Index
Abarenicola, 483, 494, 495, 521 claparedi, 576 pacifica, 493, 575, 576 vagabunda, 576
Abra, 208 longicallus, 493, 573, 593 nitida, 492, 573, 593
Abrotocrinus, 391 Abudefduf saxatilus, 379 Acanthaster, 442
planci, 75, 76 Acanthohaustonus sp., 579 Acervulina, 339 Acesta angolensis, 362 Acmaea testudinalis, 90-91 Acritarchs, 270-273, 274 Acritosia, 467, 471 Acropora
cervicornis, 60, 71, 76, 93 paimata, 60 spp., 80
Acteocina, 357 culcitella, 358
Actinocrinus multiramosus, 403 Adaptation
and morphology on soft bottoms, 748-749
role in onshore-offshore community displacement, 703-704, 706, 743, 787-789
Adaptative strategy, 132, 147, 722, 725. 726, 736, 742-743
Adhaerentia, 339 Aemula inusitata, 769 Aenona, 753
eufaulensis, 772 Aequipecten
gibbus, 784 irradians. 784
Agaricia agaricites, 79 Agaricocrinites, 405 Agelas, 56-57 Agerostrea, 759
falcata, 754, 755, 757, 758, 760, 761, 772 Albertella, 685, 707 Algae
origins. 261-264 Algal symbiosis
and aberrant morphology of hosts, 449 algal groups, 433 benefits to host and symbiont, 432-433,
448 and bivalves
cardiacean, 434, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 448, 450, 456
inoceramids, 461 ostreids, 460-461 rudists, 456-460
calcification increase, 349, 446-447 and cnidaria, 349, 434, 435, 436, 439,
440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447,448,451,453,460
control of algal numbers, 446 criteria for recognition in the fossil
record, 449-453 definition, 432-433 and dinoflagellates, 433, 434, 437, 446
and evolutionary patterns, 452 and foraminifera, 347-349, 433, 434,
438, 439, 441, 442, 443, 446, 447, 448,449-450,451,454-456
in the fossil record, 453-474 and gastropods, 438, 445, 447
hosts by phylum, 433-435 ideal environments, 435-436, 440. 448 isotope fractionation evidence, 451 larval infection of symbionts. 445-446 light exposure considerations, 440-442
813
814
Algal symbiosis ( cont'd) in Lyttoniacea, 471-472 nutritional interdependence, 349, 442-
445 oligotrophic success. 435-436, 448-449 origins, 436-439 origin in brachiopods, 473-474 in Permian brachiopods. 462-473 and planktonic hosts. 462 and primary productivity, 448-449 and radiolarians, 434, 441. 443, 444, 446,
448, 462 rapid growth and large size for hosts. 448 reproduction of host and symbiont, 445 in Richthofeniacea, 463-471 in sponges, 434, 444, 460 in Teguliferinidae, 471-472
Allelopathy, 62, 77, 287 Allogromia laticollaris, 364 Allopatric speciation, 305, 788, 791 Alpheus lottini, 76 Alutera sp., 379 Alveolinella quoii, 359, 363 Alveolites, 94 Ambocoelia. 526 Ambonychia, 685, 709 Amensalism, 11, 12-13, 161, 169, 187,
481,483,488-489,494,505,511. 515, 565, 629, 646, 785, 786
Amiskwia, 723 Ammonia beccari, 366 Ammonicrinus, 382, 383 Ampelisca, 168
abdita, 164, 167 Amphidinium sp., 348 Amphipods, 8, 166, 394, 397, 401, 403,
482, 484, 485, 486, 497. 498. 499, 501, 506, 507, 509, 510, 523. 572. 579. 594
Amphipoiis sp .. 582 Amphipora, 94, 525 Amphisorus henprichii, 348, 349 Amphistegina, 347, 351, 352, 449, 450
lessonii, 348, 441 lobifera, 348, 349 papillosa. 348
Amphitrite kerguelensis. 355 ornata, 576
Amphora tenerrima, 348
Ampyx, 683, 709 Anadara, 225, 226-227, 228 Anastrophia, 590 Anchura, 776 Anomaiorthis. 683, 709 Anomia, 225, 226-227, 228, 757, 759
argentaria, 754, 774 Antedon, 379
bifida, 378, 387. 393 Antholites specious, 405 Antropora, 77
tincta, 65-66, 68-69 Aphrodina eufaulensis, 773 Aptychus. 662 Araphahoia,685, 707 Archaeocyathids. 102-105, 525, 591 Archaeoscyphia, 685, 708 Archaias angulatus. 348, 349 Archimedes. 104, 527 Arctustrea, 754
coiubrina, 764-765, 767 Arenicoia, 483, 521, 594
grubii, 576 marina, 576
Argopecten gibbus, 204 Argyrotheca
bronni, 769 coniuncta, 769 hirundo. 769
Arnioceras flavum, 353 Arrhoges
elegans. 758 lobata, 773
Arthrocantha, 382 Asaphid, 698 Asaphis, 225, 228 Ascidians. 47, 61, 73, 434, 446, 460 Assemblages
definition. 7 49 epifaunal
Jurassic. 400, 782-783 Late Cretaceous. 747-794
lateral boundaries. 18 life and death, 176-182. 195-234 physical factors. 45-46 predatory effects, 21, 22-25 zonation patterns. 48 see also. Communities
Astarte, 225. 226-227, 228 triangularis. 204
Index
Index
Asterias forbesi, 582 rubens, 582 vulgaris, 358
Asteroidea: see Starfish Astringia, 443
danae, 435, 436 Astrhelia, 225, 226-227, 228 Astriclypeus manni, 594 Astropecten, 490, 499
marginatus, 594 Astropoliton, 556 Astrorhiza Jimicola, 344-345, 363 Atmospheric circulation, 125-126 Atrina, 225, 226-227, 228, 552 Atrypa mascula, 96 Atrypoidea, 526 Austrocochlea constricta, 653 Autogenous theory, 253, 254 Autotrophs, 137, 141, 253, 258, 263, 264,
276,277,286,293,436,555 Avicularium, 456 Axiothella
catenata, 577 rubrocincta, 589
Axius, 496 serratus, 580
Baculites sp., 753 Balanoglossus, 488, 586
auranticus, 587 gigas, 587 sp., 587
Balanus, 225, 226-227, 228 amphitrite nivens, 54 balanoides, 49, 55 eburneus, 54
Barnacles aggregative growth, 50 aggregative settlement, 48 competitive rank, 61 and crinoids, 400 example-interspecific competitive
exclusion, 106 in Late Cretaceous communities, 754,
762, 763 seasonal recruitment rates, -17
Barnstable Harbor, Mass., 30, 200 Barrandeocrinus, 382 Barrettia, 459
Barycrinus, 391 Bathyporeia
pilosa, 579 sarsia, 579
Bathysiphon sp., 161, 362 Bathyurus, 683, 709 Batillaria minima, 493, 574 Bauplan, 728-729 Bdelloidina vincentowensis, 363 Bdellovibrio, 261, 277 Bergaueria, 556 Bicorbula, 225, 226-227, 228 Bifolium wetherelli, 769 Biodeposition, 488, 491, 494, 515 Biogenic sedimentary structures
815
and tracking infaunal evolution, 642-646 types, 628 versus sedimentation events, 631, 645 see also Traces
Bioherms, 94-102 Biological disturbance
abundance as test for bulldozing hypothesis, 539-544
and biogeochemistry of sediments, 554-555
and bivalves, 535-536 and brachiopods, 531-535, 560-561 counteraction by stabilizers, 523-524 diversity of functional groups through
time, 530-539, 540, 542, 544, 592 effects on diversity, 560 and environmental heterogeneity, 560 exclusion of bioturbators, 490, 499 by fish, 20, 26, 88, 104, 353, 520 functional groups by taxa, 591 and land plant effects, 523, 555, 557-
558, 559, 560 and lithification of carbonates, 561-562 magnitude of reworking modes, 490-494 mobility in bioturbator diversification,
558-559 and the Permo-Triassic extinction, 544-
547 in the Phanerozoic, 502, 505-515, 520-
522 and Phanerozoic patterns, 524-544, 563.
674, 682-683 and preservation of fossils through time,
555-557 and preservation of success, 553-554
816
Biological disturbance ( cont'd) compared to Recent, 507, 511, 683 refuges from bulldozers, 547-553 reworking intensity of Recent taxa, 568-
589 reworking intensity through time, 514 sediment-mediated exclusion through
time, 529, 531 sediment-mediated processes, 488-489,
491 and sedimentation rate effects, 523 byscaphopods, 519 strategies, 487, 547-553
see also Sediment mixing trace fossil information, 520-521, 551,
556, 557, 558 by trilobites, 518-519, 522 victims and villains, 495-498
Biotic interactions among crinoids, 377-418 and crinoidal evolution, 418-420 and community structure through time,
719, 722, 725-741, 742-743, 791 differentiation from physical effects, 5-6,
106-107 fossil evidence, 96-106 and infaunalization, 627-648 natural selection perspective, 40 and Precambrian eukaryotes, 251-277 seasonality effects, 152 in sessile fauna, 39-107 and siliceous marine phytoplankton,
285-320 size effects, 13-14 temporal patterns, 161, 162, 163 unit of measure, 5-6
Bioturbation see Biological disturbance; Sediment
mixing Bioturbation rates, 234, 482, 484, 485, 486,
501, 502, 512-517 in the deep sea, 549 effects of
temperature, 501-503 grain size and organics, 503-505 selectivity, 504-505
through Phanerozoic, 516-527 Bivalves
aggregation, 48 aggression, 12
Index
Bivalves (cont'd) and algal symbiosis, 434, 439, 440, 441,
442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 448, 450, 456-461
bioturbation rates, 482 burial rates, 593-594 clade of marine family diversity, 723 competition through sediment
disruption, 6, 11, 535-536 composition of functional groups, 590 epifauna in the Recent, 784 functional groups through time, 532,
533, 538 guilds, 731 interspecific competition, 6 of Jurassic assemblages, 782-783 juvenile size, 4 of Late Cretaceous assemblages, 752-
776, 783 magnitude of reworking modes, 493 and modern evolutionary fauna, 676,
678, 679, 680, 683, 684, 689, 692, 693, 695, 696, 699, 700, 706, 743
and mutualism, 76 Paleozoic appearance, 571 refuges from bioturbation
hard substrata, 548 size, 552
as sediment stabilizers, 523 and shell-breaking predation, 650, 654,
661 substrata preference through time, 527-
528, 535-536 and taphonomic feedback, 198, 199,
202-203, 204, 207, 208, 223-233 Blountia, 685, 707 Bohadshia vitiensis, 585 Boreadorthis, 590 Boring organisms
bivalve diversification, 564 and crinoids, 406-411, 412-414, 420 dead shell substrata, 199 in Late Cretaceous assemblages, 757,
760, 762-763 Botrylloides Jeachi, 54 Botryllus schlosseri, 53-55 Bougainvillia, 54
Bowerbankia gracilis, 54 Brachiopods, 94, 313, 460, 632
and algal symbiosis, 463-473
Index
Brachiopods (cont'd) burial rates, Recent, 593 clade of family diversity, 723 colonization in the Recent, 784-785 competition, 560-561, 791 and crinoids, 388, 399, 401, 405, 411 in the deep sea, 550 diversity patterns, 565, 566 and evolutionary faunas, 150, 545, 546,
551, 628, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 683, 689, 690, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 699, 700, 704, 706, 725, 781, 782, 783
food gathering, 559 and foraminifera, 363 functional groups through time, 530, 538 guilds, 731, 741 in the Late Cretaceous assemblages, 754,
755-757, 760, 767, 768, 769, 770, 777-778
some life habits, 590 planktotrophy through time, 149, 792 refuge from bioturbation, 547 sessile faunal examples in the fossil
record, 524, 526-527 and shell-breaking predation, 651, 660 and substrate preference through time,
531-535 Brachyura, 482, 493, 496, 501, 508, 509
519, 558, 572, 594, 580-581, 588 Branchiocaris, 661 Branchiostomata lanceolatum, 586 Bryozoans
and crinoids, 400 clade of family diversity, 723 competitive rank, 61 in the deep sea, 550-551 and evolutionary faunas, 676, 678, 679-
680, 683, 690, 693, 694, 695, 696, 699, 706
functional group, 591 growth patterns, 64-69, 102 larval settlement, 52 in the Late Cretaceous assemblages, 754,
757, 760, 762, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 778
planktotrophy through time, 790 refuge from bioturbation, 549 seasonal recruitment rates, 47 substrate preferences, 45
Buccinum undatum, 21, 652 Bugula
californicum, 55 simplex, 54 stoJonifera, 54 turrita, 50-52, 54
817
Bulldozing hypothesis, 480-481, 489, 491, 494, 522, 544, 562-563, 565, 566, 629, 646, 703
Bullia, 516 digitalis, 575, 593 laevissima, 593
Bullopora, 339, 757 Burgess Shale, 507, 557, 660 Burial rates, 592-595 Burrows
effects at sediment-water interface, 631
owner identification, 16, 18 in the Paleozoic, 556, 644-645 see also Traces; Trace fossils
Busycon, 225, 651 Buzzards Bay, 163, 175, 179, 181, 197, 199,
200 Bynumia, 685, 707
Caesticorbula crassaplica, 773, 775 Calcification
and algal symbiosis, 349, 446-447 secondary, 46, 74-75
Calappa hepatica, 651 Callianassa, 483, 488, 496, 498, 534
californiensis, 580 isJelagrande, 580 major, 485, 492, 580 sp., 580 stebbingi, 492, 580
CalJicocrinus, 382 murchisonianus, 384-385
Callinectes sapidus, 21, 23, 26, 496, 49\:J, 582, 588, 653
Camarocrinus, 413 Cmnpanularia, 54 Camptocrinus, 382, 383
mu]ticirrus, 384-385 Camptonectes, 755
beilistriatus, 780 bubonis, 756, 772
Cancer irroratus, 358 Capitella capitata, 164, 167
818
Carbonate dissolution, 175-176, 179, 187, 188, 199, 210, 213, 555-556, 778-781
Carcinus maenas, 653 Carditamera, 225, 226-227, 228 Cardium, 489
edule, 161, 593 Caretta, 663 Carneithyris subcardinalis, 769 Carpilius maculatus, 654 Carterina spiculotesta, 338-339 Caryocorbula, 225, 228 Cataceramus, 752, 753 Caudina chilensis, 585 Caveola acuta, 773 Cedaria, 685, 707 Ce1Jeporaria brunnea, 77 Cenometra bella, 384-385 Centrostephanus coronatus, 73 Cephalopods
clade of family diversity, 723 in Late Cretaceous assemblages, 763,
768, 770, 779 and the Paleozoic fauna, 676, 677, 678,
679, 680, 690, 693, 694. 696, 706 as predator, 353, 383, 563. 564 and shell breaking predation. 651, 660,
661, 662 as substratum, 199
Cerastoderma, 225, 226-227. 228 CeratoporeJla nicholsoni, 82-83 Ceraurine11a, 685, 709 Cerianthus americanus, 593 Cerithidea costata, 57 4 Cerithium, 649 Chaetoceras, 301 Chaetodon. 379 Chalks, 752-786 Chama pelucida, 76 Chesapeake Group, 220-233, 234 Chesapecten, 204, 225, 226-227, 228, 229.
233 nefrens, 223
Chione, 208, 224, 226-227. 228 Chiridota rigidu, 595
Chitinozoans, 273 Chitons, 70, 73, 88. 104, 353, 661. 694
Chlamydomonas hedleyi, 348 provasolii, 348 reinhardtii, 255
Chlamys, 757, 759, 770 islandicus, 204 septemradiata, 784 spp., 76
Clidonophora, 550 Chonetes sarcinuJJatus, 96 ChonetineJla, 526 Chorystothyris, 760 Chromis punctipinis, 47 Chrondites. 16, 637, 752 Chrysophrys auratus. 379 Chthamalus, 55 Chuaria circularis, 266-267 Cibicides lobatulus, 339 Cinctopora elegans, 200 Ciona intestinalis, 54 Ciriformia pacifica, 577 CiroJana Jineata, 397 Cittarium pica, 654 Cladochonus, 404-405
antiquo, 406 Clathromorphum circumscriptum, 90 Clione, 226-227
celota, 199 Clymenella,
mucosa, 577 torquato, 5 77, 588
Clypeaster subdepressus, 594 Cnidaria
Index
and algal symbiosis, 433, 434, 435, 436. 440,441,442,443,444,445.446, 447,448,451,453,460
Co11emataria, 473 Collenia magna, 685. 707 Collozoum, 434, 435 Collumatus, 468 Colobometra perspinosa. 392 Colpomya, 685, 710 Colpophyllia natans, 72 Comactinia meridionalis, 414 Comanthus bennetti, 391 Communities
of the Cambro-Ordovician, 684, 685, 686-687. 707-710, 699-700
forest, 170 Late Cretaceous
adaptation to mud. 748-749
evolutionary perspective, 781-794
nearshore benthic assemblages, 771-776
offshore benthic assemblages. 749-771
Index
Communities ( cont'd) Late Cretaceous (cont'd)
structure, 776-778 taphonomy, 778-781
onshore-offshore displacement due to adaptations, 713-714 competitive exclusion, 791 ecological processes, 702-705 extinction resistance, 703 population structure, 701, 792 physical disturbance, 702
onshore-offshore displacement in the Ordovician, 683-710
rocky intertidal, 24, 43, 162, 170-171, 187
seagrass, 162 structure
Cambrian fauna, 680, 725-727 Paleozoic fauna, 682, 725, 726, 727,
733-741, 742-743 Modern fauna, 682-683, 725, 727,
733-741, 742-743 suspension feeding dominated, 204, 388,
399, 400, 747-793 see also Fossil communities
Competition, 4, 10-19, 27-31, 56-70, 161, 162, 169, 197, 287
behavioral recognition, 11 in benthic foraminifera, 363-364 in brachiopods over time, 560-561 in crinoids, 385-392, 419-420 through diet preference, 187 direct, 10-11, 15, 385, 387
aggression by bivalve, 11; by corals. 62, 385; by crustaceans, 11, 12; by polychaetes, 11, 12
overgrowth, 11, 56-58, 59-60, 61-62, 77-78, 79, 87-88, 197
see Mutualism distribution effects, 15 emigration, 12, 13 erect vs. encrusting, 59 for food, 58 indirect, 11-12, 58, 386 and onshore-offshore community
displacement, 702, 703, 704, 706, 791
in the Paleozoic, 15-19 evidence by functional groups, 16-19 hardgrounds, 102 spatial relationships, 102-104
Competition (cont'd) predictions, 27-30
819
recognition in fossil sessile faunas, 87-88
and siliceous marine phytoplankton, 287-297, 305, 308-309, 313-314
through substrate changes, 12-13 by bivalves, 6, 11
see Amensalism; Biological disturbance and substrate type, 561
Conaspis, 685, 708 Conodonts, 676, 677, 723 Conus, 655, 741 Copepods, 297, 298-300, 301, 303-304,
394, 397, 723 Corallina, 362 Corals
aggressive behavior, 62, 385 and algal symbiosis, 434, 435, 436, 440,
441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448,451,453,460
clade of family diversity, 723 competitive rank, 61 competition with stromatoporoids, 99,
102 and crinoids, 388, 393, 401, 405-406,
411, 412 feeding efficiencies, 58 functional groups, 591 in Late Cretaceous assemblages, 767,
770, 775 life spans, 80 and Paleozoic fauna, 689, 677, 679, 683,
706 predators, 73 refuges from bioturbators, 548, 553 seasonal recruitment rates, 47 substrate preferences, 48, 526 succession pattern, 171 taphonomic feedback processes, 200-201 zonation patterns, 48
CorbuJa sp., 773, 775 CorcuJum, 440, 445, 450, 456 CornuJites, 395, 400 Corophium, 499
voJutator, 579 Corvus caurinus, 653 Coscinarina, 466 Coscinodiscus spp., 316, 318 CoscinopJeuria. 104 CrassateJJa, 759
820
Crassatella, ( cont'd) vadosa, 772, 773, 774
Crassostrea, 208 titan, 461
Crenella, 757 Cretirhynchia retracta, 769 Cricosia filosa, 755 Crinoids, 43
aggregation, 387, 414-415 ancient assemblages, 388, 415-416, 418 antipredator strategy
living crinoids, 380-381 fossil crinoids, 383-384
and borers, 406-411,412-414,420 and brachiopods, 388, 399, 400, 405,
411,412 clade of family diversity, 723 commensalism, 393, 399-406, 420 and community succession, 418 competition
direct, 385, 387 and evolutionary consequences, 419-
420 niche differentiation, 386-392 overdispersion of niches, 392
and cystoids, 94 evolution and biotic interactions, 418-
420 as epizoans, 411-412 facultative commensals, 400 and fish, 397-398 foraminifera as food, 353 functional groups, 591 as hosts
Recent, 392-395 past, 398-411
obligate commensals, 401-406 and the Paleozoic fauna, 674, 676, 677,
678, 679, 680, 683, 687, 689, 690, 693,694,695,696,699,700 706
parasitism, 393-395, 396, 399, 406-411, 412-414,420
planktotrophy through time, 792 predation
and evolutionary consequences, 418-420
on fossil crinoids, 381-384, 418-420 on living crinoids, 378-380 nonlethal (or partial), 385
refuge from bioturbators, 548, 551 regeneration, 385 sediment input. 415-417
Index
Crinoids (cont'd) sediment-mediated exclusions, 529 sediment stabilization, 17, 416-418 substrate preference through time, 524,
528 stereomic malformations, 399, 406-411 taphonomy, 415-417
Criocardium, 775 Cromyocrinus, 413 Crucibulum, 225, 226-227, 228 Crustaceans
and crinoids, 394, 396-397 foraminifera as food, 353, 357 tanaid, 4, 6, 8, 11. 506, 523, 594
Cruziana, 484, 518-519 Cryptosiphon terebelloides, 17 Cryptosula pallasiana, 54 Cucullaea, 759, 760-761, 775
capax, 774 sp., 759 wadei, 773
Cumella, 496 Cyanobacteria, 18, 253, 256, 259, 264, 267,
268-269, 269-270, 273, 276, 277 Cyanophora paradoxa, 261 Cyathocrinus, 391
multibrachiatus, 405 Cyathophyllum, 94 Cyathura polita, 57(1 Cybeloides, 685, 709 Cyclacantharia, 464, 466, 467, 471
kingorum agaricoidea, 466 Cyclocardia, 225, 226-227 Cyclonema, 401, 402 Cyclorbiculina compressa, 348 Cyclorisrna, 775
parva. 773 Cydocrinus concinnus, 405 Cylichna, 357
attonsa, 358 Cymbophora, 775, 776 Cypeasteroidea: see Sand dollar Cypraea cervinetta, 650
Dalrnanella, 685, 700, 710 Dasyatis
sabina, 586 spp., 586
Deep sea as archaic refuge through time, 549-551,
700, 782 bioturbation rate, 549
Index
Delectopecten, 784 Dendraster, 490, 494, 496, 498, 499
excentricus, 492, 582, 594 Dendrophyrya, 343 DendrophylJia, 553 Dendrostoma, 99
'l.:ostericola, 595 Denley Limestone, 630, 632, 633, 635, 636,
637,638,639,640,641 Dentalina sp., 356-357 Dentalium, 226-227, 228, 357
entale stimpsoni, 358, 359 inaequieostatum, 593
Depth of burrowing, 511 in Phanerozoic, 512, 514
Dermatostroma sp., 99 Deussenia belJalirata, 77 4 Diadema antillarum, 72, 90-91 Diatoms, 170
and biological disturbance, 497, 510, 523 diversity changes in upwelling zones,
295-296 extinction rates, 310-311 as food for foraminifera, 337 life characteristics, 286-287 Mesozoic, 560 reproductive mode, 310 speciation, 309-310 and symbiosis, 347, 348, 434, 441, 444 see also Siliceous phytoplankton
DicelJomus, 685, 707 Dicoelosia, 527 Dictyocha, 314, 315 Dictyodora, 521 Dinoflagellates, 347, 433, 434, 437, 446
see also Siliceous phytoplankton Dinomischus, 723 Dinorthis flabellulum, 700 Diodon spp., 653, 654 Diodora, 225, 226-227 Diopatra, 499
cuprea, 17, 29 Diplocrinus wyvillethomsoni, 380 Diplodonta, 225 Diplograptus, 685, 710 Diploria, 87 Diploschiza cretacea, 755 Diplotrypa hvergelmi, 96 Diplosoma macdonaldi, 55 Discorbis, 347, 359
mediterranensis, 346
Diversity vs. abundance, 565 cladograms of marine families, 721 constant levels in Phanerozoic, 721 differences between Paleozoic and
Neogene communities, 733-741
821
of epizoans in benthic shelly substrata, 197
of functional groups through time, 530-539, 540, 542, 544, 592
gradients Paleozoic, 150-151 Recent, 149-150
in Late Cretaceous assemblages, 749-781 of marine families in Ordovician, 677,
678-680,681,697,705-706 of marine families through the
Phanerozoic, 675, 676, 681-682, 697, 720-721, 723, 742
in the marine of the Neogene, 721, 732, 733-741
of Precambrian plankton, 275 of predators, 152 preservation in soft bottom faunas, 179 seasonality effects, 147-148 and siliceous phytoplankton, 291-295,
302-303, 318, 320 species richness within habitats, 687,
721, 742-743, 793 in succession, 183 and trace fossils, 551, 557, 558, 565, 674,
721 DNA, 254, 255, 256 Do!atocrinus, 382 Donax incarnatus, 593 Dorycrinus, 382 Dosinia, 225, 226-227, 228 Dotilla, 497
fenestra, 581 Dracius carnifex, 769 Drepanochilus, 776 Drilluta distans, 772 Drosophilia, 792 Durania, 457, 458
Echinarichnus parma, 594 mirabilus, 594
Echinocardium, 534 cordatum, 492, 583
Echinocorys, 769 texana, 752-753
822
Echinocyamus pusillus, 594
Echinoids clade of family diversity, 723
foraminifera consumers, 353, 354
functional groups. 591 in the Late Cretaceous assemblages, 752-
753, 758, 766, 768, 769, 774
and the modern evolutionary fauna, 544,
676. 678, 680 as prey, 381 and shell breaking predation, 653, 661
see also Sea urchins, Sand dollars Echiurus
echiurus, 588 sp., 595
Ecospace utilization through time, 682-683, 722, 725-727,
733-741 Ecphora, 225, 226-227, 228
Edotea triloba, 579 Edicaran fauna, 556-557, 558
Eirmocrinus, 382 Electra
crustulenta, 54 pilosa, 62
Elphidiella hannai, 358 Elphidium
crispum, 343-344, 369-370 excuvatum, 365
Elvinia, 685, 707, 708 Emerita
portoricensis, 594 talpoida, 594
Emmonsia, 404-405 Encope
grandis, 582 michelini, 594
Encrinurus, 685, 709 Endocostea, 773
sp., 756 Endocytos~, 260, 261, 262, 263. 277 Endosymbiosis
benthic foraminifera, 348-349 early protists, 253-254. 258, 260, 261,
262, 264, 275, 276, 277
Enhydra, 662 lutris, 587
Ensis, 165, 174-175, 177
arcuatus, 593 directus, 164, 167
Enteromorpha. 496
Entobia, 757, 763 cretacea, 363
Entolium membranaceum, 767 orbiculare, 767
Entosolenia, 359 Eomycetopsis, 268-269
Eparnioceras flavum, 353
Index
Epizoan colonization, 197-200, 220, 234,
361-363, 398-406, 411-412, 524,
745-792 Eretmocrinus, 382 Escumasia, 723 Estrichtius, 509
robustus, 587
Eucalyptocrinites, 382 rosaceus, 384-385
Eucrassatella, 225, 226-227, 228
Eugeniacrinites, 382, 383 cariophilites, 384-385
Eukaryotes acritarchs, 270-273, 274
comparative biology, 254-258 early evolution, 258-264 ecological consequences, 271-276, 277
fossil evidence filamentous microfossils, 268-269
size distribution, 269-270 "spot" cells, 265-268 tetrahedral tetrads, 268
fossil record, 264-277 Precambrian macrofossils, 273-274
Precambrian plankton dominance, 275, 276, 277
Eupomacentrus planifrons, 74-75, 76, 93 Eurychilina, 685, 709 Eurydesma, 461 Euspira rectilabrum, 773, 774, 775 Euzonus mucronata, 577 Evolutionary trends in
biological disturbance, 481-567 class-level taxa, 722-724 crinoids due to competition and
predation, 418-420 ecospace utilization, 719-7 43
gastropod morphology, 655-660
infaunalization, 627-648
onshore-offshore community displacement
in the Cambro-Ordovidian, 684-710,
782
Index
Evolutionary trends in ( cont'd) onshore-offshore community ( cont'd)
in the Cretaceous. 700-701, 783-793 in the Phanerozoic, 781, 786, 787-793
planktotrophy, 787-792 Exogyra, 754, 766, 770, 771, 778, 783, 785
cancellata, 754 calumba, 767 costata, 754, 759, 760, 774 overwegi, 771 ponderosa, 754, 759, 761 spp., 757
Extinction rates effect on diversity, 721, 743 effects on onshore-offshore community
displacement, 703, 786-793 of ISOSS in Permo-Triassic, 545
Faillaena, 685, 709 Fardenia, 590 Fasciularia, 652 Faunas
Cambro-Ordovician, 673-675, 679, 684-710
evolutionary Cambrian(!), 150, 675, 676, 681, 682,
683, 725-727 and degree of ecospace exploitation,
682-683, 722, 725-727, 733-743 Modern (III), 150, 675, 676, 677, 680,
681, 682, 725, 726, 727, 733-741 Paleozoic (II), 150, 675, 676-677, 681,
682, 683, 725, 726, 727, 733-743 see also Fossil sessile faunas
Favosites, 526 hisingeri, 98 sp., 97
Fenestella, 527 Ferganea, 785 Fish, 419,564,723
and armor protection, 661 association with crinoids, 394, 397-398 and the Paleozoic fauna, 676, 677 as predators, 20, 23, 25, 47, 70, 73, 88,
104, 353, 378-379, 520, 564 as shell-breaking predators, 104, 381,
651, 652, 662 Fissurina, 359
marginata, 346 Flat-pebble conglomerates. 561. 642 Fluidization, 483, 505
Flustra foliacea, 52 Foraminifera (benthic)
823
and algal symbiosis, 433, 434, 438, 439, 441, 442, 443, 447, 448, 449, 450, 454-456
and burial from bioturbation, 364-366, 546
carbonate production, 349 in chalks of Late Cretaceous, 752, 757 competition, 363-364 and crinoids, 400, 406, 409 as epibionts, 359-362 environments of inhabitation, 331 evolution and paleogeography. 454-456 food, 332-334 functional groups, 591 future studies, 369-370 geologic record, 331 parasites, 359 predation
as carnivores, 340 by incidental consumers, 352-355 by selective predators, 355-359
pseudopodia, 334-335, 336, 339, 340, 342-346
rate of movement in sediment, 546 species number, 331 taphonomy and test preservation, 366-
369 test morphology
of carnivores, 340 of herbivores, 340 modifications due to endosymbiots,
349-354 of omnivores, 342 and organics uptake, 337 of parasites, 346 of scavengers, 346 of suspension feeders, 345-346
trophic interactions, 332 trophic mechanisms, 334-335, 337-347
symbiosis, 347-351 Foraminifera (planktonic), 342, 433, 441,
447, 454, 462, 560 Fossil communities
succession in soft bottoms, 184-187 time averaging, 158, 160. 176, 179, 181.
184-187, 188, 730 Fossil sessile fauna
recognition of competition, 87-88
824
Fossil sessile fauna ( cont'd) recognition of ( cont'd)
displacement, 86 habitat selection, 87 partial mortality, 81, 85-86, 87 predation, 88-89 sudden burial, 86
Fox Hills Formation, 522, 542, 543, 592 Fragilaria shiloi, 348 Fucus, 52, 62,171
serratus, 62 Functional groups
amensalism, 629, 646 diversity through time, 530-539, 540,
542, 544, 592 infaunal, 7-9, 487 by taxa, 591
Fusulinids, 340, 350, 452, 454-456, 545, 546
Galathea elegans, 397 Gari, 225, 228 Gastropods
adaptation against breakage, 654-655 and algal symbiosis, 438, 445, 447 as benthic foram predator, 357, 358, 367,
368-369 bioturbation rates, 482, 484, 485, 486 burial rates, 593 clade of marine family diversity, 723 and crinoids, 394, 396, 401, 406-407,
409 grazing effects in Paleozoic, 642 guilds, 731 as infaunal predator, 19-20, 24, 26 in the Late Cretaceous assemblages, 758,
759, 760, 761, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776
magnitude of reworking modes. 493 and the Modern evolutionary fauna, 676,
678, 679, 680, 690, 694, 695, 696, 699, 700, 706
morphology changes through time, 419, 544, 655-660
Phanerozoic appearances, 573 planktotrophy through time, 792 prey-induced lip damage, 652 as predators of sessile fauna, 73, 406-
407 reefs, 95, 96
Index
Gastropods (cont'd) and shell-breaking predation, 104, 419,
640, 652, 653-654 shell repair, 104, 640, 658, 662 substrata needs, 200 substrata preference through time, 527
Geisonoceras, 685, 709 Genesee Group, 522, 542, 543, 592 Genetic transiliences, 790 Gennaeocrinusgoidringae, 382,384-385 Gilbertsocrinus tuberosus, 403, 405 Gisiiina gisii, 769 Glabratella ornatissima, 333, 334, 346-
347, 358, 369-370 Glauconites, 759-761 Glenobotrydion aenigmatis, 266-267 Glossifungites, 224 Glossus, 225, 226-227, 228, 231
faterna, 223 Glottidia, 561
pyramidata, 593 Glycera, 569
alba, 20, 593 Glycymeris, 204, 226-227, 228
glycimeris, 593 Goniopora, 445 Goodingia varicosa, 396, 409 Graciliata, 776
johnsoni, 761, 775 Granocardium, 775
bowenae, 757-758 sp., 758, 759
Graptolites, 564, 591, 676, 677, 695, 723 Great Barrier Reef, 379, 380, 388, 391, 397 Gryphacostrea, 759 Gryphaea nebrascensis, 782 Guilds
definition, 722, 728-730, 732 designation for the fossil record, 730-
732, 740-741, 742 ecospace utilization through time, 725-
727, 733-741, 742-743 in the evolutionary faunas, 725-727 internal distribution of species in
Paleozoic and Neogene communities, 736-741
mode of life and feeding types, 723 vs. species richness in the Phanerozoic,
732, 733-735, 742-743 structures of Paleozoic and Neogene
communities, 733-736
Index
Guilds ( cont' d l superguilds, 740-741 see also Functional groups
Gymnodinium vertebralis, 348 Gypsina, 359
plana, 56-57 Gyrodes, 759
petrosus, 758
Habitats Assateague Island, 29, 30 East Coast, 4, 29-30 West Coast, 4, 29-30, 162
Halimeda, 552 sp., 338
Hallucigenia, 723 Halodeerna, 497 Halyphyserna, 342, 343
sp., 345 Halysiocrinus nodosus, 384-385 Hamilton Group, 216 Hardouinia, 774 Haustator howelli, 772 Hedophyllum, 171 Helderberg Group, 632 Heliodorna, 551 Helioseris cucullata, 56-57 Herniaster wetherbyi, 758 Herniaulus spp., 316, 320 Hernisphaerarnrnina, 339 Hercosestria, 466 Hercosia, 464, 466, 467 Herrnodice carunculata, 71 Hespernornia, 683, 706 Hesperorthis, 590 Heterocyclina tuberculata, 348 Heterodontus portusjacksoni, 381 Heterornastus, 503
filiforrnis, 577, 588 Heterornetra savignyi, 380 Heteropsarnmia, 553 Heterostegina, 448, 455
depressa, 347, 348, 349 sp., 352
Heterotrypa prolifica, 99 Hiatella, 225 Hirnantonia, 401, 402 Hirnerornetra spp., 392 Hippopus, 434, 435, 440, 456, 552 Hippuritella, 459 Hirantia, 700
Holothuria, 488, 497, 498, 499 arenicola, 486, 490, 584 atra, 584 bivitata, 584 difficilis, 585 edulis, 585 flavo-rnaculata, 585 floridana, 585 rnaculata, 520, 584 rnexicana, 585 scabra, 585 vitiens, 585
825
Holothurians, 8, 11, 14, 16, 353, 482, 483, 484, 485, 497, 498, 500, 501, 506, 509, 516, 520, 545, 546, 550, 551, 557, 559, 567, 572, 591, 595, 723
Hornarus arnericanus, 580 spp., 653
Hornotrerna, 342 Hydractina, 52 Hydrobia
rninuta, 493, 574 neglecta, 575 u1vae, 575 ventrosa, 207, 493, 575
Hydroides dianthus, 54 Hyotissa, 783 Hypseloconus, 685, 707
Icthyosaur, 662 Tdahoia, 685, 708 Illyanassa, 495
obsoleta, 9, 200, 575 Tlyrnatogyra, 783 Trnitatocrinus gracilior, 381 IMOUS, 480, 491, 500, 501, 502-503, 505,
521, 522, 523, 528, 530, 536, 544, 546, 547, 549, 558, 562, 592
Inoceramus, 769, 775 cuvieri, 763 deforrnis, 763 flaccidus, 763 larnarcki, 764-765, 767 platinus, 752, 757, 759, 762, 764-765 prefragilis, 765 sp., 758 spp., 752, 753
Infauna in the deep sea, 550-552 direct corn petition, 11
826
Infauna (cont'd) dominant groups, 6 exclusion by shell accumulation, 196,
206-208, 233 evolution of communities, 628, 642-646 functional groups, 7-9, 14, 487
taxa, 6, 9
trophic mode, 9 mortality from bulldozing, 500-501 predation effects, 19-25 and sediment reworking, 628-629 of soft bottoms, 162 suspension feeders vs. epifaunal. 559-
560 Infaunalization, 564, 645, 683 Inoceramids, 461, 521l, 535 Ischadites spp., 525 Islandiella islandicus, 359 Isocrania costata, 769 Isognomon, 225, 226-227, 228 Isostichopus badionotus, 585, 586 Isotelus, 685, 710 ISSOS, 481, 505, 530, 531, 533, 534, 536,
537, 539, 540, 544, 545, 546, 547, 550, 551, 553, 558, 559, 561, 562, 563
faculella, 343 fanassa, 381 fenneria pustulata, 650
Kablikia, 723 Kalkberg Limestone, 632, 633, 634, 635,
636, 637 Kiangsella, 590 Kildinella Jophostriata. 271 Kinetic model of taxonomic diversity, 680-
683, 705, 721, 743 Krausella, 685, 709 K-selection, 133, 134, 144, 304-309, 561 Kuphus, 226-227, 228
Lagena, 346 Laminaria, 52, 171 Land plants, 523, 555, 557-558, 559, 560 Lapeirousia, 457 Larus
argentatus, 653 dominicanus, 653
Larvae and algal symbiosis, 445-446 lecithotrophic
mortality, 134
Index
nonplanktotrophic and planktotrophic diversity, 149 and genetic exchange, 787-792 mortality, 134 Paleozoic, 150, 701
Larval mortality by larval type, 134 in Late Cretaceous soft bottoms, 754,
768, 777 Larval pool. 47 Larval production, 58 Larval settlement
aggregative, 48-51 avoidance of competitors, 54-55, 199 and bulldozing, 500-501 of crinoids, 411-412, 414-415 of fossil rudists and gastropods, 96 and onshore-offshore community
displacement through time, 787-793 recruitment, 52, 56, 80 on soft bottoms, 749, 777, 778, 784 by symbiotic hosts, 441 survival. 160-161, 199
Latiala elegans, 758 lobata, 773
Laxispira sp., 758 Lecanospira, 685, 708 Legumen ellipticum. 774 Leodia sexiesperforata, 594 Lepadichthys lineatus. 379, 398 Lepidactylus disticus, 579 Leperditella, 685, 709 Lepidopa, 504
websteri, 581 Leptaenisca, 590 Leptichelia savingnyi, 594 Leptosynapta, 488. 497
clarki, 595 tenuis, 11, 503, 586
Lethrinus chrysostomus, 379 nebulosus, 379 sp., 379
Leymeriaster wetherbyi, 758 Lima. 757, 759, 770
acutilineata, 77 4
Index
Lima (cont'd) angolensis, 362
Limulus, 496, 499, 519, 567 polyphemus, 26, 578, 588, 594
Lingula, 561 cretacea, 769
Linoproductus angustus, 404-405 Liopistha, 759
protexta, 77 4 Liospira, 685, 709 Liostrea, 770 Lithophaga lessepsiana, 198 Lithothamnion, 204 Littorina, 199
irrorata, 575 littorea, 358 spp., 653
Long Island Sound, 163-169, 171-182, 629, 631
Lopha, 754, 770 carinata, 767
Lophophelia, 553 Lophospira, 96 Lordorthis, 590 Lovenia elongata, 594 Loxonema hamiltonae, 96 Lucina, 753 Lucinoma, 225, 226-227, 228
contractus, 223 Luidia cilaris, 378 Lumbricaria, 383 Lumbrinereis sp., 594 Lunatia, 225, 228 Lychopohonia, 590 Lyttoniacea, 471-472
MacJuriteJJa, 527 Macoma, 225, 228, 498, 499, 589
baltica. 161, 493, 573, 588, 593 nasuta. 493, 573, 574 secta, 573
MacrocaJJista, 225, 226-227 Macrocrinus. 391 Macrofauna size. 4
Mactra corollina, 593 olorina, 594
Madrepora, 553
Magadina, 533 .'vlagas chitoniformis, 769 iv1arginopora vertebralis, 348
827
Marine benthic fauna bioturbation and evolutionary effects,
479-595 composition
in the Paleozoic, 150-151, 628, 781-782
in the Recent, 150-151. 628 diversity, 147-148 physical parameter effects
light, 135 nutrients, 135-136, 141 salinity. 131-132, 161 substrata, 161 temperature, 127-131, 161 turbidity, 135
seasonality effects, 121-153 shelf diversity gradient, 149 see Communities; Faunas; Sessile marine
faunas Marriocarida, 723 Marsipella, 343 Marsupites, 770 Martesia, 224, 225, 228 Mazon Creek, 557 Mean fitness m, 142-144 Meekella, 590 Meiofauna. 9, 208, 490, 497 Melinna paJmata, 577 Mellita, 500
quinquesperforata, 492, 582, 583 J'v1eJocrinites michiganensis, 382 Membranipora, 47
membranacea, 52 Meoma, 488. 490. 499
ventricosa, 492, 583, 584, 585, 594 Merrenaria. 207, 208, 225, 226-227, 228,
495 Methylococcus capsulatus, 260 Mexicella, 685, 707 Michaelis-Menten relationship. 287-291 Micrabacia, 775
Micraster. 769 Millepora. 70 Mimachlamys cretosa. 753 Mimetaster, 723 Mississippi River delta, 216 Mitosis and multicellularity. 263 Modiolopsis. 685, 710 Modiolus. 226-227. 496, 552 Modocia, 685, 707 Moira stygia. 595
828
Molgula manhattensis, 54 Molpadia, 494, 497
oolitica, 8, 586 roretzii, 595
Monoculodes, 483 edwardsi, 579
Monopodia! evolution, 310
Montastrea annularis, 72, 74-75, 82, 85, 98 cavernosa, 56-57
Montipora, 171 Mososaur, 662 Mucor, 170 Mulinia, 168, 180, 181, 495
lateralis, 166, 172, 178-179 Mussels, 70
competitive rank, 61 exclusion of brachiopods, 566
Mutualism, 76-77, 393, 432 see Competition, direct
Mya, 20, 208 arenaria, 161, 588, 594
Myelodactylus, 382, 383 ammonis, 384-385
Myliobatis, 497 californica, 586, 587
Mytilus, 225, 226-227, 228, 489 californianus, 75, 565 edulis, 489
Myzostoma tenuispinum, 404-405 Myzostomites, 413
Napulus tuberculatus, 758 Nassa fossata, 575 Nassarius, 166, 168, 182
trivitattus, 179 Natica
hebraea, 593 millepunctata, 593
Naticonema, 401, 402 Natural selection
in aggregation, 48 in community distributions, 40 in gastropods due to shell-breaking
pradation, 649, 652, 663 in seasonal strategies, 133 in siliceous phytoplankton, 305
Navicula reissii, 348 Neithea, 757, 766, 770, 771, 778, 783
quinquecostata, 753, 764-765 regularis, 758
Neitheops quinquececostata. 764-765, 753 regularis, 758
Nematodes, 357, 358, 367 Nemerteans, 20, 25-26 Neogoniolithum rugulosum, 65 Neohaustorius schmitzi, 579 Neoliothyrira obesa, 769 Neopycnodonte
cochlear, 783, 785, 786 musashiana, 786
Neothyris, 533 Nephthys, 166, 168, 589
incisa, 164, 167, 577, 588 Nereimyra punctata, 20 Nereis, 589
arenaceodonta, 577 diversicolor, 577 succinea, 578 virens, 578, 588
Index
New Scotland Formation, 632, 637, 633, 640, 641
Niche stratification, 162, 206, 386-392 Nitzschia
frustulum, 348 laevis, 348 panduriformis, 348 valdestriata, 348
Nonionella, 358 Notacanthus bonapartei, 380 Notodendrodes antartikos, 335, 336-337 Nucula, 166, 168, 174-175, 177, 225, 228,
494, 495, 759 annulata, 164, 181, 573, 588 camia, 774 nucleus, 593 pernula, 593 proxima, 167, 181, 493. 573, 588, 593
Nuculana, 761, 775 whitfieldi, 774
Nuculites, 685, 710 Nutrient enrichment
effect on coexistence of phytoplankton. 294-297, 303, 318, 320
Nutrient uptake kinetics by marine phytoplankton, 287, 291, 297
Ochestoma erythrogrammon, 588 Ocypode, 488
quadrata, 581 Odobenus rosmarus. 587
Index
Odontogryphaea thirsae, 785 Ogygopsis, 685, 707 Oligometra serripinna, 392 Olivella, 357, 358, 369-370
biplicata, 575, 651 mutica, 593
Onniella, 685, 700, 710 Ontogeny
aclonal, 41, 89 clonal. 41-42
Onuphis sp., 594 Onychaster, 403 Onychocella, 77
alu1a, 65-66, 68-69 Opabinia, 723 OpercuJina
ammonoides, 348 sp., 352
Ophiomorpha, 775 Ophiuroids, 161, 353, 378, 381, 394, 401.
403, 482, 484, 485, 486, 506, 519, 572, 582, 591
Orbitolites sp., 348 Ordovician radiations
cluster analysis, 686-695 distributional ecology, 684-687, 707-710 onshore-offshore changes evidence, 684-701 mechanisms, 701-703 processes, 703-705
Q-mode factor analysis, 695-698 two-phase kinetic model. 680-682 Clreaster, 499
reticulatus, 582 Orthambonites, 700
decipiens, 685, 709 dinorthoides, 685, 708
Orthidella, 685, 708 Orthidiella, 590 Orthonychia acutirostre, 403, 405 Osculigero, 457 Osteichthyes, 520, 544, 676, 671'. 723 Ostracods, 394, 498, 545, 546, f '6, 677.
679, 723 Ostrea, 226-227, 228, 754, 757, 59, 785
plumosa, 752, 753, 758 Ovalipes guadulpensis, 582 Owenia, 168, 497
fusiformis, 167 Oxygenation of Earth atmosphere, 260,
274, 276-277
Oxyurostylis smithi, 579 Oysters
aggregation, 50 and algal symbiosis, 460-461 as epibionts, 198, 208 exclusion of bioturbators, 500
829
in the Late Cretaceous assemblages, 752-776, 780, 781, 783
substrate preference, 524, 528, 549
Pachylocrinus, 391 Pachycardia, 775 Pagurus bernhardus, 581 Palaeoisopus broili, 381 Palaeophycus, 633 Palliseria, 685, 709 Pandora, 180 Pangea, 148 Panopea, 225, 226-227, 228, 760 Panulirus vulgaris, 379 Paracaudina chilensis, 585 Paracoccus denitrificans, 258 Paraha ustori us
deichmannae, 579 longimerus, 579
Paranomia, 757, 759 scabra, 754
Paraphoxus spinosus, 5 79 spp., 594
Parasitism, 4, 19, 161, 346, 359, 393-395, 406-411, 412-414, 420, 434,437
Parasmittina sp., 66-67, 100-101 Paraspirifer, 526
bownockeri, 198 Parastichopus parvimensis, 586 Parastrophia, 590 Peachia hastata, 593 Pecten maximus, 204, 784 Pectenaria, 519
californiensis, 493, 578 gouldi, 493, 578
Pelletization preservation, 16 Penaeus duorarum, 579 Peneroplis
planatus, 348 sp., 348
Periclimenes tenuis, 397 Permo-Triassic extinctions, 148. 151. 419,
452, 530, 533, 544-547, 548, 551, 564, 674, 675, 720, 724. 782, 785
830
Petricola, 225, 226-227 Phacoides, 225, 226-227, 228 Phagocytosis, 274, 437 Philine alata, 358 Pholis spp., 653 Phoronids, 8, 490, 496, 499, 551, 723 Phosphanulus, 395, 407, 410, 413 Phyllodesium longicirra, 438 Physical disturbance
and benthic community structure, 162, 163-169
eradication of biogenic structures, 643-644
and onshore-offshore community displacement, 702, 703, 706
through seasonality, 121-152 over time, 522-523
Phytoplankton, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 285-320, 460, 494, 560
Pinna, 52, 552 Pis aster
brevispinus, 582 ochraceous, 75
Pitar, 168, 228 Placopecten, 228
magellanicus, 784 Placopsilina, 339
cenomana, 363 Plagiobrissus grandis, 584, 585, 595 Plagiostoma, 198 Planolites, 752 Planorbulinella sp., 352 Planorbulinopsis parasitica, 359, 363 Platyceramus platinus, 762, 764-765 Platyceras, 401, 402, 404-405
acutirostre, 403, 405 equilateralis, 403, 405
Platycrinites, 391, 404-405 hemisphericus, 403, 405
Platyhelminthes, 353, 393, 434, 444, 460 Pleuriocardia, 760, 761, 774, 775, 776 Pleurodictyum
problematicum, 96 styloporum, 96
Plicatula, 770 Pocillopora, 76, 171, 443, 444 Polinices, 228, 495, 567
duplicata, 575, 593 duplicatus, 575 josephinus, 593
Polychaetes, 6, 9, 388, 784 abundance with depth, 551
Polychaetes (cont'd) aggregation, 14, 48, 95 aggression, 10-11, 11, 12, 22
Index
association with crinoids, 393, 395-396, 397, 400
bioturbation rates, 482, 484, 485, 486, 588
bulldozing victims and villains, 495, 496, 497, 499, 500, 507, 529
burial rates, 594 clade of family diversity, 723 dead shells as substrata, 198, 199, 208 deep sea fauna, 550, 551 exclusion of bioturbators, 206, 490, 499 foraminifera as food, 353, 354, 355, 357,
358 glycerid, 11, 20, 22 hesionid, 20 juvenile size, 4
larval settlement, 52 magnitude of reworking mode, 493 maldanid, 9, 16 nereid, 10-11, 12, 22 of the Paleozoic, 15-17 and the Paleozoic fauna, 674, 676 Phanerozoic appearance, 15, 571 as predators, 20, 22, 73, 104 preservation, 15-16 reworking rates, 485, 501, 509 sediment stabilization, 8, 9, 14, 17 serpulid, 45, 47, 52, 58, 70, 95, 198, 400,
553, 757, 763, 767 and soft bottoms, 162, 163-168 spionid, 11, 14, 224, 225, 495 substrate preference, 45, 483. 559
Polydora, 224 cliata, 578
Polymorphism, 107 Pontiometra andersoni, 391 Population structure
and onshore-offshore community displacement, 701, 792
through Phanerozoic, 515 Porambonites, 590 Porifera: see Sponges Porites, 171, 445, 553
astreoides, 88 Porphyridum sp., 348 Portlandia arctica. 493, 573 Postligata crenata, 772 Potamides. 498 Predation, 4, 19-31, 70-75, 291
Index
Predation ( cont'd) on benthic foraminifera, 340, 352-359
on crinoids, 378-383
dead shell refuge, 197, 199
in the deep sea, 550
on encrusting vs. erect, 73
eukaryotic origins, 260
intensity, 75 on juveniles by adults, 18, 23, 161, 162,
202 of larvae in water column, 19
Mesozoic and Cenozoic, 104
in molluscan evolution, 81
Paleozoic, 25-27
partial (or nonlethal), 6, 22, 70, 385
patterns, 21, 22-25
predator types, 20-22
predictions, 27-30
by protists, 274
recognition in fossil sessile faunas, 88-
89 refuges, 19-20, 26-27
refuge to algal endosymbionts, 432, 441,
442, 456 and sediment disturbance, 11-22, 24-25,
481, 488, 490, 496, 505, 516, 536,
558, 564 as selective force, 564, 661, 662, 786
through shell-breaking, 70, 104, 564,
649-663 and siliceous marine phytoplankton,
291, 297-304, 305, 309, 320
size refuge, 23, 72, 77, 207, 301, 305, 500
in specific habitats, 29-30, 75, 161
Preservation potential of bioturbators, 563
changes over time due to bioturbation, 555-557
in Late Cretaceous chalks, 778-781
of polychaetes, 15-16 Pripulus, 569
caudatus, 595
Primary production and algal symbiosis, 445-448 benthic, 140-141
and bioturbation effects, 534-535
deep sea, 551 early seas, 560
planktonic, 136-140 plants, 557
and seasonality, 141-142
Proapsidocrinus, 382
Proch!oron, 259, 263, 434
Prokaryotes
831
comparison to eukaryote biology, 254.
255
differentiation from acritarchs. 272
fossil cytoplasm after death and "spot" cells,
267
differentiation from eukaryotes, 264-
265
tetrahedral tetrads, 268
importance in biological evolution, 252
membrane system, 262
mitochondrial and plastid precursors, 258-259
Precambrian benthic dominance, 275,
276, 277
Prokaryotic loop, 255
Protelphidium tishuryensis, 366
Pseudohaustorius caroliniensis, 579
Pseudolithophyllum sp., nov., 90, 92
Pseudoperna bentonensis, 763
congesta, 763, 764-765
Pseudopleuronectes americanus, 23
Pteria, 770 Pteridium, 170
Pterocerel!a poinsettiformis, 758
Pterocrinus, 382
bifurcatus, 384-385 Ptychodera
bahamensis, 587
carnosa, 587
Ptychopleurella, 685, 709
Ptychospirina, 401, 402
Pullenia sp., 356-357
Pycnodonte, 198, 755, 757. 766, 770, 771,
778, 784 biauriculata, 767
giginensis, 770 mutabilis, 753, 754, 758, 759, 750. 751,
773 vesicularis, 767
Pygospio. 495
Quinqueloculina, 366
impressa, 365, 366 sp., 359
Radiations Ordovician, 673-710
Vendian-Early Cambrian, 674, 675, 681
832
Radiolarians. 434. 441. 443, 444. ·!46. 448. 462, 560. 676, 679
Radiolites, 457, 458. 459 Rafinesquina. 685, 710, 741
Rangea. 358 Redox potential discontinuity (RPD), 628-
629 Reefs
Phanerozoic examples. 94-104 see Sessile marine fauna; Taphonomic
facilitation Reproductive potential
by latitude. 134 temperature effects. 147
Reptadeonella. 66-67 Resuspension of sediment. 483. 494. 305.
629 Retusa. 357
canaJicuiata, 575 Rhinoptera, 497
bonasus, 587 Rhodopseudomonas, 258 RhynchoJithes. 662 Rhynchoteuthis, 662 Rhysostrophia. 685, 708 Richthofeniacea, 463-471 RNA, 255, 256, 257 Robertocyathus sp., 105 Rosalina, 334
carnivora, 362 gJobuJaris, 337, 361, 362 Jeei, 364
RostriceJJuJa rostrata, 184, 185, 186 r-selection, 47, 133, 134, 144, 304-309. 702 Rudists. 94, 96. 203, 456-460, 767. 771 Rugia tenuicostata. 769 Rupertina, 339 Rusophycus, 519 ·
Saccocoma. 383 SaccogJossus
cambrensis, 587 inhacensis, 587
Sacodendron, 343 Sagenina, 339 Sand dollar (Cypeasteroidea), 482. 484,
485, 486, 488, 490, 496, 497, 500. 501, 506, 507, 569, 572. 582-583, 592, 594
SanguinoJaria. 498 nuttallii. 207
Saukia. 683. 708
Sauvagesia. 437 Saxidomus nuttallii, 207 Scrabrotrigonia. 775
thoracia, 773
Index
Scaphopods. 357. 358-359, 482, 484. 485. 486, 506, 508. 519, 571. 591. 593. 676, 678, 679, 723. 760
SceJisetosus Jongicirrus. 396 Schizophoria. 526 Schizoporella. 62. 79
biaperta, 54 errata. 50-52, 76-77 unicornis. 54, 56
Schizoprobiscina, 395, 407. 413, 414 Schizoramma. 590 Schyphocrinites, 413 Scleractinian corals. 198. 224, 453, 548.
549, 591 Scobicularia. 494
plana, 493, 574 Scolecolepides viridus. 578 Scoloplos
fragiJis, 588 robustus, 16, -193, 578, 589
Scotop!anes, 483. 550. 570, 586, 589 Scumulus inopinatus. 769 Scrta!ocrinus robustus. 403 Scytonema, 269 Sea anemone, 187, 556, 593 Sea pens, 548-549 Sea urchins (Spatangioda). 70, 73, 88, 187.
358, 482. 483, 484, 485. 486, 492, 498, 499, 500, 501' 520, 546, 559. 572, 583-584, 594-595
Seasonality, 121-152 and siliceous phytoplankton fitness.
307-309 Seasonal recruitment rates. 47. 75 Seasonal strategy. 132-133
niche expansion, 145-146 reproduction and development, 144-143.
149, 150 Sediment mixing, 7-9, 13-14, 16. 172-
173, 175, 176, 179, 188, 549, 627-663
Sediment stabilization. 8, 9, 13, 17-18, 19. 50, 196-234, 416-417, 490. 494, 499, 500, 523-524, 558, 768
Sedimentary fabrics bedding thickness measurements. 631.
635, 636, 637, 639. 640. 641 evolution in the Phanerozoic. 642-646
Index
Sedimentary fabrics (cont'd) Ordovician vs. Devonian of N.Y., 631-
642, 646 of reworked sediments, 629-631, 643,
645 Sedimentation rates in the Paleozoic, 523 Semele, 225, 228 Serial endosymbiotic theory, 253-254 Serracaris, 723 Sessile marine fauna
aclonal, 41, 61 Phanerozoic distribution, 94
clonal, 41, 61 life span, 79 Phanerozoic distribution, 94
colonial advantages, 59, 61, 70, 93. 106-107
colonization of rocky intertidal, 187-188 competition, 56-70 competitive ranks, 61 distributions
factors, 46 fossil, 94-106 Recent, 39-93
epifaunal suspension feeders through time, 524-528
fossil, 81-107 by environment, 43-44 habitat selection, 48, 70, 81 infaunal bioturbation processes, 491, 494 larvae, 46, 47, 48-50 major animal groups, 42-43 mortality from bulldozing, 500-501 partial (or nonlethal) predation, 28, 70,
72, 73, 78-79, 385 predation, 70-75 predators, 73 preservation, 81
recognition of partial mortality. 85, 86, 87, 96, 98
refuges from bulldozers, 547-553 regeneration, 73, 85, 89, 104-106, 107 selective extinction, 546-547 solitary limitations, 59, 70 zooid morphology, 89
Sestropoma, 446 Shell accumulation
importance of sedimentation, 207, 218-220
mechanisms, 196, 209-210
in erosional truncation, 217 -l18 in sediment aggradation, 211-213
Shell accumulation ( cont'd) mechanisms (cont'd)
in sediment bypassing, 215-217 in sediment starvation, 213-215
Shell breaking
833
and adaptation for prevention, 653-655 agent of mortality, 650-651 breakage types, 652-653 by crabs, 70, 649, 653, 662, 663 origins in Mesozoic, 104 predation through time, 649-663 predators in the fossil record, 661-663 prey-induced damage, 652 and repair, 104, 640 trends in Paleozoic, 564
Shell gravel development, 208-220, 234 Siliceous phytoplankton
Arctic Ocean, case study, 314-320 competition
coexistence of species, 291-297, 308-309
effect on morphology, 297-298, 305 in evolutionary time, 313 in nutrient uptake, 287-291, 297
diversity under competition, 291-294 under predation, 291, 302-303 in upwelling zone, 294-295, 303
evolutionary diversification, 309-312, 313
fossil record, 303-304 morphology
changes through time, 313-320 competition and predation effects,
297-298, 304, 312, 318 and nutrient uptake, 289-291
motility, 286, 289, 290-300 and nutrient enrichment, 294-297, 303,
318, 320 paleontology, 312-320 predation, 291, 297
antipredator strategies, 300-301, 320 by copepods, 297-300 and diversity maintenance, 302-303 and the geologic record, 303-304 and morphology, 297-298, 304
r and K strategies, 304-309 and seasonality, 307-309
Silicoflagellates diversity changes in upwelling zones,
295-296
life characteristics, 286-287
834
Silicoflagellates ( cont' d) speciation rate, 310
Simonizapfes, 400 Sinum perspectivum, 578 Siphonodosavia abyssorum, 356-357 Siphunculus, 569
nudus, 595 Skeletonema, 301 Skolithos, 551, 556, 557 Soft bottom communities
data collection methods, 161, 162 diagenesis, 175-176 effects of bioturbation and its evolution,
478-595 epifaunal interactions in the Paleozoic,
184-186, 187 faunal abundance, 172 infaunal evolution, 628, 642-646 life and death assemblages, 176-182 of Long Island Sound, 163-169, 171-182 nonpreservation, 151 preservation of succession, 171-172,
181, 188 succession and resemblance to infaunal
evolution, 643-644 temporal patterns, 161, 162, 183 taphonomic feedback, 195-234
Sokolowia, 785 Solar Radiation, 123-125 Solemya, 495
velum, 11 Solenhofen Limestone, 557 Somateria spp., 653 Sorites
marginalis, 348, 349, 350 orbiculus, 348 orbitolites, 348
Sowerbyella, 685, 670, 710, 741 Spartina patens, 8 Spatangus
purpurcus, 595 rashi, 585
Speciation and onshore-offshore community
displacement, 703-705, 787-793 Sphaerulites, 457 Spiculosiphon radiata, 340-341, 357 Spionidae spp., 594 Spirocyrtis iowensis, 96 Spiroecus, 96 Spiroloculina hyalina, 364 Spirorbis, 395, 400
Spirorbis ( cont'd) borealis, 54 pagenstecheri, 54
Spisula, 225, 228, 494 subtruncata, 594
Spondylus, 770 americanus, 60 sp., 753 spinosus, 764-765, 767
Squilla empusa, 176, 578 Sponges
and algal symbiosis, 434, 444, 460 clade of family diversity, 723 competitive rank, 61 and crinoids, 42 in the deep sea, 551 food gathering, 559 food niches, 58 functional group, 591 growth patterns, 85 habitat separation, 58
Index
in Late Cretaceous assemblages, 198, 757, 767, 769, 770
and the Paleozoic fauna, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680
seasonal recruitment rate, 47 substrate preferences, 45, 199, 545 zonation patterns, 48
"Spot" cells, 265-268 Springericrinus, 403
magniventrus, 405 Stachyoides, 94 Starfish, 70, 73, 75, 76, 104, 187, 353, 490,
499, 508, 572, 582, 591, 594, 676, 677, 723
Steginoporella, 79-80 plagiopora, 66-67, 84-85
Stenorhynchus sp., 380 Stephanopyxis
spp., 315-316, 318 turris, 310
Stictopora, 685, 709 Stichopus
moebii, 585 tremulus, 586
Stigmatella hybrida, 99 Stilostomella sp., 356-357 Streblospio benedicti, 164, 167 Streptorhynchus, 590 Strictipora brachensus, 184, 186 Stromatolites, 17, 18, 98,251-252,267, 269,
275-276,529,548,552,561,642,694
Index
Stromatoporoids, 94, 96, 98, 99, 102, 106, 107,411, 545
Strombus, 650 gibberuJus, 651
Strongylocentrotus drobachiensis, 358 Strophomena, 527, 685, 710
fasilica, 184, 185, 186 Strophomenids, 184-186, 198, 200, 202-
203, 205, 473-474, 526, 677, 693, 696
Strophostylus, 401, 402 Styela clava, 54 Stylopoma, 62
spongites, 66-67, 101 Substrata
abiological, 44-45, 81, 95 benthic foraminifera, 363 biological, 44-45 crinoidal effects, 416-418 cryptic, 45, 48, 61, 66, 75, 81, 784 dead shells
affects on endobionts, 199-200 alteration of sediment properties, 200,
201, 204, 206, 208, 233 effect on diversity, 197 examples in the Phanerozoic, 198-199 recent and past environments. 204 as refuge, 199
hard bottom 487 as refuge from bioturbation, 547-548 preservation potential, 563
hardgrounds in bioturbation through time, 561-562,
564 in Late Cretaceous, 765-766
live shells benefits for epizoans, 198 boring organisms, 199 examples in Phanerozoic. 198-199 effect on diversity, 197
reproductive impact, 200 selectivity effects due to bioturbation,
561 siliciclastic soft bottom, 172. 487,747-
794 surface area, 56 for suspension feeders, 524-528 types and deposit feeders. 483, 503-505,
528 Succession
allogenic, 159, 160 in ancient environments. 160, 184-187
835
Succession ( cont'd) autogenic, 159, 160, 195, 201, 204-206 and bioturbation, 555 crinoidal effects, 418 definition, 158-160 diversity changes, 183 duration and longevity of dominants,
171 in nearshore benthic, .o1-169, 183 patterns
corals, 171 rocky intertidal, 170, 171 soft-bottom benthic, 169 soil fungi, 170 temperate forest, 169, 170
preservation in soft bottoms, 171-172, 181, 553-554
of soft bottom communities and resemblance to infaunal evolution, 643-646
and soft bottom fauna, 151-188 Symbiodinium microadriaticum, 437 Symbiosis, 4, 76, 260, 274, 277, 332, 335,
347-351.431-474 Synalpheus spp., 397 Synapata, 483
inhaerens, 586 Syncyclonema, 759, 760
simplicius, 757, 758, 772, 773, 774, 777 Syringopora, 526
Taenicephalus, 685, 708 Tanchintongia, 461, 462 Tapes, 208 Taphonomic feedback, 195-234
definition, 196 and ecologic succession, 204-206 evidence in Miocene Chesapeake Group,
223-233 evolutionary effects, 234 examples in ancient communities, 202-
203 facilitation, 196, 197-206 inhibition, 196, 206-208, 233 patterns in the stratigraphic record, 208-
220 shell concentration mechanisms. 196,
209-210 in shell-poor environments, 220, 234
Taphonomy. 171-182, 195-234, 366-369, 415-417, 562, 778-781
836
Taphrosestria, 466, 467 Tarrichnium, 395, 408 Tawuia dalensis, 274 Taxocrinus, 391
colletti, 385 Teguliferina, 467, 471 Teguliferinidae, 471-478 Tellina, 168
agilis, 164, 167 tenuis, 12
Temora longicornis, 299 Tentaculites, 525, 592 Terebratalia, 533 Terebratulina, 755, 785
chrysalis, 768, 769 faujasii, 769 longicollis, 769
Tethyan fauna, 454, 455, 461, 468-471, 771
Texigryphaea, 783 Thaerodonta, 685, 710 Thais, 70, 652
kiosquiformis, 654 lamellosa, 653 lapillus, 653
Thalamita crenata, 653 Thalassia, 8, 140, 363, 490, 497, 552 Thalassinoides, 752 Thalassiosira spp., 301 Thamnopora, 94 Thermoplasma acidophilum, 259 Tholocrinus, 382
wetherbyi, 384-385 Thoracophelia mucronata, 577 Thurammina sp., 363 Thyone sp., 595 Tichosina floridensis, 363 Timorechinus, 382
mirabilis, 384-385 Tolypammia vagans, 363 Trace fossils, 16, 18, 220, 224, 484, 512,
518-519, 520-521, 522, 529, 551, 556, 557, 558, 565, 628, 629, 631, 633, 637, 645, 674, 721, 752, 775
Traces diversity in the Phanerozoic, 524, 551.
557, 558, 565, 674, 721 of ichnogenera through time, 628 morphology vs. depth, 631 size and type through the Phanerozoic,
512, 520-522 see also Biogenic sedimentary structures
Trachyspaeridium laminaritum, 225-227 laufeldi, 266-267 vidalii, 266-267
Transenella tantilla, 594 Trapezia ferruginea, 76 Trematis, 685, 709 Trenton Group. 633, 634 Tretaspis, 700 Tretomphalus, 334 Tresus nuttallii, 207 Triarthrus, 685, 700, 709 Tribrachidium, 558
Index
Tridacna, 434, 435, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444,445,446,449,450,456
derasa, 552 gigas, 552 squanmosa, 552
Trigonosemus pulchellus, 769 Trigonostoma, 659 Trilobites, 633, 743, 791
bioturbation rates, 482, 484, 485, 485 and the Cambrian fauna, 673-674, 676,
678, 684, 689, 690, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 699, 700, 704, 706, 725
clades of family diversity, 723 decline, 552, 563-564, 683 feeding types and bioturbation, 518-519,
522, 539, 591 guilds, 731 as predators, 26, 518 range, 506
Triplesia, 605, 709 Tritaxis conica, 362 Trochammina sp., 361 Trochus, 650
niloticus, 654 Trophic group amensalism, 481, 483, 489,
494, 505, 515, 629 see also Amensalism
Tropidoleptus, 526 Tropiometra carinata, 414 Trypanites, 75 7 Tubinella furalis, 360 Tullimonstrum, 723 Turritella, 225, 226-227, 228, 231, 232,
759, 760, 763, 774, 776 howelli, 772 merchantvillensis, 761, 775 plebia, 223, 224 spp., 758 tippana. 773, 774
Index
Uca, 488, 494 pugiJator, 493, 494, 581 pugnax. 492, 581 spp., 582
Uintacrinus, 770 Ukoa, 590 Upogebia, 489
JitoraJis, 492, 580 pugettensis, 492, 580
Urolophus, 497 halJeri, 587
Vaccinites, 458, 459 Vase-shaped microfossils, 273, 274 Vendian-Early Cambrian radiations, 674,
675, 681 VennielJa, 759, 775 Venus, 208 Vermetus, 225, 226-227
VermicuJothecidea vermicu]aris, 769
VetericardieJJa, 774 Volviceramus
grandis, 763, 764-765, 766
invoJutus, 764-765, 766
Wiwaxia, 723
Yohoia, 661 Yoldia, 16, 166, 168, 225, 495, 589
eightsi, 354 limulata, 11, 573, 588, 593
ZancJea gemmosa, 76-77 Zirfaea, 224, 225 Zooanthus soJanderi, 88 Zoophycus, 529, 752 ZooanthelJa microadriaticum, 348 Zostera, 8, 140, 497 Zugmayerella, 590 Zygospira, 685, 710
837