Index ABO blood group systems, 176-7 Acetoacetylation, 364 Actinomycin C, 323 Active enhancement, 272-81 Active specific immunotherapy, 362-5,

384-5 physical treatments in, 362-3

Acute graft rejection, 209-10, 293-5, 324-6

clinical observations, 295 Acute tubular necrosis, 306, 3II, 324 Adaptation, allograft, 227 Adenoviruses, 337 Adjuvants, 252, 366-7 Adoptive specific immunotherapy, 360-2 Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH),

163-4 Afferent arc abnormalities, 67 Allelic exclusion, 41 Allogeneic disease, 382 Allogeneic effect, 370 Allogeneic graft, 335 Allogeneic inhibition, 343 Allograft, 204, 230

adaptation, 227 tolerance, 225-6, 332

Allotypic differences, 28 Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), 169-71 Alternative pathway, 39, 51-4

components, 73 Anaphylactic (Type I) reactions, 63-4 Anergy, and immunosuppression, 345-6 Animal model systems, in immuno-

therapy, 379 Antibodies, 23-59, 77, 79, 82

anti-idiotype, 41 antitumour, 336 antiviral, 363 biological activities of, 37-40 blocking, 346 cytotoxic, 179-80, 187-8,293, 348, 368 lymphocyte-dependent (LDA), 348 multispecific, 187 reaginic, 25, 40 in tumour destruction, 348-9

Antibody-binding sites, 344 Antibody-dependent lymphocyte cyto­

toxicity, 65, 106-7 Antibody-mediated (Type II) reactions,

64-5 Antigens

binding, 37-9 capsid, 339 carcinoembryonic (CEA), 167-9 columns, 250-1 cross-reacting, 336 D, K and Ia regions controlling, 194 determinants, 3 differentiation, 248 exposure, timing of, 277-8 fetal, 337-9 first and second locus, 187 hepatitis, 100 histocompatibility, 83, 174-5 human tumour, 339-40 I region, 274 physical state of, 276-7 radioactive, 251 release of, 366 serologically determined (SD)

leukocyte, 222, 263 soluble, 346 soluble membrane, 277 specific, 99, 95, 286 T,337 third series, 189 transplantation, 206, 334 tumour, 334-9 tumour-specific transplantation, 335-7 undetected, 184 viral, 337

Antigen-antibody complex, II4, 280-1, 340, 346

Anti-inflammatory agents, 232-3 Antilymphocyte globulin (ALG), 224-5,

323 Antilymphocyte serum (ALS), 237, 243-

247, 267-8,376 Antimacrophage serum (AMS), 239-40 Antisera, in MLC test, 198

394

Antisera (continuetf)

specific, 248-9 tumour, 358

Antitetanus serum, 65 Antithymocyte serum (ATS), 341 Antiviral antibody, 363 Arteriographic changes, 307 Ascitic tumours, 369 Asparaginase, 238-9 Aspirin, 71, III Ataxia telangectasia, 342 Autoallergic diseases, 82-7 Autoantibodies, 85-7 Autoantigens, 83

unresponsiveness to, 83-4 Autograft, 204 Autoimmune diseases, 61, 66, 246 Autoimmunity, I

Azathioprine, 107, 234, 321, 322

Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), 80, 126, 357, 370, 380-1, 385-7

Bacterial phagocytosis, 72 Basophilleucocytes, 20 Bence-Jones proteins, 30, 165, 166 Bisdiazatized benzidine, 365 Bittner virus, 337 Blast cells, 16, 107, 189

pyroinophilic, 13 Blastogenic response, 336 Blocking factors, 114, 119, 346, 378

suppression of, 368 Blood pressure increase, in rejection,

296 Blood transfusion-induced sensitization,

268-9 Blood urea, in rejection, 297 B lymphocytes, 5, 9, 95, 103, 104

production of, 11-12 subsets of, 17-18

Bone marrow transplants, 69, 176, 217, 234,251

Burkitt's lymphoma, 339, 386 Burnet's clonal selection theory, 15, 225,

260 Bursa of Fabricius, 2, 6, 9-11, 247 Bursectomy, 247-8

Calcitonin, 160-1

IMMUNOLOGY FOR SURGEONS

Cancer, general test for, 135 metastatic breast, 386

Capillary agglutination test, 303 Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), 167-9 Carrel's vascular patch, 202 Carriers, 4 Carrier molecule, 17 Cell-binding reactions, 40 Cell-mediated (Type IV) reactions, 66 Cells, 16

B, 17,264 blast, 13, 16, 107, 189 cytotoxic, 16 'dendritic', 19 helper, 16, 264, 348, 365 hybridization of, 57 immunologically competent, 6 K (killer), 65, 75, 103, 106-7, 146,347 Kuppfer, 55, 113 mast, 20, 64 memory T, 16, 96 phagocytic, 61, 349-52 plasma, 13 reticuloendothelial, 14 suppressor T, 16, 264, 284, 345 T, 17,264 thymus-dependent and independent,

347-8 Cellular extracts, 362 Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity, 5, 76,

145-6, 204, 297-303, 370-1 Central abnormalities, 67 Cercek SCM test, 144 Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 72 Chemical immunosuppressives, 224 Chemical modification, in active specific

immunotherapy, 363-4 Chemotaxis, defects in, 72 Chemotherapy, in immune competence,

128-9,360 in immunotherapy treatments, 388-9

Chimerism, 204 Choriocarcinoma, and hydatidiform

mole, 143, 158, 159 Chromatography, 157-8 Chronic coccidioidomycosis, 383 Chronic rejection, 212-16, 294, 326 Classical pathway, 50-I Clonal elimination, 83,284,287

INDEX

Clonal selection theory, 15,225,260 Clonal suppression, 285 Clone, 28

lymphocyte, 249 Coagulation, 334 Collins solution, 321 Complement, 49-57

activation, 39-40, 304 deficiency syndromes, 56-7, 73-4 dependent cytotoxic antibodies, 349 fixation, 33, 150 genetics, 56-7 inhibitors, 49, 73 in MLC test, 198

CI esterase inhibitor, 49, 74 C3 deficiency, 70

receptor, 104 step, 51

C3b-inactivator, 49, 52 C3b receptors, 61 Congenital thymic dysplasia, 68-9 Corticosteroids, 236-7 Corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe

peptide (CLIP), 164 Corynebacterium parvul11 (C. parvum), 357,

369-70, 385, 387, 388 Coxsackie (B-3) virus, 77 Creatinine clearance, 297 Crossing over, 44, 178 Cross-immunization, 382 Cross-reactivity, in tumours, 335 C-type virus, 340 Cushing's syndrome, 163-4, 230 Cyclophosphamide, 218, 235, 247, 368 Cytostatic agents, 234-6 Cytotoxic antibody, 179-80, 187-8, 293,

348, 368 Cytotoxic drugs, 71 Cytotoxicity

antibody-dependent lymphocyte, 65, 106-7

in human tumour antigens, 339 inhibition and blocking of, 146 test, II7-I8, 324, 338

Deficiencies complement, 56-7, 73-4 constituent, 67 C3,7°

Deficiences (continued) effector cell, 71-3 functional, 67

395

immunoglobulin, x-linked congenital, 69-70

Delayed hypersensitivity response, 5, 66, 79, 82, 98, 145

'Dendritic' cells, 19 Dermatomyositis, 70 Diabetes, and pancreas transplantation,

330-1 Dialysis facilities, 3 17-18 Differentiated function, changes of, 142 Di George Syndrome, 91 Dimethyl-triazeno-imidazole carb-

oxamide (DTIC), 386 Diversity, origin of, 42-3 DNA, 43

and RNA viruses, 337 DNCB (l-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene),

97-100, 121-4, 371, 380 DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol), 38 Doppler ultrasound, 308-<) Dormancy, in latent metastatic disease,

376 Dormant diameter, 377

Effector cell, defects of, 67, 71-3, 191 system (ECS), 192

Efferent arc abnormalities, 67 Enhancement, 258-91, 331

active, 272-8 I allograft, 226-7 immunological, 250 passive, 261-:-72, 332 tnmour,3 60

'Enzyme cascade' reaction, 51 Enzymes, in immunotherapy, 364-5

in transplant patients, 304-5 Eosinophil leucocytes, 20 Epstein Barr (EB) virus, 339 European Dialysis and Transplant

Association, 293 Exclusion chromatography, 157-8 Extracorporeal irradiation of blood

(ECIB),243

Fab fragments, 24, 25, 264 Fc fragments, 24, 191, 264 Fc receptors, 61

Fibrinogen, 1251, 30!)-10, 326 Fibronogen degradation products (FDP),

306, 325 First order kinetics, 355 Flagellin,97, 102

polymerized, 283 'Foot appendage', 350 Francetransplant, 183 Friend virus leukaemia, 351 Fungi, 80-1

Gastrin, 161-2 Gene duplication, 47 Genetic factors, in immunosurveillance

escape, 345 Genotype, 178 Germ line theory, 42 Glomerulonephritis, 326 Gluteraldehyde, 363 Gm groups, 45 Goodpasture's syndrome, 65 Graft-versus-host disease, 217, 382 Graft-versus-host reaction, 69, 75, II2,

244, 248, 360 Grafts

adaptation to, 285 allogeneic, 335 bone, 208 cartilage, 209 corneal, 208-9 endocrine tissue, 209 fetal, 209 irradiation of, 322 palpitation, 295-6 rejection, types of, 66, 209-16, 293-5,

324-6 skin,S, 69, 100 syngeneic, 335 tissue, terminology of, 335 xenogeneic, 335

Granulomas, 379

Haemagglutination inhibition, 45, 158 Haematoma, around the kidney after

grafting, 312 Haemolytic anaemias, 64, 82 Haplotype, 178 Hapten-carrier complexes, 38, 363 Haptenic determinants, of tumour cells, 363

IMMUNOLOGY FOR SURGEONS

Haptens, 4,38,98 HeaIt transplantation, 217, 329 Heavy chains, 4, 25, 166

classes, 27-8 Hepatitis

A viruS, 78 antigen, 100 chronic active, 79

Hereditary angioedema, 57, 74 Histocompatibility genes and H-Ioci, 206 Histocompatibility Workshops, 177 HLA major histocompatibility system,

177-9,262 structure of, 195-7

HLA matching, 185-7 and kidney graft survival, 185-7, 328-9

Hodgkin's disease, 351 Horse ALG, 65 Host responses, stimulation of, 367-71 H-2 structures, 176 Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG),

158- 60 . Human Renal Transplant Registry, 327 Human tumour antigens, 339-41 Humoral antibody, 180 Humoral immuruty, 5, 76, 101-3,204,

303-4 antibody, 180 reagents, 147-55

Hyperacute rejection, 187, 210-12, 214, 269-70,293,324

Hypervariable regions, 30 Hypogammaglobulinaemia, SW!SS type, 90

ldiotype, of antibody, 32 Immune complex, 66

diseases (Type III), 55, 80 nephritis, 272 soluble, 378

Immune reagents, 138 Immune response, 2-3, 95-II9

genes, 16, 85 phylogeny of, 2-3 specific, II 5-19 stimulation of tumour growth by the,

346-7 Immune RNA, 384 Immune status, 20, 90-134

general tests of, 97-103

INDEX

Immunity, to infections, 76 concomitant, 378

Immunoabsorption, 368 Immunocompetence, 93, 95-7, 130-1,

204 Immunodeficiency, 66-76

acquired diseases, 67, 70-1, 342 primary diseases, 66, 67-8 severe combined, 69 treatment of diseases, 74-6

Immunodepression, 125-6 Immunoelectrophoresis method, 148-9 Immunofluorescence, 10, II8, 156, 170,

337 Immunogens, 4

coupling with in active specific immunotherapy, 365

Immunoglobulins, 4, 23-37, II3-14, 165-167

anatomy of, 23-5 deficiency, X-linked congenital, 69-70 evolution, 47-9 genes, 43-7 genetics, 40-9 IgA, 64, II3-14 IgD,25 IgE, 25, 40, 64, 113-14 IgG, 25, II3-14 IgM, 25, II3-14 levels, 124 serum, 304 structure of, 32-7 structure of classes, 36 transport of, 40

Immunological absorption methods, 155 Immunological escape, 378-9 Immunological reaction, characteristics of,

205-6 Immunological suicide, 251 Immnnological testing, 137-43 Immunological tissue damage, classifica-

tion of, 62-3 'Immunologically competent' cells, 6 Immunoprophylaxis, 130,356-7 Immunoresistance, in immunosurveillance

escape, 344 Immunosuppression

and anergy, 345-6 compilations of, 230-53

397

Immunosuppression (continued) effects on growth of primary tumours,

375 prophylaxis in, 322-3 side-effects of therapy drugs in, 341-2 specific, 258-9

Immunosurveillance, 341-3, 356 escape from, 342-6

Immunotherapy, 356, 357 active, 362-5 adoptive, 360-2, 382-4 and animal model systems, 379 combined with other treatments, 387-9 intralesional, 380-1 local, 371 non-specific, 366-71 non-specific active, 385-7 specific, 358-65, 371 specific active, 384-5 specific passive (serotherapy), 381-2

Ineffective antibody distribution, 359 Infective mononucleosis, 336 Inflammatory response, 60-1 Insulin, 162-3 Intrauterine transfusions, 68 Intravenous pyelography, 307 Iodoacetate, 364 Ir genes, 195 Irradiation, 71, 106, 362, 375

of graft, 322 in immunotherapy treatments, 388-9 ionizing, 233-4 whole-body, 375

Islet cell tumours, 161, 162 Isograft, 204

J chain, 36

Kidney cadaver, 181-2, 319 donors, 318-20 transplant recipients, 317-18

K (killer) cell, 65, 103, 106-7, 146, 347 cytotoxicity, 75

Kuppfer cells, 55, II3

Lactic dehydrogenase, 324 Lentinan, 370 Leprosy, 131

Leukaemia acute lymphoblastic, 386 acute myeloblastic, 386 Friend virus, 351

Leukoagglutination test, 175 Leukocyte

adherence test, II7 aggregation test, 302 basophil, 20 eosinophil, 20 inhibitory factors, 87 migration index, 325 migration inhibition test (LMI), 145,

299-3 01 serologically determined (SD)

antigens, 222 Lewis lung tumour, 357 Liacopoulous effect, 253 Light chains, 4, 25-7, 166 Linkage disequilibrium, 193 Liver transplantation, 216, 329-30 Local immunostimulation, 363 London Transplant Group (LTG), 183 Lungs, transplantation of, 217, 330 Lymph nodes, 12, 93

drainage, 351 regional, 387 surgical ablation of, 237-8

Lymphoblasts, !OS, 295, 298 Lymphocyte activating determinants

(Lads), 190 Lymphocytes, 382

activation of, 16 adenyl cyclase, 302-3 B, 5,9-12, 17-18,95, 103, 104, 105 cell-mediated (CML), 192-3 circulating, 93 clones, 249-51 cytotoxicity of, 65, 145-6 dependent antibody (LDA), 348 migratory pathways of, 12-14 mixed reaction, I I I

non-recirculating, 247---9 stimulation of, !O7-12, 144 subpopulations, 240-9 surface receptors of, 283-4 T, 5, 7-9, 17, 78, 104, 347 trapping, 366

Lymphokines, 16, 19,66,95, !O7, 336, 361

IMMUNOLOGY FOR SURGEONS

Lymphopenia, caused by viruses, 78 Lyon phenomenon, 41 Lysosome storage diseases, 72

Macrophages, 18, 107 activating factor (MAF), 19, 78 activity, in stimulation of host

responses, 368-70 fixed, 349 inhibition factor (MIF), 19, 87, II5-16 migration, 336

Major histocompatibility system, 177--9 structure of, 195-7

Malignancy, 92 Malignant lymphoma, in immuno-

suppression, 327 Mammary tumour virus, 365 Mancini method, 149, 166 Mantoux test, 96, 121-4 Marek's disease, in chickens, 345 Mast cells, 20, 64 Match grade, assessment of, 183-4 Measles, 66, 77, 79 Melanoma, malignant, 93, II7, II8-19,

362, 380 Membranoproliferative glomerulo­

nephritis, 56 Metastases, 334, 340, 351- 2, 355

latent, 375-7 Metastatic breast cancer, 386 Methyl green pyronine, 305 Microlymphocytoxic test, 175 Migratory pathways, oflymphocytes,

12-14 Milk agent, 346 Minor histocompatibility loci, 263 Mitogens, 5, 108 MLC, 298, 299

for HLA antigens, 197-8 test for related donors, 190-1

Moloney virus-induced sarcomas, 379 Monocytes, 18 Monocyte/macrophage system, II3, 124-

125 Mononuclear phagocytes, 349 Mucocutaneous candidiasis, 383 Multiple sclerosis, 79 Murine sarcoma viruses, 340 Myasthenia gravis, 85-7

INDEX

Myelomas, 28, 65, 137

Neoplasia, in patients with renal allografts, 232

Nephritis, immune complex, 272 N-neuroamino lactose, 365 Neuroblastoma, 339 Neutrophils, 71, 72, 78

infusions of, 75 Non-specific competence, II2 Non-specific immunopotentiation, 342 Non-specific immunotherapy, 366-71 'Nude' mouse, 9 'Null' cells, 103, lOS, 107

Oncoma viruses, 348 Opsonization, 25, 51 Organ Matching Service, 183, 320 Organ preservation, in cadaver kidneys,

320-1 . Osteosarcoma, 339 Ouchterlony system, 147

Pancreas transplantation, 330-1 Parathyroid hormone (pTH), 165 Passenger viruses, 339 Passive enhancement, 261-72, 332 Passive specific immunotherapy, 358-65 Pertechnetate, 99mTc method, 308, 3II Phagocytes, mononuclear, 349 Phagocytic cells, 61, 349-52

'arming' of, 350 and tumour metastases, 351-2

Phylogeny of immune response, 2-3 Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), 108, 144,

298,299 Plasma cells, 13 Plasmaphoresis, 368 Plasmodium berghei infection in mice, 346 Platelets, alterations in, 304 Polio virus, 77 Polymerized flagellin, 283 PolymorphisIUS, 57 Polymorphonuclear leucocytes, 20, 112 Polymorphonuclear phagocytes, 349 Polyoma, 337, 341, 360 Polyploid duplication, 48 Post-capillary venules, 12, 14 Precipitin reactions, 147-50

Prednisolone, 268, 322 Primary response, 96, 236 Prognostic indicators, 141 Properdin, 53 Proteinuria, 296 Pyelography, intravenous, 307 Pyogenic infections, 57, 73 Pyronin,I6

Radioimmunoassay (RIA), 150-5 Radioisotopes, as indicators, 138 RadiOlnimetic drugs, 233-4 Radionuclide teclmiques, 307-8 Radiotherapy, 93, 97, III, 128, 355 Reaction of complete identity, 148 Reaginic antibody, 25, 40 Recall response, 96, 100-1

humoral,102-3 Receptor molecule, 15 Regional perfusion, of tumour, 359 Rejection, 324-6

acute, 209-10, 293-5, 324-6 ChrOniC,212,214,216, 294, 326 episodes, 322

399

hyperacute, 187,210,213,214,269-70, 293,324

treatment of, 323-4 Renal biopsy, 325 Renal transplants, 65, 182-3 Renal vein thrombosis, 3 II Renin/angiotensin system, 296 Renography, 1311 hippuran, 307-8, 326 Responders and non-responders, 188 Reticuloendothelial blockade, 239 Reticuloendothelial cells, 14 Reticuloendothelial system (RES), 113,

385 Reticulum cell sarcomas, 342 RNA, immune, 384

Scandiatransplant, 183 Schwartzmann reaction, 80 Screening, problems of, 171 Second set response, 236 Secretory piece, 37 Self-tolerance, 281 Sera

antilymphocyte (ALS), 237, 243-7, 267-268,375

400

Sera (continued) antimacrophage (AMS), 239-40 antitetanus, 65 antithymocyte (ATS), 341 sources of, 270

Serotherapy (specific passive immuno-therapy), 381-2

Serum creatinine, 297 Serum sickness, 65 Sheep red cell rosetting, 20, I04, I05,

301-2 Shope papilloma virus, 341 Sialic acid, 364 Skin grafts, 5, 69, 100 Small intestine, transplantation of in dogs,

331 Sneaking through, in immunosurveillance

escape, 344 Somatic mutation theory, 42 Specific active immunotherapy, 362-5,

384-5 Specific immunotherapy, 358-66 Specific macrophage activating factor

(SMAF),I9 Spheroids, 377 Spleen

surgical ablation of, 237-8 transplantation of, 2 I 8

Splenectomy, 278-9, 359 SRSA (slow-reacting substance of

anaphylaxis), 64 Staphylococcal abscesses, recurrent, 72 Steroids, in immunosuppression, 322 Subcellular transfer method, 383 Subsets, of T and B lymphocytes,

17-18 Suppressor T cells, 16, 264, 284, 345 Surgery

in immunodepression, 127 in immunotherapy, 387-8

Surgical and autopsy specimens, 155-7 SV 40 virus, 337 Sygeneic graft, 335 Syphilis, 81 Systemic infection, 3IO-II Systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), 57,

65, 66, 73, 84,230

Tandem duplication, 47-9

IMMUNOLOGY FOR SURGEONS

Tanned-red-cell haemagglutination inhibition immunoassay (TRCHIJ), 306

T cell cytotoxicity, 76 T6 chromosome marker, 7 Temperature increase, in rejection, 296 Terminal pathway, 54-5 Test grafting, 222 Thoracic duct drainage, 242, 376 Thrombocytopenia, 304 Thrombosis of the renal artery, 3 II Thymectomy, 241, 278---9 Thymosin, 9, 75, 383 Thymus-dependent and independent

cells, 347-8 Thymus grafting, 375 Thymus hormones, 8---9 Thymus'transplants, 67, 69, 91 Tissue damage, 60, 61, 62-76 Tissue grafts, terminology of, 334-5 Tissue typing, 320 T lymphocytes, 5, 7---9, 78, I04, 347

subsets of, 17 Tolerance

allograft, 225-6, 332 immunological, 236, 242, 249-50 induction, 283 kinetics of, 282-3 low zone, 276 T cell, 286

'Transfer factor', 75, 126, 361, 382-3 Transfusions, intrauterine, 68 Transplantation, 91-2, 181-3,208-18

antigens, 334-7 tumour-specific, 335-7

bone marrow, 69, 176, 217, 234, 251 cadaver kidney, ISI-2, 319 heart, 2 I 7, 329 immunity, 205-6 kidney, transplant recipients for, 317-

3IS live related, lSI liver, 216, 329-30 lungs, 217, 330 organs other than kidneys, 216-1S pancreas, 330-1 and postoperative care, 321 renal, IS2-3

complications of, 327-S

INDEX

Transplantation, renal (continued) logistics of matching for, 182 results of, 327-S

small intestine, in dogs, 33 r' spleen,21S

Tumour angiogenic factor (TAF), 377 antigenicity, in immunosurveillance

escape, 343-4 antigens, 334-9

human, 339-40 antisera, 358 ascitic, Ehrlich's, 369 culture of, 15S destruction, effector mechanisms in,

347-52 enhancement, 360 immunity, assays of, 379-80-­islet cell, 161, 162 Lewis lung, 356 mass, effects of, 140 metastases, 351-2 minimal burden, 377 re-routing of products in, 140 residual load, 142-3 stimulation of growth by the immune

response, 346-7 vascularization, 345

Tumour-specific transplantation antigens, 335-7

Type I, II and III reactions, 62-6 Type IV (cell-mediated) reactions, 66, 87

Ultrasound techniques, 30S-9 'Unblocking' serum, 348, 359 Ureter, obstruction of the, 312 Urinary fistula, 327 Urinary leakage, 312

401

Urinary sediments, examination of, 305 Urine volume, in graft rejection, 296

Vaccinia virus, 380 Variable regions, 2S-32 Vascular accidents, 306 Vascularization, in immunosurveillance

escape, 344-5 Vibrio cholera neuraminidase (VCN), 364 Viral infections, 356 Viruses

adenoviruses, 337 Bittner, 337 C-type,340 Epstein Barr (EB), 339 in immunological diseases, 77-81 incorporation into malignant cells, 363 mammary tumour, 363 murine sarcoma, 340 oncoma, 398 passenger, 339 polio, 77 polyoma, 337, 341, 360 Shope papilloma, 341 SV 40,337 vaccinia, 38o

Weight gain, in rejection, 297 White cell count, 304 Whole-body irradiation, 375 Wickott-Aldrich syndrome, 75, 342

Xenogeneic graft, 335 Xenogeneic sera, 358 Xenograft, 204-5 X-ray crystallographic analysis, 32

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 161, 162