Index

Abrasion/abrasivity, 447, 597 Abscissa, 515 (see also incipient bubbling velocity) Activated sludge, thickening, 657 Active processes, 576-583 (see also powder mixing ma­

chines) Acoustic wave, 23 Adhesion (see also Agglomerates)

criteria, 253 forces, 206, 209-211 friction, 424 method,124 phenomena, 204 testing, 124, 210-211, 424

Adsorption layers, 225 Aeration devices, 477-480 (see also flow promotion) Aerodynamic diameter, 2, 20 Aerodynamic particle sizer, 20 AeroKaye mixer, 579, 580 Aero Sizer, 4, 18, 23 Agglomerate quality, 266-267 Aerosol(s), 4, 25, 803, 806 (see also wet scrubbers)

sampler, 872 Agglomerate(s)/ Agglomeration (see also Flocs; Size

Enlargement) agitation methods, 252-293 attrition (in spouted beds), 546, 551, 552 balling, 223, 262 belt, 371-372 binderless, 247 bonding and strength, 206-226 dense phase, 254, 255-257 binding mechanisms, 206-207 definition of, 202-203 desired, 204-206, 246-251 fluidized bed, 372-373 heat, 364-365 in powder mixing, 572 liquid systems, 281-293 low density, 257 mixer agglomerators, 258-259, 267-272 oil, 289-291 other methods, 364-375

pressure; methods, 249-251, 296-362 sintering, 206 spray drying, 365-369 strength, 212-226 undesired,204-206 wet, 256 quality, 266-267 strength, 207-211

Aggregated suspensions, 648-653 Aggregative, 514 (see also operating gas velocity) Agitation, 532 (see also spouted bed)

devices, 468-472 in aggregate suspensions, 650-652 in size enlargement, 252-293

Agitation devices, 468-472 (see also flow promotion) Air classification, 235 Air jet mills, 235 Airmerge blender, 581 Airmix mixer, 580 Air movers (in pneumatic conveying), 380, 383, 385, 387 Amplitude ratio, 157-159, 160 (see also dynamic shear) Analytical separation, 205 Angle of

elastic compression, 347 friction, kinematic, 423 internal friction, 138-139, 422 neutral, 347 release, 347 repose, 451 rolling, 347 wall slide friction, 139-140

Anisometric pore geometry, 81 Anisotropic, 67 Anticaking, 206 (see also clustering)

agents, 245 Annulus, 533 (see also spouted bed)

flow, 536 voidage, 539

Anvil withdrawal pressing, 323 (see also single motion pressing)

Apparent specific volume, 97 Applied normal stress, 157, 160 (see also dynamic shear)

883

884 HANDBOOK OF POWDER SCIENCE

Array, 14 (see also diffractometers) Arch span, 429 Arching dimension, 429-432 (see also mass flow) Asbestos, 869, 876-880 Aspect ratio, 36, 80 (see also elongation ratio)

in electrostatic precipitator, 755 ASTM, 11, 693 (see also sieve fractionation) Atomization, 273 Atomized spray scrubbers, 816-823 Attraction

forces, 207 pressure, 211

Attrition, 546, 551, 552 (see also spouting of particulate solids)

Augmentation, electrostatic, 830-833 Autogeneous mills, 601 Autogeneous wear liners, 258 Automatic electrobalance method, 121 (see also cohe­

sive forces) Axial jet, 532 (see also spouted bed)

8ackmixing, 546 Baffle plate, 189 (see also vibrating insert) Bagassocis, 880 Bag filters, 709 Bag set, 241 Ball milling, 596 Ballhausen's equation, 112 (see also compaction pres­

sure) Balling, 223

discs, 262-267 drums, 255-256, 258-262 drum circuits, 261-262 pan, 256-257

Basket extruder, 303 Batch filters, 701-710 Bed

bubbling, 514-516 depth, in spouting, 533-534 efficiency, 772 fluidized, 487-529 filters, granular, 771-800 granular; filters, 771-801 homogeneity, 514 hydraulics, 527 internals, 527-529 in mixing, 580 permeability, 116 porous sintered, 783

Belt feeders, 463-464 (see also feeders) filter, 701, 715, 717

Bin(s), (see also Hoppers, Silos) concrete, 459 construction, 390-396 design, 153

philosophy, 185-186

storage flow, 427-436 flow patterns, 397-405 flow promotion, 459-480 gas phase effects, 436-439 inserts, 453-456 stave, 392-394 stress on walls, 405-416

Binary particle system, 109 Binderless agglomeration, 247 Binders, 333 Binding

forces, 206, 253 mechanisms, 206-226

BINSERT, 451 (see also particle segregation) in gravity flow, 453

Blaine fineness tester, 27 (see also permeability methods) permeability method, 228

Blender(s) (see mixers) Blending of solids, 550 Blue asbestos, 879 Blungers, 267-268 (see also pan mixers) Body waves, 194-195 (see also stress waves) Bond correlated site percolation, 72 Bonding criteria, 253 Boundary shear, 175-178 Branch node network, 76-77 Break off test, 127 (see also tensile strength) Breakthrough

capillary pressure, 59-61 (see also structure parame­ters)

value, 72 Bridging, 239 Brinkman size analyzer, 18 Briquet, 295 Briquette, 295

pocket, 345 Briquetting press, 361 Brownian motion, 50 (see also catastrophic tumbling) Bubble(s) jBubbling

flow, 519-521 formation, 519 growth, 521-523 phenomena, 513 pressure, 57, 60 size, 516

Bulk density, 97 distribution, 114-116 effects of vibration, 181-183 in storage, 424-425 in tableting, 335

Bulk solids, 148 characterization, 440-446 compaction of, 181-185 in fluidization, 526 resonance in, 170-171 storage of, 389-480 vibrations in, 151-152

Bulkiness, 39, 97 (see also Hausner shape indices) Bunker, 390 Bus section, 755 (see also electrostatic precipitator) Bypassing, 546 Byssinosis, 880

Cake filtration, 684 formation, 246 washing, 697

Caking, 240 Capillary

condensation, 226 hysteresis, 60 pressure, 59, 203, 206, 208, 227 pressure curves, 218 state, 131-132, 216 (see also ultimate tensile strength) suction, 217

Capping, 318 Carbonization, 552 Carman-Kozeny equation, 56-58 (see also structure

parameters) Carr's classification method, 446 Cartridge filters, 708, 712 Cast in place, 395-396 (see also bin construction) Catalysis, 512-513 Ca talyst carriers, 253 Ca talytic cracking, 487 Ca tastrophic

behavior, 48-50 (see also dynamic shape factor) failure, 587 tumbling, 50-52

CEMA, 445-446 Centrifugal scrubbers, 825 Centrifuge(s), 719-723

disc, 14 filtering, 721 oscillating, 722-723 solid bowl, 721-722 sedimentation, 720

sizing, 722 Stober, 870 tumbler, 722-723

Centrifugal ball mills, 601-602 method, 122 (see also cohesive forces) scrubbers, 825

Charge motion, 264 Chattering, 353 (see also roll speed) Chemical

change, 426 reaction, 203, 546-549 reactivity, 849

Choke feeding, 353 (see also roll feeding) Choppers, 257 Ch unkiness factor, 36 Clarification/Clarifier(s), 638-639, 666-672

comparison; thickeners, 667

design, 669-672 flocculation in, 667-669 in filtration, 684 pretreatment, 667-669

Classification effect, 262

INDEX 885

Close contacts, 102 (see also sphere packing) Close random packing, 66 Cloud diameter, 525 (see also gas permeation) CI usters, 7, 8 Clustering, 206 Coagulation, 668 Coal agglomerates, 289 Coalescence, 253, 254-258 Coating, 237, 512 (see also catalysis) Coe-Clevenger method, 658-660 (see also thickening) Coefficient of unity, 541 Cohesion, 422-423 Cohesion forces, 206 Cohesive

forces, 119-123, 206 measurement, 121-123

powders, 571 Coincidence effects, 24 (see also stream counters) Collection efficiency, 735-742, 811-814, 834

mechanisms, 812 in electrostatic precipitator, 755

Collimated hole sieve, 5 Combined damping, 168-169 Communition, 230-234 (see also agglomeration)

in size reduction, 586 Compaction

of powders, 111-114 mechanism of, 295

Compressibility, 424-425 (see also bulk density) Compression

belt filter, 715 coated tablets, 331 diametral test, 128-133 test, 137-138 region in thickening, 663 resistance, 598

Concave minisci, 208 Concentrated

suspensions, 650 polarization, 694

Condensation scrubbing, 828-830 Conditioning

fertilizers, 245 in pressure agglomeration, 309

Conductivity, hydraulic, 55 Conglomerates, 206 Connectivity, 76-77 Consolidation, 419

stress, 157, 160 (see also dynamic shear) pressure, 112-113

Contact Point(s), 209 Continuity, in fluidized beds, 512

886 HANDBOOK OF POWDER SCIENCE

Continuous extrusion, 300-309 Continuum approach, 416 (see also bulk solids mass

flow) Continuum mode, 162 (see also inertia model) Continuous compression belt filter, 715-717 Continuous pressure alters, 718-719 Contacting power, 810 Conventional permeability, 87 Conveying, 237-239

characteristics, 380-381 belt agglomeration, 371-372 distance, 378 pneumatic, 378

Conveyor(s) 371-372, 863, 867 Coordinate number, 97 Coordination

number, 64, 66 points(s), 202, 209

Core flow, 397-399 (see also funnel flow) rods, 315

Coulomb dumping, 167-168, 170 formula, 211 law of friction, 119

Coulter counter, 24 (see also stream counters) Countercurrent heat transfer, 552 Critical

diameter; in scrubbers, 737-740 piping, 434

percolation probability, 72 speed, 259, 263 stress state; in Mohr's circle, 136 tilt angle, 264

Crusher(s), 597-599 Crushing

equipment, 586-631 shear, 211-213 strength, 212

Crust, 221 Crystal structure, 221 Crystallization, 221 Curing, in agglomeration, 206, 244, 253 Cu tters, 604 Cyclic movement of solids, in spouted bed, 55 Cyclone(s}, 25, 727-750 (see also elutriators)

diameter, 744 design, 728, 743 efficiency, 735 performance modelling, 731 pressure drop, 734 types, 728

Damping, in vibration, 167-168 velocity, 193

Damped wave equation, 192 Darcy equation, 439

in filtration, 687, 699

Darcy's law, 55, 536, 539 Dead-end pores, 68-69 Deaeration, 301 Deagglomeration, 206 Deaconvolution, 15-16 (see also diffractometers) Deep bed filteration, 773-776 Deep thickener, 666 Degree

of reduction, 233 of separation, 234

Deflagration (see also explosion) isolation systems, 861-863

rapid action valve, 862 suppression barrier, 862 material chokes, 862

pressure containment, 861 suppression, 858-861 venting, 856-858

Deformation, 204 Demarcation line, 533 Demisters, 833-836 Dense phase agglomeration, 254, 255-257 Dense phase flow (see pneumatic conveying) Densification (in pressure agglomeration), 25

ratio, 352 Density, (see also compressibility)

bulk, 114, 424 distribution, 114 powder(s}, 112 in sphere packing, 99-107 tablet, 335

Desired agglomeration, 204, 246-251 Disease (see respirable dust hazard) Depth filter, 5 Depth filteration, 686 Desagglomeration, 233 DESI mill, 626-630 Deterministic chaos, 571 Diameter

aerodynamic, 2, 811, 870, 871 bubble, (see bubble size) clouds, 525 critical; in scrubbers, 737-740 cyclone(s}, 744 equivolume, 2, 534 feret's diameter, 44 geometric, 811 granule, 333 logistic slope, 747 piping; critical, 434 projected area, 2 roll, 351-352 sieve size, 2 spout diameter, 536, 542-543 stokes, 2, 645, 870 surface equivalent diameter, 208, 227, 228

Diamentral compression test, 125-127 (see also tensile strength)

analysis, 132-133 Dramondback hopper, 458 Dryer(s)

explosion prevention, 863, 865 flash, 272

Dichotomous aerosol sampler, 872 Die (see also pelleting machines), 304

bore designs, 305 life, 306, 310 pressing, 312-327

Different-sized spheres, 98-99 Diffraction patterns, 14 (see also diffractometers) Diffractometer(s), 5, 14-18 (see also particle size char-

acterization) Diffusion, 813, 814

bonding, 337 Dilute-phase spouting, 558-559 Dilute phase system, 379 (see also suspension flow) Dilute suspensions, 649 (see also aggregated suspen-

sions) settling velocity, 652-653

Dimensionless indices, 35-39 (see also particle shape characterization)

Direct shuttle feeder, 322 Disc mills, 603 Discharge electrode, 755 Discontinuous extrusion presses, 341-345 Distingration, 257 Disperese systems, 203 Dispersion in liquids, 285-286 Dirac delta functions, 66 Direct characterization, 3 Direct inefficiency, 618 Direct shear test, 136-137 (see also shear strength) Disc centrifuge, 14 (see also sedimentation) Disengaging height, 516 (see also entrainment rate) Dispersion, 7 Dispersion agents, 205 Distributions functions, 18, 102-103 (see also diffrac­

tometers) Doppler effect, 21-22. (see also particle size characteri-

zation) Double-motion pressing, 323-324 Double roll presses, 345-348 Draft tube, 553-555 Drag coefficient, 515 Drives, 316-320 Drum filters, 711 Dry bag pressing, 337 (see also isostatic pressing) Drying, 221

in filtration, 698 Drying temperature, 215 Dune, 239

Dust clouds, 853 concentration, 851 hazards, 870-880 diseases, 870 exotic, 870

Dust explosion(s), 846-866 factors, 849-855 ignition sources, 855 industrial applications, 863-866 plant design considerations, 855-856 prevension, 856-863

Dust loading, 742 Dwell time, 251, 318

INDEX 887

Dynamic shape factor, 48-52 (see also particle shape characterization)

Dynamic shear, 152-155 (see also vibration) characteristics, 155-161 failure criterion, 171-172 modulus, 149

Dynamic system identification, 180 (see also random vibrations)

Easy flow bin, 456-457 Edge count, 40 (see also geometric signature wave­

forms) Efficiency

curve, 740-742 cyclones, 735, 742 scrubbers, 811, 812, 813, 814 total bed; granular filters, 772-773

Effective angle of friction, 421-422 cohesion force, 210 gas particle contact, 550 height, 755 transition, 408 yield locus, 421 width, 755

Effi uent, 685 Egyptian mummies, 869 Ejection presses, 312-313 Ejectors, 824-825 Elastic

expansion, 305 materials, 304 recovery, 335 spring back, 250, 345

Electric conductivity, 61 tortuosity, 61 double layers, 211 sectionalization, 754

Electrostatic augmentation, 830-833 effects, 571 forces, 119, 203, 211, 813

888 HANDBOOK OF POWDER SCIENCE

in powder mixing, 576 scrubbers, 832, 833

Electrostatic precipitator, 753-770 bus section, 155 design, 768-769 factors and effects, 757-759

Elevation head, 55 (see also piezometric head) Elongation factor, 39 (see also Hausner shape indices) Elongation ratio, 36 Elutriator, 24-26 (see also particle size characteriza­

tion) Emission control, 803-804 (see also wet scrubbers) Entrainment

in roller presses, 363 in spouted beds, 546 rate; in fluidization, 516 separators, 833-836

Entrapped gas, 436-439 (see also storage) Entry pressure, 59

suction pressure, 224 Environmental control technologies, 228 Equipaced exploration, 48 Equivolume sphere diameter, 534 Ergun equation, 57-58, 116, 535 (see also structure

parameters) Erosion dilation logic, 8 (see also image analysis) E-SPART analyzer, 22 (see also Doppler effect) Excess charges, 211 Existance probability of voids, 105 (see also microscopic

packing structure) Expanded flow, 401

in bin design, 435 Explosibility rating, 848 External node, 77 Extraction considerations, 360-361 Extrusion blade, 301 Extrusion briquetting, 340 Extrusion channel, 251 Extrusion equipment, 309 Extrusion rate, 310 Extrusion zone, 347

Facet signature, 40 (see also edge count) Failure, 172-174 (see also vibration) Falling curtain agglomerator, 272 Fanning's equation, 116 (see also powder bed) Feeding, 206 Feeders, 460-480

press (in agglomeration), 320 rotary, 460-461

Feedwell design, 675-676 Feret's diameter, 44 (see also fractal geometry) Fibonacci series, 522 (see also bubble growth) Fibrous mats, 825-827 Field assembly, 390-391 (see also bin construction) Field forces, 253

Fillers, 333 Filter(s), 5

aids, 695-696 batch, 701 clarifying, 690, 697 cloth, 689 compression belt, 715 continuous pressure, 718-719 cycle, 696 media, 688-691

nonwoven, 690 membrane, 690, 700, 703 pore size, 688, 693 porous ceramic, 688, 689 screen, 700 vacuum, 710 velocity, 57

Filtering centrifuge, 721 Filtrate, 685 Filtration of solids in liquid streams, 683-723

centrifuges, 719-723 components, 685 equipment selection, 723 literature review, 698-701 membranes, 690 physical mechanisms, 685-686 stages of filter cycle, 696-698 theory, 686-688

Fine coal cleaning, 289-291 Fine grinding, 230 Fine particles, 203-204 Fisher sub sieve sizer, 27 (see also permeability meth-

ods) Fixed bed, 487-488 Flakiness, 36 Flame propagation, 848 Flash dryers, 272 Floating, 514 (see also operating gas velocity) Floc strength, 669 Flocculated suspensions, 649 Flocculating agents, 667 Flocculation, 205, 234, 237, 283, 284, 374, 375

in gases, 374-375 pellet, 291 in liquids, 374-375 in sedimentation, 638, 668

Flocculants, 668 Flotation, 236

in sedimentation, 675 Flotation cells, 205 Flow

and compression, 333 expanded, 401 funnel, 185, 413 in filtration,

cross, 695 direct, 694

in bin design, 435 mass, 185, 412-413 modes of, 379 and particle diameter, 333-335 weepage, 518

Flow channel, 239 Flow factor, 429-432 Flow function, 155-156, 160-161, 422

in arching dimension, 429-432 Flow obstructions, 390 Flow patterns, 185-186

in cyclones, 731-734 in storage, 397-405

Flow promotion, 185-190 (see also vibrations) by stress waves, 195-196 in storage, 459-480

Flow rate indicizer, 442 Fluid

bed granulators, 275-281, 372-373 energy mills, 604 inlet, 559-560 mixing, 571 particle model, 541 (see also spouted bed) percolation, 542 phase, 215-216

Fluidized bed coating, 372-373 Fluidization, 487-529

operating characteristics, 514-529 Fluidized bed, 66, 487-529

agglomerators, 272-281 as a granular bed filter, 788-789 in agglomeration, 257 in powder mixing, 576, 582 in scrubbing, 826 in spouting, 532, 533, 538

Fluidized catalytic cracking, 514 Fluidizing chamber, 278 Foam scrubbers, 828 Forberg mixer, 574 Force(s)

electrostatic, 119, 203, 211, 830-832 capillary, 203 cohesive, 119

measurement, 121 frictional, 118, 119 interparticle, 118, 123 liquid, 120 in agglomeration, 206, 223, 224, 232 magnetic, 203 molecular, 203

Force extraction devices, 472-477 (see also flow promo-tion)

Forchheimer equation, 56 Form closed bonds, 207 Formation resistivity factor, 61 Fourier transform, 39, 43

INDEX 889

Fractal (see also particle shape characterization) addendum, 44 dimension, 44-48 geometry, 44-48

Fractional efficiency curve, 740-742 Fractional solids content, 97 (see also packing density) Fractionation aerosols, 872

in particle size characteristics, 8-12, 25 Fracture mechanics, 587-597 Fraunhoffer theory, 15 (see also diffraction patterns) Free air volumetric flowrate, 385 Free fall tumbler powder mixture, 3 (see also represen-

tative sample) Free settling zone; thickening, 658 Freely movable surfaces, 206 Freezing, 815 Friction factor, 515 Frictional forces, 118-119 Funicular state, 132, 216 (see also ultimate tensile

strength) Funnel flow, 185,413

bin design, 433-435 bin stress, 407-410 in storage, 397-399

Gas adsorption, 28-29, 815 conditioning, 768 mass flow rate, 379, 382 permeation, 525 streamlines, 539

Gasification, 552 Genus, 76-79 Geometric signature waveforms, 39-43 (see also parti-

cle shape characterization) Glidants, 332 Grain boundary strength, 207 Granular

bed filters, 771-801 cleaning, 789-792

Granulating, 246 Granulation, 275-281 Gravity

bin blender, 583 elutriator, 585 sedimentation, 635, 638 settling, 716

Green agglomerates, 248, 254 (see also tumble agglomera­

tion) extrudates, 249 strength, 337

Grid design, 516-519 Griffith crack theory, 591-594 Griffith flaws, 594

890 HANDBOOK OF POWDER SCIENCE

Grinding adhesion, 205 aids, 232 balls, 230 energy, 594-596 equipment, 586-631 equilibrium, 231 rate, 610-611

Gripping angle, 347 Grounding, 230 Growth agglomeration, 246, 252-293 Growth phenomena, 256

Hagen-Poiseuille's equation, 116 (see also powder bed) Hamaker constant, 210 Hammer mills, 603 (see also size reduction) Harmonic pore radius, 81 Hasset method, 660-661 (see also thickening) Ha usner shape indices, 39 Hazards

fire and explosion, 846-866 respirable, 869-880

Heat capacity, 502-511 transfer, 511, 512, 525-527, 543-545, 547 recuperation, 253

High pressure agglomeration, 214, 312-362

rotary machines, 314-321 extrusion plates/presses, 340-345 grinding roll mill, 623-625

High speed mixers, 268-270 Histoplasmosis, 880 Hooke's Law, 588, 590 Hopper, 390

geometries, 458-459 surface finish, 432-433

Hopper indicizer, 441-442 Horsfield packing, 99 Horizontal tensile test, 125 (see also tensile strength) Horizontal roller mill, 625-626 Hudson packing, 99 Hydraulic

bubble size, 527 conductivity, 55, 61 diameter, 57 radius, 70 spray scrubbers, 824-825

Hydrodynamic focussing, 19 in stream counters, 24

Hydrostatic compression technique, 27 (see also permeability

methods) pressing, 336 pressure, 301

Ideal failure, 591 strength, 519-594 velocity profile, 383-384

Image analysis, 7-8 (see also particle size characteriza-tion)

Imbition curve, 60 Imbition simulation, 74 Immiscible

bridging liquid, 257 liquids, 283-284 fluids, displacement, 87

Impact, 450-451 (see also particle segregation) compaction, 111 grinding, 233 high speed, 863

Impaction, 812, 813 (see also scrubbers) Impactor(s), 25, 872-874 (see also elutriator) Impingement plates, 828 Impingement scrubbers, 823 Incipient

bubbling velocity, 514 calculation of, 515-516

buoyancy, 514 (see also operating velocity) fluidization, 536, 539

velocity, 517 Incorrect metering, 206 Incremental yield, 513 Inertia model, 116-171 (see also vibration)

bulk material stiffness, 162-163 shear cell vibration model, 165-167

Inertia parameter, 55-56 Inerting, 856 Indirect characterization, 3 Inlet point, 381 (see also pneumatic conveying) Inserts, 453-456 Intensifiers, 257

intensifier choppers, 577 Intensive mixers, 257 In terception, 813 Interfacial forces, 206 Interfacial phenomena, 699 Interlocking, 203 Intermediate concentrations, 649-650 (see also aggre­

gated suspensions) settling velocity, 653

Interparticle forces, 118-123 (see also particle assem­blage)

cohesive force, 119-123 frictional force, 118-119

Interparticle friction, 226, 316 (see also shapes) Interrogation zone

in Doppler effects, 22 in stream counters, 24

Intersticial velocity, 57 Iron ore pelletizing, 261, 364 Irreducible water saturation, 60

Irregular capillary, 71 Irregular packings, 65-67 Isolock,5 Isostatic pressing, 336-340 Isothermal conditions, 502

Janssen's derivation, 114 (see also bulk density) Janssen's method, 410-413 (see also bin stress) Jenike

direct shear cell, 418-419 consolidation procedure, 149 Johanson quality control tester, 443

Johanson bulk solids indicizer, 440 hang-up indicizer, 441

Jump form, 396 (see also cast in place)

Kawakita's equation, 112 (see also compaction pres­sure)

Kenics static mixer, 582 Kinematic angle of friction, 423-444 (see also wall

yield locus) Kneading, 301 Kozeny constant, 57 Kynch theory, 655-657 (see also settling rate)

Lamella(s}, 233 settlers (in sedimentation), 673-674

Laminar flow, 640-641 Lamination, 318 Land areas, 345 Laplace's equation of capillarity, 70 Lasentech instrument, 18 Lifshitz-van der Waals constant, 211 Lifting coefficient, 259 Line pressure drop, 383 (see also pneumatic conveying) Liquid bridges, 120 (see also cohesive forces)

in agglomeration, 206, 223, 224, 232 Liquid filtration (see filtration) Liquid phase agglomeration, 283-286 Liquid saturation, 222 Liquid systems, 281-293 Littleford mixer, 577 Loading impact, 425-426 Lodige mixer, 577 (see also Littleford mixer) Logistic slope diameter, 747 Longitudinal pressure distribution, 538 (see also pres-

sure drop) Loose random packing, 66 Loose surface, 786 (see also moving bed filters) Low density agglomeration, 257 Low pressure agglomeration, 298-312 Lower explosive limit, 847 Lubricity, 299, 309 Lumped model, 162 (see also inertia model)

Mandrels, 315 Mass flow, 185,412-413

bin design, 427 bin stress, 405 -407 hopper geometry, 186 in storage, 399, 401

Mass transfer, 545-546, 547 Mathur-Gishler equation, 534 Matrix binder, 203, 228 Maximal tensile strength, 208 Maximum explosion pressure, 847

INDEX 891

Maximum spout able bed depth, 533, 535-536 Maximum stable bubble size, 523-524 Maximum stable diameter, 524 (see also fluidization) Mean free area fraction, 64 Mechanical process technology, 202 (see also size en-

largement) Mechanical separation, 205 Mechanism of densification, 249 Medium pressure agglomeration, 298-312 Me It droplets, 202 Membranes, 690-695 Menisci, 208 Mercy intrusion, 30-31 (see also pore size distribution) Mesh number, 11 (see also sieve fractionation) Microagglomerates, 284 Microencapsulation, 202, 568 Microfiltration, 690

membrane, 700 Microscopic packing structure, 104-105 Mie theory, 15 (see also diffraction patterns) Migration velocity, 813 Mill(s}

air jet, 235 autogenous mills, 601 ball, 596 circuits, 609-610 DESI, 626-630 centrifugal, ball, 601-602 disc, 603 fluid energy, 604 in explosion prevention, 863-864 hammer, 603 models, 607-609 nutating, 630-631 rod, 599-600 roller

horizontal, 625-626 race, 602-603

pellet, 306 pigmills, 267-268 Szego mill, 626-628

Minerological homogeneity, 203 Minimum

fluidization velocity, 535 ignition energy, 847

temperature, 847

892 HANDBOOK OF POWDER SCIENCE

particle size, 815 spouting velocity, 533, 534-535, 536

Mixer(s) AeroKaye, 579 conditioners, 310 agglomerators, 267-272 Centri-flow, 573 explosion prevention, 863, 866 Forberg, 574 gravity bin, 583 Helicone, 576 high speed, 268-270 paddle, 267-268 pan, 267 passive, 583-584 pin, 268, 270 powder, 270-271 pug, 269 ribbon, 575, 578 static, 582 tumbling, 572 Y and V, 578

Mixing machines, 576-584 of powders, 568-584 of solids, 205

in agglomeration, 236-237 Mixture intimacy, 573, 575 Mixture richness, 573 Modes of flow, 379 Mohr-Coulomb criterion, 595 Mohr's stress circle, 134-136 (see also shear strength)

in size reduction, 589 semicircle, 420-421

Moist bulk material, 235 Moisture content 157, 160, 243

in dust explosion, 849 in storage, 426-427

Moisture diffusion, 545 (see also mass transfer) Moving bed filters

continuous type, 784-785 intermittent, 785-788

Moving bed flow, 381 Mulling machine (in mixing), 579 Multiple action pressing, 324-327 Multiple layer tablets, 331 Mu ltisized particle packing, 109-111

Nanofiltration, 690 Natural

agglomeration, 229, 230 aggregation, 648

Near contacts, 102 (see also sphere packing) Neutral angle, 347 Neautral axis, 322 (see also tooling design) Network models, 71-76

NFPA, 845, 847, 856, 858 Nocleation, 254-255 Nuclepore, 5 Nuta mixer, 577-578 Nutating mill, 630-631 Nutting's equation, 113

Occlusion, 48 (see also fractal dimensions) Occupational

health, 870 hygiene, 870

Oil exploration, 147 Once through machines, 598 Open

bonds, 72 sites, 72

Operating gas velocity, 514-515 (see also fluidization) Operating point, 379 Orthorhombic packing, 62 Oscillating centrifuge, 722-723 Outlet point, 381 (see also pnematic conveying) Overpressing, 318 Overall degree of pucking, 106-107 Overload, 799 Oxidant, 847 Oxidizer gas, 851 Oxygen content, 851

Packed bed(s), 825-826 Packing

density, 97, 102-104, 115 model,107-108 structures, 53-90, 61

parameters, 54-61 of general particles, 105 of general systems, 67-90 of equal spheres, 61 random packing, 66 regular, 61-65 void(age), 100-110

Paddle mixer(s), 267-268 Pan granulator, 263 Pan mixers, 267 Particle

aggregation, 205 assemblage, 118-142

interparticle forces, 118-123, 203 shear strength, 133-140 tensile strength, 123-133

density, 647-648 collection, 803-840 (see also wet scrubbers) diameter; see diameter isoaerdynamic, 871 motion, 539-542 segregation, 446-452

mechanisms, 446-451

shape, 67 in sedimentation, 647-648

Particle shape, 67 in sedimentation, 647-648

Particle shape characterization, 35-52 dimensionless indices, 35-39 dynamic shape factor(s), 48-52 fractal dimensions, 44-48 irregular profiles, 39-43

Particle size in agglomeration, 203 analysis

in size enlargement, 205, 227, 236 in dust explosion, 849, 851 in an electrostatic precipitator, 769-770 in sedimentation, 647-648 in storage, 427 in vibration, 157, 160

Particle size characterization, 1-32 in image analysis, 7-8 by sedimentation, 12-14 by sieve fractionation, 8, 12 permeability methods, 26-28 representative sample(s), 3-7

Particle size distribution, 67-68 Particle suspension, 646-648 Particulate, 514 (see also operating gas velocity) Particulate approach, 163, 416 (see also inertia model) Particulate matter, 202-350 Particulate solids, 532-560 Passive mixers, 583-584 Peak pressure drop, 537 Peclet number, 89 Peg granulator, 268 Pelletization, 364-365

iron ore, 364 Pelletizing, 147

discs, 264-267 Pellet/pelleting, 299, 300, 304

cooler, 311 equipment, 249 flocculation, 284, 291-293 machines, 304-309

die(s), see die mills, 306 principle of, 305

Pendular rings, 60 Pendular state, 127-131, 216 (see also ultimate tensile

strength) Pendulum method, 122 (see also cohesive forces) Penetration, 811-812 Penetration method, 127 (see also tensile strength) Penetration model, 544 (see also heat transfer) Percolation, 446-450 (see also particle segregation) Percolation theory, 71-76 Percolation threshold, 72 Performance variation, 381

Periomatic system, 551 Permanent hysteresis loop, 60

INDEX 893

Permeability, 55-56, 357 (see also particle size charac-terization)

Permeability constant, 438-439 Permeability method(s), 26-28 Permitted band, 610 (see also mills circuits) Peschl rotational split level shear tester, 440 Pharmaceutical

industry, 147, 327, 331, 336 powders, 26, 572

Phase immobilization, 87 Phenomenology of roll briquetting, 358-360 Phenomenology of roll compaction, 355-358 Photon correlation spectoscopy (peS), 22 (see also

doppler effect) Piezometric head, 55 Pigmills, 267-269 (see also pan mixers) Pile-set, 240 Pin mixer, 268 (see also high-speed mixers) Pipeline geometry, 378 (see also pneumatic conveying) Plane of polish, 84 (see also serial sectioning) Planetary ball mills, 601-602 Plastic deformation, 215 Plastic flow, 335 Plasticity, 309 Plate-like agglomerate, 233 Plug flow, 381 Plugging, 815 Pneumatic conveying, 378-388

air flow rate, 379, 381, 383 air requirements, 383-388 in agglomeration, 237 major pipline variables, 379-381 models, 382, 383 system design, 381-383 superficial gas velocity, 382

Pocket design, 360 Poisoning, 512 (see also catalysis) Poisson's ratio, 590 Polydisperse dust(s), 742-743 Polymer flocculation, 668 Polymeric flocculants, 284-285 Pore

bodies, 72 diameter, 72 morphology, 89 size, 69-71, 688, 693 size distribution, 29-32, 68-71 structure, 68 throat(s), 84-87 velocity, 57 volume; (agglomeration), 203, 207

Porosimetry, 69 Porosity, 54, 688

in agglomeration, 227, 253 function, 208

894 HANDBOOK OF POWDER SCIENCE

POSTEC-research uniaxial tester, 444-445 Post-tenioned rings, 394 (see also piecust construction) Post treatment, 227, 249 Poured random packing, 66 Porous sintered granular beds, 783-784 Powder

bed, 116-117 compaction, 111-116

vibrations in, 152, 181-185 feeders, 320 (see also press feeders) -form catalysts, 488 (see also fluidization) fractionation, 25 grain, 1-3 mass, 108 mechanics, 150-151 (see also vibration) metallurgy, 286, 315 mixers, 270-271 mixing, 568-584

machines, 576-584 surface area, 28-29 tablet, 295

Power consumption, 810-811 Precast construction, 392-394 (see also bin construc­

tion) Precipitation, 753

basic concepts, 755-756 Precipitator

electrostatic, 753-770 Prefabricated reimbert silo, 394 (see also precast con-

struction) Press feeders, 320-322 Pressure agglomeration, 247, 295-362 Pressure distribution, 733-734 (see also cyclones(s» Pressure drop, 537-539

in cyclones, 734-735 Pressure gradient, 379 (see also operating point) Pressure head, 55 (see also piezometric head) Pressure ratio, 411 (see also Janssen's method) Pretreatment, 696-697 Primary bonding, 256 Primary count loss, 7 (see also image analysis) Primary drainage curve, 59 Principle stresses, 589 Product treatment, 309-312 Prolate spheroids, 534 (see also Mathur-Gishler equa-

tion) Progency pragment distribution, 605 Progressive crossflow, 539 Profile, 39 (see also geometric signature waveforms) PTFE,693

Radical distribution funtion, 65-66 Radical gas velocity, 733 Radial gradients, 456 (see also chemical reaction) Radial stress field, 429 (see also mass flow)

Radius harmonic pore, 81 of curvature, 70

Rake design, 676 Ram extruder, 300 Ram extrusion, 249 Random loose packing, 102 Random packing(s), 65, 209 (see also irregular pack­

ings) Random

chance, 569 mixture, 568

Random packing, 209 Random vibration(s), 178-180 Randomization

in mixing systems, 570 Randomizing veins, 583 (see also passive mixers) Ratholing, 434 (see also funnel flow) Rayleigh waves, 195 (see also stress waves) Reciprocating machines, 312-314 Recombination bonding, 231 Recycle, 248 Reentertrainment, 758, 766-767

in wet scrubber(s), 815 Regular packings, 61-65 Reimbert antidynamic tube, 457-458 Relative humidity, 226 Respirable dust hazards, 869-880 Representative parameters, 97 Representative sample, 3-7 (see also particle size char-

actcrization) Residence time, 266 Residual non'vetting phase suturation, 60 Residual stress, 335 Resistivity, 759-763 Resistivity factor, 61 (see also structure parameters) Resitivity index, 87 Resonant frequencies, 163-165 (see also inertia model) Resonance, 170-171 Reverse osmosis, 690 Rheological properties, 96-142

packing characteristics, 96-116 permeability of the powder bed, 116-117 strength of particle assemblage, 118-142

Rhombohedral packing, 62 Ribbon mixer, 577-578 Richardson plot, 44, 47-48 Richardson-Zaki equation, 646-647, 653 Rim height, 256 Ring roll presses, 348-349 Rod mills, 599-600 Roll

diameter, 351-352 feeding, 353 friction coefficient, 356

gap, 352-353 pressing, 345-363

theory of, 349 pressure, 353-355 speed,353 torque, 353-355 mills, 233

analysis of, 611-616 in size reduction, 599-600

Roller-race mills, 602-603 analysis of, 619-623

Rotary atomization, 273 feeders, 460-461 machines, 314-327

Rubber sheet geometry, 44 (see also topology) Ruggedness, 44 (see also fractal geometry) Rugosity, 89 Rupture stress, 213

Salt bridges, 223 Saltation velocity, 523 Sample preparation, 236 Saturated pores, 224 Saturation, 209 Screw

extruder, 299, 300 feeders, 461 presses, 717-718

Scrubber(s); wet 803-810 applications, 816 centrifugal, 825 collection efficiency, 811-815, 824

mechanisms, 812 ejectors, 824 fluidized bed, 805, 826 foam, 828 fractional efficiency, 808 impingement, 808, 816, 823 hydraulic spray, 824 mechanical, 807 minimum particle size, 815 orifice, 807, 816, 822 packed beds, 805, 825 power consumption, 810-811, 817, 824 spray chambers, 824 total efficiency, 814 tray towers, 827 types of, 805 venturi, 807, 816, 817-822 wetted fibrous mats, 826

Secondary count grain, 7 (see also image analysis) Sedigraph, 14 (see also sedimentation) Sedimentation, 635-676

clarification, 666-672 gravity, 635, 638-639

in particle size measurement, 12-14 nonconventional processes, 672

feedwell design, 675 flotation, 675 lamella settlers, 673 rake design, 676 upflow solids contact, 674 phenomena, 654 rates, see settling, 653 theory of, 639-657 thickening, 657-666 wall effect, 657

Seed agglomerate, 253 Seepage velocity, 57 Segregation, 255

in spouted beds, 542 Selective agglomeration, 289 Selective flocculation, 205 Semi-autogeneous mills, 601

INDEX 895

Separation, 234-236 (see also agglomeration) Serial sectioning, 76-87 Settling (see also sedimentation)

aggregated suspension, 648-653 velocity, 652

diameter of particles, 642-645 shape factor(s), 644

fluxes, 661 rate, 644

measurement, 653-657 of nonspherical particles, 642 of single sphere, 639 suspension of particles, 646-648 velocity, 652-653 walls effect, 657

Shape factor, 644 Shapes, 315-316 (see also die pressing) Shaxby's derivation(s), 114 (see also bulk density) Shear, 419

deformation, 156-157 force, 156-157 strength, 133-140, 226

analysis, 138-140 effects of vibration, 181-183 methods, 136-138

stress, 588-590 Shearing dispersion equipment, 576 Shell-like distribution, 102 (see also sphere packing) Shop welded, 390 (see also bin construction) Shredders, 604-605 Single motion pressing, 323 Sieve

aperture size, 8 calibration, 10 fractionation, 8-12 (see also particle size characteri­

zation) plates, 827

Sifting, 236

896 HANDBOOK OF POWDER SCIENCE

Silicosis, 869 Silo, 390

design, 416 Single obstacle efficiency, 812

(see also collection efficiency) Sinter(ing)

binding mechanisms, 203, 206 plants, 258

Size enlargement by agglomeration in industry, 227-251

characteristics, 228 parameters of, 227 size of particulate, 229

Size reduction, 586-631 machines, 597-605 process analysis, 605-623

Sliding anvil pressing, 323 (see also single motion press-ing)

Sliding velocity, 171-172 Slip form, 395-396 (see also cast in place) Slotted two-dimensional spouted bed, 555 Slugging, 536 Soil(s)

cohesive, 148 mechanics; in vibration, 147, 148-150

Sol-Gel processes, 287-189 Solid bowl centifuge, 721-722 Solid bridges, 119, 206, 209 (see also cohesive forces) Solid flux, 663 Solid-liquid separation, 635-676 (see also sedimenta-

tion) Solids attrition, 551 Solids discharge, 697 Solid flow patterns, 390 Solid inflow model, 521-522 Solids loading ratio, 382-383 Solids mass flow rate, 379 (see also operating point)

in storage, 416-424 Solids mixing, 525-527 Solids movement, 533 Solids velocity, 382 Solubility, 242 Sorption layers, 232 Sorting processes, 236 Spatial periodicity, 61 Specific

surface, 54, 97 area, 849

volume, 97 Specimen clamping, 124-125 (see also vertical tensile

test) Sphere packing

random packing, 99-105 regular packing, 97-99

Spherical agglomeration, 286-287 Sphericity, 106 Spheronizer(s), 311, 312 Spheronizing, 254, 301, 311-312 Spinning riffier, 3 (see also representative sample)

Spiral wound coil, 391-392 (see also bin construction) Spout diameter, 536, 542-543 Spout fluid bed, 547, 555-558 Spout fluidization, 557 Spouted beds, 272, 532-534 Spouted bed granulation, 280-281 Spouted bed regime, 533 Spouting (of particulate solids), 532-560

applications, 549-553 chemical reactions, 546-549 flow distribution, 536-537 heat transfer, 543-545 mass transfer, 545-546 modifications, 553-559 particle motion, 539-542 pressure drop, 537-539

Spouting flow rate, 534 Spray agglomerators, 272-281 Spray chambers, 824 Spray dryers, 272, 273-275 Spring balance method, 121 (see also cohesive forces) Stack condensate fallout, 815 Starch matrix, 575 (see also powder mixing) Static

angle of internal friction, 422 compaction, 111 media mills, 603-604 mixers, 582

Stober centrifuge, 870 Stochastic motion, 253 Stock conical distribution chute, 452 (see also particle

segregation) Stokes diameter, 645 Storage, 389-480

bin design, 427-436 bin wall stress, 405-416 definitions, 390 effect of gas phase, 436-439 flow patterns, 397-405 flow promotion, 459-480 in agglomeration, 239-246 particle segregation, 446-452 solids flow, 416-424 types of construction, 390-396

Strain, 587-588 Strange attractor, 50-52 Stream counters, 23-24 (see also particle size charac-

terization) Streamtube model, 547 (see also chemical reaction) Streamwise dispersion, 547 Strength

analysis of shear, 139 of grain boundary, 207 of particle assemblage, 118 of particles; shear, 133 horizontal test, 125 of powder mass, 123-133 tensile, 127 vertical test, 124

Stress, 587-588 concentration, 591-594 maximal tensile, 207 rupture stress, 213 theories, 411-413

calculations, 413-416 transmitting substance, 207 waves, 194-196

Strip thickness, 352 Structure parameters, 54-61 (see also packing struc-

tures) Carman-Kozeny equations, 56-58 mean voidage, 54 permeability and inertia parameters, 55-56 reduced breahthrough capillary pressure, 59-61 resistivity factor, 61 specific surface, 54

Structured mixtures, 568 Stokes diameter, 2, 12, 20 Structured walk, 44 (see also fractal dimension) Superficial fluid velocity, 116, 536, 537 Superficial gas velocity, 382 Surface-active substance, 231 Surface area, in agglomeration, 229 Surface equivalent diameter, 208, 227 Surface factor (see Hausner shape indices) Surface filtration, 685-686 Surface finish, 432-433 (see also hopper) Surface instability waves, 536 Surface nodes, 77 Surface roughness, 219, 224 Surface tension, 208 Surging, 262 (see also balling drum circuits) Suspended particles, 254 Suspended solids agglomeration, 254 Suspension flow, 379 Suspensions, aggregated, 648-653 Switch pressures, 407 Switch stress, 412 System pressure drop, 383 (see also pneumatic convey­

ing) Szego mill, 626-628

Tablet bulk density, 335 durability, 335-336 failure, 322 formulations, 332-336 machines, 314, 328-332 thickness, 335

Tableting, 327-336 feeds, 270

Talmage-Firch method, 662 (see also thickening) Tamping, 331 (see also tab letting) Tangetial gas velocity, 731-733 Tap-density, 351 Tapping, 113-114 (see also powder compaction)

Temperature, 426 (see also storage) control in fluidization, 502-512 drying in agglomeration, 215

Tensil strength, 123-133 in agglomeration, 207 ultimate tensile strength, 127-132

INDEX 897

TEOM, 874-876 (see also respirable dust hazards) Terminal velocity, 515-516 Termination mechanisms, 536 (see also maximum

spout able bed depth) Terzaghi's equation, 112 (see also compaction pressure) Textural fractal dimension, 47 Theory of densification, 348 Theory of rolling, 349 Thickening, 638, 657-666

design procedures, 658-663 Thixotropic behavior, 312 (see also spheronizing) Three-phase spouting, 558 Threshold pressue, 304 (see also pelleting machines) Throughput, 350-351 (see also roller presses) Time of flight instruments, 18-20 Time yield locus, 419-420 Tooling, 313 (see also withdrawal processes) Tooling design, 322-327 Top-sealed vessel, 555 Topology, 44 (see also fractal geometry) Toroidal rings (see pendular rings) Tortuosity, 57, 97 Total bed efficiency, 772-773 Tramp material, 341 Transfer number matrix, 606 Transient fluidized bed, 576 Transport disengaging height, 516 Trajectory of falling particles, 450 (see also particle

segregation) Travelling grate, 258 Tray towers, 827-828 Trommel screen, 262 Tubular filter, 707, 711, 712 Tumble agglomeration, 246, 252-293

definitions, 253 mechanisms of, 254

Tumbler centrifuge, 722-723 Tumbling

behavior, 4 ball mills, 600-601

analysis of, 616-619 mixer, 572

Turbulence transient; fluidized bed, 572 in dust explosion, 853

Turbulent agitation, 502 (see also fluidization) Turbulent flow (in sedimentation), 641 Turbulent mixture, 577 Turbulizers, 257 Turner structures, 68 (see also dead end pores)

898 HANDBOOK OF POWDER SCIENCE

Ultimate mixture, 577 Ultimate tensile strength, 127-132 (see also tensile

strength) Ultrasonic screening, 235 Ultrafiltration, 690 Unconfined yield strength, 422 Underflow concentration, 663 Undesired agglomeration, 229 Unit cell, 62 Unit operations, 202 (see also mechanical process tech­

nology) size reduction, 586

Unwanted agglomeration, 231 Up flow solids contact, 674-675

Vacuum filters, 710-715 Van der Waals force, 119,210 (see also cohesive forces) Van der Waals lines, 215 Velocity

conveying, 239 incipient fluidization, 515 interstitial, 57 minimum conveying, 378, 382 minimum spouting, 534 sliding, 171-172 seepage, 57 superficial, 116, 117, 382 settling

aggregated suspensions, 652 nonspherical particle, 642 of a sphere, 639

solids, 382 wave, 149

propaga tion, 193 Venturi scrubber, 817-822 Vertical compressive deformation, 183-184 Vertical gas velocity, 733 Vertical tensile test, 123 (see also tensile strength) Very loose random packing, 66 Vibrated shear strength, 174-175 Vibrating ball mills, 601-602 Vibrating feeders, 461-463 Vibrating insert, 188-190 Vibration, 113-114, 146-198 (see also powder com-

paction) boundary shear, 175-178 compaction, 181-185 failure criterion, 171-175 flow promotion, 185-190 fluidized beds, 150 inertia model, 161-171 in particle segregation, 450 in storage, 427 measurement of dynamic shear, 152-155 powder mechanics, 150 random vibration exitation, 178-180 stress waves, 194-196

transmission through bulk mass, 190-194 wall friction, 175-178

Vibration energy transfer, 190-194 Vibratory devices, 464-468 (see also flow promotion) Viscous bonding media, 206 Viscous damping, 167, 170 V-mixer, 578 Void

critical, 150 fraction, 54, 97, 140 ratio, 97

Voidage, 54 (see also porosity) Voidage distribution, 542 Voids, 56-57 (see also Carman-Kozeny equation) Volume, specific, 97 Voxel, 84

Wall clamping method, 124-125 (see also specimen clamping)

Wall effect, 66-67, 657 Wall friction, 175-178

method, 212 (see also crushing strength) Wall yield locus, 423-424 Wave propagation, 193-194

acoustic, 23 forms, 39 and damping, 193 Rayleigh, 195

Weepage flow, 518 Wen-Yu approximation, 535 Wet agglomerate, 257 Wet bag pressing, 337 (see also isostatic pressing) Wet classifiers, 205 Wet grinding, 234 Wetted packed beds, 825-827 Wet pastes, 308 (see also pelleting machines) Wet scrubbers, 803-840

collection efficiency, 811-814 costs, 837-840 design considerations, 836-837 power consumption, 810-811

Wet scrubbing, 216 Wettability, 87-88 Wetted perimeter, 57 Wetting angle, 208 Wetting fluid, 59 Withdrawal presses, 313-314 Windows, 57 (see also Carman-Kozeny equation)

Yardstick measure, 44 (see also fractal dimension) Yield loci, 160-161 (see also dynamic shear)

determination of, 419-421 solids characteristics, 421-423

Y-mixer, 578 Yoshioka method, 661-662 (see also thickening) Young's modulus, 587