Index

Aborted foetuses, histopathologicalexamination of, 124,232

Abortions, 122Acetylene

effects of, 133notifiable inventory for, 272storage of, 259

Acids, effects of, 130Acrolein, formation of, 200Acrylamide axonopathy, 123Acrylonitrile

notifiable inventory for, 272, 274poisoning by, 224storage of, 259

Action error analysis, 278Acute exposure, 129-133

initial management after, 134-136Acute Hazardous Events (AHE)

database, 18in-plant data, 18, 19in-transit data, 18,20

Adiabi}tic lapse rate, 177Air conditioning intakes, siting of, 238-

239Airborne pollutants, biological markers

for, 69Alarm syst(:ms, 50,108,152

siting of, 239type of, 239

Aldicarbe, notifiable inventory for, 272Alkalis, effects of, 130Altunin model, 100--101

practical application of, 101Ambubag system, 205Ammonia

bio-indicatorfor, 159,196concentration - effect relationships of,

128effects of, 132incidents involving, 22, 100, 115, 158-

159

notifiable inventory for, 272, 274pressures used in production, 259probability of accidents involving, 21,

267pro bit constants for, 283production plant size for, 258storage of, 162,259,260toxic criteria for, 281

Ammonium nitrate, notifiable inventoryfor, 272, 274

Aniline dyes, treatment after exposure to,206

Animalsas bio-indicators, 72, 192,193,194exposure of, 67-68tissue studies, 232

Antidote depots/stores, 51,79, 138-139,206

Antidote therapy, 134, 135, 136,201,206,209

IPes publication on, 134Aquatic organisms

ecological effects on, 71exposure of, 68

Arsenic hydride, notifiable inventory for,272

Astragalus beatleyae, ecotoxicologicalthreat to, 195

Atmospheric pollution, 117Atmospheric release, 33, 34-35,190,246Atmospheric stability

classification of, 179-180dense gas dispersion affected by, 177-

178Atmospheric turbulence, mixing by, 170,

177,178Autopsy, 229-230

air sampling done before, 229-230brain examination, 230urine collected during, 230

Autopsy studies, 55

292 Methods for Assessing and Reducing Injury from Chemical Accidents

Baltimore [Maryland, USA], 266 Carbamates, biological markers for, 69Bartknecht cube-root law, 286 Carbofuran, toxicological data for, 192Basle [Switzerland], 5, 73 Carbon dioxide, effects of, 133Baton Rouge [Louisiana, USA], 264, 267 Carbon monoxideBeek [Netherlands], 115 effects of, 133,200Belgium, incidents occurring in, 264 formation of, 200, 245Benzene treatment after exposure to, 136,209

consumption in Europe, 254 Cartagena [Columbia], 265storage of, 259 Cassava poisoning, 224

Bhopal [India], 5, 23, 115, 159,266 Catastrophic situation, meaning of term,animal studies, 72 91inhalation therapy needed, 206 Cause/consequence diagrams, 278pathology aspects, 224-225 Cellulose nitrate, notifiable inventory for,warning system at, 108 272

BINIT models, 92, 201 Cerritos [Mexico], 264Biochemical analysis, tissue samples, 231 Checklist method (ofrisk assessment),Bio-indicators, 69, 72,194-196 278Biological effects, 117-124, 129-136 Chemical accidents

prediction of, 91-95 assessment of injury from, 160-161Biological markers, exposure assessment build up to, 15-17

using, 69 causes of, 19, 21, 235-236, 269Biological monitoring, 6-7,46,47-48, characteristics of, 15-23, 199,251-252

216,217 chemicals commonly encountered in,Biological response, 48,129-133 21

factors affecting, 48 comparison with natural disasters, 142,Biological samples, collection of, 50 148Bioluminescent (BL) methods, 97 dispersion problems in, 157-158Birds, as bio-indicators, 72,192-193 ecological considerations, 67-73,189-Blair [Nebraska, USA], 158,265,267 197Body burden measurements, 110 elements of, 116-117Boiling liquid expanding vapour emergency medical response to, 50-51

explosions (BLEVEs), 263 examples, 5, 21-23,115,158-159,264-Bolsover [UK], 268 266Box models (for dispersion), 165, 172, first recorded, 251

173,174-176 flammable materials, 212, 245, 269Brain samples, 230 frequency and severity of, 3, 4-5, 251Breathing apparatus, 204, 205 immediate medical response to, 49-56Bromine, notifiable inventory for, 272 investigation of, 38-40Bunds, effects of, 164, 165 lessons learnt from, 268-271Butadiene long-term medical response to, 56-64,

consumption in Europe, 254 111-112storage of, 259 management steps taken following, 37,

Butane, storage of, 162,259 244-249Butene, storage of, 259 medical management of, 49-64, 204-

207physical consequences of, 33-37planning to avoid, 236-242public health responses to, 52-54, 59-

60,105-106recording of, 226reporting of, 30-31, 270role of pathology, 224-225

Canadachemicals production data, 254energy consumption data, 253incidents occurring in, 5, 21, 115, 159,

190,264,267Canvey Island [UK], hazards study in, 6,

163

Index

role of poison control centres in, 6, 79,136-139

statistics on, 17-21,268-269systems approach to study of, 116-117types of, 212, 269typical events leading to, 3

Chemical disaster, meaning of term, 91,200,273

Chemical hazards, size of problem, 252-260

Chemicalseconomic impact of, 11, 13-14experimental research on biological

effects, 62information about, 136-138,226inventory of, 226number discovered, 235, 252number in use, 5, 235probability of accidents involving, 284world production of, 235

Chemiluminescent (CL) methods, 97Chernobyl[USSR], 5,153,200Chicago [Illinois, USA], 266China Lake [USA] experiments, 178Chloracne, TCDD intoxication indicated

by,98,218Chlorine

bio-indicatorfor, 196consumption in Europe, 255effects of, 132incidents involving, 107, 115, 159notifiable inventory for, 272, 274probability of accidents involving, 21,

267probit constants for, 282production data, 254storage of, 162,259,260toxic criteria for, 281

Civic services, coordination of, 244Clinical investigations/monitoring, 111,

218,227Clinical observations

exposure evaluated by, 98-99pathology assisted by, 227

Clinical toxicology studies, 54-55Clinico-pathological investigations, 227-

228continuing studies, 228-229routine laboratory, 227sample preservation procedures, 228,

230specialized,227-228

293

Cloud, meaningofterm, 161Columbia, incidents occurring in, 265Communication, 142-143

disaster warning, 148-152policy implications for, 153pre-disaster preparedness, 143-148

Communication systems, 53hazard control centres, 243siting of, 238, 239

Community disaster plans, 77-78, 202-203

Community health organizations, 58-59Condition of continuity of species,

meaningofterm, 179Containment aspects, 261Continuing organ damage, studies of, 55Control of Industrial Major Accident

Hazards (CIMAH) Regulationsguide to, 24, 29thresholds grouping, 28

Control rooms, siting of, 39, 238Coordination

civic services, 244medical response, 243-244

Corrosive burns, 131Corticosteroid therapy, 136Crestview [Florida, USA], 265Crete [Nebraska, USA], 265Crops, contamination of, 71, 117Cuernevaca [Mexico], 265Cutaneous injury, treatment of, 135,205Cyanide, poisoning via food, 224Cyanide poisoning, antidote for, 136,209Cyclohexane, incidents involving, 5, 22

Damage assessment, 279-282input requirements for, 36-37

Danger radiusmeaning of term, 273values quoted, 275

Databasesaccident information, 18,21,38,268toxicological information, 53-54,110,

136-138Decontamination equipment, 204, 207Deer Park [Texas, USA], 265Dense gas dispersion

box model of, 165, 172, 173, 174-176comparison with passive dispersion, 171effects of atmospheric stability on, 177-

178effects of obstructions on, 100, 176-177

294 Methods for Assessing and Reducing Injury from Chemical Accidents

Dense gas dispersion (contd.) Domestic animals, effects on, 67-68, 70,intermediate models for, 172, 173 194models for, 172-176,279 Domino effect, 262phases of, 169-170 Dose, factors affecting, 47-48release type effects, 171-172 Dose estimation3-D models for, 172, 173 humans, 46-47

Denser-than-air clouds, 34-35, 261 non-human targets, 68-69dispersion of, 169-180 Dose-response relationships, 49,128-129examples, 158-159 Dow Fire and Explosion Index, 278gravity-spreading of, 168, 170 Duphar [Netherlands], 268ground-level spread of, 158, 159 Dust explosionssource specified for, 165 first recorded, 251spreading of, 167-168 relief systems for, 286

Design Institute for Emergency Relief Dusts, eye damage caused by, 130Systems (DIERS), 164, 286

1, 3-Dichloropropene, incident involving,215

Dimethyl sulphate, effects of, 130Dioxins

biological markers for, 69incidents involving, 22,113,115,211,

268Direct determination oftoxic

concentrations, 95-96Disaster, meaning ofterm, 90-91, 115-

116,200,273Disaster emergency planning, 75-80, 200-

204Disaster plans, 76, 108,200-204

agencies involved, 146chemicals listed in, 110community level, 202-203education using, 80factory level, 201-202, 207-208need to update, 108social aspects, 146-148

Disastersnormal procedures affected by, 106people's reaction to, 150

Dispersal (of chemicals), 33-36, 157-183formation effects, 161-166general characteristics of, 166-169models for, 172-176research priorities for, 163, 180-182

Dispersion models, 36-37, 171-176Dispersion phase (of cloud or plume)

research priorities for, 182source term for

processes determining, 161specification of, 165-166

Disposal facilities, 238, 248-249Divergence potential, 262

Ecological aspects, 67-73recommendations on, 74

Ecosystem, effects on, 68, 72-73Ecotoxicological considerations, 189-197

long-term studies, 196-197practical sampling procedures, 197recommendations on, 197

Educationcommunity, 80emergency planning, 79-80poison information, 139

Effects, quantification of, 276-279Effects models, 276, 278Emergency health centres, 51Emergency medical services (EMS)

activities at time of accident, 50-51equipment required, 209meaning ofterm, 199planning by, 199,202-209role of, 50transport used, 51

Emergency planning, 6, 7,75-80elements of, 75-76material properties to be considered,

236-237off-site planning, 77-78on-site planning, 76public agency planning, 78-80purpose of, 75recommendations on, 80-81social aspects, 146-148

Endangered species, ecological effects on,70-71,194-195

Energyconsumption data, 253sources of, 253

Engineering management, following

Index

accidents, 37Environmental data, 110Environmental monitoring, 59,246-247Environmental Protection Agency (EP A)

analysis of accidents, 107exposure analysis modelling system, 35

Epidemiologic studies, 55-56factors affecting, 106, 112subjects to be studied, 56,113,217

Epidemiological researchhealth effects to be investigated, 61long-term, 61-62methodological aspects, 61-62

Ethane, storage of, 259Ethylene

consumption in Europe, 254derivatives, 254production plant size for, 258storage of, 259uses of, 11, 13

Ethylene chloride, storage of, 259Ethylene oxide

explosion danger with, 45, 259notifiable inventory for, 272storage of, 259

European Chemical Data InformationNetwork (ECDIN), 6, 38

European Communitieschemicals production data, 254chlorine consumption data, 255energy consumption data, 253

European Communities Directives, 5,24European Inventory of Existing

Commercial Chemical Substances(EINECS), 6, 38

Evacuation ordersinformation given in, 151timing of, 150

Evacuation procedures, 108-109Event tree analysis, 278, 283Examples (ofaccidents),21-23, 115, 158-

159,264-266Explosions

causes of, 245relief systems for, 286

Explosive substancescriteria for, 27probability of accidents involving, 284

Exponential product, concentration-time,93

Exposuredetermination of, 95-102

295

by clinical observation, 98-99by direct monitoring, 95-96by exposure tests, 96-97by mathematical modelling, 99-102

factors affecting, 46-47meaning of term, 67risk factors for, 109

Exposure analysis, 190--191Exposure assessment

humans, 46-47non-human targets, 68-69recommendations on, 102

Exposure tests, 96-97Eye exposure, 122, 129-130

by gases/vapours, 130by liquids, 129-130treatment after, 134-135,204

FACTS database, 268, 269Failure Modes and Consequences

Analysis (FMCA), 278Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

(FMEA),278Fault tree analysis (FTA) technique, 15-

17,278pressure vessel failure example, 16-17usefulness of, 17

Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA),107-108

Fertilizers, production data, 254Fick'sLawofDiffusion, 178, 179Fire departments, 145Fireballing, 23, 260, 263Fire-fighting techniques, 245First-aid treatment, 134-136,205,206,

208documentation of, 226-227siting of facilities, 205,238therapeutic response to, 227

First respondersattitudes to chemical accidents, 148equipment needed, 204, 239people most likely to be, 145training of, 80,143

Fishas bio-indicators, 72,192exposure of, 68

Fitchburg [Massachusetts, USA], 266Flammable substances

accidents involving, 212criteria for, 27notifiable inventories for, 272, 274

296 Methods for Assessing and Reducing Injury from Chemical Accidents

Flixborough [UK], 5, 22, 23, 39, 40,115, origin of, 23-24262 Health assessment, 46-49

Food chain, contamination of, 71-72,117, Health effects, risk factors for, 109191 Health personnel

Formaldehyde entry into toxic areas, 205effects of, 130 long-term response of, 57-58notifiable inventory for, 272 Health surveillance systems, 59-60, 214-

Formation phase (of cloud or plume), 220161-166 data to be gathered, 218-219

pressurized storage release, 162-164 duration of programme, 220refrigerated storage release, 164-165 exposed population, 21~218research priorities for, 180-181 feedback/adjustment process for, 220

Fort Knox [Kentucky, USA], 266 information required for planning of,France, incidents occurring in, 21, 264, 215

265 organizational aspects, 219-220Fuels planning of, 21~220

consignment sizes, 255, 256, 258 purpose of, 215consumption data, 253 Heat stroke, risk of, 109substitution of, 255,258 Heavy metals, antidotes for, 136,209

Herbicidesfire involving, 193-194notifiable inventories for, 272

Histopathologyaborted foetuses examined by, 124nervous system tissues, 231staining procedures, 230-231

Hospitalsantidotes available in, 51, 138,206emergency plans, 203equipment necessary, 51,207response by, 51, 207staff and procedures, 51,207

Hot gases, inhalation of, 133Houston [Texas, USA], 5, 22,100,115,

159,265HSELine,38Human factors, importance of, 6Hydrazine hydrate, notifiable inventory

for, 272Hydrocarbons

effects of, 133probability of accidents involving, 284see also Butane; Ethane; Propane

Hydrofluoric acideffects of, 131,200treatment after exposure to, 135

Hydrogeneffects of, 133notifiable inventory for, 272storage of, 259

Hydrogen cyanideeffects of, 133

Gas detectors, 239Germany, incidents occurring in, 21,264,

266,268Global 2000 report, 195Glutathione, role in body's detoxification,

123Gravity-spreading phase (of dispersion),

168,170Great Lakes, pollution of, 68, 191, 196Groundwater, release into, 35-36,190

Halogen gases, effects of, 132Halogenated hydrocarbons, effects of,

133Hamburg [Germany], 266Hazard, meaning of term, 271Hazard control centres, 242-243Hazard and Operability (HAZOP)

technique, 7, 15,278Hazard prediction, 148-152Hazard surveillance, 107Hazardous chemicals

household use of, 12identification of, 6, 38

Hazardous installations, criteria for, 5,25,26,27

Hazardous materials, types of injuriescaused by, 200

Hazardous substances, release of, 33-34Hazards quantification, 271-275Hazards regulation

intents of, 24-25

Index

notifiable inventory for, 272treatment after exposure to, 136

Hydrogen halideseffects of, 132formation of, 200

Hydrogen phosphide, notifiableinventory for, 272

Hydrogen sulphideeffects of, 133notifiable inventory for, 272toxic criteria for, 281treatment after exposure to, 136

Immediate medical response, 49-56Immune mechanisms

pulmonary response, 120-121skin response, 121-122

Immunologic tests, 97Immunological studies, 231India

incidents occurring in, 5, 21, 23,115,159,266

nitrogenous fertilizer industry, 13Inert gases, effects of, 133Information, public availability of, 147-

148,242Information dissemination,

recommendations on, 63Information exchange/transfer, 7, 15, 221Information sources, 37-38, 83-86,136-

138,145,203Inhalation exposure, 118, 120, 132-133

pathology studies on, 232treatment after, 135-136

Injuriesassessment of, 280treatment of, 134-136

see also First-aid treatment; Medicalresponse

types of, 200Insecticides

biological markers for, 69notifiable inventories for, 272see also Carbamates;

Organophosphates; PesticidesInstrumentation, 239Integrated disaster control plans, 76Intermediates, storage of, 240, 259-260International aid, 201International cooperation, 221International ProgrammeonChemical

Safety (IPCS)

297

address, 83antidote therapy publication, 134collaboration role, 139pilot information project, 138

International Register of PotentiallyToxic Chemicals (IRPTC), 6, 38, 70,191

toxicological data from, 192International Symposium on Safety and

Loss Prevention in the ProcessIndustries, 38

International Union for Conservation ofNature and Natural Resources(IUCN), data on endangered species,70-71,195

Investigationof accidents, 38-40

information necessary, 39-40of health effects

immediate health effects, 54-56long-term health effects, 60-62

Irritant gases/vapourseffects of, 132-133, 200treatment after exposure to, 136,243-

244see also Ammonia; Chlorine

Isocyanates, effects of, 132Isolated storage

meaning of term, 24threshold values for, 27,28

Italy, incidents occurring in, 5,22,115,211,268

Japanchemicals production data, 254energy consumption data, 253

Kawamura-Mackay model, 36

Layout (offactory), 237-239Leadership, 52-53,145-146,243Leakages, reporting of, 241Legal considerations, information

exchange, 106, 112Lievin [France], 265Life-supporting systems, 51Lipid-soluble substances, skin absorption

of, 131Liquefied gases

biological effects of, 133incidents involving, 22-23, 115,269increasing use of, 258

298 Methods for Assessing and Reducing Injury from Chemical Accidents

Liquefied gases (contd.) spread mechanisms, 99-102notifiable inventories for, 272 Maximal accepted concentration (MAC)probability of accidents involving, 21, value, meaning of term, 94

284 Median effective dose, 92, 93release of, 162-163 Median lethal dose, 93,192-193size of consignment, 258 Medical management, 204-207storage of, 162,259 Medical response, 109-112see also Butane; Ethylene; Methane; coordinating committee for, 203

Nitrogen; Oxygen; Propane coordination of, 243-244Liquid-phase dispersion, 35-36 disaster effects on, 106Liquid spills, containment of, 37 evaluation of, 62Livingston [Louisiana, USA], 266 immediate response, 49-56London [UK], 266 long-term response, 56-64,111-112Long-term ecotoxicological studies, 196- post-emergency, 212-214

197 recommendations on, 62-63Long-term health effects, 123-124, 211- Medical treatment protocols, 111

221 Memphis [Tennessee, USA], 266Long-term medical response, 57-59,111- Mercury fulminate, notifiable inventory

112 for, 272Long-term pathology studies, 232 Metal fumes, effects of, 133,200Long-term studies Meteorological information, 40, 248

examples of, 113 Methanefactors to be considered, 113 effects of, 133pathology investigations, 228-229 storage of, 259

Los Alfaques [Spain], 22-23, 260 Methyl isocyanate (MIC)Los Angeles [California, USA], 264 breakdown products of, 224Los Pajaritos [Mexico], 265 incidents involving, 5, 23,115,159,266Loss Prevention Symposia (American notifiable inventory for, 272

Institute of Chemical Engineers), pathological effects of, 22538 toxic effects of, 128, 129

Love Canal Interagency Task Force, Mexico, incidents occurring in, 5, 262,146 263,264-266

Love Canal [New York, USA], 146, Mexico City, 5,262,263150,151,153 Minamatadisease,224

Lugwigshafen [Germany], 268 Mississauga [Canada], 5,115,159,190,Lung 264,267

defence system of, 121 Mitigation schemes, 285-286histopathology samples, 231 Mond Fire, Explosion and Toxicologypathology studies on, 232 Index, 278size, 120 Mount St Helens eruption, 109

Mustard gas, effects of, 130Mutagenic compounds, biological

markers for, 69Mutagenic responses, 123-124Mutagenic studies, 232

Maintenance, precautions necessary, 241Major Hazard Incident Data Service

(MHIDAS), 18,21,38,268Major hazards

meaning ofterm, 24, 251quantification of, 271-275

Mammals, as bio-indicators, 72, 192, 193,194

Mathematical modelsdispersal mechanisms, 172-176dose-response, 92

National Centre for Systems Reliability[UK], 38

Natural disasters, 116comparison with chemical accidents,

142,148Near misses, reporting of, 15,31

Index

Negative buoyancy, 261-262see also Denser-than-air clouds

Nervous systemeffects on, 122-123histopathology samples of, 231

Netherlands, incidents occurring in, 268Neurologic symptoms, evaluation of, 98Neurotoxic effects, 123New York State, emergency plans in, 142Nitrogen, storage of, 259Nitrogen oxides

bio-indicators for, 69, 196effects of, 132notifiable inventory for, 272

Nitrogenous fertilizersIndian industry, 13production data, 254

Nitroglycerine, notifiable inventory for,272

Notifiable inventories, 272, 273-275Notification, obligation of, 25-28

Occupational health services, 58liaison with hospitals, 79rehabilitation by, 214

Operations [manufacturing], safetyaspects of, 240-241

Organochlorines, biological markers for,69

Organophosphatesantidotes for, 136,201biological markers for, 69effects of, 131, 133, 200exposure test for, 97Rhine polluted by, 193

Oxidizing agents, effects of, 133Oxygen

notifiable inventory for, 272, 274storage of, 259

Oxygen therapy, 136,206,207,209Ozone

bio-indicatorfor, 69, 196effects of, 133

Parathion, notifiable inventory for, 272Pasquill-Gifford curves, 179Pasquill stability classification scheme,

179-180,275Passive dispersion, 178-180

comparison with dense gas dispersion,171

meaning ofterm, 35, 170

299

Pathologylong-term studies, 232procedures, 227-232scope in chemical accidents, 224-225supporting data for, 226

Pensacola [Florida, USA], 265Pentane, storage of, 259Pentene, storage of, 259Pesticides, biological markers for, 69Phenols

effects of, 131treatment after exposure to, 135

Phosgeneeffects of, 132formation of, 200incidents involving, 264notifiable inventory for, 272

Phosphorus, treatment after exposure to,135,205

Phosphorus trichloride, incidentsinvolving, 115

Photographic evidence, 39,40Photographs

identification (of dead persons), 229pathology investigations, 228

Physical consequences (of accidents), 33-37

Physical Property Data Service (PPDS),38

Physiological functions, effects on, 123Picknettmodel,174Picric acid, notifiable inventory for, 272Pipelines

accident analysis, 19,20accident analysis for, 20probability of accidents, 267,284

Plantsas bio-indicators, 72ecological effects on, 71exposure of, 68

Plasma proteins, analysis of, 124Plastics

pressures used in production, 259production data, 254

Plumesmeaning of term, 161research needed, 181source specified for, 165-166Thomey Island experiments, 166, 169,

181Poison control centres

collaboration between, 139

300 Methods for Assessing and Reducing Injury from Chemical Accidents

Poison control centres (contd.)contingency planning by, 138-139educational role, 139follow up studies by, 139information from, 110, 136-138,203locations of, 83role and responsibility of, 6, 79,136-

139Political considerations, 112Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),

spillage of, 68,191Polynuclear aromatics, biological markers

for, 69Polyurethane

combustion products of, 204, 225Positive pressure breathing system, 206,

209Post-emergency medical care, 212-214Post-mortem examination

autopsy procedure, 229-230chest X-ray taken, 229continued studies, 231-232identifying photograph taken, 229physical examination, 229samples for, 55, 247

Potchefstroom [South Africa], 21-22,159,265

Potosi [Mexico], 264Poza Rica [Mexico], 266Pre-disaster hazard mitigation, 143-148Pre-disaster planning, 111Pregnant women, effects on, 122Preparedness planning, 107-108, 143-

148,242-244components of, 213ecological aspects, 74policy implications, 153

Pressurized storageentrainment on release, 162-163jetting from, 164materials in, 259probability of accidents, 284releases from, 34,162-164,261

Private companies, 144Probit equations, 280

constants quoted, 282, 283Processes, potentially hazardous, 25,259Project objectives, 3-4Propane

incidents involving, 115storage of, 162,259

Propylene

ammoxidation of, 245consumption in Europe, 254derivatives, 254incidents involving, 22-23,115storage of, 259,260

Propylene oxide, notifiable inventory for,272

Public agenciescoordination of, 244emergency planning by, 78-80, 202-203

Public awareness, 80Public health authorities

information from, 53information given to, 50-51leadership and coordination by, 52-53long-term follow up by, 59-60planning responsibilities, 78-80, 202-

203,208responsibilities in emergencies, 105-

106

Puerto Rico, incidents occurring in, 264Pulmonary response, 200

exogenous chemicals effects, 120immune mechanism effects, 120-121

Pulmonary uptake, 118, 120, 132-133characteristics of, 120surface area available, 120

Quantified risk assessment (QRA)method, 278, 283-284

Rail transportaccident analysis, 20incidents involving,S, 115, 159, 190,

264,265,266probability of accidents, 267,284size of consignment, 256, 260

Rauma [SU], 264Recommendations, 7-8

assessment and control aspects, 41ecological aspects, 74,197emergency planning, 80-81exposure evaluation, 102health and medical aspects, 62-64

Recording (of chemical accidents), 226Reference sources, 7, 83-86Refrigerated storage

materials in, 259probability of accidents, 284releases from, 34,164-165,261safety design of, 240

Regulations, 144

Index

action after accident, 59Rehabilitation, 57,58,214Release

atmospheric, 33, 34-35,190,246continuous, 171

criterion for, 171-172see also Plumes

factors affecting, 33groundwater, 35-36,190instantaneous, 171, 182

criterion for, 172pressurized storage, 34, 162-164,261refrigerated storage, 34, 164-165,261soil, 36,190,248

Reliability analysis, 283Reporting (of accidents), 30-31, 270Reproductive system, effects on, 122Research

dispersal mechanisms, 163, 180-182health/medical aspects, 63-64

Resource documents, 83-86Respiratory function tests, 120Rhine

accidents on, 5, 68, 73, 80, 189, 193-194probability of accidents, 267

Rijnmond [Netherlands], 267,268Risk, meaning of term, 271Risk assessment, 46-47,93-95

methods available for, 278probabilistic approach, 282-285probability calculations for, 94, 271

Risk factors, 109Road transport

causes of accidents, 20, 31incidents involving, 5, 22-23,100,115,

159,260,265,266precautions necessary, 32probability of accidents, 267,284size of consignment, 256, 260warning instructions, 32

Romania, incidents occurring in, 264Runaway reactions, 245-246, 262

examples of, 262, 266venting of, 286

Safety case, 28-30CIMAH outline used, 29meaning of term, 27, 28purpose of, 28

Safety design, 239-240Safetyreview,278St Auban [France], 264

301

San Juan [Puerto Rico], 264Sandoz, fire at warehouse, 80, 193Schwarzenbach-Imboden model, 35-36Sea-borne transport

probability of accidents, 284size of consignment, 255, 256

Selenium compounds, notifiableinventories for, 272

Self-preservation, 205Sensitive inventories, 274, 275Sensitive threshold values, 27-28Seveso [Directive], 5, 24, 28,144

dangerradiusconceptused,273notifiable inventory system, 272, 273-

274reporting system under, 270thresholds grouping, 28

Seveso [Italy]animal studies, 72, 218biological effects, 72, 98,127chloracne observations, 98, 218exposure indicators monitored, 218incident at, 5, 22,115,211,268

Sewekow model, 35Siting policy, 6, 8, 237

factors to be considered, 237Skin contact

biological effects, 121-122, 130-131treatment after, 135, 205

Small accidentsneed for study of, 225recording of, 226, 241

Smoke, biological markers for, 69Smoke inhalation, 200Smokers, immune system in, 121Snow and ice, dispersal affected by, 36Social aspects, emergency planning, 146-

148Sodium chlorate, notifiable inventory for,

272,274Sodium picrate, notifiable inventory for,

272Soil, release into, 36, 190,248Solid-phase dispersion, 35-36, 248Solvents, effects of, 131Somerville [Massachusetts, USA], 115Source conditions

calculations for, 34,163,279cloud dispersal affected by, 165-166plume dispersal affected by, 181

SouthAfrica, incidentsoccurring in, 21-22,159,265

302 Methods for Assessing and Reducing Injury from Chemical Accidents

Spainincidents occurring in, 22-23National Plan for Toxic Oil Syndrome,

112'Special' clinics, 58SPILL computer program, 165Spillages, levels of, 68,191Spinal injuries, 205Spreading models, 99-102, 171-176Staffing levels, 241Statistics, 17-21,268-269Stockholm hospitals, antidote stores in,

138,206Storage vessels

accident analysis for, 19probability of accidents, 284

Sulphur dioxideeffects of, 132emission of, 191notifiable inventory for, 272, 274

Sulphuric acid, production data, 254Superheat

entrainment affected by, 162meaning ofterm, 162

Surveillance systems, post -disaster, 59-60,112,214-220

Susceptibility curves, 49Susceptible groups, 48Swedish Poison Information Centre, 137,

138, 139Switzerland, incidents occurring in, 5, 68,

73,80,189,193-194Symptomatic therapy, 134, 136Systematic registration (of dead and sick

persons), 38, 54Systemic poisoning

by inhalation, 133by skin contact, 130-131treatment after, 136

Technology transfer, 60Teratogenic studies, 232Terrestrial organisms, exposure of, 67-682,3,7 ,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

(TCD D)clinical observations of effects, 98exposure determination for, 97,218incidents involving, 22,113,115,211,

268long-term studies, 98, 113notifiable inventory for, 272toxicological data for, 192

Thomey Island [UK]cloud dispersal experiments, 166-168,

174,176,177,178,182plume dispersal experiments, 166, 169,

181Three Mile Island [USA], 110, 113, 148,

153Threshold values, 27-28Times Beach, contamination with TCDD,

113Tissue samples

biochemical analysis of, 231preservation of, 228, 230

Tornado disasters, 108, 109Toxic clouds, 263-268Toxic criteria, 281Toxic Oil Syndrome epidemic, 111-112Toxic substances control centres, 7Toxic substances criteria, 26Toxic waste disposal sites, community

reactions to, 152Toxicology,46-49,191-193

assessment of, 280-281Toxicology databases, 53-54,110,136-

138Toxicology experts, 53, 79Training, 80, 202Transportation

consignment sizes, 256, 260probability of accidents, 284relief devices used, 286safety procedures for, 241-242

Transportation accidentsanalysis of, 18,20causes of, 20, 31examples of, 5,22,264-266

Transportation hazards, 31-33disaster planning for, 202-203information availability, 32, 287

TREMCARDS, 32, 287Triage system, 50, 208Trinitrobenzene, notifiable inventory for,

272Trinitrotoluene, notifiable inventory for,

272Turbulence effects, 170, 177Two-thirds exponent law, 100

UKincidents database, 18,21,38,268incidents occurring in, 5, 21, 22, 23, 39,

40,115,262,266,268

Index

UK Advisory Committee on MajorHazards

on accident reporting, 30on control rooms, 39on transportation hazards, 33regulation studied by, 23-24

UK Orange Book, 6, 38Unconfined vapour cloud explosions

(UVCEs), 261, 262Urine, autopsy samples, 230US Fish and Wildlife Service Whooping

Crane Recovery Plan, 70, 194-195USA

chemicals production data, 254energy consumption data, 253incidents occurring in, 5,18,21,22,

158-159,264-266USSR

chemicals production data, 254energy consumption data, 253incidents occurring in, 5, 21,153,200

Vapour detectors, 239Vegetation

as bio-indicators, 71,72,159,196ecological effects on, 71

Venting, 286dense gas clouds from, 159, 160design of, 286

Veterinary personnel, 247Vinyl chloride, storage of, 259,260Violent chemical reactions, actions to be

taken, 245-246Voluntary health organizations, 58-59Vulnerability models, 276, 278, 280

Warehousesfire in, 80,193

303

siting of, 242Warning systems, 50,108,152Warnings,148-152

decision whether to give, 149-150dissemination of, 152,243,247information given in, 151,242people's reaction to, 150quality of message, 150-152timing of, 150

Waterchemical reaction with, 135,205,240,

245effects during fire-fighting, 193,245

Water curtains, 286Water supplies, contamination of, 36,

117,246Waterways transport

accident analysis, 20probability of accidents, 267,284size of consignment, 256, 260

Whooping Crane Recovery Plan, 70,195Wildlife

as bio-indicators, 72,196conservation of, 69-70,196ecological effects on, 70,196

Wilsum [Germany], 264Word-of-mouth communication, 152World Federation of Clinical Toxicology

Centres And Poison ControlCentres, 138

World War I data, 264

Youngston [Florida, USA], 264Ypres [Belgium], 264

Zarnesti [Romania], 264