281© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 I. Bowers and S. L. C. Koh (eds.), Grey and White Hulls, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9242-9

Index

0-99/11 attacks

and South American security, 251, 261

and US maritime security, 2521871 Treaty of Washington, 2281999 suspicious boat incursion, 452018 Illulisat declaration, 241

AAbe, Shinzo, 54Aircraft

CASA C-212, 78CP-140 Aurora, 241Dash-8, 146Harbin Y-12, 28MA-60H, 29P-1, 67P-8 Poseidon, 156

Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ), 46

Alfonsín, Raúl, 250Antarctic, 194, 247, 257, 261, 263,

265, 266, 268

Anti-Smuggling Bureau (ASB), China, 18, 24

Arab Spring, 160Arctic

increase in maritime traffic, 139, 155, 162

moratorium on commercial fishing, 240

strategic importance, 182Arctic Coast Guard Forum (ACGF),

52, 155Arctic Command (Denmark), 145Arctic Council, 155Arctic Offshore Patrol Vessel (AOPV),

239Arctic Response Force (Denmark),

145Argentina

after 9/11, 251, 261and the Antarctic, 247, 261, 263,

265and the Falkland Islands, 250, 263,

268democratisation, 13, 246, 249, 253Dirty War, 246, 249, 253

282 INDEx

domestic politics, 250Fisheries Law, 263maritime interests, 246, 248maritime territory, 247, 261, 262,

268National Council for Scientific

and Technical Research (CONICET), 266, 267

navy-coastguard nexus, 13, 268Argentina Navy

after democratisation, 13cooperation with the PNA, 260,

262establishment, 253, 256, 258, 261operations, 257, 262personnel, 254, 257, 267role in the Antarctic, 257, 265, 266

Armada Argentina. See Argentina NavyAutomatic Identification System (AIS),

257

BBadan Keamanan Laut (BAKAMLA)

capabilities, 112, 129, 130establishment, 110, 113–115, 129,

130interagency tension, 113, 114leadership, 115, 126operations, 114, 129responsibilities, 112–114, 276

Badan Koordinasi Keamanan Laut (BAKORKAMLA)

establishment, 129organisation, 123, 129reliance on the navy, 123responsibilities, 126transformation to BAKAMLA, 126

Bill of Rights (US), 204Border Defense Coast Guard, 23, 24,

33

CCable, James, 228Canada

and the Arctic, 239Coastal Fisheries Protection Act,

236fisheries, 223, 228, 235marine police, 228maritime interests, 232National Shipbuilding Strategy, 243Naval Service Act, 232navy-coastguard nexus, 13Nose and Tail, 236UNCLOS, 235

Canadian Coast Guard (CCG)and the Arctic, 239, 241–243loss of capabilities, 243responsibilities, 223, 239

Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) shipsCape Roger, 237John Cabot, 235John G. Diefenbaker, 242Labrador, 239Louis St. Laurent, 242Wilfred Grenfell, 237

Canadian Government Ships (CGS)Canada, 233Neptune, 231Petrel, 229, 244Vigilant, 231

Canadian Navy. See Royal Canadian Navy (RCN)

Caribbean Sea, 207, 209Central Military Commission (CMC),

24, 25, 30, 40, 91, 94Changi Command and Control Centre

(CC2C), 100, 101, 103China

and the Arctic, 240The Diversified Employment of

China’s Armed Forces, 31

INDEx 283

exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 9, 17, 18, 33

First Island Chain, 85, 87, 90five dragons, 18Five Year Plan (FYP), 32maritime claims, 18Maritime Great Power (MGP), 19,

20, 32, 35maritime Silk Road, 30navy-coastguard nexus, 9, 11operations in the East China Sea, 31operations in the South China Sea,

40relations with Japan, 50strategic interests, 9, 53

China Coast Guard (CCG)capabilities, 22, 28, 35, 40cooperation with the PLAN, 31–35education and training, 34establishment, 30gray Zone, 41, 87militarization of, 23operations, 28, 33, 34responsibilities, 34restructuring, 17, 30structure, 23under Central Military Commission

(CMC), 24China Coast Guard (CCG) ships, 33,

34, 49, 87Haijing 3901, 43

China Maritime Police Bureau (CMPB). See China Coast Guard (CCG)

China Maritime Surveillance (CMS), 18, 21, 22, 29

Chinese Navy. See People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN)

Climate change, 240, 241, 244Coastal Command (COSCOM), 97,

98Code for Unplanned Encounters at

Sea (CUES), 52

Cole, Bernard D., 4, 40Combined Operations Manual, 52Common Market of the South

(MERCOSUR), 256Communist Party of China (CPC),

19, 4018th Party Congress, 19

Comprehensive Maritime Awareness Group (CMAG), 98, 101

Crisis Management Group (CMG), 99, 100, 102

DDanish Navy. See Royal Danish NavyDenmark

and the Arctic, 12, 135, 136, 143–145, 156, 157

Defense Agreement 1995–1999, 143

Defense Agreement 2000–2004, 143

maritime interests, 12, 136, 152, 155

maritime territory, 153navy-coastguard nexus, 12relationship with Greenland, 136,

149, 157Department of Homeland Security

(DHS), 213, 214, 220DeWolf class, 239, 241–243Diaoyu Islands. See Senkaku IslandsDN-2000 offshore patrol vessel, 78DN-4000 offshore patrol vessel, 78Dokdo, 57, 60Donghai Collaboration-2012 exercise,

31

EEast China Sea, 26, 28, 31, 32, 38,

49, 50, 66, 87Elektron incident, 154

284 INDEx

Erickson, Andrew S., 40, 41Estai, 237, 238, 244EU Border and Coast Guard, 173,

174maritime operations, 174

EU Frontex, 165, 172–176, 178, 179EUNAVFOR, 172, 176, 179European Coast Guard Cooperation

Network, 174, 178European Union (EU), 13, 170,

172–180, 235, 236, 240EU Satellite Centre (SatCen), 155Excess Defense Articles (EDA), 79Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 4,

10, 48, 56, 58, 59, 75, 112, 122, 124, 128, 131, 149, 150, 185, 190, 194, 196, 210, 212, 235, 240, 241, 247, 259, 260, 264, 265

Exercise Apex, 96, 103Exercise Blue Dolphin, 103Exercise Highcrest, 97, 102, 103Exercise Northstar, 96, 102

FFalkland Islands, 250, 263, 268Faroe Islands, 138, 143, 149, 155,

157Federal Security Service (FSB), Russia,

13, 183, 185, 188, 191–193, 196, 198, 200, 273, 274

responsibilities, 12, 183, 273role in the Arctic, 13, 183, 185,

191, 192, 196–200, 273Finance Guard (Italy)

operations with Italian coastguard, 173

operations with Italian navy, 165, 173, 180

responsibilities, 164, 175role in JO Triton, 173, 175role in Mare Nostrum, 175

Fisheries Law Enforcement Command (FLEC), China, 18, 21, 22, 29

Fisheries Protection Service (FPS), Canada, 189, 190, 229, 231, 232

Fishery Protection Zone (FPZ), Norway, 150–152

Five Dragons, 17, 18, 21

GG7 Foreign Ministers, 39Gepard class, 82, 89Girardelli, Valter (Admiral), 180Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF), 12,

111, 127Grand Banks, 236, 237Gray zone, 38, 51, 52, 54, 90

and China, 41Vietnam anti-gray zone strategy, 81

Greenland, Iceland, UK (GIUK)-gap, 152

Greenland, 136–140, 143, 144, 146, 147, 149, 152, 153, 155–157

Greenland Police Authority, 144cooperation with Royal Danish

Navy, 143, 147responsibilities, 143

Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, 217Guardia Costiera. See Italian Coast

GuardGulf of Mexico, 207, 209

HHaijing 3901, 43Hamilton class cutter, 79HD-981 stand-off, 88Heads of Asian Coast Guard Agencies

Meeting (HACGAM), 66Homefront Crisis Executive Group

(HCEG) Maritime Security, 99Hong Ik-tae, 62

INDEx 285

Huangyan Island. See Scarborough Shoal

Hybrid Warfare, 49

IIceland

cruise ship tourism, 138fishing industry, 138maritime territory, 152navy-coastguard nexus, 6

Icelandic Coast Guard (ICG)budget, 145capabilities, 147, 149, 152, 240helicopters, 145operations, 6responsibilities, 6, 145size, 149

Ieodo, 60Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated

(IUU) fishing, 1, 2, 57, 58, 60, 65, 210, 212, 220

Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA), 97, 98, 101

Indian Ocean, 53, 127Indonesia

2015-2019 National Midterm Development Plan, 127

fishing industry, 128Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF),

12, 111, 127maritime interests, 279maritime territory, 112, 114, 116,

120, 122, 125, 127–129, 131

military doctrine, 120navy-coastguard nexus, 12Orde Baru, 116, 120, 124post Orde Baru, 116, 130pre Orde Baru, 116, 120vessel sinking policy, 128

Indonesia Navy. See Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL)

Information Fusion Centre (IFC), 101Inter-Agency Coordination Group, 98International Maritime Organisation

(IMO), 256, 257, 261, 263, 266Ishigaki Island, 51Italian Coast Guard

capabilities, 161cooperation with Italian Navy, 162,

167, 175establishment, 172operations, 169, 170, 173role in Mare Nostrum, 159, 160,

166–169role in Mare Sicuro, 169, 170, 178structure, 7, 172, 173, 179

Italian Navycapabilities, 161cooperation with Italian Coastguard,

160, 162, 166, 167, 169, 173, 175

fleet renewal, 161, 162operations, 160, 163, 165–167,

169, 172, 175, 178–180responsibilities, 160, 163, 175role in international operations, 163role in Mare Nostrum, 160,

166–169role in Mare Sicuro, 169, 170, 178

Italian Navy ShipsLuigi Rizzo, 178

Italymaritime interests, 159, 160, 169maritime territory, 161, 165, 166,

169, 173, 175navy-coastguard nexus, 13refugee crisis, 13, 274relationship with the Mediterranean,

13, 159, 160, 164–167, 169, 170, 172, 178–180

286 INDEx

JJapan

international capacity building, 37maritime interests, 37, 38, 40maritime territory, 38, 41, 43–45,

49, 51National Defense Program

Guidelines, 38, 43, 44navy-coastguard nexus, 9, 275Proactive Contributor to Peace, 39relationship with China, 37, 50relationship with the US, 9and the South China Sea, 50

Japan Coast Guard (JCG)1999 suspicious boat incident, 45capabilities, 18, 39, 50–52, 240cooperation with the JMSDF, 11,

37–39, 43–46, 48, 51, 52, 54fleet renewal, 43, 51, 52international cooperations, 39, 52operations, 37, 38, 42, 44, 45, 47,

51, 53responsibilities, 45, 54structure, 43

Japan Coast Guard (JCG) Ships, 42–44, 48, 49, 51, 79

Amami, 48Inasa, 48Mizuki, 48

Japan Defense Agency (JDA), 45–47, 49

Japan Ground Self-Defense Forces (JGSDF)

coast surveillance units, 44Japan Maritime Self-Defense Forces

(JMSDF)capabilities, 37, 46cooperation with the Japan Coast

Guard, 11, 38, 39, 45–47, 51counter-piracy, 53operations, 37, 47, 48, 51, 67structure, 44

Japan Ministry of National Defense (JMOD), 38, 43, 45

Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF), 37, 38, 43, 46, 49, 51, 275

Jiangkai II class, 33JMSDF ships

Abukama, 45Haruna, 45Kirishima, 48Miyako, 45

Joint Interagency Taskforce (JIATF), 214, 219

Joint Interagency Taskforce (JIATF)-South, 214, 215, 219

Joint Operation (JO) Triton, 165, 172, 173, 175, 176, 179

Joint Rescue Coordination Centre (JRCC), 142, 144

Joint Task Force (JTF), 64, 219Jokowi, 120, 127, 128, 130, 131Joko Widodo. See JokowiJung Ho-sub (Admiral), 61, 62

KKeflavik Naval Air Station, 145, 156Kim Young-sam, 59Kola Bay, 198Konstantinov, Igor (Mayor General),

191Korea-China Provisional Waters Zone,

63Korean Coast Guard (KCG)

after the sinking of the MV Sewol, 61

capabilities, 58, 60, 64–66, 68fleet renewal, 61, 64, 65, 69operations, 56–65, 68relationship with Korean police, 57

Korean Coast Guard (KCG) shipsLee Chang-ho, 66Sambong, 65

INDEx 287

Korean Maritime Police (KMP), 57Kraska, James, 49Kulishov, Vladimir, 192

LLake Erie, 229Libyan Coast Guard, 170Liu Cigui, 24, 29Long Range Identification and

Tracking System (LRIT), 257

MMacri, Mauricio, 246, 252, 254, 269Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries

Conservation and Management Act, 211, 220

Malvina Islands. See Falkland IslandsMare Nostrum

area of operations, 166–168cost, 166division of labour, 160, 168participants, 175success, 167

Mare Sicuroarea of operations, 169, 170division of labour, 179participants, 179success, 168

Marina Militare. See Italian NavyMaritime and Port Authority of

Singapore (MPA), 98, 101, 103, 105, 106

Maritime geography, 8, 10Maritime Guard (Russia), 189, 190

dissolution, 189Maritime law enforcement agencies

(MLEA), 1–4, 6, 7, 9–11, 13, 19, 32, 37, 129, 271–275

Maritime militia (China), 9, 41, 76, 87–89

Maritime Operational Threat Response (MOTR) Plan, 216–218

Maritime Police Bureau. See China Coast Guard (CCG)

Maritime Police Command Centre, 22Maritime Safety Administration

(MSA), China, 6, 18Maritime Safety Agency (MSA), Japan,

18, 41, 44Maritime Security Task Force (MSTF),

65, 97–99, 101, 105, 115Maritime Surveillance Command

(Argentina), 261Martha Black class, 243Matteo Renzi, 163Mazarr, Michael J., 86Mediterranean Sea—migration crises,

165MENA area, 159, 171, 179Meng Hongwei, 21Metal Shark patrol boats, 79Ministry of Defence (MINDEF),

Singapore, 97–99, 101, 102, 105, 107, 112

Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Singapore, 97–99, 105, 112

Ministry of National Defense (MoND), Vietnam, 75, 91, 93, 273

Ministry of National Safety and Public Affairs (NSPA), 64

Ministry of Ocean and Fishery Affairs (MOFA), 64

Ministry of Public Security (China), 18, 21, 22

Ministry of Transport (China), 18Missile systems

Bal-E, 82ExTRA missile system, 82K-300P Bastion, 82Kh-35 Ural-E, 82P-5 Shaddock, 82

288 INDEx

Mitchell, Peter, 228Molniya class fast attack craft (FAC),

83Moon Jae-in, 67Murmansk, 138, 191, 192, 198MV Limburg, 97MV Sewol, sinking of, 61

NNansha Islands. See Spratly IslandsNational Maritime Common

Operating Picture (NMCOP), 101

National Maritime Operations Group (NMOG), 101

National Maritime Security Strategy (NMSS), 58, 94, 96, 99, 100, 102

National Maritime Sense-making Group (NMSG), 101

National Oceanic Administration (NOA), 21, 22

National Security Presidential Directive (NSPD) 41, 216

Naval Prefecture Argentina (PNA)capabilities, 260cooperation with the Argentina

navy, 256, 262establishment, 256, 258, 263independence from navy, 253international affairs secretariat, 256operations, 259personnel, 254responsibilities, 258, 259, 262, 263

Navy-coastguard nexus, 7, 11, 13, 96, 104, 268, 271, 272, 274

determinants, 8, 272organizational typologies, 5

Navy Mechanics School (ESMA), 249Nikolsky, Aleksey, 189, 190NORDFECO, 156

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 145, 150, 152, 161, 174, 187, 194, 238

Northern Clover, 185Northern Limit Line (NLL), 56, 58,

63, 65Northern Sea Route, 182, 191, 192,

194, 195, 197North Korea, 46, 48, 56, 57, 59, 65,

66, 68North Pacific Anadromous Fish

Commission (NPAFC), 241, 242North Pacific Coast Guard Agencies

Forum, 30Northwest Atlantic Fisheries

Organization (NAFO), 236, 241Norway

arrest of Russian vessels, 152Fisheries Protection Zone, 149,

150maritime interests, 157, 191maritime territory, 149, 153navy-coastguard nexus, 12

Norwegian Coast Guardestablishment, 146, 154operations, 152relationship with Royal Norwegian

Navy, headquarters, 146responsibilities, 147structure, 148

Norwegian Navy. See Royal Norwegian Navy

OOceania Maritime Security Initiative

(OMSI), 212, 220Offshore Multipurpose Patrol Ship

(PPA), Italy, 161, 162Okean class patrol vessel (ice), 192Operation Driftnet, 241Operations Group, 98

INDEx 289

Operation Sophiamandate, 177, 178participants, 177phases, 177

Operation Themis, 172, 175, 176Operative Network of Regional

Cooperation among Maritime Authorities of the Americas (ROCRAM), 256

PPajon, Céline, 50, 51Paracel Islands, 84People’s Armed Police (PAP), 23–25,

30, 34, 35, 39, 40People’s Liberation Army Navy

(PLAN)capabilities, 31cooperation with CCG, 32education and training, 33, 34modernisation, 32operations, 33, 34responsibilities, 26, 31, 33

People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) ships, 33

Shaoguan, 33Perón, Juan Domingo, 248Persian Gulf War, 213Phalanx close-in weapon system

(CIWS), 79Police Coast Guard (PCG), 96–98,

101, 103, 104, 106Posse Comitatus Act (US), 205Pudjiastuti, Susi, 128

RRegional Humanitarian Assistance

and Disaster Relief Coordination Centre (RHCC), 101

Republic of Korea (ROK)illegal fishing, 67

joint military strategy, 60maritime geography, 56National Security Strategy, 67navy-coastguard nexus, 55One National Fleet (ONF), 55,

61–65, 69Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN)

capabilities, 68deterrence, 59operations, 58relationship with JMSDF, 67relationship with Korean Coast

Guard, 56, 59, 60, 63, 64, 67, 68

Republic of Korea Navy Ships (ROKS)Cheonan, 61Kwanggyeto the Great, 65, 67

Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF), 98, 101

Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN), 12, 96–98, 101, 103–107

Royal Canadian Navy (RCN)and the Arctic, 274cooperation with Canadian Coast

Guard, 223, 242establishment, 232fleet, 232ice breaker capacity, 242operations, 235, 239, 242

Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) shipsGatineau, 238Harry DeWolf, 239Niobe, 232Nipigon, 238Rainbow, 233

Royal Danish NavyArctic Command, 143, 144area of responsibility, 143capabilities, 155capacity gap, 146ice breaker capacity, 143operations, 143, 146structure, 143

290 INDEx

Royal Norwegian Navyarea of responsibility, 147capabilities, 153cooperation with the Norwegian

Coast Guard, 146, 150operations, 157

Rubin class patrol vessel, 192Rush-Bagot Agreement, 230Russia

Arctic interests, 186, 194Foundations of the Russian

Federation’s State Policy for Military-Maritime Activities until 2013, 195

Maritime Doctrine for the Period until 2020, 193

maritime interests, 11, 186, 190, 196

maritime territory, 185, 191, 196military districts, 185navy-coastguard nexus, 182State Armament Programme towards

2020, 186threat perceptions, 182, 200, 274

Russian Coast Guardcapabilities, 182cooperation with Russian navy, 183,

193exercises, 183, 197, 199operations, 192organisation, 183, 199as part of FSB, 183reform, 183, 184responsibilities, 183structure, 150

Russian Coast Guard ShipsPolyarnaya Zvezda, 192Predanny, 192

Russian Navycapabilties, 187cooperation with Russian

Coastguard, 182, 183, 190, 193, 196, 197, 199

decay, 184modernisation, 187operations, 184responsibilities, 13, 182structure, 188

Russian Navy Northern FleetArctic, 141, 182–186, 194,

198–200area of responsibility, 185fleet, 184, 185, 194prioritization, 194

SSAF Act, 104Scarborough Shoal, 25Sea and Coast Guard Indonesia

(SCGI), 114, 115Sea control, 13, 61, 67, 85, 223–235,

237–241, 243, 244, 274Sea denial, 224Sea lines of communication (SLOC),

63, 83, 95, 109, 117, 169, 172Search and rescue (SAR), 3, 6, 25, 26,

38, 41, 44, 57, 58, 61, 65–67, 113, 114, 140, 142, 143, 145–147, 162, 166–170, 173–176, 185, 198, 200, 257, 262, 263

difficulties in arctic, 141Second Thomas Shoal, 32, 87Self-Defense Forces Law (Japan), 44, 47Senkaku Islands, 25, 37, 49–51Senkaku Islands—Chinese operation-

saround, 38Serdyukov, Anatoly, 186Serzhanin, Vyacheslav (Vice Admiral),

190, 191Shikishima class, 29Shiprider agreements, 211Silver Spray, 229Sim Seung-seob (Admiral), 68Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), 98,

103–105

INDEx 291

Singapore Civil Defence Force, 103Singapore Customs (SC), 98, 101Singapore Maritime Crisis Centre

(SMCC), 100–103Singapore Straits, 97, 99South China Sea, 4, 9, 12, 19, 26, 29,

32, 34, 35, 39–41, 49, 53, 73, 74, 76, 80, 81, 83, 84, 87, 88, 90, 92, 94

South Georgia, 268South Korea. See Republic of Korea

(ROK)South Orkney Islands, 268South Pacific, 210, 211, 220South Sandwich Islands, 268Spanish Navy, 238Spratly Islands, 84Standing Committee of the National

People’s Congress (China), 26State Oceanic Administration (SOA),

China, 18, 21, 22, 29, 30Straits of Malacca and Singapore

(SOMS), 95, 97, 99Strategic culture, 8, 10, 277Suharto, 116, 120, 122Svalbard Island, 139

fisheries, 139Treaty of Svalbard, 147

TTarantul class fast attack craft (FAC), 83Task Force 115, 128, 130Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan

Laut (TNI-AL)capabilities, 130dominance of, 110, 130operations, 123responsibilities, 125

Thayer, Carl, 83Thule Airbase, 152, 156Turbot War, 236–238

Type 054A Frigate. SeeJiangkai II class

Type 218 Patrol Craft (China), 27Type 728 Cutter (China), 33Type 818 Patrol Ship (China), 33

UUnited National Convention on the

Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 3, 4, 56, 57, 88, 91, 123, 131, 177, 235, 247, 259

United Nations Command (UNC), 56United States (US)

anti-narcotics operations, 252capacity building, 209, 217maritime interests, 8, 212, 227, 278maritime territory, 152navy-coast guard nexus, 5, 8, 9, 11,

13terrorism, 251

United States Coast Guard (USCG)after 9/11, 251, 261capabilities, 18, 40, 58, 66cooperation with international part-

ners, 63, 215cooperation with US Navy, 62District 14, 211drug enforcement, 53, 57, 58, 66,

69, 73illegal Immigration, 217law enforcement detachments, 53,

209legal restrictions, 205limitations, 209operations, 8, 40, 53, 58, 62, 174,

208, 209, 211–215, 220responsibilities, 205, 211, 216, 218structure, 9, 203, 216, 218–220Title 14, 206, 208transfer to the Department of

Homeland Security, 213

292 INDEx

United States Coast Guard (USCG) ships

Bertholf, 66United States Maritime Strategy, 62United States Navy (USN)

capabilities, 206, 209, 221cooperation with US Coast Guard,

9, 13, 53, 62, 203operations, 204, 209, 211, 213,

218–220Pacific Fleet, 211, 212

United States Office of Naval Intelligence, 41, 42

U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), 205, 206, 208, 209, 212–216, 219, 220

USS Cole, 97USS John S. McCain, 105

VVietnam

asymmetrical wartime doctrine, 81, 83

Coast Guard Law, 79, 80, 273cooperation with outside powers, 75defense budget, 91maritime interests, 12maritime territory, 84relations with China, 88, 273Resolution on Vietnam Maritime

Strategy to 2020, 77Resolution on Vietnam Maritime

Strategy to 2030, with the Vision to 2045, 77

Vietnam Coast Guard (VCG)capabilities, 73, 78, 81, 84, 93, 94challenges, 12, 74, 80, 90, 91, 93cooperation with the navy, 12, 84,

89, 93

establishment, 74future procurement, 91operations, 12, 75, 84, 85, 93, 94,

272responsibilities, 74, 79, 80, 83wartime role, 74, 81, 84, 85, 93, 94

Vietnam Marine Police, 78Vietnam People’s Navy (VPN)

capabilities, 84, 90, 93, 94cooperation with Vietnam Coast

Guard, 12, 81, 90, 91, 273modernisation, 81, 83, 85, 92, 94operations, 80, 85, 93, 94, 273responsibilities, 83structure, 90, 93, 273

WWen Jiabao, 19Western Pacific Coast Guard Forum

(WGCGF), 52Western Pacific Naval Symposium

(WPNS), 66Whole-of-Government (WoG), 32, 58,

99, 101–104, 107, 239, 277Whole-of-Nation, 278

Xxi Jinping, 19, 20, 31, 32xisha Islands. See Paracel Islands

YYeonpyeong Island, shelling of, 61Yevmenov, Nikolay (Admiral), 186