 207erosion from over-grazing 165erosion survey in USA 410-11,

414exchangeable elements 258fertility 100, 203, 222-5fissures 264fragmentation 264handling 140- 2hydric condition 261irregularities and field size 341leaching 217long term effects of fertilizers 219management and mechanization

139-51mechanical conservation 159-60moisture level 146-7nutrient imbalance 284nutrient status after burning 51organic farming methods 220organic matter content 254-7,

259-60peat 180, 180-2, 183-4pH 206,219,220,257physical conservation on slopes 159poaching 264porosity 260preventative management 143,

144-51reclamation management 143removal from southern Piedmont 413renewal rate in Southern Iowa River

Basin 436responsibility for conservation 160-1ruts and porosity 260-1, 264

Index

salinity 267salinization 279-80sampling problems 258-9social constraints on conservation

157-8strategies for conservation 156-7structural degradation 262structural stability 264structure 260structure and fertilizer use 219temperate 216-17thickness and crop yields 421-2tropical 216-17types 33-4types and damage from cultivation

154types in southern Piedmont 423-5waterlogging, 217, 263

Soil Conservation Act (1965) 167Southern Iowa River Basin 429-51

crop rotation 430-1, 440crop yields 432, 438-9, 442-6rate of soil loss 434-7soil depletion 430-2soil organic matter content 440-2soil properties and cultivation 439-

49soil renewal rate 436

southern Piedmont 407-27crop yields 416-21land use 408-13landscape 407-8population migration 408-13soil productivity 416-26soil type 423-5

spider mites 243sprinkler method of irrigation 119state

funded research 96-7intervention in trade 97land ownership 97

strip cropping 160stubble mulch 207Study of Land Transformation Processes

from Space and GroundObservations 6

subsidencedue to lowering of groundwater level

272land 127-8

in reclaimed tidal swamps 181subsoil acidification 220subsoiling 26

529

sugar cane 187-8,191,193sulphur

reclamation of alkaline soils 219reserves 213

Swaziland, integrated ruraldevelopment 164

swidden agriculture 62

Tasaday people 45technQlogy

advances in 99in Asian farming 104diffusion of 98low-energy in wetlands 171, 173-5modern and energy consumption 40pest control 240of pre-industrial societies 49-53in water pumping 123in watershed management in Java 163in Western European agriculture 101and wheat yields 18

tenure of the earth 45-9terracing 66-7, 80

in ancient Israel 293bench 159,160,161-2,163in Java 163in Kenya 166in Southern Iowa River Basin 430step 160

Thailand, seawater intrusion into rivers126-7

tidal swamp reclamation 180- 3tillage 140-1, 142

conservation 207,219,285mechanization 148minimum 219and reclamation of damaged soil 143sequence of operations 150

tobacco plantation in southernPiedmont 412

toolsdevelopment of 53energy use in 51-2

trade control 97traditional farming 25transformation

agricultural effects 61-71, 79agricultural methods of Maya 61-6by near-recent hunter-gatherers 59by pastoralists 70-71crop residues 207desert 217effect on environment 249

530

Transformation (cont.)effects on human society 278effects of mechanization 280-1effects of plant protection 227forest 217history of agricultural change 106irreversible to shrub lands 287irrigation 279-80in Israel see Israel, land transformation

inof low quality soils 216-18maintenance of nutrient cycles 61of natural systems 52-3planning and agriculture 287and soil pH 219speed of change 286surface with irrigation development

130and use of fertilizers 283-5and Western European farming

system 100transmigration in Indonesia 175-8

land use 178-80progress 184

transportand agricultural change 16,95-6costs 89of crops and soil damage 149effect on transformation 112

Trimble SW 407tuber crops, world production 14Tull, Jethro 140tyres and soil management 149

Unified Agricultural Cooperatives 325Universal Soil Loss Equation 429,434upland Britain, Mesolithic

environmental manipulation 58hunter-gatherers 56-9vegetation and climate 57

urbanizationand agricultural change 89-90in Czechoslovakia 502-18in Israel 306-9, 312

USA, see saline seeps and Southern IowaRiver Basin and southern Piedmont

vegetation, effects of hunter-gatherers59-60

verticillium wilt 235-6vine mildew 232virus control 236

Index

wadi beds 294water

balance 120balance and irrigation 279-80content of soil and compaction 261drainage coefficient 267-9efficiency of use in fertilized crops 220enhanced utilization by fertilizers 218evaporation and field size 341hyacinth 234leaching requirement 122management in Czechoslovakia 335management in North Bohemia brown

coal basin 456-7management for padi 68management to regularize water table

366pollution 284potable and groundwater

contamination 221pumping 123runoff coefficient 266runoff and erosion 433soil 253-4storage by Maya 65supply and management 130table 123table and mining 465, 467table in Pakistan irrigation system 122

waterlogging 121-2,267,279-80due to mining 466due to reallotment in Czechoslovakia

335irreversible changes 287

watershed management 163-4weapons

development of 53energy use in 51- 2

weather 13weeds 233-4

changes with herbicides 243crop loss 240mechanical control 140-1species 232

Western European farming system99-102

wetlands 171agricultural land use on transmigration

schemes 178-80agricultural transformation by

large-scale integrated farmingsystems 184-95

Index

wetlands (cant.)birds 376development of coastal 176-8future of transformation 195-8Indonesian 172-84reclamation 4, 173-5, 183tropical 196uses of reclaimed 171

wheat yield 18-20wild oats 235wild-flooding irrigation 118wildlife

effect of large fields 342see also fauna and flora

531

wind force in agriculture 60woods

removal in Czechoslovakia 342removal in Netherlands 373

wool industry 93workforce, agricultural, 41, 94-5World Bank 37World Food Conference (1974) 203,

208,210

Zhujiang Delta integrated farmingsystems 184-95

zinc content of soil 250-1Zipf's principle of least effort 58