Index
Abrasion arthroplasty, 211, 294 Absence of patella, 14, 96 Achilles allograft, 265, 269 Achilles stretching, 209 Achondroplastic dwarf, 86 Active quadriceps pull test, 76, 78 Activity restriction, 132, 138, 160, 182, 186 Adduction squeeze exercise, 152-53 Adolescent, patella problems, 127, 169-74 Agility drill, 160 Alkaptonuria, 50 Allograft
reconstruction of patella tendon, 265, 269 replacement of extensor mechanism, 322
Aneurysmal bone cyst, 62-64, 120 Angiosarcoma, 120 Ankle range of motion, 80 Ankle dorsiflexion exercise, 151 Ankylosis, 281 Anterior cruciate ligament
imaging, 98, 102 reconstruction, surgical complications, 285-86 torn, 86
Anterior plica, 176-77 Anterior tibial artery, 21 Anteromedial tubercle transfer
See Fulkerson anteromedial tubercle transfer Anti-inflammatory medication, 132, 179, 209,
254, 336-37 AO tension band technique, 185,270-71,284 Apprehension test, 76, 79, 130 Arthritis, 1, 249
arthroscopic treatment, 293-95 colitis-associated, 61 management, 291-305 osteoarthritis
See Osteoarthritis physical examination, 292-93
psoriatic, 61 rehabilitation, 44 rheumatoid
See Rheumatoid arthritis septic,86 surgical treatment, 293
lateral release, 295 patellar arthroplasty, 300-303 patellectomy, 303-5 patellofemoral arthroplasty, 300-303 tibial tubercle elevation or transfer, 295-300 total knee replacement, 292
Arthrofibrosis, 279-80 Arthrography, 96-100, 107
computed tomography, 97-100, 104, 109-10, 114
double-contrast, 96-97 Arthroplasty
abrasion, 211, 294 complications, 282-83 patellar, 300-303 patellofemoral, 300-303
Arthroscopy, 6 diagnostic, 201-3
patellar tracking, 201-4 synovial plica, 203-8
in patellofemoral pain, 132 portal placement, 201-2 treatment
arthritis, 293-95 chondromalacia, 208-11 dislocation of patella, 218 lateral release, 211-18, 227-29, 295 plica resection, 207-8
Arthrosis, 280-81, 284 Articular cartilage
contrast imbibition, 109 disorders, 59-61
341
342
Articular cartilage (continued) imaging, 103
Assisted passive stretching, 144-45 Avascular necrosis, 279, 284
Balance board, 148-49 BAPS board, 148-50 Baumgartl patella, 17 Biofeedback, 152, 154-57, 160
dynamic quadriceps sets, 157-58 isometric quadriceps sets, 157-59 minisquat, 156-57 sitting position, 156 standing position, 156 step-down, 157-58 walk stance, 157-58 wall slide, 157, 159
Biomechanics, 25-47 Bipartite patella, 14-15, 179-80, 183-86, 271
imaging, 94-95 Saupe classification, 180
Blackburne-Peel technique, patella height assessment, 88-90
Blazina classification, patellar tendinitis, 174, 254 Blumensaat's line, 88 Blumensaat's technique, patella height
assessment, 87-89 Bone curettage, 182 Bone cyst, 62, 66
aneurysmal, 62-64, 120 unicameral, 62-63
Bone disorders, 61-62 Bone drilling, 182, 211, 294 Bone scan, 100-102, 109, 115, 118, l31, 186,
193,206 Bracing, 133, 157-58, 173,316 Brady stretch, 133-34 Brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism, 120, 193 Bursa, 209 Bursal aspiration, 179 Bursitis, 5, 177-78
infrapatellar, 178 pes anserinus, 73, 76, 178-79 prepatellar, 85-86, 88, 177-78, 254 pretibial, 85-86 septic, 178-79 treatment, 179
Calcification, 100 soft-tissue, 51, 85-86 tendon, 279, 283
Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPDD), 52-55
Calf stretch, 164
Camel back sign, 73 Campbell procedure, proximal realignment,
233-34 Capsular ligament, 17 Cartilage
basal degeneration, 4-5 healing, 211
Cast immobilization, 180, 182, 271 Caton-Linclau technique, patella height
assessment, 89-91 Causalgia
See Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of knee Cement debris, 53 Cerebral palsy, 86, 88, 185-86 Child, patella problems, 169-74 Chondral shaving, 294 Chondroblastoma, 62, 64-66, 114, 120, 193 Chondrocalcinosis, 52-53
Index
Chondromalacia patellae, 59-60, 70, 169, 279 arthroscopic treatment, 208-11 asymptomatic, 2 definition, 5 etiology, 2-3, 209 historic review, 1-7 imaging, 100-104, 108-14
computed tomography arthrography, 109-10 magnetic resonance, 110-14 radiography, 109 Shahriaree arthroscopic grading system 101
medial patellar plica with, 206 ' Outerbridge's grading system, 2, 59, 208 patellar map, 5 patellofemoral contact area, 34 patellofemoral contact pressure, 34-35 rehabilitation, 209-10
Chondromatosis, synovial, 55-57 Chondroplasty, 211 Cine video analysis, 106 CKC exercise
See Closed kinetic chain exercise Closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercise, 133-36,
147-48, 151-53, 156, 159-61 Closing wedge osteotomy, 250-51 Cobalt-chromium patellar prosthesis, 301-2 Cold pack, 132 Colitis-associated arthritis, 61 Compartment syndrome, 281 Computed tomography (CT), 38, 100, 106, 114,
l31, 174, 247 Computed tomography (CT) arthography,
97-100, 104, 109-10, 114 Congenital disorders, 191-92 Congruence angie, 3, 38, 90-92, 131 Conservative care, 127-39, 143 Contract/relax partner stretch, 135
Index
Control-dial hinged knee orthosis, 258-60 Coronal osteotomy, 250 CPDD
See Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease Crepitation, 181-82, 286 Cryo/Cuff, 132 Cryostretch, 144 Cryotherapy, 132, 144, 159,336 Crystal-induced synovitis, 52 CT
See Computed tomography Cushion insole, 132 Cybex, 136 Cycling exercise, 160 Cyst, bone
See Bone cyst
DAPRE program, 148-49, 151-52 Debridement, arthroscopic, 294-95 Deep vein thrombosis, 278-79 Degenerative joint disease, 60-61 See also Arthritis; Osteoarthritis
Depalma patellar prosthesis, 300-301 Derotational osteotomy, 278 Development of patella, 93-94 Diagonal leg exercise, 164 Dislocation of patella, 20, 38, 70, 170, 212-13
acute, 223-27 arthroscopic treatment, 218 chronic, 70 congenital, 191-92 iatrogenic, 224 imaging, 92, 96, 112, 119-20 lateral, 113 recurrent, 70, 170, 223, 249 surgical management, 223-27
Distal femoral epiphysis, 14 Distal realignment, 5
Elmslie-Trillat procedure, 237-39 Fulkerson procedure, 238-41 Galiazzi procedure, 236-37 Hauser procedure, 234-35, 240-42 Hughston procedure, 236-37 indications, 223 Maquet osteotomy, 223, 240-43 Roux-Goldwait procedure, 235-36 surgical complications, 279-82
Don Tigney exercise, 152, 154-55, 159 Dorsal defect of patella, 83, 95-96, 120, 192-93 Double-contrast arthrography, 96-97 Down syndrome, 192 Duplication of extensor mechanism, 192 Duplication of patella, 14-15, 95 Dwarf, achondroplastic, 86
Dynamic patellar brace, 158 Dynamic quadriceps set, biofeedback, 157-58 Dysesthesia, 335 Dysplasia of femoral sulcus, 247 Dysplasia of femoral trochlea, 19
343
Dysplasia of patella/patellofemoral joint, 11-16, 36,69-70,170,247-50,277-79
congenital, 20
Electric muscle stimulation, 144, 152, 159 Electrocautery lateral release, 214-18 Electrostimulation, 209 Elmslie-Trillat procedure, distal realignment, 6 indications, 237 results, 237-38 technique, 237-39
Embryological development, knee, II, 13, 176, 180
Enchondroma, 193 Endurance exercise, 162 Eosinophilic granuloma, 193 Epiphyses of knee, 11, 14 Epithelioid sarcoma, 51 Equinus deformity, 72 Eryops, 11-13 Evolution of knee, 11-13 Excessive lateral pressure syndrome, 5, 169-73 Exercise bicycle, 135, 209 Exostosis, 64 Extensor mechanism, 18-20, 25-26
allograft replacement, 322 duplication, 192 injury, imaging, 116-20 rupture after total knee replacement, 321-22
etiology, 321 evaluation, 322 treatment, 322
trauma, 253-73 weakness, 279, 283
External tibial torsion, 69, 71
Fat pad syndrome See Hoffa's disease
Femoral anteversion, 18-19,69, 71, 277 Femoral artery, 21 Femoral condyle, 83
lateral, 15-16 medial, 15-16
Femoral nerve, 21-22 Femoral osteotomy, 250-51 Femoral sulcus
dysplasia, 247 imaging, 247 lateral, 15 medial, 15
344
Femoral sulcus angle See Sulcus angle
Femoral trochlea, 311 Fentanyl patch, 337 Fibroma, 51 Fibrous bands, 323 Flexibility exercise, 162 Flexion contracture, 71 Flotation device, 162 Flutter kicks, 164 Fong's disease
See Nail-patella syndrome Forward walking, in pool, 164 Fracture of femoral condyle, 224-26 Fracture of patella, 5, 83, 87, 182-86, 224-25,
268-72, 285 acute, 117-18 avulsion, 272
inferior, 183-85 medial, 184-85 superior, 184
cast immobilization, 271 classification, 270-71 comminuted, 118,270-72 diagnosis, 180, 269-71 fragmentation versus, 15 imaging, 95, 109, 113, 117-20 longitudinal, 183-84 open, 271 open reduction and internal fixation, 270-71,
278-79, 284 sleeve fracture, 182-86 stellate, 183-84 stress fracture, 109, 118, 183-87 surgical complications, 284 after total knee replacement, 317
etiology, 317-18 evaluation, 319 treatment, 319
transverse, 183-84 treatment, 185-86
Fracture of tibial tuberosity, avulsion, 186-88 Fragmentation of patella, 14-15, 93 Frontal rotation of patella, 36-37 Fulkerson anteromedial tubercle transfer, 6,
297-301 indications, 238-39 results, 240 technique, 239-41
Fulkerson's classification, patellofemoral malalignment, 6
Functional exercise, 162
Gadopentatate dimeglumine contrast, III
Index
Gait evaluation, 72 Galiazzi procedure, distal realignment, 236-37 Genetic disorders, 191-92 Genitofemoral nerve, 21-22 Genu recurvatum, 69, 71 Genu valgum, 69, 71 Genu varum, 69, 71 Giant cell tumor, 62, 65-66, 120, 193 Glide of patella, 130, 155-56, 171, 277 Gout, 51-54, 116, 120 Graft harvest, 279, 282 Grasshopper eyes, 73-74 Gynecoid pelvis, 69, 71
Half-moon patella, 17, 248-49 Half-squat test, 72 Hamstring stretch, 133, 144, 146 Hamstring tightness, 80-81, 129, 144 Hand bells, 164 Hand paddles, 164 Hauser procedure, distal realignment, 234-35
failed, 240-42 Heel pick, 146 Hemangioendothelioma, 66-67 Hemangioma, 51, 66, 115, 120, 193 Hemangiopericytoma, 51 Hemarthrosis, 50-52,216-17,278-79,281 Hemophilia, 50-52
pseudotumor of, 52 Hemosiderin, 116 High-speed straight leg exercise, 149-50 Hindfoot valgus, 72 Hip range of motion, 80 Hip sled, 136 Hoffa's disease, 54-55, 86, 179 Housemaid's knee
See Prepatellar bursitis Hughston procedure, distal realignment, 236-37
indications, 236 results, 237 technique, 236-38
Hunter's cap patella, 17, 248-49 Hurdler's stretch, modified, 133-34 Hydro-Tone Jogger Belt, 164 Hyperalgesia, 335 Hyperlaxity, congenital systemic, 69 Hypermobile patella, 278-80
lateral, 44 medial,44
Hyperplasia of synovium, 49-50 Hypertrophy of synovium, mucinous, 49
Iatrogenic disorder, 70 Ice, 132, 159, 209, 254
Index
Iliac bone graft harvest, 282 Iliotibial band contraction, 77-80 Iliotibial band stretching, 43-44 Imaging, 83-120
preossification, 192 See also specific modalities
Immobilization, 186-87 Inclined heel cord board, 133 Infection, postoperative, 278-79 Inferolateral geniculate artery, 20-21 Inferomedial geniculate artery, 21 Infrapatellar bursae, 209 Infrapatellar bursitis, 178 Infrapatellar contraction syndrome, 279-81,
285-87 Infrapatellar plica, 11, 114, 203-5, 207 Infrapatellar strap, 158 Innervation, 21-22 Insall-Salvati technique, patella height
assessment, 88-90 Insall's classification, patellofemoral disorders, 5,
208 Instant center pathway, 40 Iron synovitis, 51-52 Ischemic necrosis, 281 Isokinetics, 43, 153-54 Isometric quadriceps set, 151
biofeedback, 157-59
Joint effusion, 86-87, 103, 110, 114, 120, 225 J sign, 76, 78, 129 J -stretch, 146 Jumper's knee See Patellar tendinitis; Sinding-Larsen
Johansson disease
Keene and Marans osteotomy, 250 Ketorolac (Toradol), 336-37 Kinetic chain exercise, 46-47 See also Closed kinetic chain exercise; Open
kinetic chain exercise Knee extension
See Extensor mechanism Knee orthosis, control-dial hinged, 258-60 Knee pain, anterior
See Patellofemoral pain Knee range of motion, 80
Lateral femoral condyle, fracture, 224-26 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, 21-22 Lateralization of patella, 37 Lateral patellar compression syndrome, 3, 70,
170, 212, 277, 279 rehabilitation, 43
surgical management, 223 Lateral patellar displacement, 38-39 Lateral patella retinaculum contracture, 171 Lateral patellofemoral angle, 37-39 Lateral patellofemoralligament, 36-37 Lateral release, 173, 227-28
in arthritis, 295 arthroscopic, 211-18, 227-29, 295 complications, 216-17, 278-80 contraindications, 213 in dislocation of patella, 218 electrocautery, 214 indications, 213, 223 indiscriminate use, 216 insufficient, 216 intra-articular release using electrocautery,
214-18 open, 228 for pain relief, 217 rehabilitation, 215-16 results, 217-18 subcutaneous release with arthroscopic
assistance, 213-14 Lateral retinacular pain, 169-73 Lateral retinacular tightness, 130, 212 Lateral step, 133, 138 Lateral structures
assisti ve passive stretching, 144-45 self-stretches, 144, 146
Lateral superior genicular artery, injury at arthroscopy, 212
Lateral sural cutaneous nerve, 22 Leg extension exercise, 44-45 Leg length inequality, 174 Leg press, 44-45, 136, 148, 152-55 Leg strength, measurement, 136 Leiomyoma, 51 Levine brace, 158 Ligaments of knee, 17-20
complications of ligament surgery, 285-86 Ligamentum mucosum
See Anterior plica Limb alignment, 71, 313 Limb development, 11, 13 Lipohemarthrosis, 86-87 Lipoma, 51, 66 Lipoma arborescens, 55 Longitudinal osteotomy, 249-50 Loose body, 100, 176 Low-pulley exercise, 152 Lunges, 136, 148 Lymphoma, 66-67, 120
McConnell taping technique, 133, 154-57
345
346
McKeever patellar prosthesis, 3()()-301 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 6, 38, 98,
101-20,170,174,181,247,257 patellofemora1 tracking, 106
Maintenance program, 161-62 Ma1alignment of leg, 71, 313 Malalignment of patella/patellofemoral joint, 5-6,
36, 203, 277, 279, 291 Fulkerson's classification, 6 surgical treatment, 223-24
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma, 67 Mal-loose signs, 217, 228 Malrotation of patella, 279-80 Maltracking
after total knee replacement, 312-17 See also Patellar tracking
Malunion, 284 Maquet procedure, 223, 240-43, 297-99
complications, 282 indications, 240 results, 241-43 surgical complications, 279
Medial patella mobilization, 145, 148 Medial patellar hypopressure, 3 Medial patellar plica, 11, 114, 176-77,204-5,207 Medial patellofemoralligament
tear, 225 width, 36-37
Medial reeling, 280 Medial retinaculum, rupture, 225, 227 Medicine ball squeeze, 152-53 MED syndrome
See Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia syndrome Meniscal tear, 206 Merchant classification, patellofemoral disorders,
70, 170 Metal-backed patellae, 319-21 Metal debris, 53, 321 Metastatic disease, 67, 120 Middle geniculate artery, 21 Minisquat, 148, 152-54, 160, 164
biofeedback, 156-57 Minitilt of patella, 92 Misdiagnosis, 138 Mobilization, soft-tissue, 143-48 Movie sign, 5, 69 MRI
See Magnetic resonance imaging Mucinous hypertrophy, synovium, 49 Multipartite patella, 83, 95 Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) syndrome,
192 Multiple hereditary exostosis, 64 Myeloma, 193 Myositis ossificans, 86
Nail-patella syndrome, 14,95-96, 192 Neoprene sleeve, 133 Nerve supply, 21-22 Neuromotor retraining, 147-50 Neurovascular injury, 280-81 Nonunion, 279-80, 284
Index
Norman, Egund, and Ekelund technique, patella height assessment, 89, 91
Ober's test, 77-80 Obturator nerve, 21-22 Ochronosis, 50 OKC exercise
See Open kinetic chain exercise One-quarter squat, 160 One-stitch technique, 315, 324 Onycho-osteodysplasia
See Nail-patella syndrome Open kinetic chain (OKC) exercise, 147, 151, 160 Orthotic, 133, 157-58, 173 Osgood-Schlatter disease, 73-76, 85-86, 89, 186,
189-91 Ossification center, 11, 14-15, 179-80 Osteoarthritis, 5, 49, 60-61, 279
imaging, 98, 120 management, 291-305
Osteoblastoma, 65-66, 120, 193 Osteochondritis dissecans, 2, 5, 69, 170, 180-82
displaced lesions, 182 imaging, 110-12, 118-19
Osteochondroma, 64, 66 Osteochondromatosis
See Chondromatosis Osteoclastoma
See Giant cell tumor Osteomyelitis, 120, 193-94 Osteoporosis, 336 Osteosarcoma, 66-67, 115, 193 Osteotendinous junction, 174-75 Osteotomy of patellofemoral joint, 247-51
closing wedge, 250-51 coronal, 250 derotational, 278 historical perspective, 248-49 indications, 249 Keene and Marans technique, 250 longitudinal, 249-50 Maquet
See Maquet procedure Paar, 250 tibial tubercle, 322
Outerbridge classification, chondromalacia patella, 2, 59, 208
Outerbridge ridge, 2
Index
Overuse syndrome, 69-70, 127-28, 132, 170, 253
Paar osteotomy, 250 Paget's disease, 117, 120, 193 Pain
historic review of patellar pain, 1-7 referred, 128, 130
Pain control, 132, 159 lateral release for, 217 reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 336-37
Palpation of knee, 75-77, 129-30 Partial squat, 154 Passive patella glide test, 77, 79 Passive patella tilt test, 77, 79 Patella, functions, 25, 201 Patella alta, 5, 72-73,174,182-83,279
imaging, 83, 86, 88, 108, 117 Patella baja, 216, 279, 281, 285, 323
imaging, 86, 89, 107, 116 Patella height assessment
Blackburne-Peel technique, 88-90 Blumensaat's technique, 87-89 Caton-Linclau technique, 89-91 Insall-Salvati technique, 88-90 Norman, Egund, and Ekelund technique, 89,
91 Patella magna, 15, 17 Patella parva, 17 Patellar angle, 248-49 Patellar arthroplasty
in arthritis, 300-303 operative technique, 303
Patellar button, 309-11 Patellar clunk syndrome, 323 Patellar entrapment syndrome, 216 Patellar epiphysitis
See Sinding-Larsen-lohansson disease Patellar instability, 127-28, 130, 247, 285-86
surgical management, 223-43 Patellar ligament, 17-19
partial rupture, 173-76 Patellar realignment
See Distal realignment; Proximal realignment Patellar shape, 36, 248-49
See also Wiberg classification Patellar stability, 203 Patellar tendinitis, 117, 173-76, 253-54, 285
Blazina classification, 174, 254 surgical treatment, 175-76
Patellar tendon, 16 anatomy, 255, 257 imaging, 98 injury, 280 length,36
rupture, 31-32, 174, 188-89, 278, 285 chronic, 264-68 diagnosis, 255-57 imaging, 86, 108, 117 repair techniques, 261-68 results of repair procedures, 266-68 surgical complications, 284-85
Patellar tendon force, 26-31 Patellar tendon harvest, 285-86 Patellar tendon moment arm, 25 Patellar tracking, 19,35-38, 129, 144-48, 160,
277 abnormal, 204 arthroscopic evaluation, 201-4 clinical evaluation, 37-38 after total knee replacement, 312-17
evaluation, 314 treatment of maltracking, 314-17
Patellar turndown, 322 Patellar visual analog score (PV AS), 232-33 Patellectomy, 5-6
in arthritis, 303-5 biomechanical considerations, 39-41 complete, 40 complications, 40, 279, 283-84 indications, 39, 223, 271-72 operative technique, 303-5 partial, 40, 271-72, 283-84 total, 271, 283 total knee replacement after, 325-26
Patellofemoral angle, lateral, 3, 92-93 Patellofemoral arthroplasty
in arthritis, 300-303 operative technique, 303
Patellofemoral contact area, 20, 31-34 chondromalacia patellae, 34 after tibial tubercle elevation, 42
Patellofemoral contact force, 281 Patellofemoral contact pressure, 34-35
chondromalacia patellae, 34-35 after tibial tubercle elevation, 41
Patellofemoral disorder, 3 Insall's classification, 5, 208 Merchant classification, 70, 170
Patellofemoral grind test, 76 Patellofemoral index, 3, 43, 92-93, 131 Patellofemoral joint
biomechanics, 25-47 morphology, 3 osteotomy, 247-51 rehabilitation, 143-65
Patellofemoral joint reaction force, 26-31 after tibial tubercle elevation, 41-42 during various activities, 30-31
Patellofemorallaxity, 174
347
348
Patellofemoralligaments, 18-20 inferior, 17 lateral, 17 medial, 17
Patellofemoral pain, 5, 143 causes, 69 complications of conservative care, 138 conservative treatment, 127-39, 143 diagnosis, 131-32 history, 127-28 indications for surgery, 164-65 physical examination, 128-30 radiographic assessment, 130-31 rehabilitation, 43-46, 132-38 See also Pain
Patellofemoral resurfacing revision total knee arthroplasty, 325 technique
exposure, 323-24 resection, 324 soft-tissue balancing, 324-25
in total knee replacement complications, 312-23 component design, 309-11 necessity of, 311-12
Patellofemoral tracking, 105-7 Pathology of patella, 49-67 Pebble-shaped patella, 17, 248-49 Pelligrini-Stieda disease, 86 Pelvic geometry, 71 Peroneal nerve palsy, 281 Pes anserinus bursae, 209 Pes anserinus bursitis, 73, 76, 178-79 Physeal arrest, 279-81 Physical examination, 69-81, 128-30
in arthritis, 292-93 seated, 72-73 standing, 70-72 supine, 73-81
Pigmented villonodular synovitis, 50-51, 56-58, 105-6, 115-16
Plica See Synovial plica
Plica syndrome See Synovial plica syndrome
Plica synovialis See Suprapatellar plica
Plyo Rebounder, 148-50 Polio, 89 Polyethylene particles, 53 Polyethylene wear, 121 Pool exercise, 160, 162-64
non-weight bearing, 163-64 weight-bearing, 163
Popliteal angle, 80-81
Popliteal artery, 20 Portal, arthroscopic, 201-2 Posterior cruciate ligament
biomechanical considerations, 46-47 imaging, 98, 102 lesions, rehabilitation, 46-47
Index
reconstruction, surgical complications, 285-86 tom, 46
Posterior tibial artery, 21 Preacher's knee
See Pretibial bursitis Preossification findings, 192 Prepatellar bursitis, 85-86, 88, 177-78, 254 Preplyometrics, 154-55 Pretibial bursitis, 85-86 Pretzel stretch, 133, 137 Progressive resistance exercise, 162 Propioceptive neuromuscular fascilitation stretch,
144 Prosthesis failure, 53, 118-21 Proximal fibular epiphysis, 11, 14 Proximal realignment, 5, 228-34
Campbell procedure, 233-34 indications, 223, 228 results, 232 surgical complications, 279-82 technique, 228-32
Proximal tibial epiphysis, 14 Pseudogout, 51-53 Pseudotumor of hemophilia, 52 Psoriatic arthritis, 61 Psychologic disorder, reflex sympathetic
dystrophy and, 335 PYAS
See Patellar visual analog score
Q angle, 5, 18-19,35,42-43,69,71, 74-75, 84, 129
Quadriceps angle See Q angle
Quadriceps atrophy, 132, 278, 284, 286 Quadriceps efficiency, 25 Quadriceps force, 35 Quadriceps moment arm, 25-26 Quadriceps muscles, 18, 72, 254-55
EMC/CMC deficit, 148 neural inhibition, 147
Quadricepsplasty, 228-30 Quadriceps sets, 159, 209 Quadriceps strengthening, 135-36, 151-54, 173,
216 Quadriceps stretch, 133, 144, 146 Quadriceps tendinitis, 253-54 Quadriceps tendon, 17-19,254-55
Index
calcification, 283 imaging, 98 injury, 85 rupture, 86, 188-89, 278, 283, 285
diagnosis, 255-57 repair techniques, 256-61 results of repair procedures, 260-61 Scuderi repair, 259-60 surgical complications, 284-85
subluxation, 283 tear, 107, 116-17
Quadriceps tendon force, 26-31 Quadriceps tightness, 129, 144 Quadriceps weakness, 40-41, 278-79, 285-86 Quarter squat, 136
Radiography, conventional, 119-20, 171-73, 181, 212
anteroposterior view of knee, 83-84 axial tangential view of knee, 90-93, 109
Laurin technique, 91-93 Merchant view, 83-84, 90-92
lateral view of knee, 83-90, 107-9 in patellofemoral pain, 130-31
Radionuclide bone scan See Bone scan
Range of motion, 144, 159-60, 163 ankle, 80 hip, 80 knee, 80
Realignment See Distal realignment; Proximal realignment
Rectus femoris muscle, 18-19, 254-55 Rectus snip, 322 Recurrent anterior tibial artery, 21-22 Referred pain, 128, 130 Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) of knee, 5,
287 diagnosis, 335-36 historic review, 334 incidence, 333 after lateral release, 216 overview, 333-34 pathophysiology, 334-35 psychologic aspects, 335 treatment, 336-38
Rehabilitation biomechanical considerations, 43-47 chondromalacia patellae, 209-10 after lateral release, 215-16 minimizing patellofemoral joint reaction force,
27-28 patellofemoral joint, 143-65 patellofemoral pain, 43-46, 132-38
phases, 159-62 posterior cruciate ligament lesions, 46-47
Reiter's syndrome, 61 Resistive boots, 163-64 Rest
See Activity restriction Resurfacing
See Patellofemoral resurfacing Reticulum cell sarcoma, 193 Retrowalking, 160, 164 Rheumatoid arthritis, 49, 51, 60-62 Rheumatoid factor test, 61 Rice body, 50, 61 Rotation of patella, 156 Roux-Goldwait procedure, distal realignment,
235-36 results, 236 technique, 235-36
RSD See Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
Rule of no thumbs, 315, 324
Sage sign, 76-77, 217 Saphenous nerve, 21 Saupe classification, bipartite patella, 180 SAQ exercise
See Short arc quadriceps exercise Scar, 128, 130, 282, 284 Scissors kick, 164 Screw home mechanism, 247 Scuderi repair, ruptured quadriceps tendon,
259-60 Self-stretching, 144, 146
349
Semitendinosus tendon, reconstruction of patella tendon, 261-68
Septic arthritis, 86 Septic bursitis, 178-79 Shahriaree arthroscopic grading system, 101 Shape of patella
See Patellar shape Shelf sign, 286 Short arc leg press, 152 Short arc quadriceps (SAQ) exercise, 152, 154 Side lying stretch, 133, 135 Sinding-Larsen-Johansson syndrome, 15, 85-86,
180, 184, 191 Single leg standing, 164 Sliding board, 148 Soft-tissue calcification, 51, 85-86 Soft-tissue disruptions, 254-56 Soft-tissue impingement, after total knee
replacement etiology, 322-23 evaluation, 323 treatment, 323
350
Soft-tissue mobilization, 143-48 Spongialization, 294 Squinting patella, 71 Stairmaster, 135 Standing iliotibial band stretch, 133, 137 Standing quadriceps stretch, 133, 136 Stationary bicycle, 135, 209 Step machine, 135 Step regimen, 134-35, 148 Step stretch, 133-34 Step-up exercise, 153, 160 Stereophotogrammetry, 6-7 Steroid injection, 175, 180, 188 Stork standing, 148-49 Straight leg raise, 136, 151, 159-60, 163-64, 209 Strengthening exercise, 151-54, 160 Stretching, 133-38, 143-47
assisted passive, 144-45 See also specific stretches
Subchondral cyst, 120 Subluxation of patella, 3, 38, 70, 131, 212
chronic, 170 congenital, 19 imaging, 84, 92-93, 106, ll8 lateral, 19-20,98-99, 118,281 medial, 216, 278-81 recurrent, 279 surgical management, 223
Sulcus angle, 3, 38-39, 90-92, 131,212,247-49, 281
Superficial prepatellar bursae, 209 Superolateral geniculate artery, 20-21 Superomedial geniculate artery, 20-21 Suprapatellar bursae, 209 Suprapatellar plica, 11, 114, 176-77,204-5,207 Supreme geniculate artery, 21 Sural nerve, 21 Surgical complications, 277-87
arthroplasty, 282-83 distal realignment, 280-82 fracture treatment, 284 lateral release, 278-80 ligament surgery, 285-86 Maquet procedure, 282 patellectomy, 283-84 proximal realignment, 280-82 reflex sympathetic dystrophy
See Reflex sympathetic dystrophy salvage procedures, 282-84 tendon repair, 284-85 See also Total knee replacement
Surgical management in arthritis, 293 dislocation of patella, 224-27 distal realignment, 234-35
indications, 164-65 patellar instability, 223-43 proximal realignment, 228-34
Swelling, 73-74, 159-60 Sympathectomy, 337-38
Index
Sympathetically maintained pain, 334 Sympathetic nerve block, in reflex sympathetic
dystrophy, 336-37 Synovial chondromatosis, 55-57 Synovial cyst, 97, 100 Synovial plica, 5, 53-54, 69-70, 100, 104-5, 170
arthroscopic evaluation, 203-8 arthroscopic resection, 207-8 impingement on femoral condyle, 205-6
Synovial plica syndrome, 114-15, 176-77, 204-8 Synovial sarcoma, 51, 58-59 Synoviocyte, 49-50 Synovitis
crystal-induced, 52 iron, 51-52 pigmented villonodular, 50-51, 56-58, 105-6,
ll5-16 traumatic, 49
Synovium anatomy, 49-50 disorders, 49-50, ll4-16 functions, 51 hyperplastic, 49-50 imaging, 114-16 mucinous hypertrophy, 49
Taping technique, 44, 132-33, 154-57, 173 Tendinitis, 5 patella, 117 patellar, 173-76, 253-54, 285 quadriceps, 253-54
Tennis ball exercises, 144, 147 TENS
See Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation Thermal injury, cutaneous, 216 Tibial external rotation, 277 Tibial torsion, 18-19
external, 69, 71 Tibial tubercle, 18 Tibial tubercle anteromedialization, 42 Tibial tubercle apophysitis
See Osgood-Schlatter disease Tibial tubercle elevation
in arthritis, 295-300 biomechanical considerations, 41-43 Maquet technique, 297-99
Tibial tubercle osteotomy, 322 Tibial tubercle transfer, in arthritis, 295-300 Tibial tuberosity, avulsion fracture, 186-88
Index
Tibial tuberosity-sulcus femoralis (TT-SF) distance, 38-39
Tibia vara, 69 Tilt of patella, 36-38, 106, 130-33, 155, 171-73,
212, 280 lateral, 39 minitilt, 92
Toe raise, 164 Toradol
See Ketorolac Total knee replacement
component loosening etiology, 321 evaluation, 321 treatment, 321
extensor mechanism rupture, 321-22 femoral component, 311 history, 309 implant failure and broken components, 53,
120-21 etiology, 319-20 evaluation, 320-21 treatment, 321
indications, 292 patellar considerations, 309-26 patellar fracture after, 317 patellar maltracking after, 312-17 after patellectomy, 325-26 patellofemoral resurfacing
complications, 312-23 component design, 309-11 necessityof,311-12 technique of, 323-35
revision, 325 soft-tissue impingement, 322-23
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), 44, 159, 226
Trauma, 5, 271 acute, 69-70, 170, 183-84 to extensor mechanism, 253-73 late effects, 70, 170 patellofemoral pain and, 127-28 repetitive, 70
Traumatic synovitis, 49 Trigger point, 143-44 Tripartite patella, 15
Trochlear dysplasia, 19 TT -SF distance
351
See Tibial tuberosity-sulcus femoralis distance Tubercle-sulcus angle, 75 "Tube" realignment, 5, 228-30 Tubing exercises, 149-50, 152-54, 160 Tumor, 61-62, 192-93
benign, 64-67 imaging, 120 malignant, 58-59, 66-67 See also specific tumors
Ultrasound, 144, 159, 174-75 Unicameral bone cyst, 62-63 Unilateral balancing, 148
Vascular supply, 20-22 Vastus intermedius muscle, 18-19,254-55 Vastus lateralis muscle, 18-19, 72, 254-55 trigger points, 143-44, 147
Vastus medialis muscle, 18-19, 72, 254-55 Vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) muscle
deficiency, 277 reflex inhibition, 43 strengthening, 133, 136, 151-54, 156, 160, 316 trigger points, 143-44
Vibram sole, 132 VMO
See Vastus medialis obliquus muscle
Wall lean, 133 gastrocnemius stretch, 137 soleus stretch, 138
Wear debris, 53 Wet Vest, 162 Wiberg classification
type I, 17, 36, 94 type II, 16, 36, 95 type III, 17, 36, 95 type IV, 36
Wound-healing problems, 282
Young patient, patella problems, 169-74 Yo-yo exercise, 150-51
Zellweger syndrome, 94