INDEX
451
Numbers
1.25:1, 711.33:1, 9, 701.76:1, 331.78:1, 10, 701.85:1, 10, 711080/24p, 351080/60i, 351080/60p, 351280x720, 421394. See IEEE 139415fps, 7116:9, 701s and 0s, 2052.35:1, 10, 32, 712.40:1, 3222:11:11, 37022:22:22, 37024/7, 149, 200, 327, 34024p, 628.8Kbps, 8429.97fps, 342:2 pulldown, 82K, 17, 3735mm film, 163:2 pulldown, 7, 93D, 86
interactive content, 86walkthroughs, 104, 131
3G, 3103GP, 3333GPP (Third Generation
Partnership Project), 310,333, 389
4096x3072, 38480/60i, 35480/60p, 354:1:1, 944:2:0, 944:2:2, 93, 3704:3, 9, 70-71
advanced scalable texture profile. See MPEG-4
advanced simple profile.See MPEG-4
advanced video coding(AVC). See MPEG-4
advertisements, 147, 169,330
banners, 330bumper, 170commercial, 147consumption, 167demographics, 147embedded, 170flash, 147global, 147guaranteed impressions,
170impressions, 171insertion, 168Internet, 149interstitial, 147, 170,
330inventory, 330measurement, 167national, 147pop-up, 170providers, 330Real Networks, 185regional, 147, 171reporting, 168syndication, 171targeted, 331tools, 171tracking, 167-168URL, 170video clips, 147
algorithmsencryption, 281multicast, 235strong, 283
4:4:4, 93, 3704:4:4:4, 954K, 17, 374onIP, 38150i, 6576/50i, 35576/50p, 3559.94, 3459.94 fps, 3460 fps, 3460i, 6640x480, 3868040, 826:4:4, 95700Kbps, 15870mm film, 16720/24p, 35720/30p, 35720/60i, 35802.11, 20580386, 8280486, 848mm, 40
A
A/D conversion. Seeconversion, analog todigital
A/V synchronization, 348AAC, 314, 374-376access control, 182access log file, 168accounting, positive, 170ActiveX controls, 306ads. See advertisementsadult content, 104advanced coding efficiency
profile. See MPEG-4advanced core profile. See
MPEG-4advanced real time simple
profile. See MPEG-4
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 451
high-efficiency, 376low bit rates, 351low delay, 375Macintosh, 78MAUI, 376metallic, 350muddy, 350natural, 376no video, 343originals, 351pops, 351sampling, 16, 78speech, 373streaming, 62, 134structured, 374synch drift, 348synchronization, 348synthetic, 373troubleshooting, 343-344video synchronization,
115voice, 350
Audio Video Interleaved(AVI), 115, 126-128,132, 349
audiovisual coding, 356auditing, 168authoring systems, 137auto-install, 339, 345auto-update, 341automatic resends, 208AVC, 383, 388
block shape, 383block size, 383blockiness, 383complexity, 384CPU power, 384deblocking filter, 384decoder, 384file formats, 388motion detection, 384techniques, 384
AVI (Audio VideoInterleaved), 115,126-128, 132, 349
Avid, 318
art gallery, 73artifacts
blocking, 96green blocks, 336
.asf, 124, 128, 135aspect ratio, 29, 70, 351
1.33:1, 91.76:1, 331.85:1, 1016:9, 332.35:1, 10, 322.40:1, 324:3, 9comparison, 10DV, 30film, 31HTDVs, 10information, 352letterbox, 31pixels, 29-30, 37preserving resolution, 33
assembly line, 301.asx, 126, 155asymmetric encryption, 285Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM), 205asynchronous viewing, 154Atari Computers, 79audience, 143
large, 147measurement, 167player version, 343statistics, 167tracking, 167, 343
audiobit rate, 350channels, 373coding, 356configuration, 351corruption, 344demultiplexing, 348diagnosis, 343drift, 349frequency, 349high quality, 375
MASTERING INTERNET VIDEO: A GUIDE TO STREAMING AND ON-DEMAND VIDEO452
Amiga Computers, 79-81analog
cameras, 47capture. See videos,
capturedefined, 10media degradation, 12quality compared to
digital, 12storage, 11storage degradation, 12tape, 12tape formats, 47versus digital, 10video tapes, 11
analog to digital conversion.See conversion, analog todigital
anamorphic DVDs, 33anamorphic film, 32anamorphic projection, 33Andreessen, Mark, 306animation, 101Animation Framework
eXtension (AFX). SeeMPEG-4
announcements, staggered,333
anonymous tracking, 174ANSI, 309-310AOL, 330Apple, 185, 314
iPod, 28, 357iTunes, 215, 314MOV, 139QuickTime, 82, 131
application development,330, 353
application layer. See layers,application
applications/mpeg4-iod, 381applications/mpeg4-iod-xmt,
381archival, defined, 329
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 452
INDEX 453
B
back channel, 379backbone
defined, 192ISP, 201
background sprites, 360backups, 326-327backward compatibility,
147, 304MPEG-4, 362
bad economy, 310bad frames, 349bandwidth, 56, 147, 158,
198, 32620Kbps, 33640Kbps, 336awareness, 156-157broadband, 62, 147, 158bulk rate, 332capacity, 341choosing, 62comparison, 56, 158contention, 223control, 229cost, 62, 196, 332donation, 332download scheduling,
332gigabytes transferred,
332guaranteed, 242guarantees, 229increase, 342insufficient, 349interference, 162limiting, 179limits, 341modems, 62, 69, 147,
158, 336, 341off-hours, 332peer-to-peer, 204, 332providers, 242, 332provisioning, 346public access, 332
black and white photo-graphs, 90
blocks, 96green, 336size, 383
blogging, 324blue screen, 41, 104blurry video, 336board of director meetings,
149Border Gateway Multicast
Protocol (BGMP), 238bottlenecks, 198branch offices, 220branding, 330brightness, 90broad reach, 147broadband, 56, 147, 158,
324, 337adoption rate, 310movies, 250
broadcasts, 196audience, 147efficient, 151equipment, 182events, 149Internet, 39live, 326media, 195scalability, 176scope, 147standards, 33, 182television, 235video, 220
broadcasters, 147, 151brokerage companies, 223brownouts, 198browser wars, 306-307brute force, 284buffering, 149, 164, 342, 350
defined, 145-146preferences, 350reduction, 165, 350settings, 350start time, 350
bulk archiving, 340
quality, 332reduction, 64, 69reservation, 242scalability, 75sufficient, 341T-1, 196targeting, 64tax benefits, 332throttling, 162tracking, 168usage, 182variability, 195varying, 159- 161wasted, 160web, 332
banner ads, 168, 330basic animated texture
profile. See MPEG-4batch processing, 321best-effort delivery, 193,
244. See also quality ofservice
BetaSP, 49better logging, 168BGMP (Border Gateway
Multicast Protocol), 238bidirectional frames, 102BIFS, 389big three, 186billing, 175, 310bit rates, 68, 145, 157-
158, 162, 168, 182, 195,322, 331-333, 339
audio, 350balancing, 319choosing, 319downgrade, 162higher, 336multiple, 86, 161reduction, 350setting, 67tracking, 168
bit rates. See bandwidthBitTorrent, 249
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 453
bumper ads, 170businesses, 220busy routers, 194“Buzzword Translators”
broadcast, 152clip, 155Fast Cache, 165Fast Reconnect, 165Fast Recovery, 165Fast Start, 165Fast Streaming, 165Forward Error
Correction, 165Instant On, 165Intelligent Streaming,
163live video, 152mount points, 172multicast, 152narrowcast, 152publishing points, 172Rapid Playback Features,
165reference movies, 163reflected multicast, 152simulated live broadcast,
152simulcast, 152stations, 172stream thinning, 163SureStream, 163TurboPlay, 165video clip, 155
C
C, 378C++, 378C-VHS, 48cable, 151, 205cable modems. See band-
width, broadbandcables, 205, 318caching, 166, 174, 199
edge, 333on-demand, 178transient copies, 204
MASTERING INTERNET VIDEO: A GUIDE TO STREAMING AND ON-DEMAND VIDEO454
charge-coupled device (CCD)defined, 42one vs. three, 42resolution, 43
checksums, 120, 209chips, 382chroma keying, 41, 104chrominance, 90-91CIF, 71, 82Cinepak. See codecs, Cinepakcircuits, switching, 190, 244Class A IP addresses, 232Class B IP addresses, 232Class C IP addresses, 232Class D IP addresses, 232Class E IP addresses, 232click-through license, 276client-side software, 332clips, See video, clipsCMYK, 89codecs, 60, 63, 66, 68, 71, 74,
76, 80, 83, 100, 341appropriate, 350asymmetric, 65audio, 80, 84auto-download, 128best, 60bitstream, 313built-in, 59choosing, 110Cinepak, 82complex, 347complexity, 65, 72defined, 58divergence, 132downloading, 66efficiency, 60final, 329Flash, 137hardware, 128history, 76hybrid, 337incompatibility, 65, 127Internet, 110iPIX, 104JPEG, 89
cameraspan, 52zoom, 52
capacity, 175, 341capture
analog, 335, 349audio, 76CPU speed, 335DV, 349high resolution, 39process, 346real time, 335video, 15, 37
car chases, 104cartoons, 104Cb, 26CCD (charge-coupled
device)defined, 42one vs. three, 42resolution, 43
CD audio, 78CD-Interactive (CD-I),
82-83, 130CDNs, 178, 185, 198, 324,
327, 331-332, 342, 346effectiveness, 199failure, 200peer-to-peer, 203pre-caching, 199real-time media, 200
CDs, 131, 271cel animation, 101cell phones. See mobile
phonescellular networks, 379CELP, 375center-based tree. See
multicast, center-basedtree
CEOs, 149, 220CERN (European nuclear
research center), 306channels, 329, 340
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 454
INDEX 455
lock-in, 66low bit rate, 85, 373Macromedia Flash, 85metrics, 60missing, 343-344modem, 85motion JPEG, 104MP3, 84MPEG-1 Layer III, 84parametric, 373photographic, 88preinstalled, 66proprietary, 127, 304Quake, 85quality, 72software, 59sophisticated, 336Sorenson, 83, 132Sorenson Spark, 85, 137speech, 373storage, 134symmetric, 65techniques
color space trans-form, 89
DCT, 85JPEG, 89predictive informa-
tion, 102spacial, 88-89temporal compres-
sion, 88wavelets, 85
text compression, 337third party, 66, 343-344unavailable, 343unrecognized, 343video, 336voice, 68, 104, 350wavelets, 337Web3D, 104ZIP, 100
codeaudiovisual, 356error correcting, 167
high, 151history, 76intraframes, 89key frames, 74lossless, 46, 100multi-bit rates, 66one-time, 66quality, 72real-time, 81run-length encoding, 79settings, 66source material, 346spacial, 88, 100speed, 74symmetric, 65techniques, 335
bidirectional frames,102
DCT, 98entropy techniques,
100Fourier transforms, 96motion compensation,
104object coding, 102,
104quantization, 99vector coding, 104vector compression,
102ZIP, 100
temporal, 88, 100terminology, 110text, 337theory, 57tools, 66tradeoffs, 57, 73, 347variable bit rate, 73video, 23, 56
computational complexity,313
computersCPU speed, 340display progressive
frames, 39graphics, 51
coefficients, 97collocation, 176color
channelsbrightness, 90luminance, 90Y, 91
components, 26gamma, 351palettes, 78quality, 23resolution, 39-41sampling, 16, 78space, 89, 92variation in analog
quality, 23commercials. See advertise-
mentsCompact Disks. See CDscomposite video. See
videos, compositecompositing, 103compression, 55, 60, 63,
66, 68, 71, 74, 76, 80, 83,100, 103
1-pass, 742-pass, 7412:1, 84advanced settings, 72artifacts
blocking, 96mosquito noise. See
mosquito noiseringing. See ringing
asymmetric, 65audio, 76block-based, 337codecs, 57complexity, 65constant bit rate, 73decision-making, 60defined, 57delivery method, 61file size, 61frequencies, 96hardware, 340
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 455
hardware, 280industry, 272speed, 335television outputs, 264
concerts, 69, 172, 190conferencing, video, 71, 81conformance, 358, 377connections
choke, 164circuit-switched, 190clogged, 164diagnosis, 340failure, 208maintained, 167quality, 162sharing, 341statistics, 168
connectorsvideo, 24video. See videos,
connectors, 25Constant Bit Rate (CBR),
defined, 74consumers
expectations, 175experience, 175
container formats, 122,131, 138
contentbilling, 147control, 147, 197, 251licensing, 272limited-time rental, 272management, 171, 339paid, 147pay-per-view, 272programming, 147providers, 204purchase, 272resale, 272restrictions, 174server-based, 145sharing, 251subscription, 272supply chain, 272tracking, 167
MASTERING INTERNET VIDEO: A GUIDE TO STREAMING AND ON-DEMAND VIDEO456
cracking hardware, 280creative department, 351credentials, 278credit card processing, 229CSS. See Content
Scrambling Systemcurse of popularity, 196custom applications, 330custom media player, 330custom players, 330custom software develop-
ment, 353
D
D-1, 42D-2, 42D-5, 42D-9, 42D-VHS, 41DAI, 361, 380Darwin Streaming Server,
185.dat, 128, 133data channels, two-way, 209data corruption, 347Data Encryption Standard
(DES), 284data link layer. See layers,
data linkdatabases, 174DCT (Discrete Cosine
Transforms), 85, 98de facto
defined, 305standards, 304
deblocking filters, 337De-CSS (Content
Scrambling System),133, 250
de-interlacing, 39, 320,336-337, 346
decentralized. See peer-to-peer
decompression, 58, 100decryption, 275-276, 294
keys, 260, 341
Content Delivery Networks(CDNs), 178, 198
Content Scrambling System(CSS), 133, 250
continents, 342control tags (Flash), 137controlled network environ-
ments, 151conversion, 335
analog to digital, 13-14digital to analog, 15, 335film to video, 7from film, 320generations, 8quality, 322video, 8
cookies, 331copper wires, 205copy protection, 27, 251
DVD, 272enforcement, 273Macrovision, 264
copyright law, 117, 277core profile. See MPEG-4core scalable profile.
See MPEG-4core studio profile.
See MPEG-4corporate broadcasts, 221corporate networking, 152,
197, 333, 379corporate streaming, 341corporate webcasts, 197cosine waves, 96cost per viewer, 149costs
bandwidth, 175fixed, 197hosting, 175sharing, 332
CPUs, 382general purpose, 382power, 348-349specialized, 382speed, 326, 347-348
Cr, 26
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 456
INDEX 457
DeCSS, 134, 334definition tags (Flash),
137delay
modems, 194reducing, 199sensitivity, 195
demographics, 147, 170,330
demultiplexing, 348DES (Data Encryption
Standard), 284designated shared root
routers, 233different broadband
speeds, 147DigiBeta, 41Digital 8mm cameras, 40Digital Audio Tape
(DAT), 78digital backdrop, 41digital cable, 147digital certificates. See
encryptiondigital filmmaking, 44digital media, 12digital recording, 340digital rights management,
257chain, 260compromises, 251cracks, 250difficulties, 251foolproof, 250keys, 257unbreakable, 251work-arounds, 251
Digital RightsManagement. See DRM
Digital Satellite Systems(DSS), 83
digital signatures, 120,290-291
digital storage, 12
built-in, 294buyers, 270circumvention, infring-
ing, 299compromised, 278conditions, 280consumers, 270copyright law, 277device copying, 292device revocation, 292devices, 273, 277, 292difficulty, 270digital objects, 270digital signatures, 290effective, 295-296encryption, 273, 276enforcement, 270, 273example, 289existing customers, 298fair uses, 277FairPlay, 314file wrapper, 295hardware, 280, 297integrated, 294intelligence, 275interoperability, 386IPMP, 386keys, 276license, 276-277license acquisition, 295lock box, 331MP3, 271number of copies, 292objects, 272price, 292protection, 271requires cooperation,
270rights description, 270rights description
language, 272rights management, 292rights verification, 294rule expression, 272sellers, 270
digital tape formats. Seetape formats
digital to analog conver-sion, 15, 335
digital transmission. Seevideos, digital
digital video cable, 27digital video cameras, 42Digital Video Recorders
(DVR), 147, 170Digital Videotape (DV), 39Digital Visual Interface
(DVI), 27dirty heads, 335Discrete Cosine Transforms
(DCT), 85, 98-99dish networks, 296Distance Vector Multicast
Routing Protocol(DVMRP). See multicast,DVMRP
Distribution, peer-to-peer,332
DivX, 128, 348DMIF, 379-380DNS (Domain Name
System), 210, 215, 340documentaries, 104domain name service, 340Domain Name System
(DNS), 210, 215, 340dot-com crash, 310dots per inch, 16downloads, 144-145
defined, 146music, 314off-hours, 333players, 331preventing, 174scheduling, 332-333
downsampling, 93dpi, defined, 16DRM, 118, 320, 328, 341
backups, 277better mouse traps, 298
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 457
software, 297technical, 273time, 292tools, 282transaction, 289trusted computing, 280trusted parties, 295under the hood, 273updatability, 292updatable, 298value chain, 270versus encryption, 295weakness, 278well tested, 298working, 297wrappers, 118
dropout, 166dropped frames, 69, 168,
349DSL. See bandwidthDSS, 296duplicate packets, 194DV, 126, 318
camerasprice, 42progressive mode, 44
defined, 39DigiBeta is higher
quality, 41import, 349locked audio and video,
349pixel aspect ratio, 30quality, 40tape, 39theatrical projection, 44
DV100, 42DV25. See also DVDV50, 41DVC, defined, 40DVCam, 40DVCPRO, 40DVDs, 8, 10, 71, 83, 133,
250, 318anamorphic, 33encryption, 334
MASTERING INTERNET VIDEO: A GUIDE TO STREAMING AND ON-DEMAND VIDEO458
parameters, 67two-pass, 336, 346VBR, 336, 346
encryption, 118, 120, 274,341
64 bits, 283algorithms
examples, 284, 287simple, 281strong, 283
asymmetric, 285, 290basics, 281breaking locks, 275brute force attack, 284certificate authorities, 291changing the locks, 282compromised, 282concepts, 280cost to crack, 276credentials, 278decryption, 275digital signatures, 290effective, 280enforcement, 280foolproof, 285handshake, 285hard problems, 287hardware, 296hashes, 290hashing, 287-288interception, 275keys, 260, 274, 276, 281
authorities, 291management, 289private keys, 285public keys, 285revocation, 289-290
license, 279long keys, 284media file, 274one-time pad, 282overview, 275per viewer, 296plaintext, 281, 283positive identification,
285
exporting to, 53forum, 310, 315import, 334playback on computers,
39players, 303professionally mastered,
334players, 352quality, 158, 222, 319ripper, 334video capture from
DVD, 46widescreen, 33
DVI, defined, 27DVMRP. See multicast,
DVMRP
E
e-commerce, 175, 310e-mail, staggered, 333edge networking, 200edge servers, 200edges, jagged, 337editing, 52
MPEG-2, 335RAW, 335
efficient playback, 115efficient seeking, 116efficient trees, defined, 232egocasts, 221elementary streams. See
MPEG-4embed tags, 325embedding, 330emulation, 338encoders
hardware, 325-327native, 66
encoding, 328, 342automated, 328bit rates, 319frames, 337just in time, 325
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 458
INDEX 459
reverse engineering, 284rights, 278secure messages, 275secure web pages, 291security by obscurity, 257,
279short keys, 276short passwords, 276signing, 286simple, 281single key, 278standards, 276strength, 287symmetric, 276
defined, 283explained, 284
technology, 273time to crack, 276tools, 274, 282trust, 291trusted, 275versus DRM, 295weaknesses, 275
enhancement layers, 374-375enterprises, 174, 220
end-to-end configuration,246
traffic shaping, 243multicast, 151, 197, 332networks, QoS, 243streaming, 176
entertainment industry, 272entropy coding, 100errors
correcting codes, 167detection, 208logging, 168tracking, 168
Europe, 320, 342even field, 5expectations, 175experience, 147, 149,
157-158, 175, 327,330-331, 336, 338,340-342, 351, 353
experience tracking, 167
MPEG-4, 385, 387patents, 135piracy, 136playback, 128playlists, 122progressive, 138raw, 122, 125re-indexing, 119re-sequencing, 119script files, 122segments, 140streamed, 138tracks, 139video CD, 133VOB, 134, 334
filesformats. See file formatsintegrity, 120manual opening, 345sharing, 331storage, 329translation, 111type associations,
344-345wrapper, 295
filmmaking, 44, 52films, 101, 320
16mm, 4424fps, 362K resolution, 1735mm, 16, 4570mm, 168mm, 44anamorphic, 32aspect ratio, 31capture, 45, 47, 346conversion, 7converting to digital, 47digitizing, 45film looks with DV
cameras, 44flicker, 3formats, 44frame rate, 3high resolution, 46importing, 45
exporting to DVDs, 53extrapolation, 170
F
failure points, 201failure rates, tracking, 168fair uses, 277falling back, 214Fast Cache, 165fast forward. See VCRs,
controlsFast Reconnect, 165Fast Recovery, 165fast start, 164-165, 180,
332, 350Fast Streaming, 165fault tolerance, 175-177FEC. See forward error
correctionfiber optics, 205fields, 5, 320
defined, 5even, 5odd, 5See also frame, 5
fields per second, 34fight scenes, 104file creator, 117file formats, 137, 322
2-gigabyte limit, 132associations, 344AVC, 388container files, 122, 138containers, 131copy protection, 136Flash, 138hypothetical, 122IFF, 132index, 119index files, 122integrity, 120ISO, 385legal rights, 135licensing, 135motion JPEG, 128, 133MP4, 138
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 459
letterbox, 31lip synch, 36motion fidelity, 7projection, 8resolution, 17, 32scanning, 37sizes, 334Super 8, 44transfer to video, 6
filtersde-blocking, 337de-interlacing, 336
financial incentives, 196firewalls, 167, 333, 340-341
corporate, 341streaming, 215traversal, 215
Firewire. See IEEE 1394fixed costs, 197fla, 128Flash MX, 83, 85, 104, 137,
186, 314, 330flicker, 3
elimination, 6in video, 3masking, 37reduction, 3
flipbooks, 2, 7flow control, 208.flv, 128flying spot scanning, 14fonts, 337formats, 339
conversion, 321digital, 335film. See filmshigh quality, 335native, 79organization, 339output, 335quality, 322standards, 339translations, 322
forward error correction(FEC), 165-166, 246
MASTERING INTERNET VIDEO: A GUIDE TO STREAMING AND ON-DEMAND VIDEO460
graphicspalettes, 78placement, 138vector based, 137
Graphics InterchangeFormat (GIF), 78
green screen, 41Group Membership
Protocols (GMP), 231guaranteed delivery, 208GUIDs (Globally Unique
IDs), 135
H
H.261, 65, 71, 80, 82H.263, 71, 82, 102, 356H.264, 383H.26L, 383hacks, 214, 270
color video, 23digital rights manage-
ment, 257fake video card, 261hardware, 280, 297key extraction, 257saving streams to disk,
254screen capture, 260software, 278, 297streaming, 214
handhelds, 166, 186, 333,338
handshake, 285hard disks, crashing, 175hard math, 286hardware
broadcasting equipment,182
dongles, 296encoders, 327MPEG-4, 382
Harmonic and IndividualLines plus Noise (HILN).See MPEG-4,HILN
Fourier transforms, 96Fourier, Jean Baptiste
Joseph, 96frame rates, 68
defined, 68divisiors, 347film, 3fractional, 69increase, 336low, 70, 347native, 336reducing, 69video, 2-3, 347
frames, 320bad, 349bidirectional, 102bits, 337clouds, 201dropping, 75, 347, 349encoding, 337extraction, 320intra, 102, 336key, 336lost, 348rates. See frame ratesvideo, 2
free media players, 331frequencies, 96frequency transforms, 95ftp, 210fulfillment, 341future proofing, 313
G
G2 Player (RealNetworks),86
gamma, 351General MIDI, 373GIF, 111, 137gigabytes, 332glitches, 166Globally Unique IDs
(GUIDs), 135
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 460
INDEX 461
hashing, 287-288HDTVs (high definition
television), 10, 71, 83,309, 358, 370, 383
head start, 164heads, dirty, 335Hi8, 40high definition television.
See HTDVshigh frequency, 96, 100high-bandwidth applications,
196higher bit rates, 336hint track, 121hops, 194horizontal resolution. See
resolution, horizontalhosting costs, 175hosting providers, 323, 342hosts, 206-207hotels, 147HTML, 138, 306
Active-X controls, 345autoinstallation, 345custom, 339embed tags, 345extensions, 306media players, 352object tags, 345
HTTP, 144, 204, 210-212,341
request, 144streaming, 158, 324tunneling, 146, 216
https, 291, 293hubs, 241human eyes, 90human visual system, 99HVXC, 375
I
I-frames, 336IBM-PC Computers, 79ICY, 214
internal resolution, 43international, 342Internet, 84
advertising, 149alternate routes, 194backbone, 192bandwidth, 56
guarantees, 243variability, 195
basics, 190best-effort delivery, 193bottlenecks, 195broadband, 39, 56, 62broadcasting, 196brownouts, 193, 198busy routers, 194causes of delay, 195channel variation, 195circuit switching, 193clients, 202clogged, 164cloud, 201complexity, 193congested, 206connection, 52, 164delays, 194-195delivery, 58different routes, 193edge, 198experience, 175failure, 201filming video for
Internet, 44firewalls, 194helper applications, 344hops, 194hosts, 206infrastructure, 212intercontinental, 192IP addresses, 231last mile, 201latency, 194link lost, 194locality services, 171,
174
ID Software, 85IE6, 352IEC (International
ElectrotechnicalCommission), 308
IEEE, defined, 28IEEE 1394, 28, 41IETF (Internet Engineering
Task Force), 212, 309, 381IGMP, 231IGMPv3, 231images. See graphicsimporting, 320
digital, 335direct, 335USB 1.1, 335video, 37
impressions, 170-171index files, 122, 329index segment, 116installed user base, 186instant gratification, 147,
156Instant On, 165, 180,
332, 350instant play, 147Intel Pentium, 84Intellectual Property
Management andProtection (IPMP). See MPEG-4,
IPMP, 386intended audience, 143interactive CD-ROM, 82interactive content, 103interactive multimedia, 82interframes, 81, 102interlaced frames per
second, 34interlacing, 5-6, 8
defined, 4reasons for interlaced
television, 5interleaving, 115intermediate frames, 75
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 461
long-haul connections,192, 198
Mbone, 240multicasting, 196multimedia backbone,
240nerve centers, 192networks, 341, 379one-to-one medium, 196overflows, 194packets, 206
loss, 194, 347switching, 190, 193
peering, 192popularity, 84, 196ports. See also portsprotocol version 6, 240providers, 192public exchange points,
192publishing, 147QoS, 243radio, 62, 235, 327real-time, 202rerouting, 194routers, 206routes, 193servers, 202slowest link, 195sluggishness, 157television, 147, 186,
250, 327Tier-1 providers, 192Tier-2 providers, 192traffic, 198transport
conceptual, 190packets, 190
tunneling, 196TV shows, 250unicast, 196video distribution, 250webcasting, 196
Internet Engineering TaskForce (IETF), 212, 309
MASTERING INTERNET VIDEO: A GUIDE TO STREAMING AND ON-DEMAND VIDEO462
ISMA (Internet StreamingMedia Alliance), 310
ISO base media format,385-388
ISO/IEC/JTC 1/SC29/WG11, 359
ISPs (Internet ServiceProviders), 190, 342
last mile, 201overcommitted, 346provisioning, 346
ITconfiguration, 341managers, 341
Iterated Systems, 85ITU-R, 308ITU-T, 308ITU (International
TelecommunicationUnion), 308
iTunes, 215, 314, 330
J
jagged edges, 337JPEG (Joint Photographic
Experts Group), 81, 88,99-100, 111, 137
judder, defined, 8
K
Kazaa, 249key frames, 74, 115,
335-336, 347frequency, 336natural, 75
key storage, 292keynote speeches, 149keys, 275. See also
encryptionclient side, 290revocation, 289server side, 289updating, 290
kung-fu movies, 53
Internet Explorer, 306,339, 345
Internet GroupManagement Protocol(IGMP), 231
Internet Protocol (IP), 206Internet Protocol version 6
(IPv6), 240Internet service providers
(ISPs), 190Internet Streaming Media
Alliance (ISMA), 310Internet television broad-
casters, 147Internet TV, 186Internet video, 56
creation, 51creation, 51difficulties, 188growth rate, 310high quality, 51, 53high quality cinematic
video, 53terminology, 180
interoperability, 111,180, 203
interpolated frames, 115interpolation, 43interstitials, 170, 330intraframes, 89, 102, 335intranets, 379inventory, 229inverse Telecine, 8-9, 320,
346IP addresses, 168, 206,
231, 340class A-E, 232classes, 231-232
iPIX plugin, 104IPMP, 386IPMP-X, 387iPod, 28IPv6, 240
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 462
INDEX 463
L
large audiences, 151laserdisks, 334last mile, 201latency, 341-342layers, 204-205
application, 210data link, 205network, 206physical, 205transport, 207, 379
lectures, 319legal problems, 204lens. See videos, cameras,
lens qualityletterboxes, 338levels. See MPEG-4, levelslibrary, 328licensing, 274, 279, 312,
339, 343lighting, 52lines of horizontal resolu-
tion, 19, 22broadcast video, 22, 24confusing terminology,
19defined, 19DVDs, 22how to measure, 20VCR, 22
Linux, 133live, 326
defined, 149live broadcasts, 147, 149,
172, 175-176, 326-327live events, 326live media, 151live radio, 327live streaming, 63, 147, 326load balancing, 176, 333locality services, 171, 331locked audio and video.
See DVlocks, breaking, 275
license, 274location, 182organization, 339playback preferences,
344players, 173
advertisements, 353auto-installation,
345, 353big three, 170browser windows,
353buffering, 342codecs, 342configuration, 344controlling, 352custom, 353customization, 330development, 353downloads, 327DRM, 290embedding, 345, 353encryption, 290features, 339flexible, 339free, 331file types, 344graphics, 330newest, 344preferences, 344quality, 346server-based, 174sharing, 251source material, 346third party, 353upgrades, 292unfamiliar, 334value of originals, 12
portals, 170servers, 145, 160, 181,
347front-end, 177advertising, 182alternatives, 181big three, 181, 184bit rates, 182
log files, 168-169logging, 168logs. See log fileslong-haul connections, 192long-haul transmission, 198lost frames, 348low delay, 147low frequency, 96, 99lowering resolution for
video, 39luma, 91luminance, 90
M
.m3u, 128M4IF. See MPEG Industry
ForumMacintoshes, 131, 351
audio, 78Macromedia, 186, 314, 339
Flash, 59-60, 62, 85,103-104, 306, 314
Shockwave, 306Macrovision, 264main profile. See MPEG-4major labels, 314many-to-many, 235marketing, 146Mbone, 196, 240MD5, 288measurement, 167media
capture, 346companies
control, 278influence, 278power, 278
dark, 346degradation, 12delivery, real-time, 202delivery system, 328encryption, 274formats, 322, 332handlers, hijacking, 344
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 463
business, 184caching, 177controlling viewer-
ship, 179corporate, 184crashes, 177cross-platform, 185drawbacks, 180-182edge servers, 200enterprise, 184expense, 181feature race, 181firewalls, 176Flash, 186formats, 181hierarchies, 176-177interoperability, 180limiting bandwidth,
179live broadcasts, 177lowest common
denominator, 181Macromedia, 186maintainance, 181matched, 184millions of viewers,
179missing features, 182MPEG-4, 184multiformat support,
181operating costs, 181playback time, 182playlists, 177position, 350QuickTime, 180Real, 134, 180RealNetworks, 177redundancy, 177reflection, 176required client
software, 182required server
software, 182source, 177
MASTERING INTERNET VIDEO: A GUIDE TO STREAMING AND ON-DEMAND VIDEO464
MOD (module) files, 80modems, 69, 147, 158,
194, 336audio, 336-337broadcasting, 69muting, 337slide shows, 336smooth motion, 336thumbnails, 336video, 336
monitorsexpensive, 351high quality, 351
Moore’s Law, 284MOSPF (Multicast
Extensions to OpenShortest Path First), 236
mosquito noise, 100motion, 53, 336
JPEG, 104, 128picture film, 101simulation, 36
mount points, 172MOV, 139, 344, 348.mov, 126, 131, 155movies, 71, 249. See also
videodownloaded, 158, 250feature length, 250piracy stance, 249silent, 2still frames, 320theaters, 274tickets, 274trailers, 324
Moving Picture ExpertsGroup (MPEG), 309
Mozilla, 339MP3, 83, 132, 249, 309,
327, 350, 374predecessor, 80radio, 327ripping, 134streaming, 149
.mp3, 126MP4, 138-139, 344, 387
special features, 181switching, 177terminology, 180updates, 181video, 323whether to use, 182Windows Media, 180youth, 180
supply chain, 270transmission, scalable,
196value chain, 270versions, 341, 344web browsers, 345wrong, 344misconfiguration, 342
megapixels, 17metadata, defined, 117microphones, 52Microsoft, 86-87, 213, 314
digital rights manage-ment, 250
Internet Explorer, 306MPEG-4, 315PowerPoint, 104standards, 315WM9, 315
MIDI. See MusicalInstrument DigitalInterface
MIME types, 346, 381MiniDV, 40mirror sites, 332, 343MLD, 231MLDv2, 231MMS over HTTP, 213MMST, 213MMSU, 213mobile devices, 186, 247,
314mobile network
connections, 166mobile phones, 139, 166,
314, 333, 383mobile wireless devices,
310
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 464
INDEX 465
.mp4, 124, 128, 387MPEG, 65, 81, 104, 133,
311, 314, 335, 348bitstream, 313conformance points, 358future proof, 313levels, 358licensing, 312parts, 357profiles, 357stream, 133
MPEG Industry Forum(M4IF), 309
MPEG LA, 309MPEG-1, 82, 87, 102, 130,
133, 304, 309, 329, 359Layer III. See MP3
MPEG-2, 65, 83, 87, 102,133, 304, 309, 321, 329,334, 340, 359, 379
AAC, 374upgrade path, 383versus AVC, 383VOB, 334
MPEG-21, 273, 357, 359MPEG-3, 83, 309MPEG-4, 87, 102, 184,
186, 273, 321, 329, 333,340, 355, 359, 379
3D toolset, 3883GPP, 389AAC, 357Animation Framework
eXtension (AFX), 389application engine, 385audio, 357AVC, 383-384background sprites, 360backward compatibility,
362BIFS, 385block size, 383BSAC, 375CELP, 373chips, 382
advanced scalabletexture, 369
advanced simple, 371basic animated
texture, 366core, 364core scalable, 367core studio, 371fine granularity scala-
bility, 372hybrid, 367Main, 364N-bit, 365scalable texture, 365simple, 362, 365, 369simple scalable, 363
reference software, 378sample banks, 373SAOL, 373SASBF, 373SBR, 376scene description, 385simple profile, 333simple visual profile,
358sprites, 360streams, 360support, 356synchronization, 361synthetic audio, 359systems, 385textures, 360tools, 356transport, 361, 381TTSI, 373TwinVQ, 374upgrades, 383video games, 388
MPEG-7, 273, 357, 359MPEG. See Moving Picture
Experts GroupMS DRM
version 1, 250version 2, 250
competition, 66compliance, 104, 378conformance points, 358deblocking, 384Delivery Multimedia
Integration Framework(DMIF), 361
DMIF ApplicationInterface (DAI), 361
DRM, 386elementary streams, 359email, 381enhancement layers,
374-375error resilience, 389extensions, 87file formats, 385, 387hardware, 382hardware decoders, 382HILN, 375HVXC, 373informative parts, 378Internet Protocol, 381IPMP, 386IPMP-X, 387iPod, 357ISO, 385, 387levels, 358MOV, 385MP4, 387Multi-user worlds, 389multiplexer, 361natural video, 359normative parts, 378on IP, 381open source, 323OpenType, 385optimized software, 381overlay, 389parts, 357profiles, 357
advanced coding effi-ciency, 368
advanced core, 368advanced real time
simple, 368
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 465
multicast, 151, 196,332-333
(*,G), 234(S,G) pair, 234abbreviations, 230academic, 230acronyms, 247actions, 231addresses, 231algorithms, 235assumptions, 230bandwidth control, 229BGMP, 238broadcasts, 235center-based tree, 238central router, 238channels, 232Class D addresses, 232commercial, 240complicated, 230concepts, 225core-based trees, 238deciphering documenta-
tion, 247dense mode, 235-237density, 235designated shared roots,
233distance vectors, 236DVMRP, 236efficient trees, 232enterprise, 151error-resilience, 246fault-tolerance, 246flooding, 235-236flows, 235G, 234group membership, 231groups, 231-232guaranteed, 246high bandwidth, 242hosts, 232hubs, 241IP addresses, 231islands, 240join messages, 226leave message, 228
MASTERING INTERNET VIDEO: A GUIDE TO STREAMING AND ON-DEMAND VIDEO466
source filtering, 231source trees, 232sparse mode, 235-238standards, 230, 240subscribers, 235subscriptions, 226summarized, 247switches, 241-242trees, 226, 232tunnels, 196, 240unidirectional, 235unsubscribe, 235vendor-specific terms,
247wireless, 247
Multicast Extensions toOpen Shortest Path First(MOSPF), 236
Multicast Listener Discovery(MLD), 231
multicast shortest path trees, 232
multicasting, 151, 196,220, 223
multimedia, 82, 138multimedia backbone
(Mbone), 196, 240multiple bit rate (MBR), 86,
134, 162multiplexing, 348, 361museums, 104music
downloads, 314videos, 100, 319
Musical Instrument DigitalInterface (MIDI), 80, 373
N
Napster, 84, 202, 249, 330National Center for
SupercomputingApplications (NCSA), 306
native graphics formats, 79NATs, 341natural key frames, 75natural video, 359
listener discovery, 231many-to-many, 235messages
join, 226leave, 228subscribe, 235unsubscribe, 235
mobile, 247modes
dense, 235sparse, 235
MOSPF, 236nonstandard, 246old protocols, 242one-to-many, 235OSPF, 236PIM-DM, 237protocols
BGMP, 238CBT, 238DVMRP, 236independent, 237MOSPF, 236old, 242PIM-DM, 237-238PIM-SM, 238
pruning, 236quality of service (QoS),
242redundancy, 246reliability, 246reliable, 246rendezvous points (RP),
238replacements, 238research, 230, 240root, 232routers, 241S, 234S,G notation, 234scalability, 333security issues, 235shared trees, 233shortest path source-
trees, 238simplified, 220single source, 235
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 466
INDEX 467
NetMeeting, 213Netscape, 306, 339Netscape Navigator, 306networks, 157, 379
awareness, 157, 163automatic resends, 208bottlenecks, 198cached copies, 204cellular, 379choke, 164circuit-switched, 190conditions, 348configuration, 342connections, 166, 208corporate, 197, 379diagnosis, 341disconnection, 342delays, 379edges, 179, 333efficient, 223error detection, 208error-prone, 202flow control, 208guaranteed delivery, 208hubs, 241infrastructure, 223Internet Protocol version
6 (IPv6), 240last mile, 201latency, 341layers, 204, 206long haul connections,
192mobile, 247multicasting, 196, 220optimization, 176P2P, 202packets, 121, 190, 208,
246, 254duplicate, 194loss, 166-167, 347,
349switching, 190
peer-to-peer, 202-203pipes, 220protocols, 204, 244
open standards, 328operating systems, 338,
344-345output format, 335overcommitment, 346
P
P2P. See networking, peer-to-peer
packetization, 121packets, 121, 167, 190, 246
defined, 206duplicate, 194duplication, 246loss, 162, 166, 179,
200-201, 246, 347defined, 193logging, 168
missing, 209ordering, 209out-of-order, 246resends, 208-209switching, 190, 192-193
PAL, 34-35passwords, 252
hashing, 288insecurity, 280sticky notes, 280
patents, software, 135payments, 147, 274, 341Pb, 26PDAs, 166, 333peer-to-peer, 332-333
bandwidth savings, 204CDNs, 203cost savings, 204defined, 202edge nodes, 202interoperability, 203legal problems, 204multicasting, 202Napster, 202pyramid effect, 202technology, 202vendors, 204
peering, defined, 192
proxy servers, 224quality, 346redundancy, 167relay servers, 224restricted, 213routers, 190, 220speed, 208sub-branches, 220switches, 241T-1, 326traffic, 192, 243transmission, 208transport, 209, 379tunneling, 196wireless, 205, 247
network address translation(NAT), traversal, 215
news, 104broadcasts, 69channels, 223sites, 64
Nielson ratings, 170non-square projection, 29nonprofit, 332normative, defined, 378North America, 320.nsv, 124, 128NTSC, 34Nullsoft, 149, 186, 214Nullsoft Video (NSV), 128,
215
O
object tags, 325octet streams, 346odd field defined, 5off-hours, 332-333.ogg, 128one-time pad, 282one-to-one medium, 196one-way communication, 166one-way transmission, 188ones and zeros, 205open or save, 345open source, 133-136, 185,
323
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 467
Pentium processors, 84physical layer. See layers,
physicalpicture tube, 3PIM-DM. See Protocol
IndependentMulticast–Dense Mode
Pimps, IPMP, 387pipes, 220piracy, 277pixels
aspect ratio, 29, 37doubling, 70preserving, 31rectangular, 29resulting from sampling,
15square, 29, 351
plaintext. See encryption,plaintext
platformsemulation, 338video, 338
playback, 115, 146, 153,159, 164, 338, 341
buffering, 350decryption, 276, 294devices, 335embed tags, 345object tags, 345preferences, 344real time, 144smooth, 347start, 350visual quality, 182
playersDVD, 352surveys, 339user preference, 339video See also video,
player, 59playlists, 122, 138, 150,
155-156, 172, 177, 327client-side, 155-156, 329custom, 156
MASTERING INTERNET VIDEO: A GUIDE TO STREAMING AND ON-DEMAND VIDEO468
pre-flight, 326pre-recorded set lists, 147prebuffering, 332precise billing, 170preferences, browser, 352preinstallation, 186private keys, 285-286private peering, 192, 194processors, speed, 347product placements, 170profiles, 357programming, 149, 155,
321progressive downloads,
144, 146, 349progressive filming with
DV camera, 44progressive frames, 39progressive Internet
video, 44progressive video, 9projection
anamorphic, 33non-square, 29
proprietary, 304, 312Protocol Independent
Multicast–Dense Mode(PIM-DM), 238
protocols, 152, 204automatic resends, 208efficiency, 208-209encapsulation, 215-216error detection, 208falling back, 214HTTP, 341Icecast, 214ICY, 214inefficient, 224lean, 209Microsoft, 213MMS, 213MMST, 213multicast, 220PNA, 213PNM, 213quality monitoring, 214
files, 122individualized, 156per viewer, 156server-side, 155, 329-330track transitions, 342
Playstation. See SonyPlaystation
plugins, 320Flash, 104Internet Explorer, 307iPIX, 104Netscape, 307QT3D, 104QTVR, 104QuickTime, 104VRML, 104Web3D, 104
PNA, 213PNG, 111PNM, 213points of failure, 201pop-up ads, 170, 353pop3, 210popularity, 196portals, 170porting, 339ports
21, 208, 21023, 208, 21025, 20780, 207-208, 210, 341110, 210123, 208161, 208554, 208666, 2083389, 2087070, 2088080, 208numbers, 209
postage stamp videos,82, 131
power frequency, 6Pr, 26pre-caching, 199
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 468
INDEX 469
RealNetworks, 213resends, 209RTCP, 213RTP, 213RTSP, 213self-healing, 208Shoutcast, 214standards, 214streaming, 212synchronization, 214tunneling, 216UDP, 211unreliable, 209VCR controls, 213video delivery, 212web extensions, 306
Protocol IndependentMulticast–Dense Mode(PIM-DM), 237
provisioning, 346proxies, 224, 341pseudo-interoperability, 180pseudo-live broadcast, 152pseudo-live events, 149-150,
156public access, 332public exchange points, 192public Internet, 151public key, 120, 285public peering, defined, 192publishing points, 172PVR, 340
Q
QCIF, 71QoS. See quality of serviceQT3D, 104QTSS. See QuickTime,
QuickTime streamingserver
quality networks, 229, 346quality of service, 246
best-effort delivery, 244bit rate sensitive delivery,
244
RealAudio, 134realities, 175reality-based programming,
104RealMedia, 59-60, 62, 64-
65, 83, 86-87, 132, 163mount points, 172SureStream, 162
RealNetworks, 134, 149,167, 176-177, 213
CDNs, 185G2 player, 86Helix, 185System IQ, 185
RealOne, 353RealVideo, 85rebuffering, 145, 163rectangular pixels, 29redundancy, 86, 167, 200,
326-327reference frames, 336reference movies, 132, 163reference software, 378, 381region coding, 174region restrictions, 174regional branches, 220regionalization, 174regions, 174relays. See proxiesreliable multicast, 246religion, media format, 59rendezvous points (RP), 238reporting, 160, 168Requests for Comments
(RFCs), 309resolution
adjusting screen, 71analog film, 17analog television, 21BetacamSP, 48CIF, 71color, 23, 39, 41comparison, 17defined, 16digital, 16digital cameras, 17, 43
defined, 242delay-sensitive delivery,
244Resource Reservation
Protocol (RSVP), 244quantization, 99QuickTime, 59-60, 62, 64-
65, 82, 87, 131, 161, 163,172, 306
3D (QT3D), 104cross platform, 132hint tracks, 121, 131hinting, 121mount points, 172MOV files, 131player, 164, 353QuickTime 6, 139reference movies, 132,
155, 161streaming server, 185versions, 132, 164
R
.ra, 124, 134radio, 188
broadcast, 149one-way transmission,
188transport, 188station, 327
.ram, 126, 132, 134, 155random access, 182ratings, 147, 170RCA connectors, 25Real Networks, 149real time, 133, 149, 158,
160, 195, 200, 326-327,335
defined, 157delivery, 160error prone, 202
Real Time StreamingProtocol (RTSP), 154, 213
Real Time TransportProtocol (RTP), 212-213
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 469
film, 17HD, 370horizontal, 19impact of multiple
generations, 23increase, 337low, 78native, 70producing best output,
23QCIF, 71reduction, 347scanning, 17screen, 17television, 21
in megapixels, 21video capture, 15
terminology, 17vertical, 18VHS, 48video source, 22
Resource ReservationProtocol (RSVP), 244
revenue, 169reverse engineering, 284RGB, 89rich media, 314rights controls, 260ringing, 100ripping, 134-135.rm, 124ROT13, 281routers, 190, 196, 220
defined, 190multicast, 225packets, 190proxies/relays, 225QoS, 243vendors, 246
RSVP. See ResourceReservation Protocol
RTCP. See Real-TimeControl Protocol
.rtp, 126, 128, 213, 309run length encoding, 79
MASTERING INTERNET VIDEO: A GUIDE TO STREAMING AND ON-DEMAND VIDEO470
securitycode-level, 264by obscurity, 257, 279
seek times, 115seeking, 116self-healing, 208servers. See also media
serversbandwidth, 342capacity, 341crashes, 177fault tolerance, 175front-end, 177hierarchies, 176misconfiguration, 342proxies, 224relays, 224streaming, 143web, 333
service bureau, 46, 334-335serving video, 323session keys, 331set lists, 147set top boxes, 296settings, web browser, 352SHA-1, 288shooting
DV for film, 44tradeoffs, 53video, 52
short passwords, 276shortest path trees, 232simple face and body
animation profile, 369simple face animation
profile, 365simple visual profile, 358,
378simulcasting, 150, 156sine waves, 96Single-Source Multicast
(SSM), 235sitcoms, 53skateboard video, 73skinning, 330skips, 158slide shows, 2, 69, 336
S
S,G, 234S-video, 318Safari, 339sampling
audio, 16, 78banks, 373color, 16, 78media, 377
satellites, 205, 208saving streams, 254scalability, 147, 333, 341
capacity, 175defined, 175increasing, 199limits, 175live video, 175load balancing, 176media transmission, 196multicast, 333on-demand video, 175options, 176reality, 175RealNetworks, 176Web, 333web servers, 333
scan line, 3-4, 18scanning, flying spot, 14scenes, 52
changes, 53high-motion, 336transitions, 53
screenscomputer, 70capture, 260dimensions, 352resolution, 17
script, 52scrubbing, defined, 115search engines, 343SECAM, defined, 35secret messages, 275secure data delivery, 282secure HTTP, 291secure web pages, 291
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 470
INDEX 471
silent movies, 2.smi, 155.smil, 126, 128, 138SMIL (Synchronized
Multimedia IntegrationLanguage), 138, 155,163, 170
text tracks, 337.sml, 126, 128, 138smoothness, 146SMPTE (Society of Motion
Picture and TelevisionEngineers), 310, 315
SMTP, 210SNHC, 389Society of Motion Picture
and Television Engineers(SMPTE), 310, 315
softwareclient-side, 332development, 353drivers, 335optimized, 381patents, 135peer-to-peer, 332ports, 339reference, 378unoptimized, 378
soldering iron, 280Sony Clié, 333Sony Playstation, 82Sorenson, 83, 85, 132,
137, 185sound
cards, 343muffled, 78
source directory, 153source servers, 177source trees. See multicast
source treesSource,Group. See multi-
cast S,G notationspacial compression, 89sparse mode multicast, 237spectral band replication
(SBR), 376
royal decree, 304rubber stamp, 307video, 338-339versus proprietary
technology, 304Web, 168Windows Media, 315WM9, 315
start time, buffering, 350startup, delays, 350static files, 199stations, 172statistics, 160, 167-168,
170sticky notes, 280still frame, 320stock ticker, 223stops, unexpected, 342storage, 111, 122, 329
access times, 115analog, 11compact, 12high resolution, 329logical, 114physical, 114-115
streaming, 143, 145, 254,323
audio, 62, 134bulletproof, 176costs, 331defined, 145fast start, 164through firewalls, 215infrastructure, 176live, 63, 147, 176media
protocols, 212scalability, 147servers, 145, 147,
160-161service providers,
342modems, 69multicast, 333packets, 121performance, 75
sports, 104, 319sprites, 360square pixels, 29SSM (Single-Source
Multicast), 235staircases, 337Standard Definition (SD),
35standards, 212
3GPP, 333archiving, 340bearers, 304benefits, 302-303bodies, 112, 308committees, 306conformance testing,
377de facto, 304, 307decoder, 313defined, 303deliberation, 304encryption, 276formal, 304formats, 339freestyling, 306HTML, 307informal, 304Internet Protocol
version 6, 240Internet video, 308IPv6, 240metric system, 304MPEG, 311MPEG-21, 273MPEG-4, 65multicast, 230, 240organizations, 308plug-in architectures,
307process, 305protocols, 214realities, 302reference software, 378rich media, 314rights description
languages, 273
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 471
protocols, 212proxies, 341real time, 64redundancy, 200scalability, 333servers, 62, 143, 145,
152, 166-167, 172, 340acknowledgements,
160address, 172buffering, 164encryption, 276fast start, 164ideal, 147, 159network awareness,
163non-ideal, 171Nullsoft, 186Real, 134throttling, 161user experience, 167
serviceproviders, 326radio, 327
smooth, 162text, 389VCR, 254video, 134, 145
streamscapture, 254formats, 122MPEG-4, 360scaling, 86smooth, 162thinning, 162
strobe light, 3Structured Audio
Orchestral Language(SAOL), 373-374
Structured Audio Sample-Bank Format (SASBF),373
subscribe message, 235subscription models, 353
MASTERING INTERNET VIDEO: A GUIDE TO STREAMING AND ON-DEMAND VIDEO472
TCP/IP (TransmissionControl Protocol/InternetProtocol), 207-208, 210,246, 309
technology, proprietary,304, 312
Telecine, 7-8, 320telephones, 205
circuits, 190lines, 205switches, 190transport, 190two-way, 190
televisions, 7, 147, 149,153, 156, 169-170, 175,179, 320, 336, 340
analog to digital conversion, 15
capture, 340compared to computer
monitors, 7component color. See
color, componentsdisplay, 7displaying progressive
images, 7European standard, 8experience, 147HDTV, 71, 83High Definition
(HDTV), 35how it works, 3interlaced. See interlac-
ingInternet, 64, 186, 250,
327lines, 3non-square pixels, 351one-way transmission,
188pixels, 29, 351recording, 340refresh, 4resolution, 21
subtitles, 103, 338crop, 338letterbox, 338removal, 338removing, 338
SureStream. See RealMediaSureStream
surveys, 339-340, 343SVCD. See VCDSWF, 124, 128, 137switches, defined, 241symmetric encryption, 276,
283-284synchronization, 149, 115
drift, 348-349errors, 349MPEG-4, 361video, 3
Synchronize MultimediaIntegration Language(SMIL), 138
System IQ, 185
T
T-1, 326T-1 connections, 196talking head, 104tapes
8mm, 48analog, 12, 334Beta, 49Betacam SP, 48BetaSP, 48C-VHS, 48digital, 39, 334Hi8, 48VHS, 47Video8, 48
target bandwidth, 62target platform, 339targeted advertisement, 331tax benefits, 332TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol), 207-208, 246,309
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 472
INDEX 473
scan, defined, 3screens, 70source resolution, 22Standard Definition
(SD), 35transport, 188
text, 337fonts, 337illegible, 337overlay, 389sans-serif, 337time-triggered, 389tracks, 337
Text to Speech Interface(TTSI). See MPEG-4,TTSI
textures, 102, 360Thawte, 291Third Generation
Partnership Project(3GPP), 310, 333
third-party hardware, 184third-party reporting, 168third-party verification, 168throttling, 161-162, 179throughput, defined, 160time
awareness, 160shifting, 333zones, 332
TiVo, 147, 340toolbox, 356tools, 356
capture, 323conversion, 323editing, 323open source, 323proprietary, 304, 338video coding, 356
toolsets, 3D, 388tracking, 167, 174, 197tracks, 139, 342traditional television, 151traffic shaping, 243
two-way communication,166, 209
two-way data channels, 209
U
UDP (User DatagramProtocol), 207, 211, 246,309, 341
checksums, 209disabled, 215
uncompressed video, 56unicasting, 151, 196United States, 342Universal Resource Locator
(URL). See URLsuplink speeds, 326upsampling, 43URLs (Uniform Resource
Locators), 144, 172-173,323, 343
handling, 173suffix, 172
USB 1.1, 335User Datagram Protocol,
209-211users
broadband, 337channels, 329databases, 174experience, 143, 167,
274, 327, 330-331,336-342, 351, 353
preferences. See prefer-ences
tracking, 174trusted, 295untrusted, 295
V
Variable Bit Rate (VBR),336
defined, 74VCDs, 304
Transform DomainWeighted INterleaveVector Quantization(TwinVQ). See MPEG-4,TwinVQ
transforms, 89, 96transient copies, 204transmission
redundancy, 167standstill, 209
Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP), 207-208,210, 246, 309
transportaudio, 344layer. See layerslong-haul, 198packets, 121, 166, 190preferences, 341systems, 379UDP, 341variety, 379
treesmulticast, 232shortest path, See multi-
cast, shortest path treessource. See multicast,
source treestripod, 52true color, 78trust certificates, 291trusted computing, 280,
296TTSI, 375tunneling. See protocol
encapsulationTurboCache, 350TurboPlay, 165, 180TV experience, 157TV out connector, 264TV-like content, 149TwinVQ, 375two-pass encoding, 336
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 473
VCRs, 272, 346controls, 145, 147,
153-154, 156, 213fast forward, 165rewind, 165scrubbing, 165seeking, 165
duplication, 272IEEE 1394 connector,
41Vdonet, 85vector compression, 104vector graphics, 85vendors, 273, 338Verisign, 291versions, 341vertical resolution. See
resolution, verticalVHS, 133, 319
defined, 12lousy color, 46resolution, 48tape, 47
Via Licensing Corporation,309
video. See also movies3D, 863:2 pulldown, 4624fps, 36acquisition, 37adjustments, 351adult content, 104advertisements. See
advertisementsaliasing, 337analog to digital conver-
sion, 26, 37animation, 101, 104, 137archival, 329archiving, 340artifacts, 337aspect ratio, 70, 351asset management, 339audio synchronization,
34, 115
MASTERING INTERNET VIDEO: A GUIDE TO STREAMING AND ON-DEMAND VIDEO474
cleanup, 346click-throughs, 274clips, 153clunky, 195codecs, 58, 76, 336, 341coding, 309, 356color, 346, 351component color, 49compositing, 25,
103-104, 335compression, 23, 56,
103, 335, 346as an art, 39tradeoffs, 57, 347
computer-generated, 51computing power, 72conferencing, 71, 81,
104, 235connection loss, 188connectors, 24
BNC, 26component, 26RCA, 25S-video, 26
content providers, 204control, 147, 182conversion, 1, 8, 320,
335to DVD, 45from film, 7to VHS, 45
copy-limited, 274corporate training,
250, 341corruption, 347crop, 338cross-platform, 132, 325dark, 346, 351de-blocking, 337de-interlacing, 39, 337decompression, 56, 58degradation, 370delays, 162, 188delivery, 57-58,
143-144, 160
basics, 2billing, 147, 175, 310bit rates, 134, 145, 319,
339blockiness, 383blogs, 324blurry, 336, 346brightness, 24, 346, 351broadband, 52, 337broadcast, 5, 33, 42,
220, 235buffering, 164-165business training, 250caching, 166cameras, 274, 324
digital, 42interpolation, 43lens quality, 43upsampling, 43
capture, 1, 15, 37, 49,318, 323-324, 346
analog, 37, 49, 349area, 338component video, 26computer graphics,
37digital, 346digital tape, 37DV as an intermedi-
ate for VHS, 50from DVD, 46from film, 37Osprey cards are
popular, 50recommended
formats, 50resolution, 15service bureaus, 51
car chases, 104cartoons, 104channels, 157, 340children’s shows, 250choppy, 161, 349chroma keying, 104
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 474
INDEX 475
e-mail, 61media servers, 62real-time, 200satellites, 200streaming servers, 62web servers, 62
demultiplexing, 348detail, 72DigiBeta, 41digital 8mm, 48digital connectors, 27digital interconnects, 37disconnection, 342distribution
models, 298safe, 298
docked, 352documentaries, 104downloads, 52, 144,
166, 337, 343dropouts, 166, 188, 193DV, 324DVDs, 8, 10, 158e-commerce, 310edges, 337editing, 17, 53, 119,
318, 323, 335, 349encoding, 66, 176, 325,
337, 342enterprise, 176, 184Europe, 8, 35exclusives, 298expense, 196export, 37, 338fast motion, 347fast start, 164fields, 37fight scenes, 104file formats, 111file-sharing, 249filler, 298film versus television, 6flicker, 3, 5flipbooks, 2flooding, 235
live, 50, 63, 149,151, 326
lockboxes, 298low delay, 147low resolution, 22, 70low-motion, 57low-quality, 298lowering resolution, 39many-to-many, 235media location, 182mobile devices, 72mobile phones, 139, 333modems, 52, 336, 341motion, 7, 36, 53movie trailers, 324multicast, 151multiplatform, 325multiple formats, 325museum tours, 104music, 100, 104, 319muted, 337navigation, 138networks, 143news, 104no audio, 343non-DV formats, 42non-square pixels, 37North America, 34NTSC, 34Nullsoft, 186on-demand, 65, 147,
151, 153, 174one-time viewing, 280online, 143open source, 323organization, 339originals, 334, 348output, 264packet loss, 162, 342,
347PAL, 34-35pauses, 145, 193, 195payments, 147, 274, 341PDAs, 333piracy, 249
format translation, 111formats, 322, 339frame rate, 2-3, 8, 36,
69, 347frames, 2, 37fulfillment, 341full motion, 101full screen, 70glitches, 166, 347handhelds, 333, 338header, 117hiccups, 161, 188High Definition (HD),
35high-motion, 57, 336hosting, 342image quality, 22importing, 37, 46, 318,
334imprecise terminology,
34incompatibility, 65, 132indexing, 116infrastructure, 176instant play, 147interlaced, 6, 37, 39, 46intermediate frames, 75Internet, 56Internet Explorer 6, 352ISPs, 342jagged edges, 337jerky, 70jittery, 349jokes, 250judder, 8key frames, 74layers, 101, 138lectures, 319licensing, 274, 312limited copying, 274lines of horizontal
resolution, 22links, 340lip synch, 36
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 475
playback, 115, 146,157, 195, 335
players, 59playlists, 155postage stamp, 82, 131preflight, 326preparation, 1, 56prerecorded, 149, 156production, 339professional tape
formats, 42progressive, 5-6, 9, 37,
39, 46, 336, 370proper conversion and
capture, 46proprietary, 304protection, passwords,
252pseudo-live, 149-150,
156quality, 322
DVD, 134source, 22VHS, 133
random access, 182ratings, 147RAW, 338real time, 64, 133,
144, 157, 195reality-based, 104RealNetworks, 134rebuffering, 145, 163receiver, 235recording high definition
(HD), 41redundancy, 86reflection, 176refresh rate, 26requests, 157resizing, 352resolution, 18, 26, 70,
337improvement, 23of source, 22
MASTERING INTERNET VIDEO: A GUIDE TO STREAMING AND ON-DEMAND VIDEO476
subset, 298synchronization, 3, 348teasers, 298television, 149terms, 274text, 337tools, 338tracking, 147, 167tracks, 343trade offs, 336traffic, 157trailers, 324transcontinental, 341transfers, 6, 37translation, 321transport, 157, 188,
341, 379uncompressed, 56,
318, 338uncopyable, 274unicast, 151unicasting, 151unlimited viewings,
274, 280URLs, 340, 342USB 1.1, 335user experience, 167VCR controls, 145,
149, 165vector graphics, 137viewer tracking, 147visual quality, 182walkthroughs, 104wavelets, 337web browser, 352web integration, 339web pages, 143, 323weblogs, 324wires, 24workflow, 339
Video CDs (VCD), 133,304, 352
video editing, 136, 182frame by frame, 338synchronization, 348
restricted access, 174restricted copying, 280revenue, 169routing, 342scalability, 175scan lines, 18screen dimensions, 352scrubbing, 115seamless, 188SECAM, 35security, 250seeking, 116, 165sequential, 155server-based, 174service bureau, 42serving, 143, 323shape, 351-352sharing, 251-252shooting, 52simulcasting, defined,
150single-timed viewing,
274single viewing, 274size, 70, 72skipping, 193, 195slow, 195smooth, 158source dropout, 175source resolution, 22sports, 104, 319staircases, 337Standard Definition
(SD), 35standards, 65, 308, 338statistics, 147, 167stops, 342storage, 111-112, 114streaming, 134, 145,
166, 323infrastructure, 176protocols
studio grade, 370, 383stutters, 195, 349
13 index 07.15.04 11:56 AM Page 476
INDEX 477
video games, 103, 388video object (VOB) files,
134video phones, 71video servers. See stream-
ing servers, 161video streaming, 214Video Toasters, 81videography, 51videotapes, 320viewers, 147, 167, 339, 342
average, 351bandwidth, 342capacity, 341codecs, 342connections, 168, 340interruption, 164maximum, 339player version, 343playlists, 329statistics, 147, 167tracking, 147, 167
viewership, 168growth, 168restricting access, 174successful, 168
viewingasynchronous, 154real time, 157
virtual private networking,196
Virtual Reality MarkupLanguage (VRML), 360
virtual URLs, 172VOB, 334VOD. See video,
on-demandvolume controls, 343VRML, 388VRML ‘97, 388Vxtreme, 85
wireless, 205, 2473G, 310mobile devices, 310
.wm, 128
.wma, 128
.wmv, 124, 128workflow, 339World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C),168, 306, 309
X–Y–Z
XML, 381XSVCD. See VCDs
Y, 26Y Cr Cb. See color,
componentsY Pb Pr. See color,
componentsYUV, 92, 370
ZIP files, 100zoom, 53
W
W3C. See World Wide WebConsortium
wavelets, 85, 337, 365Web
integration, 339test links, 340URLs, 342
web browsers, 173associations, 345docking, 352helper applications, 345MIME types, 346options menu, 352
web pages, 157, 195web servers, 62, 144, 160,
168, 176, 199, 328,332-333
embed tags, 346MIME types, 346misconfiguration, 345object tags, 346
Web3D, 104webcasting, 149, 196-197weblogs, 324website design, 137widescreen DVDs, 71WiFi, 205Windows 3.1, 131Windows Media, 59-65,
167, 172, 335Intelligent Streaming,
161Player, 164, 353programs, 155publishing points, 172stations, 172WM9, 315version 9, 164
Windows Media Server,185
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