Index

a-olefins 382 a,p-unsaturated aldehydes 108 'Y-A1203 233 £-caprolactam 376 rt-allyl species 89 rt-allylic intermediates 103 rt-coordination 89

1,2-dichloroethane 35 1,2-dimethylbenzene 130 1,2-polyisoprenes 409 1,3-butadiene 89,90 1,3-cyclooctadiene 90 1,3-dimethylbenzene 130 1,4-dimethylbenzene 130 l-octanol 383 2,7-octadien-l-01 383 2-ethylhex-2-en-l-01 108 2-ethylhexanol 369 2-hydroxyisobutylamide 51 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid 51 2-methylbutane 130 2-methylpentane 130 3,4-polyisoprenes 409 3-methylcrotonaldehyde (prenal) 111 3-methylhexane 130 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl (trimethyl)

ammonium 308

accelerated deactivation test 497 acetalization 298 acid function 131 acid sites 146 acid strength 167 acid-base catalysis 295,310 acidic function 137 acidity 150

of zeolites 166 acrolein 510,511,529

acrylic acid 510 acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers 406 actinides 385 activation energies 459 active layer 88, 530 active sites 112 active sites coverage 483 active surface area (ASA) 333 adiabatic reactor operation 469 adsorbate induced restructuring of

catalytic surfaces 464 adsorbate-induced restructuring 105 adsorbates 330 adsorbed oxygen 513 adsorption 89,461 adsorption constants 95 adsorption of bases 295 adsorption stoichiometry 94 aerogels 222 Ag/Ah03 catalyst for ethylene

epoxidation 498 Ag/BiN /Mo mixed oxides 25 ageing 175,484 agglomerates 292 agglomeration 149 aging/poisoning processes 467 Ag-Ru 306 Al MAS NMR 293 Al or Si species 296 Ah03 137,290 AlzTiOs 290 alcogels 222 alcohol 301 aldehydes 368 aldol condensations 308 alkadiene 89,91 alkaline earth oxides 25

alkali-doped 63 alkanes 301

544 Index

alkene 89,91,301 alkylation of isobutane 189 alky1su1fonic acid 311 alloy formation 147 alloyed particles 145 alloys 150 allylalcohol 108 allylic alcohols 108 AIP04-8 166 alumina 127 aluminophosphate 164, 290 aluminum 293 amination 200

of benzene 275 amine 290 d-amino acid oxidase 447 ammonia adsorption 13 7 ammoxidation 269

of propane to acrylonitrile 39 of propene 509 oftoluene 509 of xylene 509

ammoximation 198 Amoco process 253,392 analytical electron microscopy (AEM)

333 anatase 112 angle x-ray scattering 140 anionic clays 248 anionic polymerization 406 anodic oxidation 529 anti-Markovnikov 384 anti-Markovnikovaddition 373 APM 286 appearance potential mass spectrometry

(AP-MS) 333 aromatics 127, 129, 130 aromatization of LPG 183 aromatization, reforming of gasoline

183 Arrhenius parameters 330 artefacts 332 arylamines 301 asymmetric carbonylations 376 asymmetric catalysis 366 asymmetric epoxidations 393 asymmetric hydrocyanation 386 AT II antagonists 391 atactic structure 407 atom scattering (AS) 333

atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) 333

atomic force microscopy (AFM) 333 atoms migration 485 Au 306 AulZnO 235,237 Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) 333 axial dispersion coefficient 528

B, Fe, Ga, Ti 292 Base catalysis 300 basic catalysts 308 basic sites 168 bayerite 137 benzene 106,127,130,137,300 benzonitrile 509 Berty reactor 469 BET method (BET) 285, 333 BilMolNb mixed oxides 53 BhMo30 12 71 bifunctional 127 bifunctional catalyst 137, 146 bifunctional reaction network 131 bifunctional Ti-mesoporous molecular

sieves 303 bimetallic 109 bimetallic catalysts 140, 150, 152 bimetallic particles 143 bimetallic Pt-Re particles 142 Bi-molybdates 44 biocatalysis 443 biomimetic 251 BJH 285 boemithe 137, 530 bond-order conservation correlations

461 boria-alumina catalysts 71 boron phosphate catalysts 71 Bright Field imaging (BF) 333 Bnmsted acid sites 167 Bnmstedt acidity 137, 138 Buchwald-Hartwig amination 387 bulky alcohols 299 bulky phosphites 371 butadiene 9 butene isomerisation 103 butenes 90

C2 to C4 alkane selective oxidation 21 CalNilKlO 64

calcination 145,174,227 capillary condensation 284 carbenes 366 Carberry reactor 469 carbon monoxide 104 carbonaceous residue (coke) 134 carbonium ion mechanism 131, 134 carbonylation

of alkenes 373 of alkynes 373,374 of aryl and benzyl halides 378 of benzyl chloride 380 reactions of aryl halides, those of

heteroaryl halides 380 catalase 448 catalyst composition 272 catalyst deactivation 137,148,479 catalyst deactivation in fluid catalytic

cracking 486 catalyst preparation 143,491 catalyst regeneration 150,151,479,492 catalyst world market 7 catalysts based on noble metals 26, 65 catalysts for HDS 492 catalytic activity 296 catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation

393 catalytic CC-coupling 386 catalytic combustion 266 catalytic filaments 527 catalytic function 325 catalytic hydroamination of alkynes 385 catalytic hydrogenation 526 catalytic membrane reactors 27 catalytic oxidation 301 catalytic processes

divided catalytic processes 505 dynamic operated catalytic processes 508 unsteady state processes 508

catalytic properties 293 catalytic reforming 127,488 cationic clays 248 cationic polymerisation 410 Cativa™ process 378 cetyltrimethylammonium 288 chain end control 432 chain growth (propagation) 425 chain termination 425 characterisation 140, 284 charge density matching 288

Index 545

chemical anchoring 492 chemical composition 329 chemical ionisation mass spectroscopy

(CI-MS) 334 chemical poisoning 480 chemical sintering 486 chemical vapor deposition 182, 529 chemically sensitive sensors 272 chemisorption 93, 140,333,460 chiral auxiliaries 311 chiral bridged metallocenes 429 chlorine 150 cinnamyl alcohol 108 circulating fluid bed riser 28 CIT-5 201 citral 109 cloverite 166, 186 Co 306 CO oxidation 263, 270, 272 coagulation 228 CoAPO-18 199 CoAPO-5 199 cobalt carbonyl complexes 370 co-impregnation 145 coke 141, 145

combustion 150 deposition 151 formation 139,145,147,300

coking 127,135,480,483 collision theory 460 colloid aggregation 225 COMn20 4 235 computational fluid-dynamics 468 concentration effect 171 concentration profiles 97 concentration variations 533 concept of the next nearest neighbors

166 conditions for an accelerated

deactivation test 497 Contact Potential Difference

measurements (CPD) 334 continuous catalyst regeneration (CCR)

152, 153 continuous stirred tank reactor 468 controlled surface reaction 113 conventional transmission electron

microscopy (CTEM) 334 conversion electron Mossbauer

spectroscopy (CEMS) 333

546 Index

conversion of paraffins 10 copper chloride 36 co-precipitation 220 Cossee-Arlman mechanism 426 covalent attachment 445 cracking 297 cross polarisation magic angle spinning

NMR (CP-MAS) 334 cross-linked dicyclopentadiene 412 cross-linked enzyme crystalls 445 cross-linked photolytically 291 crotyl alcohol 108 crystal face III crystallinity 330 crystallisation 172 CsLa-oxide 308 Cu clusters 332 CuzO 332 Cu-HMS 304 Cu-MCM-41 304 CuMnZ04235,237 CuO 332 CuO/ZnO 237 CuOlZnOlAlz0 3 235 Cyclar Process 190 cyclic processes 153 cyclodimerization 382 cyclohexane 106, 130,309, cyclooctene 90 cycloolefin copolymers 427 cycloolefin copolymers (COC) 430 cyclooligomerisation 382 cyclopolymerisates of 1,5-hexadiene

430 Cyclo Voltametry (CV) 334

Dark Field imaging (DF) 334 data storage and analysis 261 Deacon Process 509,512 deactivation 127, 145, 146, 147,300

catalytic hydrogenation processes 487 diffusion limited 493 in the presence of Hp vapour and S02490 of Ag-base catalyst 489 structure sensitive deactivation 482 compensation 495 kinetics 495 mechanisms 480

deactivation process kinetic equation 495

dead volume of the reactor 348 dealumination 490 decomposition of NO 268 defect structures 286 dehydrocyclisation 127, 130, 135 dehydrocyclodimerization 190 dehydrogenation 9, 134

of cyclohexanes 132 of naphthenes 134

dehydroisomerisation 127, 130 of cyclopentanes 133

demand for aromatics 155 demetallation 128 deNOx 263 densification 222 density functional calculations 105 deposition-precipitation 270 desorption 89,461 dewaxing 183,187 D.F.T. 285 di-cr-adsorption 89 dicyanobenzene 509 Diels-Alder cyclization 311 different types of poisoning in porous

catalyst 494 differential conditions 468 differential heat of adsorption 463 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

335 differential thermal analysis (DTA) 335 differential thermogravimetry (DTG)

335 Diffuse Reflectance (DR) 334 diffuse reflectance fourier transform

infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) 334

diffusion restrictions 467 dihydroxylation 392, 393, 395 diphenylethane 510 dispersion 140,149,229 disproportionation of toluene 197 distribution 231 divided catalytic processes

advantages 512 choice of reactor type 512 cycle stability of catalyst 515 disadvantages 514 energy consumption 515 equipment requirements 514

history and examples 508 industrial application 516 principle 507 reaction equipment 510

doped VIP mixed oxides 53 double salts 224 drop-in technology 435 DuPont's adiponitrile process 385

early transition metal complexes 385 EDX 142 electrocatalysts 271,275 electrode array 271 Electron Diffraction (ED) 335 electron energy loss spectroscopy

(EELS) 335 electron paramagnetic resonance

spectroscopy (EPR) 336 electron probe microanalysis (EPMA)

336 electron spectroscopy for chemical

analysis (ESCA) 336 electron spin resonance spectroscopy

(ESR) 336 electronic effect 143,480 elementary steps 457 ellipsometry 335 empirical macroscopic correlations 461 enantiomorphic site control 432 enantioselective 119 enantioselective alkylation 311 energy distribution 463 energy flow 349 energy-dispersive X-ray emission

analysis (EDX) 335 ensemble effect 142 entrapment 444 environmental concerns 153 environmental scanning electron

microscopy (ESEM) 336 EPDM-elastomers 422 epoxidation 302, 392 epoxidation catalysts 309 equilibration 330 equilibrium constants 132 erionite 183 ethane to acetic acid 31 ethene see ethylene ethylbenzene 194 ethylcyc10pentane 130 ethylene 8,392,510

Index 547

epoxidation 489 polymerisation 414

ethylene-propylene-diene monomers 422

exhaust catalysts 154 experimental approach for catalyst

activity determination 495 experimental design 262 ex-situ techniques 329 extended X-ray absorption fine structure

(EXAFS) 336

faujasite 176,177,183 FCC 185 see Fluid-Catalytic-Cracking FCC catalysts 178

coking 486 FCC deactivation

irreversible poisons 487 Fe 306 Fe/Sb/O systems 41 feedstock 138 fermentation processes 443 ferrierite 183 FeSb04 43 Fe-ZSM-5 199 fibers 292 field emission microscopy (FEM) 336 field ion microscopy (FIM) 336 films 291,292 fine chemical industry 367,386 fine chemicals 298 Fisher-Tropsch synthesis 268 fixed-bed reactor

periodically operated 511 flame oxidation 226 flexible ligand method 182 flocculates 223 fluid catalytic cracking 183, 511 fluidized bed reactor 152 fluorescence imaging 271 for carbonylation of 1,3-butadiene 377 formaldehyde 524 formation of active centers 424 fouling 483 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

(FT-IR) 296,337 Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy

(FT-R) 337 framework dealumination 181 Friedel-Crafts alkylation 299 FSM-n 284

548 Index

FTIR 296,337 FT-IR imaging 272 fuel cells 275

Ga 292 Ga/H-ZSM-5 190 Ga203 308 gallophosphates 164 gas chromatography (GC) 337 gas chromatography coupled mass

spectroscopy (GC-MS) 337 gas phase hydrogenation 95 gasoline 127 gas-phase process 417 gauze catalyst 244 genetic algorithm 265, 273 genetic engineering 450 geometric effect 143,480 geraniol/nerol 108 germanium 140 gibbsite 137 glutaryl acylase 447 glycidol ring-opening 310 gold catalysts 116 gradient-free reactors 469 granules 229 grazing incidence X-ray powder

diffraction (GR-XPD) 337

H2 chemisorption 140 H2-02 titration 140 H3PW12040 310 hafnocene 431 Halcon process for propane oxidation to

acrylic acid 48 halides 148 H-chabazite 200 HCO(CO)4 370 head-to-tail addition 423 heat and mass transport phenomena 348 heat transfer coefficient 524 Heck reaction 387,388 heptamolybdate 232 heteroatoms 292 heterogeneity of active sites 463 heterogeneous nucleation 219 heteropolyacids 50, 310 heteropolycompound-based catalysts

53 heteropolycompounds 51

H-ferrierite 189 Hf02 290 high branched polyolefins 434 high density polyethylene (HDPE) 405,

418 high pressure liquid chromatography

(HPLC) 338 high pressure NEXAFS 327 high resolution electron microscopy

(HREM) 338 higher structural order 285 highly cis-oriented polyisoprene 409 high-resolution electron energy loss

spectroscopy (HREELS) 338 high-throughput experimentation 261 Hirschler-Plank mechanism 167 history 151 H-MCM-22 195 HMS 286 Hoechst-Celanese's synthesis of

Ibuprofen 380 homogeneous catalysis 365 homogeneous nucleation 219 Horiuti-Polanyi mechanism 107, 115 Hougen-Watson formalism 466 H-Rho, H-ZK-5 200 H-SAPO-34 193 Huttig temperature 484 hydroamination 384 hydroaminomethylation 373 hydroboration 384 hydrocarbon rearrangements 131 hydrocarboxylation 373,374 hydrocracking 130, 134, 135, 150, 183,

186 hydrocyanation 384, 385 hydrodehalogenation 310 hydrodenitrification 128 hydrodesulphurization 128 hydroesterification 373 hydrofinishing reactor 193 hydroformylation 13, 368 hydroformylation of internal olefins 371 hydrogel 222, 223 hydrogel process 178 hydrogen 127,146,525,531 hydrogenation and dehydrogenation

reactions 131 hydrogenolysis 130, 134, 140, 143, 150 hydro lases 447

hydrolysis 224 hydrophilic or hydrophobic character

296 hydrophiliclhydrophobic properties 171 hydrophobicity 302 hydrotalcite 249, 252, 254 hydrothermal 270 hydrothermal synthesis 171 hydrotreating 298 hydroxylation 304 H-ZSM-22 189 H-ZSM-23 187, 189 H-ZSM-5 187

immobilisation 251 of the metallocene 436 of transition metal complexes 182

immobilised catalysts 444 impregnation procedure 145 impregnation, precipitation 270 In2Mo3012 71 In203 308 incipient wetness 241 inductively coupled plasma mass

spectrometry (ICP-MS) 338 infrared spectroscopy (IR) 339 in-situ analysis 324 in-situ cell 327,349 in-situ experiments 325 in-situ techniques 329 integrated processes 448 interfacial reaction 232 internal electron donor 421 internalolefins 373 intramolecular selectivity 108 intrinsic kinetic processes 467 ion adsorption 230 ion exchange reactions 179, 182, 229 ion microprobe (IMP) 338 ion molecule reaction ass spectroscopy

(IMR-MS) 338 ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS) 339 ion sieve effect 180 ionic surfactants 290 Ir 137,138,140 IR measurements 137 IR thermographic detection 270 IR thermography 272 iridium 137, 138, 140 isobutane 130

Index 549

isobutene/isoprene copolymers 412 isochroman-3-one 381 Isodewaxing 183 isoelectric point 230 isomerisation 127,130,297,371

of paraffins 134, 135 of light alkenes 183, 189 of light gasoline 183, 188 of xylenes 196

isopropylbenzene 195 Isosiv process 188 isospecific 431 isotactic 407 isotactic polypropylene 405, 420 isothermal conditions 469 isotopic labeling experiments 471

Jacobsen epoxidation 393 jasminaldehyde 298

Keggin 51 Keggin anion 246 Keggin-type heteropolycompounds 51 Kelvin equation 285 kinetic parameters of deactivation 496 kinetically well-defined reactor 327 kinetics of catalyst deactivation 493 Knoevenagel condensation 301,310 Knudsen diffusion 99

laminar flow conditions 524 Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics 466 Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate expression

95 laser microprobe mass spectrometry

(LMMS) 339 laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) 339 laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy

(LlF) 339 lateral adsorbate interactions 463 lattice oxygen 513 lattice stabilization 181 lazabemide 380 L-DOPA 448 lead 128 Lewis acid sites 167 Lewis acidity 13 7 Lewis adsorption 113 LilMg/ 64 LtIMgO 64 Li20/Ti02 64

550 Index

LiCIJMn02 64 LiCIlNiO 64 LiClISm203 64 ligand assisted assembly 291 ligands 366,372 ligand-tailoring 366 linear amines 373 linear low density PE (LLDPE) , 405,

418,431 lipases 446 liquid crystal templating 288 liquid phase hydrogenation 100 liquid phase oxidation 303 living polymers 408 log P concept 446 long-pathway cuvetts 350 Losartan 391 low-energy electron diffraction (LEED)

339 low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy

(LEIS) 339 Lowenstein's rule 162, 174 low-pressure-oxo-processes 370 lumping of reaction groups 1 reactant

groups 467 lyophilic 219 lyophobic 219

M41S 286 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic

resonance (MAS-NMR) 340 magnetic susceptibility measurements

(Magn.) 339 maleic anhydride 327,509,511,516 manganese 308 Markovnikov 373 Mars and van Krevelen Mechanism

507,513 Mars-van-Krevelen type rate equation

465 MASI466 mass and heat transfer 467 mass spectrometry (MS) 340 mass transfer 95, 524 mass-time yierld 514 Matsuda-Heck reaction 388 MCM-22 187,190 MCM-36 190 MCM-41 186 MCM-41 283

MCM-48283 MCM-50 283 mean particle sizes 116 mean-field approximation 464 mechanism 424

of deactivation of Ag-based catalysts sintering 498 of alkadiene hydrogenation 103

medium base 252 memory effect 491 Merck process 253 mercury porosimetry 340 mesopores 248 mesoporous metallosilicates 292 mesoporous palladium 291 mesoporous transition metal oxide 290 metal dispersion 150 metal function 131 metal marticle size 110 metal molybdates 68 metal oxides 273 metal particle size 139 metal particles 139 metallic particle dispersion 230 metallocene catalysts 435 metallocenes 406,414,427,431,432 metals 148 metals and metal oxides 305 metal-support interactions 112 metal-zeolites 68 methacrolein 510 methacrylic acid 510 methane and ethane 134 methane conversion 10 methane oxidative coupling 25, 27, 28 methane partial oxidation 26 methane reforming 508 methanol to acetic acid 378 methanol to gasoline (MTG) 183, 191 methanol to olefins (MTO) 191 methyl methacrylate 305 methylaluminoxane (MAO) 428 methylcyclopentane 130 M-forming 183, 188 Mg orthovanadate 68 Mg pyrovanadate 68 Mg/V 10 catalysts 68 Mg/V ISb/O 68 MgCh-supported catalysts 422 MgO 233

Michael additions 308 micro granules 228 micro-calorimetry 461 micro-domains 291 microfiltration 444 microreactors 271 microscopic correlations 461 micro-structured reactors 470 microstructures of polypropylene 433 mixed molybdates of V, Nb and Te 44 mixed oxides 224, 225, 232, 268

ofMorv~ 31,65 Mn(III) Shiff-base complex 309 MnAPO-18 199 Mo- and Mn 303 Morv~ mixed oxides 32 Morv~rre mixed oxides 49 Mobil distillate dewaxing, MDDW 187 Mobil high activity isomerisation

(MHAI) 196 Mobil high-temperature isomerisation

(MHTI) 196 Mobil low pressure isomerization 196 Mobil Lube dewaxing, MLDW 187 Mobil vapour phase isomerisation

(MVPI) 196 Mobil-Badger process 194 model systems 325 molecular beam scattering (MBS) 340 molecular dynamics 460 molecular orbital calculations 461 molecular partition functions 460 molybdenum alumina catalyst 151 molybdenum oxide 232 monoliths 292 monometallic particles 144 Monte Carlo simulation 285 Montsanto process 378 Mo03 326 Mo04 307 mordenite 182, 183 morphology 110, 240, 233, 329 morphology Control 292 Mossbauer absorption spectroscopy

(MAS) 340 most abundant surface reaction

intermediates (MASI) 465 motor octane number (MON) 129 moving-bed reactor 512 MSU-V 286

Index 551

MSU-X 286 MTBE 128,154 multichannel reactors 523 multimetallic catalysts 152

molybdate-based catalysts 44 multiphase reactions 526

nano-particle powders 530 nanoparticles 117 naphos 372 naphtene 129,130 naphtha 127 naphthalene 300 naphthene dehydrogenation 139 naphthenes isomerisation 134 Naproxen 389 nature and concentration of the acid sites

295 Navier-Stokes equations 468 Nb- and Ta-TMS1 291 Nb20 S 290 n-butane 130

to maleic anhydride 28 near-edge X-ray absorption fine

structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) 340

neural networks 267 neutron scattering (NS) 341 n-heptane 130 n-hexane 130 NiIH-erionite 188 nickel 307 nickel catalysts 374 nickel phosphite complex 385 nicotinamide 448 NiO/Ah03 235 nitrile hydratase 447 nitrogen compounds 148, 149 NLO materials 391 n-nonane 130 NO reduction 270 noble metals 69 n-octane 130 non-contact AFM (NC-AFM) 340 nonionic surfactants 290 Novolen- and Unipol-process 422 n-paraffin cracking 185 n-pentane 130 NU-87 176 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 341

552 Index

nucleophilic 252, 253 numbers of active sites 459 numerical fitting 465 n-valeraldehyde 370

octahedrally coordinated 293 octane number 129, 134 OH groups 138 olefin 8,129,368,381

dimerization reactions 381 polymerisation 413 oligomerisation of 381

oligomerisation 297 of olefins 381

optical microscopy (OM) 341 optically active oligomers 430 optimisation methods 265 optimisation strategy 273 ordered mesoporous materials 281 organochromium catalysts 415 organometallic complexes 308 OS04 393 Ostwald's rule 175 Otto Roelen 368 overhydrogenation. 118 overreduction of catalyst 511 oxidation 198, 392

of acrolein 510 of alkyl aromatics 392 of isobutane to methacrylic acid

50 of methane to formaldehyde 26 of n-butane 509 ofn-hexane 309 of paraffins 9 of propene 510 of propane to acrylic acid 46, 48

oxidative coupling: of isobutene 510 of methane 268 of toluene 510

oxidative dehydrogenation 262, 263, 266,268,270,272,273,274

oxidative transformations of methane 28

oxidehydrogenation of ethane 63, 510 of isobutane 71 of paraffins to olefins 61 of propane 66,510 of propane to propylene 27

of ethylbenzene 510, 516 of isobutyraldehyde 510 of isobutyric acid 510

Oxirane process (Halcon or Arco process) 392

oxomacrocation 249 oxycarbides 251 oxychlorination 35, 150

P/MoN/O polyoxometalates 49 PIW/O Dawson-type

heteropolycompounds 71 packing parameter 288 palladium 88,90, 138,375

membranes 531 (II) acetate 390 -catalyzed coupling reactions 386 -catalyzed telomerization reaction 383

paraffins 129, 130 dehydrocyclisation 134 dehydrogenation 134 isomerisation 266 oxidehydrogenation 26, 28

parallel reactor 271 paramagnetic F-centers 117 parameter estimation 465 partial oxidation 266, 508

of ammonia 331 particle/crystallite migration 485 particle-size effects 110 Patat-Sinn mechanism 425 pathways 289 Pausen-Khand 378 Pd 306 Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru 375 PdIH-ZSM-5 187 periodic operation 534 periodic variation 532 perovskite solids 28 petrochemistry 7 petroleum refining 183 pH method 238 phenanthroline 309 Phillips catalysts 414 phosgene 525 phosphates 239 phosphates of various transition metals

68 photo catalysts 271,274

photo-acoustic detection 272 photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) 341 photocatalytic properties 304 photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) 341 photothermal deflection spectroscopy

274 phthalocyanine ligands 309 physical vapour deposition 529 physisorption 341 platinum 90, 137, 138, 140,291,306

catalysts 151 plug-flow 468 poison 149,480 poisoning 145, 148 poisoning and coking kinetics 494 pollution 6 poly(alkylene oxide) block copolymers

290 poly(L-lactic acid) 304 polyamide 6 (P A6) 406 polybutadiene 405, 406, 423 polychloroprene 406 polycondensation 223 polycrystalline Cu foil 332 polycycloolefins 434 polydienes 423 polyesters 410 polyethers 406, 410 polyethylene 305,430,431,417

oxide 290 polyisobutylene 405,411 polyisoprene 406 polylactones 406 polymer networks 291 polymer Templating 291 polymeric membranes 531 polymerisation 13, 304

oflactones 410 of oxiranes 410

polynorbomene 412 polyoctenamer 412 polyoxocations 249 polyoxometalates 30 polypentenamer 412 Polypropylene 430, 432 polystyrene 291 polythermal temperature ramping (PTR)

experiments 470 pore blockage 483 pore size engineering 169, 182

Index 553

pore sizes 283 pore-size distributions 283 positron emission tomography and

profiling 472 post mortem examination

of deactivated catalyst 497 post-synthesis modification 179 ppm-reactions 467 pre-exponential factors 459 prenol 108 preparation methods 270 preparation of catalysts 14 preparation of Ziegler-Natta catalysts

418 pressure 136 pressure drop 528 pretreatment 143 prevention of catalyst deactivation

regeneration of deactivated catalysts 491

primary variables 218 probe species 331 product shape selectivity 169 propagation rate constant 408 propane ammoxidation 28 propene see propylene properties of polyethylene 419 propylene 8, 510 propylene glycol 392 propylene oxide 392 prosulfuron 388 proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE)

341 Pt 90,137,138,140,291,306,375 PtlAh03 Catalyst 138 Ptlmordenite 196 PtiSbOx 53 PtlZSM-23 196 Pt-Re(S) 141 Pt-Re/Ah03 139, 142 Pt-Sn system 143 PtSnlAl20 3 142 pulse methods 471 pulse Reactor 512 purified enzymes 443 pyrene 300

quantum size effects 117 quenching 348

554 Index

radial electron distribution (RED) 342 Raman spectroscopy (Raman) 342 Raney metal catalysts 245 rare earth oxides 25, 64, 68 rate determining steps 93, 106, 116,464 rate of catalyst deactivation 482 Re 137 reactant shape selectivity 168 reaction enthalpy 94 reaction mechanism 115,466 reaction order 91, 330 reaction pressure 136 reaction rates 91 reaction temperature 136 reactor design 152 readsorption 91 redox catalysis 301 redox molecular sieves 198 reducible support III reduction 143

of aromatic 310 of NO x in exhaust gases 490

refinery 127 refinery catalysis 297 refining 10 reformate 127 reformate yield 135 reforming 508 reforming catalysts 489 reforming reactions 139 Reichstein-process 447 RE~I(resonance-enhanced

multiphoton ionization) 271,272 Reppe 373 research octane number (RON) 129 residence time distribution 526, 528,

534 resonance-enhanced multi-photon

ionisation spectroscopy (REMPI) 342

response time 351 restricted transition state shape

selectivity 169 reverse chromatography 471 reversible or irreversible poisoning 480 rhenium 140 rhodium 138,306,375 ring opening metathesis polymerization

(RO~) 412 ring opening polymerization 406, 410

riser-regenerator system 511 robotic systems 270 RON 134,135 Ru 306 rubber synthesis 406 Ru-Cu 306 RuhrchemielRhone-Poulenc process

370 ruthenium 106, 110 Rutherford backscattering (RBS) 342 rutile-type mixed antimonates 41

SAJPO-ll 183,189 SAJPO-42 181 SBA-l 286 SBA-2 286 SBA-3 286 scale-up to real size catalysts 262 scanning Auger microscopy (SAM) 342 scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

343 scanning probe microscopy (SPM) 344 scanning transmission electron

microscopy (STEM) 344 scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM)

344 scanning tunnelling spectroscopy (STS)

344 second harmonics generation (SHG)

343 second metal 113 secondary ion mass spectroscopy

(SIMS) 343 secondary neutral mass spectroscopy

(SNMS) 343 seeding 175 segregation 480 selected area electron diffraction(SAD)

342 selective oxidation 272, 530

of ammonia 332 of butane 327

selective poisoning 481 selectoforming 183, 188 semiregenerative processes 152 separability 495 shape selectivity 168 shape-selective catalysis 163 shaping 292 Sharpless epoxidation 393

Shell Higher Olefin Process 382 Shell Hysomer process 188 Shell Middle Distillate Hydrogenation

Process (SMDH) 187 ship-in-the-bottle synthesis 182 Si:Al ratios 293 SiAI03 290 silanol density 296 silica 26 silica-dispersed Bi20 3 71 silicon substitution 295 silver catalysts 116 silver sintering 489 single site catalysts 427 Si-NMR 295 sintering 145, 149, 150,480,484

metallic phase 489 site-isolation theory 24 SiTi04 290 size distributions 116 skeletal isomerisation 185 skeletal rearrangement 137 slurry process 417 small-angle X-ray scattering (SAX) 342 Sn 137 Snlalkali metal-doped Pt 70 Sn02 290 sol-gel technique 116 solid-electrolyte membranes 28 solid-state ion exchange 181 solid-state reactivity 330 Sonogashira coupling 387,391 sorption analysis 284 spacer 229 space-time yield 514 specific pore volume 171 specific surface 523 specific surface areas 285 spheres 291,292 Spheripol process 422 spillover 146 split-and-pool 263, 265 spray pyrolysis 226 SSZ-33 201 SSZ-37 201 stage I screening 263, 269 stage II testing 269 steady state 465 steady state isotope transient kinetics

analysis (SSITKA) 344,470

steam regeneration 492 steam-iron process 512 STEM 142 stereoregularity 420 stereospecificity 407 steric constraints 115 steric effects 115

Index 555

of substituents 108 structure-function relations 323, 332 structure-insensitive 116 structure-sensitive 110 styrene 510 styrene-butadiene copolymers 406 subsequent hydrogenation 91 substrate and product inhibition 446 sulfated zirconia 246 sulphides 148 sulphur 140, 141, 142, 149 sum frequency generation 105,343 Sumitomo chemical process 253 support applications 305 supported Ziegler catalysts 424 supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts 427 surface area 244 surface charge 242 surface coverage. 463 surface energy minimisation 326 surface enhanced Raman scattering

(SERS) 343 surface intermediates 457 surface reactions 461 surface relaxation 325 surface sensitivity 329 surface site heterogeneity function 459 surface sites 463 surface-sensitive extended X-ray

absorption fine structure (SEXAFS) 343

surfactant aggregates 288 suspension polymerisation 412 Suzuki couplings 390 Suzuki reaction 387 syndiospecific 431 syndiotactic 407 syndiotactic polypropylene 430 syndiotactic polystyrene 427,430,435 syngas 530 synthesis 287

556 Index

telomerization 377,382 TEM 286 temperature gradient 351 temperature-programmed desorption

(TPD) 330, 345,461 temperature programmed methods 471 temperature-programmed nitridation

(TPN) 345 temperature programmed oxidation

(TPO) 147,346 temperature-programmed reaction

spectroscopy (TPRS) 346 temperature-programmed reduction

(TPR) 346 temperature-programmed sulfidation

(TPS) 346 temperature programmed surface

reaction experiments 470 templates 175,288 templating agent 226 temporal analysis of products reactor

470 temporal deactivation phenomena 493 temporal resolution 350 terephthalic acid 392 testing conditions 324 tetraethyllead 154 tetrahedrally 293 textural porosity 287 texture 218,229 TG/DTA 296 the isoelectric point 242 thermal analysis methods (TA) 344 thermal and chemical sintering 484 thermal desorption spectroscopy (IDS)

345 thermodynamic data 133 thermodynamic factor 94 thermodynamics 132 thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) 345 Thiele modulus 95 three phase reactions 271 Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe and Co 303 Ti-MCM-41 200 Ti-MCM-41 301 tin 140 Ti02 290 Ti-OH groups 302 titanium 301,303,308

catalysts 424

silicalite-1 (TS-I) 198 titanocene 431 Ti-UTD-1 200 toluene 127, 130,300 total oxidation 274 TPO 150 TPPTS = tris sodium salt of meta

trisulfonated triphenylphosphine 370

TPR 144 transformation of n-butane to maleic

anhydride 59 transient studies 465 transition metal complex 231 transition state theory 460 transmission electron microscopy

(TEM) 345 transparent polypropylene fibers 427 transport processes 458 tri(o-tolyl)phosphine 390 tube diameters 529 tubes 292 turn over frequency 94 type of reactor: accelerated catalyst

deactivation 498 types of catalyst 218

UHV conditions 326 ultra high molecular weight PE (PE-

UHMW) 418 ultrafiltration 444 ultramicropores 248 ultrastable zeolite Y (USY) 186 unit cell size 184 UOP Parex process 196 USY zeolites 181 UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS)

346 UV-near infrared spectroscopy (UV­

NIR) 346 UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) 346

VINbIO systems 67 V /P mixed oxides 31, 49 V/P/O system 53 V/P/O-based catalytic system 58 V/Sb/O 41 n-valeraldehyde 370 vanadium 308 vanadyl pyrophosphate 30,55,58327

very low density PE (VLDPE) 418 V-HMS 303 viny1ch1oride 35 V-MCM-41 303 V-NCL-1 200 VP aM~Oxfinerty 55 VPI-5 166, 186 VPO catalysts 239 (VO)HP04·0.5H20 55

W. Reppe 373 Wacker process 395 Wacker reaction of olefins 384 water-gas-shift 64 weak base 252 weight hourly space velocity 514 whole cell processes 444 whole cells 444 wide angle X-ray scattering (WAX) 346 Witten process 392 W03 290 working state 323,324

xantphos 372 xerogels 222 X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)

346 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 347 X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) 346 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF)

347 X-ray line broadening 140 X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD)

347 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

347 X-ray powder diffraction (XPD) 347 XRD 285

Index 557

xylenes 127

yttria-stabilized zirconia as a solid electrolyte 28 zeolite A 177 zeolite based microreactors 532 zeolite Beta 187 zeolite cavities 200 zeolite deactivation by coke 483 zeolite EMT 176 zeolite P 177 zeolite structures 165 zeolite synthesis 172 zeolite Y 177, 185 zeolites 13, 161,246,252 zeolites L 182 zeolites SSZ-26 201 zeolites X 177 zeotypes 164 zeozymes 200 Ziegler catalysts 305,414 Ziegler-Natta catalysts 406,416,418,

420,424 Zinc phosphate 291 zirconium oxide 290 zirconocene 431, 428 ZK-5 181 ZrTi04 290 ZrwPs 290 ZSM-12 162 ZSM-18 190 ZSM-20 185 ZSM-22 162 ZSM-3 190 ZSM-4, ZSM-5, ZSM-23 175 ZSM-5 162, 179, 183, 185, 187 ZSM-50 176 ZSM-58 181