INDEX

Abbreviationsfor diafiltration, 1335for dynamic cross-flow filtration, 1216–1217for food industry membrane applications, 2121for fuel cell membranes, 2060–2062for hydrophobic biomimetic fibrous membranes,

1012–1014for membrane materials and module development,

326–327for membrane processes, 1357

ABE (acetone, butanol, ethanol) separation, inbioalcohol purification, 2085, 2986

Ab initio cross-linking polymerization, 910–911Abiotic/biotic fouling, 1124Absorption

analytic, 1919of gaseous/volatile species, 1707

Absorption technologies, for gas separation, 1896Accelerated ions, irradiation with, 347Accelerated water dissociation phenomena, 491Accelerators, irradiation using, 344–345Acetic acid/alcohol reaction, 1724–1726Acetic acid steam reforming, in palladium-based

membrane reactors, 1790Acetylated CD-immobilized membranes, 2181Achiral polymer membranes, with one-handed

helical conformation, 2193Acid/base production

bipolar membrane electrodialysis for, 1455–1457from salt, 1455–1457

Acid control, in scaling prevention, 204Acid-controlled gating, 815Acidic solutions, chromium extraction from, 1967Acidic wastewater, separating titanium white from,

66–69

Acidic water electrolysis, 1511Acidification process, 512–513Acid production processes, 512–513Acid recovery, 508–509, 1466Acids, separation of salts from, 1472Acid separation/recovery, diffusion dialysis in,

1468–1471Acid-swellable polymers, 896Acoustic sensing, membrane integrity testing and,

1110–1111Acronyms

for membrane electrolysis, 1529–1530for membrane processes, 1357

Acrylate superhydrophobic nanofibous membranes,996–997

Activated sludge filtration, in wastewater treatmentplants, 1826

Activated sludge process (ASP), 1821, 1822Activated sludge tank, in MBR design, 1830–1831Activation energy of permeation, 727Activators generated by electron transfer (AGET),

1922Active layer charge density, 1143–1144Active layers

approaches to resolving, 1138elemental composition of, 1142pervaporation, 1140pore size distributions in, 1138–1140solute transport in, 1154–1155steric ion exclusion in, 1145

Active layer thickness, 1142in reverse osmosis microanalysis, 1157

Active metallic nanoparticles, catalytic, 695Active separation layers, ultrathin, 435–436Active transporters, 868

2263

COPYRIG

HTED M

ATERIAL

2264 INDEX

Additive flow rate, 222Additives

in casting solutions, 547–548interfacial polymer, 669pore-forming, 548

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 865–867Adhesion forces, 1163, 1164Adhesion problems, 408ADS1 reactor, 1352–1353Adsorbable organic halogens (AOX), in the

pulp/paper industry, 2168Adsorbed hydrogen, 729Adsorbers

affinity membrane, 1922–1923membrane, 1920–1923

Adsorption, 1961. See also Gasadsorption–desorption

monolayer, 1259nanofiltration and, 1290protein, 1920racemate, 923solute, 1259

Adsorption isotherm, in characterizing membraneporosity, 1075–1076

Adsorption method, 467–468Adsorption properties, of track-etch(ed) membranes,

351Adsorption selectivity, 2192Advanced characterization techniques, in membrane

fouling analysis, 251Advanced methods, for measuring porosity and pore

size, 1038–1040Advanced oxidation, 966Advanced oxidation technologies

(AOTs), 966Advanced pretreatment processes, in MBR design,

1829–1830Advanced reverse osmosis (RO) membranes,

1275AECL (atomic energy of canada limited) case study,

2145–2146Aerated biofilm reactors, 1752–1770Aeration, 167–168, 258–259

cyclic, 259AESP (anion-exchange silica precursor), 1431Affinity-based interactions, 15Affinity binding, of enantiomers, 2180Affinity membrane adsorbers, 1922–1923Affinity membranes, 1942Affinity ultrafiltration, 2184Affinity ultrafiltration system, 2175AFM cantilevers, 1127–1129, 1130, 1160, 1161.

See also Atomic force microscopy (AFM)AFM force measurements, 1162–1163AFM scanner, calibration of, 1119Agglomeration, 410, 411

avoiding, 680in MMMs, 403, 404

Aggregate porosity, 70Aggregates, 70

aminic, 2016Aggregation, particle–cluster, 71Aging, of carbon membranes, 762–763Agro-food industry, EDBM (electrodialysis with

bipolar membranes) technology and, 513. Seealso Food entries; Food industry

Air, oxygen-enriched, 586, 1668–1669Air drying, via gas separation technology,

1907Air gap membrane distillation (AGMD), 1701Air scouring, for fouling removal, 262–263Air separation, 1905–1907

industrial plants for, 1671Air separation membranes, 1670, 1691Air separation membrane systems, 140, 157Air separation process, via polymeric membrane,

1669Albumin membranes, enantioseparation by

immobilized, 2181–2182Alcohol/acetic acid reaction, 1724–1726Alcohol catalytic dehydrogenation, 1717Alcohol dehydration, 1550–1552Alcohols, steam reforming of, 1720Alcohol separation, 2085Alcohol splitting, 515Alcohol synthesis, 1721Alginate membranes, 2088–2092Aliphatic amines, 667Aliphatic solvent, 599Alkaline cells, 1511Alkaline electrolytes, 2052Alkaline etching, of polyester, 338Alkaline fuel cells (AFCs), 2035

membranes for, 2050–2053Alkaline membranes, 2053Alkaline water electrolysis, 1511–1512Alkali recovery, 509Alkali-swellable polymers, 895–896Alkanes, in solvent–solute systems, 537Alkenes/alkanes, separation of, 773–775Alkoxides, 722–725Alkoxysilanes, 488, 489All-metal membranes, 320–321Alloys, against sulfur poisoning, 1602–1603. See

also Binary alloys; Composite palladium(Pd)/palladium alloy membranes;Hydrogen–palladium–alloy interactions;Non-Pd–alloy membranes; Palladium (Pd)-alloyentries; Palladium (Pd)-based binary/ternaryalloys; Palladium–copper–gold (Pd–Cu–Au)alloys; Ternary alloys

Alpha proteinase inhibitor (API). See API entriesAlpha relaxation, 1442Alternating current (AC) electric resistance, of an

ion-exchange membrane pair, 116

INDEX 2265

Alternating current measurement, of ion-exchangemembrane resistance, 500

Alternating current polarization, sinusoidal,1935–1936

Alternative molecular imprinting, 2188, 2189Altmann’s model, 50Alumina (Al2O3), porous anodic, 450–451Alumina-based substrates, 678Alumina grade layers, 1628Alumina membranes, anodic, 1737Alumina supports, 745

porous, 1605–1606Alumina templates, gold nanotube membrane

synthesis using porous, 835–837Alumina/titania (Al2O3/TiO2) membrane, 978Amberlite LA-2, 1996–1997

folic acid pertraction with, 2019–2022vitamin C pertraction with, 2015–2016,

2016–2018American Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM), 41Amide link concentration, in RBS analysis, 1144Aminated membranes, 804–811

pore sizes in, 811Amination, of freestanding silica colloidal

membranes, 808–809Amination cross-linking processes, 485Amine absorption technology, in CO2 capture, 1908Amine functionality, carbon dioxide and, 742–743Amine-modified membranes, 810Amine-modified silica colloidal membranes, 806Amines

aliphatic, 667monomeric, 666–668polymeric, 666

Aminic aggregates, vitamin C pertraction and, 2016Amino acid concentration, 601Amino acid mixture fractionation, by pertraction,

1997–2002Amino acid removal, separation techniques for, 1997Amino acids (AAs)

binding affinity of, 2185pHF values for, 1998–2002separation/recovery of, 1457–1458

Amino acid transport, 844p-Aminobenzoic acid, pertraction of, 1989–1992Ammoniacal etching solutions, Cu(III) recovery

from, 1973–1974Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), 1759, 1760Ammonia-oxidizing technology, 1762Ammonium ionic liquids (ILs), 582–583Ammonium lactate (LANH4), substitution and

separation of, 1460Ammonium-type membranes, for fuel cells,

2051–2053Amorphous fluoropolymers (AF), 998Amorphous microporous membranes, 619–622Amorphous silica gel, scaling and, 195

Amorphous silica membranes, 713, 721fabrication of sol–gel-derived, 713–715hydrothermal stability of, 725–726silica network size control for sol–gel-derived,

715–725Amorphous silica networks, 720–721Amperometric mode, 1934Amperometric sensors, CP (conducting polymer)

membranes in, 1933–1937Amphiphiles, gemini imidazolium, 751Amphiphilic block copolymers (BCPs), as lipid

analogs, 877–879Amphiphilic copolymers, blending with, 463Amphoteric hydrogels, 896Amphoteric ion-exchange membranes (IEMs), 475

preparation of, 493–495Anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing (Anamonia)

technology, 1762Analytic absorption, 1919Analytical applications, of membranes, 1915–1926Analytical chemistry, SILMs in, 588Analytic monitoring, 1918Analytic(al) solutions, 1308–1313, 1369–1372Animal blood plasma separation/concentration,

2115–2116Anion-conducting membranes, 2052Anion-exchange capacities, of nanocomposites, 487Anion-exchange membranes (AEMs), 108–109,

124–125, 475, 1424, 1425, 1428–1430,2052–2053

in bipolar membranes, 1432–1434in electrodialysis, 1449, 1450for fuel cells, 2035organic–inorganic, 1431phosphonium-based, 2053physicochemical characterization of, 1442preparation of, 1433properties of, 1426strong-base, 136in toxic-metal recovery from wastewater, 1451water dissociation and, 130weak-base, 136

Anion-exchanging polymers, 1934Anionic molecule transport, 844Anions, immobilized doping, 1927Anion separation/recovery, from wastewater, 1453Anion systems, CP-doping, 1933Anion transport, 844–846Anisotropic etching, 363–364Anisotropic membranes, 280, 904, 1648Anisotropic wetting phenomena, 988–989Anodic alumina membranes, 1737Anodisc™ alumina supports, 745Anodization, cyclic, 837–838Antibiotics, pertraction of, 2002–2014Antibiotic separation, 2003, 2005Antibody arrays, 1920–1921

2266 INDEX

Antibody membranes, enantioseparation byimmobilized, 2183

Antifouling action, 964by photocatalytic ceramic membranes, 969–970

Antifouling coatings, 1164Antifouling processes, 262–263. See also Membrane

fouling countermeasuresAntipolyelectrolyte effect, 896, 936Antiporters, 868Antiscalant dosing, 207–208Antiscalants, 207–211

classes of, 207Anti-telescoping device (ATD), 1182API (alpha proteinase inhibitor) degenotoxification,

by OSN, 1869API purification methodologies, 1868–1869Apoenzyme membranes, enantioseparation by

immobilized, 2182–2183Apoenzymes, 2182Apparent density method, in characterizing

membrane porosity, 1073–1074Application-oriented design, 64, 66, 74–75Applied pressure difference, 17Approximate transport models, 90Aptamer-modified colloidal membranes, 821Aptamer oligonucleotides, 820–821APTES (aminopropyltriethoxy silane) treatment,

809, 810AqpZ bacterial aquaporin, 881–882Aquaporin channels, 862Aquaporin mimic membrane channel, 884–886Aquaporins, 861–864

selectivity mechanisms of, 861, 862, 863suspended membranes and, 881–882

Aqueous hybrid liquid membrane (AHLM) systems,585

Aqueous separations, modeling performance for,1279–1284

Argon (Ar) ions, for track creation, 335, 336Aromatic diamines, 283, 672Aromatic polyamide active layers, 1139Aromatic polyamide membrane fibers, 299Aromatic polyamide membranes, 281–282Aromatic polyimides, 348Array plates, microchannel, 2207–2212“Arrested” microsyneresis, 907Arrhenius equation, 133Arrhenius law, 338Arsenic species separation, in environmental

matrices, 1975Artificial channels

in biomimetic membranes, 882–886insertion in block copolymer membranes, 886

Artificial lungs, 167Artificial ultraviolet (UV) lamps, 970Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation, 2060Asbestos, 1519

Ascorbic acid (ASH), substitution and separation of,1461–1462. See also Vitamin C entries

Asparagine-proline-alanine (NPA) motif, 861, 862Asymmetrical track-etch(ed) membranes (TMs), 353Asymmetric ceramic membrane preparation, via

phase inversion/sintering method, 614–615Asymmetric membranes, 146, 280, 904, 1943–1944,

1950–1951concentration polarization in, 1401–1403integrally skinned, 909, 1851, 1852–1853

Asymmetric porous structure, structural compositephotocatalytic ceramic membranes and, 975

Asymmetric straight-through MC array devices, 2212Asymptotic sieving coefficient (S4), 1256, 1257Atom deposition method, 1780Atomic force microscopy (AFM), 1115–1116, 1857,

1858as a force sensor, 1127–1129imaging modes of, 1116–1119in membrane surface characterization, 1132in characterizing membrane porosity, 1066–1067,

1069–1070in characterizing SRNF membrane morphology,

539in determining membrane structure/morphology,

1029, 1045in fouling visualization, 252membrane characterization by, 1115–1135membrane fouling characterization via,

1056–1057operation of, 1116–1119in reverse osmosis microanalysis, 1136,

1160–1165Atomic nucleus, in NMR spectroscopy, 1436Atomistic films, inhomogeneous, 175Atomistic molecular dynamic simulation, 185Atoms, in molecular dynamics simulations, 172ATPases, 867ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily, 865, 866,

867ATRP (atom-transfer radical polymerization),

814–815, 918–919, 1921–1922Attenuated total reflection (ATR), in membrane

characterization, 1026–1027, 1031Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared

(ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, 29in ion-exchange membrane characterization,

1435–1436in membrane characterization, 1026–1027, 1031,

1040–1041in reverse osmosis microanalysis, 1136

Autothermal methane steam reforming, 1719–1720Autotrophic nitrification, 1762–1763Auxiliary equipment, in MBR design, 1833Average flux, in membrane bioreactors, 1823Average permeate flux, in reverse osmosis, 1370Average permselectivity, 576Average pressure, permeability and, 654–656

INDEX 2267

Average roughness, 1120AVIR air separation system, 1687–1688Azeotropic mixtures, separating, 1537Azobenzene-modified poly(γ-caprolactone)

(PCL-azo), 1010

Backextraction, membrane contactors and, 1698,1699

Backflush(ing), 1265as MBR fouling countermeasure, 1828

Backscattered radiation/particle methods, inmembrane characterization, 1022–1025

Back-transport, 1263–1264Backward-elevating force, 47Backwashing, 302, 316, 1230, 1231

of microfilters, 1227Backwash technique, for fouling removal, 262–263Bacteria, in nitrogen removal, 1759, 1760Bacteria deposition experiments, 1054Bacterial physiology, 239Bacteria removal, 1949

from milk, 2104–2105Bactocatch system, 391Balance equations, 1267

in diafiltration, 1307–1308BAM (Ballard Advanced Material Corporation)

membranes, 2038BARC case studies, 2147–2149Bare porous metallic (PM) supports, treatments of,

1606–1611Barrier layer formation, 579Base membranes, stimuli-responsive functionality on

preformed, 912Base recovery, 1467BASF Fuel Cells, 2060Batch DF system design, 1299–1302Batch diafiltration (DF), 1298–1299, 1299–1317Batch filtration balance equations, in diafiltration,

1307–1308Batch-operated diafiltration cascade, 1317Batch operation, MABR and, 1764–1765Batch processes, for ultrafiltration, 1266Batch processing, continuous processing vs.,

1322–1323Batteries, 2033

fuel cells vs., 2033–2034Beer dealcoholization, diafiltration used in, 1332Beer-filtration systems, 390Beer production, membrane applications in,

2108–2111Bending strength, 645Benzoic acid extraction, 593, 594Benzoquinone transport, 1155Bernouilli equation, 1202Bessel functions, 97BET mode sorption, 149. See also Brunauer,

Emmett, and Teller (BET) entriesBifunctional zeolite membranes, 449

Bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs), 869–871applications of, 870–871protein-tethered, 876–877

Bilayer membranes, 876, 879–880suspended (tethered), 875–877

Bilayer structure, lipid, 855, 856–857, 858Biliquid permporometry, for assessing membrane

porosity, 1037BIMEVOX (bismuth metal-ion vanadium oxide)

materials, 1528Bimodal porous carbon framework, 447Bimodal PSD (pore size distribution), 1138–1139,

1144Binary alloys, palladium in, 1600–1603Binary deposit, 1614Binary electrolyte, limiting rejection rate of, 90Binding affinity, of amino acids, 2185Binding agents, 1343–1344Binding energy, in membrane characterization, 1024Binodal curves, 544Binodal mechanism, 545Bioalcohol, 2085Bioalcohol dehydration, membranes for, 2088–2094Bioalcohol purification

membrane materials design for, 2085–2086membrane pervaporation for, 2085–2094

Bioalcohol recovery, membranes for, 2086–2088Bioalcohol treatment, membrane process design for,

2094Biobeads, 875Biocatalysis, 470Biodegradable polymers, as antiscalants, 207Biodegradation, in the pulp/paper industry, 2170Bioethanol steam reforming (BESR), in

palladium-based membrane reactors, 1787Biofilm, membrane-aerated, 1763. See also Biofilms;

Cake/biofilm-enhanced concentrationpolarization

Biofilm detachment rate, 1757Biofilm development, 239, 240, 251Biofilm-enhanced osmotic pressure (BEOP),

231–233, 236, 238, 239, 241approach to quantifying, 234–237contribution to reverse osmosis fouling/biofouling,

237–239effect of operational conditions on, 240–241

Biofilm growth, 1054Biofilm immobilization, 776–777Biofilm layers, 233Biofilm processes, improved, 1752Biofilm reactors, 776–777

membrane aerated, 1752–1770Biofilms, defined, 1752Biofilm technology, application of, 1752Biofilm thickness control, 1757–1758Biofouling, 200, 232, 251

CEOP/BEOP contribution to, 237–239membrane propensity for, 1050–1057

2268 INDEX

Biofouling tolerance, 671–672Biofuel dehydration, polyimides for, 2093Biogas purification, via gas separation technology,

1904Biogas recovery, 160Biogas refinement, 586Biogas separation membrane system, 161Biogas upgrading, via CO2 removal, 1574–1576Bioglycerol, 1789Biohydrogen, 2078Biological analyses, SLMs and, 1971–1973Biological membranes, 7, 854–868, 1774Biological nitrogen removal processes, 1759Biological oxygen demand (BOD), in the pulp/paper

industry, 2168, 2169Biological responsiveness, 898–899Biomarker detection, 851Biomass, 2003, 2004–2007Biomass control strategies, in MABR applications,

1757–1758, 1759Biomethane, 2068Biomimetic fibrous membranes, superhydrophobic,

984–1021Biomimetic gas transport, metallodynameric

membranes for, 954–958Biomimetic hierarchical materials, at multiple scales,

987–990Biomimetic membranes, 854, 855, 868–882

artificial channels in, 882–886future research on, 886lipid-based, 868, 869–877polymer-based, 869, 877–882protein and peptide mimics in, 869synthetic, 886

Biomimetic polymeric membranes, types of,879–882

Biomimetics, 984, 1012Biomimetic superhydrophobic fabrics, 1004–1007Biomimetic superhydrophobic fibrous membrane

production, fabrication methods for, 990–994Biomimetic superhydrophobic fibrous membranes,

applications of, 1007–1010Biomimetic superhydrophobic microfibrous

membranes, 1002–1004Biomimetic superhydrophobic nanofibous

membranes, 994–1002Biomimicry, 984, 985Biomolecular separation, electrophoretic membrane

contactor for, 1458–1459Biomolecular separation/recovery, electromembrane

processes for, 1457–1459Bionic multisilicon copolymer, 489–490Bionics, 984Biopharmaceutical industry, trends in, 1957Bioreactors, membrane, 316–317Biosensing, 852Biosensing applications, for gold nanotube

membranes, 849–851

Bioseparations, SRM applications in, 935–936Bioseparation technology, 1955Biosimilars, membrane chromatography and, 1956Biostatic feed spacers, 311Biosynthesis, folic acid via, 2018Biosynthetic compounds, 1982Biosynthetic mixtures, 2012Biosynthetic products, 2029Biotechnology, 1982

membrane applications in, 1942–1960pertraction in, 1981–2033ultrafiltration in, 1951

Biotechnology industries, membrane processes in,1271–1272

Biotemplates, 443Biotic fouling, 1124Biotin, attachment to gold nanotube membranes, 848Biotransformations, membrane bioreactors for, 1875Biotreatment, of synthetic wastewater, 1764Bipolar membrane electroacidification (BPMEA),

1465Bipolar membrane electrodialysis, for acid/base

production, 1455–1457Bipolar membrane layers, permeability of, 492Bipolar membranes (BPMs), 475, 476, 477,

491–493, 1432–1434. See also Electrodialysiswith bipolar membranes (EDBM)

preparation of, 490–493properties of commercial, 1427water-dissociation reaction in, 135

Bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTESE), 692, 724. Seealso BTESE entries

Bis(triethoxysilyl)methane (BTESM), 724Bis(triethoxysilyl)octane (BTESO), 724Bisphenol A (BPA), 1356Bisphenol A removal, via ELMs, 1970–1971Black lipid membrane analogs, 879–880Black lipid membranes, 869Black liquor treatment case study, 1199Blake–Kozeny equation, 656Bleaching effluents, segregation of, 2130Bleaching/rinsing water, treatment of, 2132–2134Blending, of membrane surfaces, 462–464, 471, 472Blending cross-linked gel particles, SRMs from,

909–910Blockage, pore variation caused by, 44Block copolymer (BCP) membranes

artificial channels inserted in, 886supported, 880–881

Block-copolymerization, RAFT graft, 921Block copolymers (BCPs)

advantages of, 878–879amphiphilic, 877–879polystyrene in, 996

Blocking, standard, 1262Blocking laws, in microfiltration, 1227–1229Blocking models, 43–50Blocking resistance, 53, 55

INDEX 2269

Bloembergen–Purcell–Pound (BPP) theory, 1149Blood, oxygen partial pressure of, 167. See also

Animal blood plasma separation/concentrationBode impedance spectra, 501–502Boiler water, in the food industry, 2119Boltzmann constant (kBoltzmann), 1255Boltzmann distribution, 30–31Boltzmann equation, 27Boltzmann-weighted probability density distribution,

181“Bonded” potentials, 173Bond exchange, 948–949Boric acid recovery, reactor coolant clean-up with,

2145–2146Born effect, 93–95, 96, 97–98Born energy, 93–94Boron-containing feedwater elimination, hybrid

process for, 1352–1353Boron nitride nanotubes, 1816Boron removal from geothermal water case study,

1354–1355Boron removal from seawater case study,

1353–1354Boron-selective ion-exchange resins (BSRs),

1353–1354Bottlenecked membrane, 842Bottlenecked structures, 841–842Boundary conditions, in flux decline analysis, 227Boundary layer

concentration distribution in, 124–126mass transport in, 107, 126–129

Boundary layer thickness, 126Bovine serum albumin (BSA), 838, 841, 845,

932–933Bovine serum albumin membranes, immobilized,

2182BP (benzophenone) loading, 914BP photoinitiator, UV-reactive, 913–914BPS-20 Na/PEG blends, 1151. See also Polyethylene

glycol (PEG)Brackish water desalination plants, 1805–1806Brewing process, steps in, 2109–2110. See also

Beer entries“Bridged-type” alkoxides, 722–725, 731–732Brine(s)

energy generation from, 1497from inland desalters, 1806–1807

Brine disposal, via PRO systems, 1419–1420Brine electrolysis, 1505–1506Brine electrolysis cell, 1505Bromide concentration, in TMAH, 514Bromination, 2071Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method. See

also BET mode sorptionfor assessing membrane porosity, 788, 1038,

1076–1077Brun diffusion model, 1542BSCF (barium strontium cobalt iron) membrane, 700

BSP-20K/PEG blends, 1150. See also Polyethyleneglycol (PEG)

BTESE-derived silica membranes, 719–720, 724.See also Bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTESE)

BTESE/MTES hybrid membrane, 718Bubble point method/technique

for assessing membrane porosity, 1036–1037in characterizing membrane porosity, 1081–1082gas flow, 1099

Bubble-point pressure (Pb), 374Bucky Papers, 1706Buffer exchange

diafiltration used in, 1327for ultrafiltration, 1267

Bulk active layer properties, in reverse osmosismicroanalysis, 1164–1165

Bulk amorphous polymer chains, in moleculardynamics simulations, 174

Bulk characteristics, of membranes, 1033–1045Bulk crystallization/deposition, in scaling, 196Bulk diffusion coefficient, 577Bulk etch rate, 339, 340Bulk liquid membranes (BLMs), 566–568, 1961,

1982Bulk liquid membrane with emulsion (BLME),

567–568Bulk loading, in SRM design, 924–927Bulk polymer chains, 404Bulk polymer model, in molecular dynamics

simulations, 175–176Bulk polymers, gas mobility in, 177, 178n-Butanol dehydration, polymeric membrane

performance for, 2091Butterfly wing templates, 988

C2 yields, 1731C3+ hydrocarbon removal, in natural gas

purification, 1662–1663Cadmium removal, via ELMs, 1968–1970Cake, 1227Cake/biofilm-enhanced concentration polarization,

230–244Cake construction, 71Cake-enhanced osmotic pressure (CEOP), 231–233,

236, 241approach to quantifying, 234–237contribution to reverse osmosis fouling/biofouling,

237–239direct estimation of, 234–236effect of operational conditions on, 240–241mechanisms, experiments, and models of,

233–237Cake filtration, 43, 44, 1228Cake filtration model, 221, 224

schematic of, 219Cake filtration parameters, 1231Cake filtration/pure blockage model, 221–222Cake growth, 45–48

2270 INDEX

Cake layer formation, 69–70, 250–251, 1227, 1229Cake layer formation control, in wastewater

treatment plants, 1826Cake layer hydraulic resistance (Rc), 235Cake layer model, 234Cake layer resistance, 48, 53, 55–56, 222, 226Cake porosity, 70, 71, 72Cake resistance fouling, 1261–1262Calcination, of membranes, 1279Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) fouling, 1154Calcium carbonate inhibition, as antiscaling process,

208Calcium carbonate studies, 202–203Calcium sulfate polymorphs, 198Calixarenes, 883, 884Calorimetry, 1440–1441Camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), 669Cantor equation, 1082, 1086Capacitive methods, in scaling detection, 211Capacitors, 2033

fuel cells vs., 2033–2034Capillary condensation, 1775Capillary condensation separation phenomenon, 144Capillary condensation techniques, in characterizing

membrane porosity, 1078–1081Capillary equilibrium methods, for assessing

membrane porosity, 1036Capillary fibers, microstructured, 383–384Capillary flow porometry, 1084Capillary membranes, 291, 383. See also

Hollow-fine fiber entries“Capillary-pore” structure, 289–290CAPS (compact accelerated precipitation softening)

process, in scaling prevention, 205Captured CO2, disposal of, 1582–1583Carbon

mesoporous, 437–438ordered multimodal porous, 447–448

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies,161–165. See also CO2 capture andsequestration (CCS)

Carbon dioxide (CO2). See also Captured CO2; CO2

entries; Membrane-based CO2 entriesamine functionality and, 742–743supercritical, 591–592, 735–736

Carbon dioxide absorption isotherms, in poly(IL)materials, 746–747

Carbon dioxide membrane systems, 1901, 1902Carbon dioxide/methane (CO2/CH4) selectivity, of

commercial membranes, 1901. See alsoCO2/CH4 selectivity

Carbon dioxide/nitrogen (CO2/N2) selectivity,1908–1909

Carbon dioxide permeability, 739, 747–748, 954,958

Carbon dioxide reduction, 1524–1525Carbon dioxide recovery, 773. See also CO2

recovery

Carbon dioxide removal, via gas separationtechnology, 1900. See also CO2 removal entries

Carbon dioxide solubility, 740Carbon dioxide solubility selectivity, 741. See also

CO2-selective entriesCarbon dioxide separation(s), 160–165, 2068–2069,

2069–2070, 2070–2075, 2075–2078dual-phase membranes for, 631–632hydrogen and, 2078–2079membrane-based, 162SILM performance for, 740–742

Carbon dioxide transport, enhancement of,738

Carbon fabrics (CFs), 1002–1003Carbon fiber preparation, 768Carbon fibers, superhydrophobic, 1004Carbon framework, bimodal porous, 447Carbon hollow-fiber (HF) membranes, 622Carbonization, 621–622, 768–769Carbonization temperatures, 769Carbonized material stability, 622Carbonized templates, 620–621Carbon-membrane-aerated biofilm reactor

(CMABR), 776–777Carbon membrane development, challenges in,

761–762Carbon membrane fragility, 762Carbon membrane module design, 764–772Carbon membrane preparation methods, 764–772Carbon membrane processes/applications, 758–763,

772–777Carbon membrane reactor (CMR), 775Carbon membranes, 446–448, 621–622, 758–780

aging of, 762–763characterization of, 769, 770for CO2 capture, 1580configurations/classifications of, 759–761flexible, 761–762heat treatment process for, 766–769mechanical stability of, 761performance of, 769–771, 774polymeric membranes vs., 759precursor membrane preparation for, 764–766precursor selection for, 764, 765principles and properties of, 758selectivities for, 1679separation mechanism of, 758–759, 760–761three-dimensionally periodic porous, 447

Carbon membrane synthesis, steps in, 621–622Carbon molecular sieve membranes (CMSMs), 1562,

1568–1569for oxygen/nitrogen separation, 1671, 1679–1680

Carbon molecular sieves (CMS), 399, 409, 412, 413,758

polymer and, 413Carbon monoxide (CO) conversion, 1633–1636Carbon monoxide poisoning, of Pd membranes,

1781–1783

INDEX 2271

Carbon nanotube Bucky-Papers (CNT BP), 1706Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 1005, 1816

desalination by, 674Carbon removal, via MABRs, 1758–1759Carbon superhydrophobic nanofibrous membranes,

1002Carbon templating, 691–692Carbon-to-nitrogen (COD/N) ratios, 1766Carbon/zeolite composite membranes, 449–450Carboxylates, 938Carboxylic acids, pertraction of, 1982–1997Carman–Kozeny equation. See Kozeny–Carman

(K–C) equationCarrageenan production, 2117–2118Carrier concentration, 1986, 1988, 2007, 2013

vitamin C pertraction and, 2016, 2017Carrier-facilitated transport (CFT), applications of,

326Carrier-facilitated transport model, 596Carrier-mediated diffusion, of ions, 859–860Carrier-mediated separation terms, 2224–2225Carrier-mediated transport, 570Cartridge filters, modern, 303, 304Cascade systems, 1317Case studies, of VSEP filtration stems, 1199–1200.

See also AECL case study; BARC case studies;Black liquor treatment case study; Boronremoval from geothermal water case study;Boron removal from seawater case study;Columbia Heights project; Hybrid process casestudies; Phosphate feedstock clarification casestudy; Pulp/effluent treatment case study; PVClatex concentration case study; Titaniumdioxide dewatering case study; Trace organicsremoval case study; Waste oil treatment casestudy; Wolf Creek case study

Cassettes. See ATP-binding cassette (ABC)superfamily; Membrane cassettes

Casting solution composition, 547–548Casting solutions, 546Casting solvent, 2054–2055Catalyst coking, 1719Catalyst immobilization, 1715Catalytic active metallic nanoparticles, 695Catalytic activity, in PIMs, 782Catalytic degradation, of toxic organics, 937Catalytic dehydrogenation, 1716–1718Catalytic effects, in water-dissociation reaction,

136–137Catalytic membrane reactors (CMRs), 1588–1589,

1632, 1637, 1713–1751Catalytic membranes, analytical applications of, 1923Catalytic oxidations, phase-transfer, 1734Catalytic reactions, multiphase, 1734Catalytic recovery, OSN-assisted, 1870–1871Catalytic water dissociation reaction, 107Cathodic process, 1271

Cation-exchange membranes (CEMs), 108–109,111, 124–125, 475, 485, 487, 503–504, 1424,1425, 1428–1429, 1934

in bipolar membranes, 1432–1434in electrodialysis, 1449, 1450organic–inorganic, 1431physicochemical characterization of, 1442properties of, 1426strong-acid, 136styrene-divinylbenzene-based, 481–482in toxic metal recovery from wastewater, 1451water dissociation and, 130weak-acid, 136

Cations, with alkyl/hydrocarbon substituents, 741Cation-selective membranes, monovalent, 1452Cation site doping, 696–697Cavity energetic sizing algorithm (CESA), in

molecular dynamics simulations, 179Cavity radius, 94–95Cell death recognition, 936Cell harvest, diafiltration used in, 1324Cell lysis, 2003Cell membranes, 855Cell rooms, chlorine–alkali, 1506Cells (biological), harvesting, 1949–1950Cells (chemical/electrical). See also Concentrating

cells; Desalting cells; Fuel cell entries; PEMcells

alkaline, 1511brine electrolysis, 1505CO2 reduction, 1525electrochemical, 1501electrodialysis, 1517electrolysis, 1502–1503, 1504HEM water electrolysis, 1527SOWE, 1514–1516, 1522

Cell separators, 1502Cellulose acetate (CA), 400

enantioseparation and, 2190Cellulose acetate (CA)-based membranes,

1900–1901in natural gas purification, 1653–1656

Cellulose acetate membranes, 279–280, 286–287,1140, 1364

Cellulose acetate films, 279Cellulose superhydrophobic nanofibrous membranes,

999Cellulose triacetate (CTA), pressure-retarded osmosis

membranes of, 1418Cellulosic UF membranes, 1245–1246. See also

Ultrafiltration (UF)Cell voltage (Vcell), 116–117, 121, 123, 1506–1507

operating pressure and, 1508–1510operating temperatures and, 1507–1508pH and, 1510–1511

Centrifugal pump efficiency, increasing, 1813–1814

2272 INDEX

CEOP/BEOP. See Biofilm-enhanced osmoticpressure (BEOP); Cake-enhanced osmoticpressure (CEOP)

Ceramic–carbonate dual-phase membrane, 632Ceramic coatings, 1607–1608Ceramic deposition, 1628Ceramic fibrous membranes, 444–445Ceramic functional membranes, hybrid, 718Ceramic membrane configuration, 677Ceramic membrane development, 610–611Ceramic membrane microstructure

design of, 60–61influence on pure water permeability, 38–43

Ceramic membrane preparation, via phaseinversion/sintering method, 614–615

Ceramic membranes, 37, 288–289, 438–446,553–554, 676–677, 1570–1571

advantages of, 616commercial, 1856designed, 60–61, 67–68fabrication of hierarchically porous, 443, 444–445flat sheet, 323, 324future potential of, 1235for gas separation applications, 1889hierarchical porous, 693–695Membralox, 320microfiltration performance of prepared, 62–66for O2/H2 separation, 626–631optimal, 61optimized, 67for organic solvent nanofiltration, 1851,

1854–1855, 1856oxygen-ion-conducting, 630permeate flux of, 40photocatalytic, 963–984predicting pure water flux through, 42–43predicting solvent transport through, 1864–1865preparing and testing, 61–62progress in, 634properties and applications of hierarchically

porous, 439–441research interest in thin-film, 701steady permeate fluxes of, 68–69thin-film, 676–711

Ceramic membrane thickness, filtration and, 58Ceramic microfilters, 1224–1225Ceramic microfiltration (MF) membrane

materials/modules, 318–324Ceramic microfiltration membranes, development of,

617Ceramic monoliths, high-surface-area, 322–323Ceramic multilayer ultrafiltration membranes,

porous, 1247Ceramic nanofilters, 554Ceramic nanofiltration (NF) membranes, 616, 1278Ceramics recovery, diafiltration used in industrial,

1325–1326Ceramic substrates, 678

Ceramic supports, 677Ceramic thin films, 359Ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) membrane

materials/modules, 318–324Ceramic ultrafiltration membranes, development of,

617Cerium oxide (CeO2), 602CH3OH (methanol) conversion, 775. See also

Methanol entriesChain length, 928–929Chain linkers, 409Chain mobility, 406Chain packing efficiency, 151Chains. See also Chiral polymer main chains

hydrophilic, 463polymer, 812–813, 821

Chain scission, 469Channel orientation, of zeolite crystals, 625Channel resistance, 376Channels, 861

artificial, 882–886cross-flow, 2210cyclodextrin-based, 882–883water, 861–864

Charge-based molecular separations, 842–846Charge concentration polarization, 24–25, 26, 30–31Charge density, inhomogeneous distribution of fixed,

98–101Charged membranes, 485Charged sites, 936Charged site spatial distribution, in active layers,

1145Charged species transport, 1031–1033Charge-mosaic membranes, 494Charge transfer processes, 1501–1502Cheese production, membrane applications in,

2107–2108Chelating polymers, 1349–1350Chemical analyses, membranes for, 1915–1916Chemical-based separation, chemically modified

gold nanotube membranes for, 846–848Chemical cleaning, 1266

for fouling removal, 263–264as MBR fouling countermeasure,

1828–1829Chemical cleaning system, in MBR design,

1832Chemical coagulation, 1232Chemical composition

of RO and NF composites, 1042of surface membranes, 1147XPS in studying, 1147

Chemical cross-linkingof polyimide membranes, 2070–2071in SRM design, 932–934

Chemical decomposition, 966Chemical-enhanced backwash, 263Chemical etching, 345–346, 349, 688

INDEX 2273

Chemical etching processes, in silicon, 363–364Chemical grafting, 465, 466Chemically modified gold nanotube membranes, for

chemical-based separation, 846–848Chemically modified polymeric membranes, 2093Chemical/microbial resistance, of paper industry

membranes, 2159Chemical modification, of membrane surfaces,

460–463, 465–470, 472Chemical oxidation

membrane integrity testing and, 1111as a PCM function, 968principle of photocatalytic, 964–967

Chemical oxygen demand (COD)dynamic cross-flow filtration and, 1209, 1210in the pulp/paper industry, 2164, 2168, 2169wastewater treatment and, 2125, 2129

Chemical post-treatment, 465–466, 471Chemical potential(s), 15, 16

changes in, 12–13gradient of, 3

Chemical reaction model (CRM), 490, 491Chemical shift, 1149Chemical stability, of ion-exchange membranes,

496–497Chemical sulfonation, 470Chemical thin film deposition, 359–360Chemical treatment, in radioactive waste treatment,

2139Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)

method/techniques, 359–360, 619, 688,682–683, 712–713, 1615, 1780, 1781. See alsoPECVD (plasma-enhanced chemical vapordeposition)

for fabricating superhydrophobic biomimeticfibrous membranes, 992

plasma-enhanced, 1704structural composite photocatalytic ceramic

membranes and, 974–975Chemisorption, 1569Chiral-branch polymers, enantioseparation

membranes from, 2179–2180“Chiral memory” phenomenon, 2193Chiral molecules, 2175Chiral polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes, 2179Chiral polymer main chains, enantioseparation

membranes from, 2178–2179Chiral recognition, 2190Chiral separation, 2176Chitin nanofibers, 2187Chitosan (CS) polymer membrane, 438, 2088Chitosan films, enzymatic grafting of, 469–470Chlor-alkali electrolysis, 1463–1465Chlorination, membrane degradation by, 1148Chlorine–alkali cell room, 1506Chlorine content, in active layers, 1142Chlorine degradation, of polyamide copolymers,

1151

Chlorine resistance, 1290Chlorine tolerance, 671–672Chlorine-tolerant membranes, 306–307Chloromethyl methyl ether, 484Cholesterol, 858Chromatographic techniques, in characterizing

membrane porosity, 1076Chromatography, 1953

membrane, 1942, 1953–1855Chromic acid recovery, electro-electrodialysis for,

1453–1454Chromium extraction, from acidic solutions, 1967CHTC (cyclo-hexane-1,3,5-tricarbonyl

chloride)-based membrane, 668Cinnamic acid, selective pertraction of, 1992–1997Circuit impedance, 1151Classical solution–diffusion (S-D) theory, 22, 23Clay/polymer nanocomposites, 414Clays, 413Clean energy delivery, high temperature dust

removal for, 617Cleaning. See also Membrane cleaning

as MBR fouling countermeasure, 1828–1829of porous metallic supports, 1606–1607

Cleaning agents, 1164Cleaning in air (CIA), for fouling removal, 263Cleaning in place (CIP), 1266Cleaning techniques, 261–264Clean water, need for, 1361–1362Clean water permeation, 1225–1226Clearfield equalization, 1068–1069Closed-loop cascade systems, 1317Closed-loop osmotic heat engine, 1414, 1421Closed-loop pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO)

systems, 1414Cluster formation, in solvent–solute systems, 538CMR configuration, 1714. See also Catalytic

membrane reactors (CMRs)CNMR (catalytic nonpermselective membrane

reactor) configuration, 1714CO2 capture, 161–163, 1560–1588. See also

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

from other industries, 1581–1582postcombustion, 1577–1581precombustion, 1576–1577via gas separation technology, 1907–1910

CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS), 736, 1561.See also Carbon capture and storage (CCS)technologies

CO2 capture techniques, 1561–1562CO2/CH4 selectivity, 2074, 2075, 2078. See also

Carbon dioxide/methane (CO2/CH4) selectivityCO2/CH4 separation, 2068–2069, 2069–2070,

2070–2075, 2095membrane process design for, 2075–2078

CO2 concentration, 2075CO2/H2 selectivity, 2083CO2-induced plasticization, 2095

2274 INDEX

CO2/light gas selectivities, 954, 956, 957CO2 permeability, 1572, 2075CO2 recovery, 142. See also Carbon dioxide

recoveryCO2 reduction cells, 1525CO2 removal

from natural gas, 1644–1645, 1653–1662membrane systems and, 1572

CO2 removal systems, 1665acceptance of, 1661–1662design of, 1658–1659

CO2-selective membranes, 2082–2084design of, 2083

CO2-selective polymeric membranes, 163–165CO2 separation, challenges of, 1573CO2 separation membranes, 160, 162, 1571–1578CO2 separation technologies, membrane-based, 142CO2 sequestration, 1582CO2 storage, 1582CO2 utilization, 1582–1583Coagulant recovery, via Donnan dialysis,

1472–1473Coagulants, 260Coagulation

chemical, 1232enhanced, 1233

Coastal power plants, collocation with desalinationplants, 1802, 1803

Coating. See also Coatingsof membrane surfaces, 464–465, 471, 472in SRM preparation, 923

Coating-and-diffusion technique, 1605, 1614, 1624Coating color effluents, removal of, 2166–2167Coatings, antifouling, 1164Coating techniques, 683Coating thicknesses, 1142–1143Cobalt-doped silica molecular membrane

preparation, via sol–gel method, 613–614Cocaine binding, 821–822Cocondensation technique, 1780Co-coupled transport processes, 571Cocurrent diafiltration, 1318, 1319–1320Co-doping, 728COD removal, 1761, 1763

via MABRs, 1759Coextrusion approach, to MMM formation, 411Co-ion concentrations, 90

axial profiles of, 89Co-ions (coions), 83, 91, 475, 1442Coke poisoning, of Pd-based membranes, 1783Coking, 1719Collapse pressure, 1604Collocation configuration, of power and desalination

plants, 1802–1805Collodion membranes, 7Colloidal crystals, 798–799

silica, 798–799Colloidal crystal templating method, 434, 447

“Colloidal gel” route, 553Colloidal membrane electrodes, 817Colloidal membranes, 805

amination of freestanding silica, 808–809amine-modified silica, 806aptamer-modified, 821light-responsive silica, 819–820nanoporous polymer-modified, 819PDMAEMA-modified, 811–815pH-responsive behavior of

poly(l-alanine)-modified silica, 819proton-conducting silica, 822–825responsive silica, 804–822sintered silica, 823–824size-selective transport and silica, 825small-molecule-responsive silica, 820–822suspended, 808temperature-responsive silica, 816–819

Colloidal microsphere surface, chemicallymodifying, 1131

Colloidal nanopore modification, 799Colloidal nanoporous membranes

permselective silica, 799silica, 797–828

Colloidal particle adhesion, measurement of,1130–1132

Colloidal particles, permeate flux before addition of,234

Colloidal probes, 1130, 1131Colloidal route, 613Colloidal sol–get route, 682Colloidal spheres, 432Colloid-enhanced ultrafiltration (CEUF), 1347–1348Colloids, pore blocking by, 250Colloid stabilization, 1279Combined fouling models, 221–222Combined mechanism model, ultrafiltration and,

1264–1265Combined membrane processes, 1342Combined surface modification methods, 470–472Combustion, of hydrocarbon fossil fuel, 1578Commercial bipolar membranes, properties of, 1427Commercial gas separation systems, suppliers of,

154Commercial membranes, 1646, 1649

carbon dioxide/methane selectivity of, 1901Commercial OSN membranes, 1855–1856Commercial pervaporation membranes, 1537,

1548–1550Commercial spiral-wound modules, 1170–1190Commercial SRNF membranes, 557Commercial TFC membranes, 670–671Commercial track-etch(ed) membranes, 346–348Comonomer incorporation, 930–932Comonomers, hydrophilic, 930Complete blocking, 43

INDEX 2275

Complete conversion integral FTCMR, 1735–1736.See also FTCMR (flow-through catalyticmembrane reactor)

Complete pore blockage model, 218–220schematic of, 219

Complexation mechanisms, host–guest, 931–932Complex dynameric membranes,

supramolecular/dynamic covalent networks for,958–960

Composite materials, interfacial, 325Composite membranes, 437, 551–553, 1648–1649

carbon/zeolite, 449–450electrospun, 2058in flux decline analysis, 227–228for MABR applications, 1756for organic solvent nanofiltration, 1851–1852,

1853–1854polyamide thin-film, 284–286polymer–inorganic particles, 2048thin-film, 7, 147, 282–283, 284–286, 539,

551–552, 661–662, 1153Composite membrane structure, 219Composite palladium (Pd)-based membrane

preparation techniques, 1603–1616Composite palladium (Pd)-based membranes

separation performance and assessment of,1616–1631

studies of, 1630Composite palladium (Pd) membranes, 1593–1595

characteristics and separation properties of,1617–1623

H2 permeation in, 1594–1595studies of, 1630

Composite palladium (Pd) membrane thicknesses,1604

Composite palladium (Pd)/palladium alloymembranes, 1616–1625

selectivity of, 1624–1625Composite photocatalytic ceramic membranes,

973–975, 978–979Composite polystyrene (PS) membranes, 995Compositional composite photocatalytic ceramic

membranes, 978–979Compound permeability, 577Compounds, biosynthetic, 1982. See also Organic

compoundsComputational investigations, related to feed spacers,

1178Computational studies, of SILMs, 745–746Computerized image analysis, in characterizing

membrane porosity, 1067–1070Computer simulations, for PIM characterization,

788–789Concentrate, 1389Concentrate handling, in reverse osmosis process,

1389–1390Concentrate recirculation, in diafiltration, 1318

Concentrate treatment, in the pulp/paper industry,2168–2171

Concentrate velocity, 240Concentrating cells

mass transport in, 114solution in, 115, 117

Concentrationof animal blood plasma, 2115–2116of skimmed milk, 2105–2106of whey, 2106–2107

Concentration (C) mode, analytic solutions in,1310

Concentration distribution, in a boundary layer,124–126

Concentration gradients, in OSN membranes,1859–1862

Concentration jump method, 238Concentration mode, in batch diafiltration, 1302Concentration polarization (CP), 107, 110–111, 123,

124–129, 535, 1191, 1374–1375, 1400. Seealso Internal concentration polarization (ICP)

in asymmetric membranes, 1401–1403cake/biofilm-enhanced, 230–244charge, 24–25, 26, 30–31determining, 237fouling and, 238hydrodynamic, 26influence on pervaporation, 1538in membrane channel, 1379modeling, 1373–1381nanofiltration and, 1287pressure-retarded osmosis and, 1417reverse electrodialysis and, 1488–1489reverse osmosis and, 1372–1381SRM applications for, 938supersaturation and, 193ultrafiltration and, 1244, 1251–1252,

1255, 1258Concentration polarization buildup, 240Concentration polarization layer, film theory for,

1866–1867Concentration processes, ultrafiltration in, 1951Concentration profile, in nicotinic acid pertraction,

2026Concentration range, 657–658Condensation, capillary, 1775Condensation polymerization, of precursor, 486Conducting-polymer-based electrodes, 1936Conducting polymer (CP) membranes, 1926–1942.

See also CP entriesin amperometric/voltammetric sensors, 1933–1937electroanalytical applications of, 1927–1928oxidized, 1932–1933in potentiometry, 1928–1933in reference electrodes, 1937–1938spontaneous processes of, 1932

2276 INDEX

Conducting polymer tests, 1929Conducting polymers (CPs). See also Conjugated

p-doped polymers (CPs); CP entriesapplications of, 1929–1931as membranes in amperometric/voltammetric

sensors, 1933–1937as membranes in reference electrodes, 1937–1938

Conductive liquid fillers, 415Conductivity, increasing, 1491Conductivity measurements, in ion-exchange

membrane characterization, 1448–1449Conductivity profiling, membrane integrity testing

and, 1108Conductors

high temperature polymeric proton, 1526low-water-content polymeric proton, 1526–1527mixed ionic/electronic, 1731oxide-ion, 1521–1522polymeric hydroxyl-ion, 1527–1528polymeric prime, 1519–1521

Conferences, membrane-related, 2236–2242Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)

in fouling visualization, 252in membrane fouling analysis, 251membrane fouling characterization via, 1052, 1054

Conformational-response mechanism, 898, 899Conjugated p-doped polymers (CPs), 1926–1928.

See also Conducting polymers (CPs)Constant cross-flow control, in batch diafiltration,

1301–1302Constant Cwall control, in batch diafiltration, 1301Constant flux control, in batch diafiltration, 1301Constant-flux filtrations, 224, 1228Constant flux operation, 1265Constant-flux operation models, 221Constant integrity monitoring, for membranes,

1106–1107Constant pressure assumption, 13Constant pressure control, in batch diafiltration, 1301Constant pressure drop control, in batch diafiltration,

1302Constant pressure filtration, 1228Constant volume dilution (CVD) mode

analytic solutions in, 1310–1312in batch diafiltration, 1303diafiltration and, 1298

Constitutional dynamic chemistry (CDC), 946Constitutional dynameric networks, 945–963Construction costs, of desalination, 1801–1802Contact angle (CA), 1042

membrane contactors and, 1696in mercury porosimetry, 1088

Contact angle measurements, 29, 540–541Contact mode, of atomic force microscope (AFM)

imaging, 1066, 1117, 1125, 1126, 1160Contactor-type membrane reactors, 1714, 1715,

1733–1739Contained liquid membranes (CLMs), 569–570

Contemporary membrane development, 304–324Continuous diafiltration, 1298–1299, 1318–1322Continuous dialysis, 1466Continuous electrodeionization (CEDI) module,

294–295. See also Electrodeionization (EDI)Continuous electrodialysis processes, 118–120

mass transport in, 113–115Continuous electrodialysis program, 112–113Continuous membrane systems, 1321Continuous microdialysis, for extraction, 1918–1919Continuous processing, batch processing vs.,

1322–1323Controlled drug delivery, SRM applications in,

934–935Controlled evaporation drying-induced phase

separation, 544Controlled radical graft polymerization, 918–922Convection, 127

hindered factors for, 101–102Convection–diffusion equation coefficients, 20Convection–diffusion model, 19–21, 22, 33, 34

solution–diffusion model vs., 31–33Convection–diffusion rejection models, partition

coefficients in, 23–31Convective flux, 92Convective hindrance coefficients, 25–26Conventional cold rolling, 1779Coolers, 166Cooling systems, once-through, 1803Cooling water, in the food industry, 2119Copolymer, multisilicon, 488Copolymer blends, sulfone-based, 1150–1151Copolymerization, 692, 2041Copolymer membranes, poly(IL)–PEG, 747Copolymers

blending with amphiphilic, 463–464chlorine degradation of polyamide, 1151graft, 919multiblock, 2041of PIM-1, 791–792with poly(IL) blocks, 750silicon-based, 153–155

Copolymer vesicles, 881–882Coprecipitation, 697Core–corona nanoparticles, 432Core-shell microcapsules, porous, 925Corrected diffusion coefficient, 187Cosolvents, in casting solutions, 547Cost(s)

of aeration, 258–259of desalination, 1801–1802of fuel cell membranes, 2039of membrane modularization, 293, 294of membranes, 1955–1956of Pd membrane applications, 634

Cost-effective membranes, 1475Cotton fabrics, superhydrophobic, 1004–1006,

1008

INDEX 2277

Coulombic interactions, 24, 26, 27–28influence of, 30–31

Counter-coupled transport processes, 571Countercurrent diafiltration, 1316, 1320Counterion fluxes, 92Counterions, 83, 90–91, 475

limiting rejection rate of, 92Counterion transport number, in ion-exchange

membrane characterization, 1445, 1446Coupled differential equations, 1541Coupons, in scaling detection, 211Covalent coupling, 922Covalent networks, for complex dynameric

membranes, 958–960CP-doping anion systems, 1933. See also

Conducting polymers (CPs)CP layer, 231. See also Concentration polarization

(CP)CP-membrane-based ion-selective membranes, 1930CP-membrane-based ion-selective electrodes,

1928–1929Cr(VI) extraction, 1967Crack-free mesoporous yttria-stabilized zirconia

layers, 679Critical flux, 256

in membrane bioreactors, 1823, 1827Critical micelle concentration (CMC), 1346, 1970Critical sedimentable particle size, 47, 49Cross-flow, pulsating (oscillating), 2205Cross-flow channels, 2210Cross-flow effects, ultrafiltration and,

1263–1264Cross-flow filtration, 69, 225, 377, 535–536

defined, 1190–1191dynamic, 1190–1218of nanosized nickel suspensions, 69–70

Cross-flow membrane dispersion systems, 2202Cross-flow membrane emulsification (XME),

393–394, 395–396Cross-flow membrane filtration, 1947, 1949, 1950Cross-flow membrane module, 162Cross-flow membrane processes, 1250Cross-flow membrane technology, in dairy industry,

2104–2108Cross-flow microfiltration, 389Cross-flow reverse osmosis processes, 1386–1388Cross-flow systems, low-energy, 258Cross-flow velocity (CFV), 257–258, 390, 392,

1379, 1380effect of, 64

Cross-linked gel particlesSRMs from blending, 909–910

Cross-linked PEO membrane, 2082. See alsoPolyethyleneoxide entries

Cross-linked polymers, 952Cross-linker concentration, 933Cross-linker incorporation, in SRM design,

932–934

Cross-linking, 485, 488, 489degree of polyamide, 1147–1148in fuel cell membrane polymers, 2038–2039of PIM-1, 793of PI membranes, 549–550of polyimide membranes, 2070–2071simultaneous, 549

Cross-linking polymerizationab initio, 910–911free radical, 910–911

Crossover component recombination, 948–949Cross-permeation, 1510Cross polarization magic angle spanning (CPMAS)

solid-state NMR experiments, 1149Cross-rotational (CR) filter rotation, 1207Cross rotational (CR) module, for pulp/paper mill

applications, 2163Cross sections, of membranes,

1158–1159Cryogenic air separation unit, 627Cryogenic distillation, 2069, 2079Cryogenic gas separation processes, 141Cryogenic separations, 156, 157

for gas separation, 1895–1896Cryogenic substrate cooling, 366, 367Cryoporometry, 1081Cryptomelane-type ceramic membranes, 441Cryptosporidium, 1221–1222

potable water production and, 1269Cryptosporidium removal, 305Crystal defect chemistry, 696–697Crystal growth equation, 203–204Crystalline microporous membranes, 622–625Crystalline phases, 751Crystalline polymer structures, in molecular

dynamics simulations, 174Crystallization kinetics, 193. See also Bulk

crystallization/depositionCu(III) (copper ion) recovery, from ammoniacal

etching solutions, 1973–1974Curing, 910–911Current density (I ), 121, 130, 131

limiting, 117–118, 121–122, 124over-limiting, 124, 127, 129

Current density distribution, 117Current density nonuniformity coefficient, 118Current efficiency, of water dissociation reaction,

129–131Cyclic aeration, 259Cyclic anodization, 837–838Cyclic mechanisms, 573Cycloaliphatic diamines, 672Cyclodextrin (CD)-based channels, 882–883Cyclodextrin-functionalized membranes, 2181Cyclodextrin (CD) membranes, immobilized,

2180–2181Cylindrical membrane modules, 1192Cynara membrane systems, 1650, 1656, 1661

2278 INDEX

D2EHPA extraction, 1997–2004, 2007, 2009–2013DABP (2,2′-dimethylamine-methylene-

4,4′-biphenol), 1430Dairy industry. See also Milk entries

cross-flow membrane technology in, 2104–2108membrane applications in, 391, 2104–2108trends in, 2108ultrafiltration in, 1270–1271

Damage tracks, 834Darcy’s law, 38–39, 1861

two-dimensional, 226, 227Davies equation, 198DCTz (4,5-dicyano-1H -[1,2,3]-triazole), 2037–2038DEAAm (N , N ′-diethylacrylamide), photografting

of, 914–915Dead-end filtration, 535–536Dead-end membrane emulsification (DME), 394Dead-end membrane filtration, 1947, 1949Dead-end microfiltration, fouling progression during,

1227–1231Deaeration, 166–167Dealcoholization, diafiltration used in, 1331–1333Debris removal, diafiltration used in, 1324Debye–Huckel equation, 198Debye length, 896Debye parameters, 97, 98Debye screening length, 81Decarbonization

postcombustion, 162precombustion, 162

Decompositionchemical, 966spinoidal, 2199, 2200

Decontamination factor (DF), in radioactive wastetreatment, 2138, 2139, 2141

Deep reactive ion etching (DRIE), 364, 2207–2209Defect abatement, 684Defect-free surface, 679Defect types, in MMMs, 401–403Deflection distance, 1128Deformation, viscous, 650, 652, 658, 659Degenotoxification, by OSN, 1869Degradation

of polyamide copolymers by chlorine, 1151of toxic organics, 937

Degree of grafting (DG), 924, 933Degree of polyamide cross-linking (DPC), XPS in

studying, 1147–1148Degree of polymer cross-linking (DPC), 1143, 1144Degree of polymerization (DP), of grafted polymer,

928–929Dehumidification, 166Dehydrated solvents, 1543–1545Dehydration

of alcohol, 1550–1552of bioalcohol, 2088–2094of biofuel, 2093of n-butanol, 2091

of ethanol, 1544, 2089–2090of isoproanol, 1552

Dehydrogenationcatalytic, 1716–1718oxidative, 1729

Deionized water, production of ultrapure, 515–516Delta electrons, 333Demineralization, of whey, 2106–2107Dendrimers, as antiscalants, 207. See also

Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimersDenitrification, 1760, 1761. See also

Denitrogenation; Nitrogen removal entriesvia MABRs, 1759–1762

Denitrifying bacteria, 1759, 1760Denitrogenation, 162Dense ceramic membranes, for O2/H2 separation,

626–631Dense dual-phase inorganic membranes, 631Dense inorganic membranes, 615, 625–634Densely packed interfaces

in MMMs, 402, 403Dense membranes, 142, 143, 145–147, 540, 619,

712, 1717, 1731CO2/CH4 separation performance of, 2076–2077CO2/H2 separation performance of, 2084H2 separation performance of, 2081for MABR applications, 1756porous membranes vs., 1063for pressure-driven separations, 1040–1042SRMs from, 907–908

Dense metal layer deposition techniques, 1612–1616Dense metallic membranes, 1589Dense MIEC membranes, 627. See also Mixed

ion–electron conduction (MIEC)Dense palladium (Pd) membranes, 1569–1570, 1784Dense polymer films, 1677Dense polymeric membranes, gas transport in,

171–191Dense tubular MIEC membranes, 698. See also

Mixed ion–electron conduction (MIEC)Densification, of silica networks, 727, 728Density functional theory (DFT) simulations,

1601–1602Deposition. See also Displacement deposition;

Electrodeposition (EDP); Electroless deposition;Electroless gold deposition; Gold deposition

ceramic, 1628electroless, 1612–1614electroless gold, 851Langmuir–Schaefer, 875layer-by-layer, 1923, 2056–2057monolayer, 880vesicle, 871, 880, 881–882

Deposition rates, 833–834Deposition techniques

for dense metal layers, 1612–1616on patterned substrate structures, 377–378

INDEX 2279

Deposit layer compressibility effects, in flux declineanalysis, 226

Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO)theory, 1127–1128, 1163. See also DLVOforces

Desalination, 8, 112, 503–505. See also Desaltingby carbon nanotubes, 674cost, energy use, and trends in, 1801–1802diafiltration used in whey, 1331disadvantages of warm-water, 1804energy consumption in, 1381fouling mitigation in, 1388–1389membrane distillation in, 1708membranes for, 279via reverse osmosis, 1362–1363, 1381–1388of seawater, 1801–1821

Desalination plantscollocation with power plants, 1802–1805interstage design configuration for, 1811–1812

Desalination research, government, 278Desalination technologies, membrane-based,

325–326Desalters, brine from, 1806–1807Desalting. See also Desalination

diafiltration used in pigment, 1327–1328ultrafiltration in, 1951–1952

Desalting cellsmass transport in, 114salt concentrations in, 117solution in, 115, 117

Designed ceramic membranes, 60–61, 67–68“Designer” solvent platform, ionic liquids as,

735–739Desolvation, 1246Desorption. See Sorption/desorption unitsDesulfuration, of gasoline, 1553–1555Detoxification of water, as a PCM function, 968–969Device fabrication, with short exposure time,

369–370DF design equations, 1305–1317. See also

Diafiltration (DF)DF process control, 1300–1302, 1321–1322Diafiltration (DF), 1267, 1296–1341, 1947. See also

DF entriesapplications of, 1324–1333batch vs. continuous, 1322–1323cocurrent, 1318, 1319–1320countercurrent, 1316, 1320defined, 1297, 1298design parameters/process variables for,

1333–1334single-pass, 1318three-step, 1303–1304

Diafiltration cascade, batch-operated, 1317Diafiltration factor (D), 1334Diafiltration mode, 1952Diallylamines, polymerized, 665

Dialysis. See also Diffusion dialysis (DD);Electrodialysis entries; Microdialysis

continuous, 1466diafiltration vs., 1298Donnan, 1472–1473in vivo, 1918

Dialysis terms, 2225–2226Diamine diffusion, 662Diamine modification scheme, 2079–2080Diamines, 671–672

aromatic, 283, 672cycloaliphatic, 672

Diaphragm materials, with liquid electrolytes, 1519Diavolumes, 1334Dibenzodioxin-forming reaction, PIM synthesis via,

782, 783–784Dibutylphthalate, 32–34Dielectric constant, 94, 95Dielectric exclusion, 93–98Dielectric exclusion mechanism, 98Dielectrics, nuclear tracks and track-etching in,

332–333Diels–Alder polyphenylenes, 2045Diethylphthalate, 32–34Diethylsilane (DES), 619, 1352–1353Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 1165

in ion-exchange membrane characterization,1440–1441

Diffusion. See also Convection–diffusion entries;Gas diffusion entries; Knudsen diffusion;Solution–diffusion entries

carrier-mediated, 859–860diamine, 662DNA, 871facilitated, 859–860Fick’s law of, 14, 19, 144hindered factors for, 101–102intermetallic, 1625–1628Knudsen, 655micropore, 144–145multilayer, 1775neutral solute, 1030–1031permeant, 2188protein, 876Rhodamine B, 800surface, 143–144, 1774–1775

Diffusional CO2 transport, through dynamericmembranes, 952–954

Diffusional solutes, in membrane systems, 958Diffusion cell, 574Diffusion coefficient (D), 14, 17, 79, 187, 804, 951,

1373, 2067in transport enantioselectivity, 2177

Diffusion coefficient value, in liquids, 565Diffusion dialysis (DD), 1465–1471

advantages and limitations of, 508applications of, 507–509

2280 INDEX

Diffusion dialysis processes, 508–509Diffusion dialysis module, spiral-wound, 509Diffusion flux, 127Diffusion laws, 276Diffusion models, 1542–1543Diffusion potential, 1031–1032Diffusion rates, 804, 808, 810–811Diffusion resistance, 1995Diffusion-selective membranes, enantioseparation

and, 2177Diffusive air flow (DAF), in membrane integrity

testing, 1101Diffusive hindrance coefficients, 25–26Diffusivity

effective, 799penetrant, 152solute, 1030

Diffusivity coefficient (D), 148Diffusivity selectivity, 149, 1565, 1647Dilated interfaces, in MMMs, 402–403Dilatometry, 1043Diluant utilization strategies, in batch diafiltration,

1302–1305Diluent scheduling, optimal, 1315Dilution, osmotic, 1396–1397Dilution mode

in batch diafiltration, 1302membrane filtration in, 1298

Dimensional stability, in ion-exchange membranecharacterization, 1444

Dimerization, of isobutene, 1738Dimethoxydiphenylsilane (DMDPS), 619Dimethylformamide (DMF), 1154, 1155Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 582, 1139, 1149–1150Dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC), 856, 875Dip-coating techniques, 679, 682

structural composite photocatalytic ceramicmembranes and, 973–974

Dip modification, 468Direct-contact biphasic bioreactors (DCBB), 1875Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD), 1700,

1701Direct current (DC) electric resistance, of a

membrane pair, 116Direct current measurement, of ion-exchange

membrane resistance, 500Direct immersion, 571Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs),

proton-conducting membranes for, 2048–2050Direct observation techniques, in fouling

visualization, 253Direct osmotic concentration (DOC), 1396Direct pertraction, of erythromycin, 2002–2007Direct templating, 432–433Direct writing systems, 362Disinfection, as a PCM function, 969Disinfection by-products (DBPs), 969, 1221, 1270Dispersion cell, 2205

Dispersion processes, 2205Dispersion systems, cross-flow membrane, 2202Displacement deposition, 832Disposable filters, 377Dissipated energy density, 340Dissociation, water, 490–491Dissolution–diffusion model, 907–908Dissolved gas removal, membrane contactors and,

1707Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 1233Dissolved organic matter (DOM), 254Dissolved oxygen (DO), 260Distillation

cryogenic, 2069, 2079membrane, 1693membrane contactors in, 1700–1703osmotic, 1702–1703OSN as alternative to, 1876

Distributed resistance models, 596Distribution coefficients

in folic acid pertraction, 2020in nicotinic acid pertraction, 2026

Distributor modality, of membrane reactors, 1783Distributor-type membrane reactors, 1715, 1723,

1728–1733Distributor-type reactors, 1732DLVO forces, 1130. See also

Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO)theory

DMAEMA [2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate],polymerization of, 811, 815. See alsoPDMAEMA entries

DMF (dimethyl fumarate)-containing castingsolutions, 546

DNA, novel functions of, 2184DNA diffusion, 871DNA hybridization, 848DNA membranes, enantioseparation by immobilized,

2184–2185Doctor blade coating technique, roll-to-roll

compatible, 435Donnan dialysis, 1472–1473

applications of, 517–518Donnan equations, 83Donnan exclusion effect, 24, 87, 111, 475, 1276Donnan interactions, 23Donnan potentials, 82Donnan steric pore-flow model (DSPN), for OSN

membranes, 1861Dopant replacement, 1936Dopants, 1929Doping anions, immobilized, 1927DOTAP (1,2–dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-

propane), 875Double dynameric membranes, 959Double laser interference exposure technique,

368–369Double layer liquid membranes, 587

INDEX 2281

Drag forces, 37, 38, 46Draw solute

engineered, 1398types of, 1406–1407

Draw solutions, 1395, 1405–1407, 1420Drinking water, fluoride in, 1453Drinking water production, nanofiltration in,

1288–1289Driving forces, gradients as, 5Driving pressure, in reverse osmosis, 1370, 1382,

1387–1388Drug delivery, SRM applications in, 934–935Drying process, 681Dry reforming, of methane, 1786, 1787Dry reforming reaction, 1719Dry–wet spinning, 639–640, 641, 658, 765–766Dual-fiber electrospinning, 2057–2058Dual-layer (coextrusion) approach, to MMM

formation, 411Dual-membrane systems, 1222Dual-mode sorption (DMS), 149, 150Dual-mode sorption model, 182–183Dual-phase membranes, 626, 627, 629–630

ceramic–carbonate, 632for CO2 separation at high temperatures,

631–632problems related to, 632

Dual-templating method, 438, 442Dubinin–Radushkevich equation, 1078Duplex emulsions, 394DuPont de Nemour & Co., 2059DuPont membrane, 282Duramem membranes, 1856Dust removal, for clean energy delivery, 617“Dusty gas” model (DGM), in characterizing

membrane porosity, 1072–1073Dye bath effluents, separation of, 2129–2130Dye bath rinsing (washing) effluents, segregation of,

2130–2131Dye bath/rinsing water mixture, treatment of,

2131–2132Dyes, in solvent–solute systems, 537Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications,

nanofibrous membranes for, 1009Dynameric membranes, 947–948. See also

Metallodynameric membranesdiffusional CO2 transport through, 952–954double, 959for ion transport, 948–952potential of, 960supramolecular/dynamic covalent networks for

complex, 958–960thin-layer supported, 948tunable, 948–952

Dynameric networks, constitutional, 945–963Dynameric/superamolecular networks, 958Dynamers (dynamic polymers), 946–947, 958Dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC), 946

Dynamic cross-flow filtration (DCF), 1190–1218advantages and drawbacks of, 1191–1192high potential of, 1215–1216research articles using, 1204–1214

Dynamic cross-flow filtration modules, performancesof, 1214–1215

Dynamic EIS tests, 1153. See alsoElectrical/electrochemical impedancespectroscopy (EIS)

Dynamic experiments, membrane fouling and, 1050Dynamic filtration systems, industrial, 1192–1200Dynamic interactive systems (DIS), 946Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), in

ion-exchange membrane characterization,1441–1442

Dynamic membranes, 287Dynamic membrane systems, 259, 2205Dynamic models, nonlinear, 1314–1315Dynamic viscosity, 651, 652Dynamic-volume diafiltration (DVD), 1303, 1305,

1313Dyno filter, 1194–1196

ED cells, 1449–1450. See also Electrodeionizationentries

Effective diffusion distance, 1402, 1403Effective diffusivity, 799Efficiency, of electrolysis cells, 1504Eggshell membrane (ESM), 443Einstein’s equation, 183, 187Electrical conductivity, 1032Electrical/electrochemical impedance, defined, 1151Electrical/electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

(EIS), 29, 500–502, 1031, 1032in ion-exchange membrane characterization, 1438in reverse osmosis microanalysis, 1151–1155

Electrically mediated separation terms, 2226–2227Electrical oxygen pump (EOP), 626, 627Electrical properties

of membrane materials, 1152–1154of membranes, 1047–1050

Electrical resistance, of ion-exchange membranes,499–503

Electric double layer (EDL), 1049Electric field

axial profile of, 84–85radially averaged, 82

Electric field responsiveness, 901–902Electric force microscopy (EFM), in characterizing

membrane porosity, 1067Electric potential, 133–134, 135Electric resistance, 115–116Electroacidification, bipolar membrane, 1465Electroactive solutes, 1155Electroanalytical applications, of conducting polymer

membranes, 1927–1928Electrobasification, 514Electrochemical cells, 1501

2282 INDEX

Electrochemical characterization, of ion-exchangemembranes, 1444–1449

Electrochemical industry, membrane materials andproperties in, 1518–1522

Electrochemical methods, for fabricatingsuperhydrophobic biomimetic fibrousmembranes, 992–993

Electrochemical polishing, of porous metallicsupports, 1606–1607

Electrochemical polymerization, 433Electrochemical potential, 12Electrochemical processes, 1501–1502,

1503–1504for water purification, 1451–1457

Electrochemical reactions, 1522“reversible,” 1523

Electrochemical technologies, 1232Electrochemical vapor deposition (EVD),

1780Electrochemistry, of reverse electrodialysis,

1484–1492Electroconvection, 127Electrodeionization (EDI). See also Continuous

electrodeionization (CEDI) moduleapplications of, 515–517for ultrapure water, 1454–1455

Electrodeposition (EDP), 1493, 1614–1615Electrode potential, in ion-exchange membrane

characterization, 1444Electrodes

colloidal membrane, 817conducting-polymer-based, 1936conducting polymer membranes in reference,

1937–1938CP-membrane-based ion-selective, 1928–1929opal, 805, 806–807pH, 878solution-free reference, 1937

Electrode systems, for reverse electrodialysis,1492–1493

Electrodialysis (ED), 1449–1453, 1979. See alsoElectro-electrodialysis (EED)

applications of, 503–506bipolar membrane, 1455–1457reverse, 1473–1475, 1482–1500, 1838,

1839–1841future perspective of, 1475–1477ion-exchange membrane, 124, 476–477in wine production, 2112–2113

Electrodialysis bipolar membrane (EDBPM)processes, organic acid production and, 1462

Electrodialysis cell, 1517Electrodialysis fermentation (EDF), 1458Electrodialysis pilot plant, 1518Electrodialysis processes, 112, 476–477

continuous, 118–120Electrodialysis programs, 107, 118–120

for saline water desalination, 112–123

Electrodialysis reversal (EDR), 476, 1450–1451applications of, 506–507as antiscaling process, 208–209

Electrodialysis stack, 1517Electrodialysis systems, 1517–1518

three-cell, 108–109Electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM)

applications of, 510–515limitations of, 510–511

Electrodialysis with bipolar membrane technology,agro-food industry and, 513

Electrodialyzers, ion-exchange membranes in, 117Electro-driven separations, ion-selective membranes

for, 1043–1045Electro-electrodialysis (EED)

for chromic acid recovery, 1453–1454in organic acid recovery, 1460, 1461–1462

Electroflotation, 1232Electrokinetic measurements, 1049Electroless deposition, 841–842Electroless gold deposition, 851

gold nanotube membrane preparation via, 836in membrane nanopores, 830–834on PA membranes, 836–837

Electroless plating/deposition (ELP), 1612–1614,1624, 1780, 1781

Electrolysisacidic water, 1511alkaline water, 1511–1512brine, 1505–1506chlor-alkali, 1463–1465membrane, 1459–1465PEM water, 1512–1514solid oxide water, 1514–1516water, 1493, 1506–1516

Electrolysis cell configurations, 1502–1503Electrolysis cells, kinetics and efficiency of, 1504Electrolysis processes, 1505–1518Electrolyte concentration range, 511Electrolyte membranes, polymer, 1503Electrolyte responsiveness, 896Electrolytes

alkaline, 2052diaphragm materials with liquid, 1519water-based, 1930

Electrolytic methods, in scaling detection, 211Electrolyzers, 1501, 1503Electromagnetic field responsiveness, 900–901Electromagnetic impulse (EMI) shielding, 1009Electromembrane extraction (EME), 1973Electro-membrane processes (EMPs), 1424–1481.

See also EMP applicationssfor amino acid separation, 1458applications of, 1424based on ion-exchange membranes, 1449–1475for biomolecular separation/recovery, 1457–1459in radioactive waste treatment, 2143research and application of, 1476

INDEX 2283

Electromembrane reactor (EMR), 1454Electromembranes, 520Electromigrative flux, 92Electron beam evaporator, 361Electron beam radiation, 469Electroneutrality, 517–518, 1841Electron microscopy (EM)

in characterizing membrane porosity, 1065in determining membrane structure/morphology,

1028Electrons

delta, 333in positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, 152

Electron spectroscopy for surface analysis (ESCA),1145

Electron transfer, activators generated by, 1922Electron transfer processes, 1501–1502Electroosmosis, 1447Electroosmotic permeability, 1447–1448Electroosmotic permeability measurements, in

ion-exchange membrane characterization,1447–1448

Electrophoretic membrane contactor (EPMC), forbiomolecular separation, 1458–1459

Electroplating (EP), 1780Electroplating industry, 506Electropolymerization, of polypyrrole, 842Electroresponsive polymers/gels, 901–902Electrospinning, 1002. See also Electrospun

composite membranesmembrane fabrication via, 2057–2058multiple-scale fibrous structures from, 1001nanoparticles in, 990–991one-step, 990–991

Electrospray ionization (ESI), 1919Electrospun composite membranes, 2058Electrostatic interactions, 24Electrostatic layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly, for

fabricating superhydrophobic biomimeticfibrous membranes, 993, 994

Electrostatic potential, radial profile of, 81Electrostatic process, for fabricating

superhydrophobic biomimetic fibrousmembranes, 992

Electrostatic repulsion, by aquaporins, 862Electrotransport, tyrosine, 1457–1458Ellipsometric measurement, 926ELM instability, 1964, 1968. See also Emulsion

liquid membranes (ELMs)ELM modeling, mathematical, 596–597ELM process, 594–596, 599

success of, 1978–1979ELM separation process, 1968, 1969ELP technique, 1612–1614, 1624. See also

Electroless plating/deposition (ELP)Embrittlement, 1596–1597, 1601, 1628, 1781EMP applications, 1477. See also Electro-membrane

processes (EMPs)

Emulsification, of membranes, 393–396Emulsification devices, 2197, 2198Emulsifiers, polyamine, 596Emulsion instabilities, 601Emulsion liquid membranes (ELMs), 566, 567, 568,

592–602, 1961. See also ELM entries;Mathematical ELM modeling

applications of, 600–602, 1960–1981in pharmaceutical applications, 601–602stability of, 598–599types of separation mechanisms in, 593–596

Emulsions, 393, 2196duplex, 394surfactant stabilizing, 595–596

Emulsion stability, 1968–1969Emulsion viscosity, 598Enantiomer permeation, 2176–2177Enantiomers, affinity binding of, 2180Enantiomer toxicity, 2175Enantiomer transport process, 2176Enantioselective membranes, 2175–2195

future perspectives on, 2193–2194Enantioselectivity, transport, 2177Enantioseparation

defined, 2176by nanofibers, 2185–2187by nonchiral membranes, 2187–2193permeation and selective theory for, 2176–2177through polymeric membranes, 2178of racemic amino acids, 2178–2179, 2180,

2182Enantioseparation membranes, 2188

from chiral-branch polymers, 2179–2180from chiral polymer main chains, 2178–2179with immobilized stereoselective ligands,

2180–2185Enantioseparation processes, multistage, 2193Encapsulation systems, 395, 396Endcaps

interlocking, 1183, 1184, 1185of spiral-wound modules, 1182–1183

Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), 1356End-of-pipe treatment, of wastewater, 2126–2128Endotoxin removal, ultrafiltration in, 1952Energy. See also Free energy entries

capturing via pressure-retarded osmosis,1412–1413

harvesting osmotic, 1847quantum of, 1435renewable, 1838

Energy analyses, for reverse osmosis, 1381–1383Energy applications, polymeric membranes for,

2066–2102Energy consumption, 116–117, 123

in reverse osmosis desalination, 1381Energy consumption quantification, in reverse

osmosis processes, 1383–1388Energy conversion, applications of, 518–520

2284 INDEX

Energy demand, 2066increase in, 1560–1561

Energy densitydissipated, 340fuel cells, batteries, and capacitors and,

2033–2034Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, 571Energy-dispersive X-ray spectra, 581–582Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX)

in membrane characterization, 1024Energy efficiency, of electrolysis cells, 1504Energy-efficient filtration line cycling, 1835–1836Energy generation, from brines, 1497Energy harvesting, from mixing, 1483Energy production

from renewable sources, 1720–1721via reverse electrodialysis, 1473–1475

Energy recovery, improved, 1814–1815Energy-saving MBR, 1835–1836. See also

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs)Energy sources, renewable, 1561Energy technology, salinity gradient, 1482Energy use, for desalination, 1801–1802, 1811Engineered draw solute, 1398Engineered interfaces, 892Engineered membrane technology, 367–372Engineered osmosis, 1394–1395Engineered osmotic processes, 1408Enhanced coagulation, 1233Enhanced concentration polarization effects,

230–244Enhanced oil recovery (EOR), gas separation

technology and, 1903Enrichment factor (β), 1536Enthalpy, of sorption, 151Environmental analyses, SLMs and, 1971–1973Environmental impact, decreasing, 2168, 2169Environmental legislation, pulp/paper mill industry

and, 2156Environmental matrices, arsenic species separation

in, 1975Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), on

water/wastewater treatment, 1221Environmental regulations, 305Environmental remediation, SRM applications in,

936–938Environmental scanning electron microscopy

(ESEM)in characterizing SRNF membrane morphology,

538–539in determining membrane structure/morphology,

1028in fouling visualization, 252in membrane integrity testing, 1105

Environmental stimuli, SRM responses toward,905–907

Enzymatic grafting, of chitosan films, 469–470Enzymatic membrane reactors, 591–592

Enzymatic methods, 1993Enzymatic treatment, for surface modification,

469–470, 471, 472EPDM (ethylene–propylene–diene monomer)

membranes, 1545, 1546EPS fouling, 1131. See also Extracellular polymeric

substances (EPSs)Equations of motion, 172Equilibria software, 198Equilibrium distribution, 565Equipment, in MBR design, 1833Equivalent pore diameter, 1069Equivalent weight (EW), 1520, 1526Erythromycin, direct pertraction of, 2002–2007Escherichia coli filtration performance, 446ESPA1 (Energy-saving polyamide) reverse osmosis

(RO) membrane, 1155ESPA3 reverse osmosis membrane, 1141, 1142ETBE (ethyl tertiary butyl ether), 1727Etchable tracks, formation of, 333–336Etchant propagation, 334Etchant recipe, selecting, 336–337Etched tracks, geometry of, 339–343Etching. See also Ion etching; Track-etching

anisotropic, 363–364chemical, 345–346, 349, 688chemistry of, 337–339in integrated circuit fabrication technology, 357isotropic, 363KOH, 373–374, 375of microengineered structures, 363–364oxidative, 339of perforated membranes in silicon, 364–367

Etching processes, in silicon, 363–364Etching products, effect of, 342Etching rate, 338, 339, 340Etching solutions, Cu(III) recovery from

ammoniacal, 1973–1974Ethanol, physicochemical properties of, 2086Ethanol catalytic dehydrogenation, 1717Ethanol dehydration, 1544

polymeric membrane performance for, 2089–2090Ethanol splitting, 515Ethanol steam reforming (ESR), 1720

in palladium-based membrane reactors, 1785,1786–1787, 1788

Ethanol/water separation factors, 2087–2088Ethyl acetate production, 1725Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 834Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid/citrate complexation

route, 697Evaluation methods, for gas separation membranes,

147–153Evaporation, in radioactive waste treatment, 2139Evaporation-induced phase inversion (EIPI) process,

290Evaporation time, 548Evaporators, electron beam, 361

INDEX 2285

Evonik MET membranes, 557Ewald summation method, 173Excess solvation energies, 97–98Exchange membranes, 1485Exclusion by image charges, 93, 95–98Exfoliated morphology, 413Exopolymers,1230Experimental observation, 1280–1282Exposure time, short, 369–370Extended Nernst–Planck (ENP) equation, 21–22,

30–31, 79, 107, 126–127Extended Nernst–Planck model, 21–22, 30, 31External configuration, of wastewater treatment

plants, 1825External field approach, 899–903External mass transfer, 15External membrane bioreactors, 257–258External–membrane interface, 596External phase mass transfer, 596–597Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), 238,

248–249, 1053, 1054. See also EPS foulingExtractant concentration, gentamicins and, 2010Extractants, mobile, 1962Extracted extracellular polymeric substances (eEPS),

249–250, 251Extraction

continuous microdialysis for, 1918–1919electromembrane, 1973fungicide, 1972membrane contactors and, 1698, 1699reactive, 1993, 2011–2012, 2020, 2021,

2024–2025solid-phase, 1924solvent, 1961through a supported liquid membrane, 1916–1918

Extraction rate, membrane contactors and, 1699Extraction techniques, 1916–1918Extractor modality, of membrane reactors, 1783Extractor-type membrane reactors, 1715,

1716–1728

Fabrication methods, for biomimeticsuperhydrophobic fibrous membrane production,990–994. See also Membrane fabricationentries

Fabrication strategy, for nonsolvent alkalinemembranes, 2052

Fabric materials, multifunctional, 1004Fabrics, biomimetic superhydrophobic, 1004–1007Facilitated diffusion, 859–860Facilitated pertraction, 1981

of vitamin C, 2015–2016Facilitated separation mechanisms, 593Facilitated transport, 1963–1964Facilitated transport membranes, 1907

for gas separation applications, 1891Factor FN, 1989, 1991–1992Factor FP, 1989, 1991

Factor R, 1989Faradaic efficiency, of electrolysis cells, 1504Faraday constant (I ), 1446Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 1045, 1047, 1048Fat, oil, and grease (FOG), MBR design and, 1830FBMR (fluidized bed membrane reactor)

configuration, 1715Feed-and-bleed

for diafiltration, 1319for ultrafiltration, 1266–1267

Feed–biomass fouling, 247–250Feed channel, in spiral-wound modules, 1174–1176Feed channel ionic short circuiting, 1491–1492Feed channel pressure drop, 1177–1178Feed cross-linker concentration, 933Feed flow rate, influence on pervaporation, 1538Feeding acid method, 204Feed module design, lumen-side, 326Feed pretreatment, in natural gas purification,

1656–1658Feed side, of reactors, 1714Feed spacer configurations, 310–311, 312Feed spacer development, 1179Feed spacer optimization, 1178Feed spacers

biostatic, 311fouling and, 1179improving, 1178in spiral-wound modules, 1174–1179

Feed waterscaling as a function of, 200–202in spiral-wound modules, 1176

Feedwater pretreatment, 1222Feed water sources, nontraditional, 305Feedwater temperatures, 1226Fermentation

electrodialysis, 1458succinic acid, 1982–1989

Fermentation/acidification process, 512–513Fermentation broths

erythromycin pertraction from, 2002–2007gentamicin separation from, 2009

Fermentation methodsone-step, 2015two-step, 2015

Fiber length evolution, 648–649Fiber morphology, during heat treatment, 648Fiber sintering, 646–647Fiber spinning process, 699Fibrous membranes

applications of biomimetic superhydrophobic,1007–1010

superhydrophobic biomimetic, 984–1021technological potential of superhydrophobic, 1009

Fibrous structuresfrom electrospinning, 1001multiple-scale, 1001

Fickian diffusive limit, 183, 184

2286 INDEX

Fick’s equation, 1541Fick’s first law, 573Fick’s law of diffusion, 14, 19, 144Field-assisted water dissociation, 135Field-emission scanning electron microscopy

(FESEM)in characterizing membrane porosity, 1066in determining membrane structure/morphology,

1028in fouling visualization, 252in membrane integrity testing, 1105

Field-gradient pulses, 1030Field testing, of microfiltration installations,

1234–1235Filler particle effects, 407Filler percolation, 407Fillers. See also Liquid-phase fillers; Metal–organic

material (MOM) fillers; Polymer–filler affinityconductive liquid, 415hydrophilic, 401, 2093, 2094selective platelet, 414soft supramolecular, 958

Filler–solvent–polymer interactions, in MMMs,402, 403

Film-casting method, 494Film growth, in integrated circuit fabrication

technology, 357Films. See also Films/membranes; Thin-film entries

porous polymeric, 431proton-conducting, 2048zeolite, 625

Films/membranesapplications of periodically porous polymeric,

433importance of periodically porous polymeric,

433–435three-dimensionally porous polymeric, 434

FILMTEC membranes, 1104, 1108Film theory

for concentration polarization layer, 1866–1867mass transfer, 1401

Filters, disposable, 377Filtrate flux, 75

in flux decline analysis, 227–228Filtrating performances, comparing, 62–64Filtrating processes, of designed ceramic

membranes, 68Filtration. See also Membrane filtration entries

ceramic membrane thickness and, 58constant flux, 1228constant pressure, 1228cross-flow, 535–536dead-end, 535–536dynamic cross-flow, 1190–1218effect of membrane microstructure on, 50–59high-performance tangential flow, 1272kieselguhr, 2112, 2113of nanosized particle suspensions, 69–73

shear-enhanced, 1191tap water, 352virus, 1272

Filtration capacity, pulp/paper mill industry and,2157

Filtration cycle models,1230Filtration flow rate (QF), 1205Filtration line configuration, in MBR design, 1831Filtration line cycling, energy-efficient, 1835–1836Filtration membranes, 380Filtration mode, in batch diafiltration, 1302Filtration models, 38Filtration operations, 535–536Filtration performance, of track-etch(ed) membranes,

352Filtration resistance percentages, 70Filtration stage, in MBR operation, 1833–1834Filtration systems

industrial dynamic, 1192–1200vibrating, 1198–1200

Filtration terms, 2225–2226Filtration tests, membrane fouling and, 1050–1051Finely porous model, for OSN membranes,

1861–1862Fingerprint region, in ion-exchange membrane

characterization, 1435Finite difference approach, in molecular dynamics

simulations, 172First principles methods, 1601Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, 1721–1724Fission fragments, 334–336, 344Fission fragment tracks, 332–333Fixed bed reactor (FBR), 775, 1784, 1785–1786Fixed charge density, 497

inhomogeneous distribution of, 98–101in membrane behavior studies, 1041–1042

Fixed membranes, near rotors/disks, 1201–1202Fixed-site-carrier (FSC) membranes, 1562,

1567–1568, 1576Fixed species, 1543Flat sheet ceramic membranes, 323, 324Flat sheet membrane preparation, 764Flat sheet membranes, 317–318, 1949

for forward osmosis, 1404–1405for MABR applications, 1756

Flat-sheet modulesin membrane bioreactors, 1825stacked, 1954

Flat-sheet SRMs, for drug delivery, 934. See alsoStimuli-responsive membranes (SRMs)

Flat-sheet-supported liquid membranes (FSSLMs),568

“Flattened” tubular modules, 312–313Flexible carbon membranes, 761–762Flory–Huggins (FH) mode sorption, 149Flory interaction parameter, 546Flotage, 47Flow, viscous, 542. See also Flux entries

INDEX 2287

Flow channel pressure drop, for reverseelectrodialysis, 1494–1495

Flowcharts, simulation model, 72Flow compartment development, for reverse

electrodialysis, 1494–1495Flow compartment thickness, 1491Flowing fluid drag force, 46Flow measurement, in MBR design, 1832Flow rate(s), 1230

additive, 222influence on pervaporation, 1538volumetric, 218, 220, 224

Flow resistance, of microsieves, 390Flow reversal, as antiscaling process, 209Flow velocity, 80Flow velocity increase, as MBR fouling

countermeasure, 1828Fluid penetration techniques, in characterizing

membrane porosity, 1081–1088Fluid permeation velocity, 48–49Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), in

membrane fouling analysis, 251Fluoride, in drinking water, 1453Fluoroalkylsilane (FAS), 1006Fluorocarbon-based ion-exchange membranes,

482Fluorocarbon polymers, in dehumidification, 166Fluoropolymers, PSSA-grafted, 2047–2048Flux (J ), 5, 16–17, 18–19, 20, 92, 2186–2187. See

also Critical flux; Operating fluxin diafiltration, 1333in membrane bioreactors, 1822–1823, 1824selectivity vs., 534

Flux decline, 237, 1258–1259, 1261, 1262analysis of, 223–228in desalination, 1811of paper industry membranes, 2161, 2162

Flux decline data, 223Flux decline mechanisms, 195–197Flux decline models, 218–223Flux distribution, local, 1180–1181Flux enhancement, 2190, 2192Flux-enhancing chemicals, as MBR fouling

countermeasure, 1829Flux equations, 1860, 1591–1592Flux reduction, as MBR fouling countermeasure,

1828Flux stepping method, 256Folding method, for bilayer lipid membrane

formation, 869Folic acid, synergic pertraction of, 2018–2022, 2023Folic acid extraction, 2018FO mode, 1402. See also Forward osmosis (FO)Food additive production, membrane applications in,

2115–2118Food industry. See also Agro-food industry

key membrane processes in, 2103membrane applications in, 2102–2124

membrane market in, 2120–2121water and wastewater in, 2118–2120

Food industry processing techniques, 395–396Food processing, membrane fouling and,

513–514Force field, in molecular dynamics simulations,

172–173Forces

fouling and, 1163–1164modeling and, 1162–1163

Force sensors, atomic force microscopes as,1127–1129

Forward osmosis (FO), 325, 1181, 1394–1412,1839. See also FO mode; Reverse osmosis (RO)

defined, 1395–1396Forward osmosis filtration, fouling in, 1164Forward osmosis membrane design, 1404–1405Forward osmosis membranes, 1153Forward osmosis process design/implementation,

1408Forward reaction rate constant, 133–134Fossil fuel combustion, 1578Fossil fuel emissions, 161Foulant deposit layer mass per membrane unit area

(Md), 235Foulant deposit layer thickness (δc), 236Foulant–membrane interaction mechanisms, 1131Foulant redistribution, 251Foulant resistance, 223Foulants, mixed, 241Foulant systems, 1052–1057Fouled membranes, characterization of, 1051–1052Fouling, 218, 963–964. See also Biofouling;

Low-fouling membranes; Membrane foulingentries; Surface fouling examination

abiotic/biotic, 1124cake resistance, 1261–1262characterization and mechanisms of, 247–254concentration polarization and, 238feed spacers and, 1179forces and, 1163–1164in forward osmosis filtration, 1164irrecoverable, 264irreversible, 246, 261limitation and prevention of, 254–261long-term, 1227, 1231in membrane bioreactors, 244–271, 1827–1829membrane contactors and, 1705membrane propensity for, 1050–1057minimizing, 314mitigation of, 1388–1389of microfilters, 1227–1233in nanofiltration, 1286–1288in nuclear applications, 2143of paper industry membranes, 2161from pore blocking, 2162–2163precipitation, 192reversible, 261

2288 INDEX

Fouling, (Continued)silica, 197in SWRO systems, 1811

Fouling analyses, 1259–1260Fouling behavior, 256–257Fouling cake layer resistance, 251Fouling coefficient, 1262Fouling control, pretreatment for, 1231–1233Fouling control strategies, photocatalytic ceramic

membranes and, 969–970Fouling layer, fractionation and characterization of,

252Fouling materials, 1163Fouling mechanism incorporation, 1264–1265Fouling mechanisms, 218, 219, 233, 250–251,

1259Fouling mitigation techniques, 264–265Fouling models, combined, 221–222Fouling parameters, determining, 223Fouling potential/prevention, 1125Fouling progression, during dead-end microfiltration,

1227–1231Fouling propensity study, 247–250Fouling rate, 248Fouling removal, 261–264Fouling visualization, 252–253Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy

techniquesin ion-exchange membrane characterization, 1435in membrane characterization, 1025–1026,

1026–1027, 1031Fractal dimension(s), 70

in characterizing membrane porosity, 1070in characterizing membrane surface roughness,

1120Fractional free volume (FFV), 151, 752–753. See

also Free fractional volume (FFV)Fractional free volume model, 746Fractional free-volume properties, 1677Fractionation

of amino acid mixtures, 1997–2002of fouling layer, 252of milk, 391–392nanofiltration for, 1289–1290of skimmed milk, 2105–2106of whey, 2106–2107ultrafiltration in protein, 1952

Fractionation methodology, 247–248Free energy, 3Free energy of interaction, 27–28, 31Free fractional volume (FFV), 1140. See also

Fractional free volume (FFV) entriesFree ionic liquid (IL), 750Free ions/molecules, responsiveness to, 894–899Free liquid membranes, 1982Free pertraction, 2003–2004, 2006Free-radical chain-addition polymerizations, 750Free radical cross-linking polymerization, 910–911

Freestanding silica colloidal membranes, 803amination of, 808–809

Free-standing TiO2 membranes, 688–690Free-standing TiO2 nanotube/nanowire membranes,

688–689, 689–690Free volume, 334, 1043

high fractional, 155in molecular dynamics simulations, 178–179

Free-volume element (FVE), 179Free-volume polymers, 165Free-volume theory, 151–152Fresh water demand, 1390Freshwater use

decrease in, 2165in the pulp/paper industry, 2165–2166

Friction factors, 20Fruit juice clarification, ultrafiltration in, 1271Fruit juice production, membrane applications in,

2114–2115FT-30 composite membrane, 283–284, 301, 667FTCMR (flow-through catalytic membrane reactor),

1723, 1724, 1734–1739benefits of, 1735

F-type pumps, 865, 866, 867Fuel cell durability, improving, 2038–2039Fuel cell membranes

for alkaline fuel cells, 2050–2053classification of, 2035cost of, 2039methanol barrier characteristics of, 2049–2050

Fuel cell membrane structures, 2053–2054Fuel cells (FCs), 519–520

batteries and capacitors vs., 2033–2034ion-selective membranes for, 1043, 1044–1045operation of, 2034, 2037PEM, 1720, 1721polymer membranes for, 2033–2065proton-conducting membranes for, 2036–2048proton-exchange membrane, 519research and development on, 2036solid polymer electrolyte, 519unitized regenerative, 1516, 1523–1524

Fuel cell vehicle technologies, 520Fuel efficiency, of RED units, 1491Fuel gas conditioning unit (FGCU), 1662–1663FuMA-Tech, 2059–2060Functional foods, 395–396Functionalized micromolecules, in forward osmosis,

1407Functionalized particles, 1130Functional membrane performance, in organic

solvent nanofiltration, 1857Functional membranes, hybrid ceramic, 718Fungicide extraction, 1972Fused silica nanoparticles, 793

Galvanic chain thermodynamics, 1503Gap cells, 1502–1503

INDEX 2289

Gas adsorption–desorptionfor assessing membrane porosity, 1038in characterizing membrane porosity, 1076–1078

Gas adsorption sites, energies of, 181Gas-binding properties, 957Gas + bulk simulations, 187Gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GCMS)

analyses, 1916Gas composition, 1571, 1576Gas concentrations versus time curves, 186Gas diffusion

in molecular dynamics simulations, 183–187in polymeric membranes, 151–153

Gas diffusion coefficient, 187Gaseous/volatile species absorption, 1707Gases, physical properties of simple, 158Gas flow bubble point method/technique, in

membrane integrity testing, 1099Gas flow rate, of track-etch(ed) membranes, 351Gas flux, 147Gas hour space velocity (GHSV), 1633, 1634–1635Gasification systems, 617Gas–liquid devices, 1695Gas–liquid displacement porosimetry (GLDP),

1082–1084, 1086Gas–liquid operations, membrane contactors in,

1694–1696, 1699, 1707Gas–metal interactions, 954Gas mobility, in glassy and rubbery bulk polymers,

177, 178Gas molecule displacements, 177, 178Gas motion mechanisms, in molecular dynamics

simulations, 176–178Gasoline desulfuration, 1553–1555Gas penetration, porosity determination by, 1078Gas permeability (P), 450, 1564, 1565

in characterizing membrane porosity, 1072–1073Gas permeability coefficients, 152, 1535Gas permeability measurements, for assessing

membrane porosity, 1038Gas permeances, 719, 730–731, 1645–1647Gas permeation, 587

modern theories of, 140through metal-doped silica membranes, 728–731,

732Gas permeation measurement, 769–771Gas-phase partial oxidation, 1729Gas processing cost (GPC), 1580Gas self-diffusion coefficient, 187Gas separation (GS), 8, 12, 586–587. See also GS

entries; Vapor separationapplications of membranes in, 1897–1910carbon membranes in, 772–775ionic liquids development for, 735–737membrane technology for, 1887by polymeric membranes, 2067–2068

Gas separation applications, 1886–1915membranes for, 1583

Gas separation membranes, 139–171, 167,1042–1043

applications of, 153–168basics of, 142–147evaluation methods for, 147–153history of, 140–142inorganic, 618–634ionic liquids in, 735–757performance indicators of, 618–619polymers of intrinsic microporosity as, 791–793

Gas separation membrane systems, 1578–1579Gas separation processes, comparison of, 141Gas separation properties, 952Gas separation systems, membrane, 1906Gas separation technologies, 1895–1896Gas separation terms, 2227Gas solubility

in ionic liquids, 739–740in molecular dynamics simulations, 179–182in polymer membranes, 149–151

Gas solubility coefficients, 151–152Gas sorption, isotherm shapes for, 182Gas sorption analysis, of PIMs, 787–788Gas sparging techniques, alternatives to, 259–260Gas-to-liquid (GTL) processes, 1721Gas transport

in dense polymeric membranes, 171–191metallodynameric membranes for biomimetic,

954–958Gas uptake curves, in molecular dynamics

simulations, 182–183Gas/vapor separation systems, 152, 153

suppliers of, 154Gating, 861

acid-controlled, 815Gating functions, thermoresponsive, 926–927Gelatin production, 2116–2117Gelators, low molecular weight organic, 744–745Gel layer, 1252, 1253–1254Gelled ionic liquids, 744–745Gel particles, SRMs from blending cross-linked,

909–910Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 786Gel polarization model, 1253–1254Gels, electroresponsive, 901–902Gel water content, of ion-exchange membranes, 496Gemini imidazolium amphiphiles, 751Gene arrays, 1920–1921Generalized Stefan–Maxwell model, 1542–1543Generon� air separation membrane system, 140Generon membranes, 156–157Generon� IGS air separation system, 1686Gentamicin(s)

reactive extraction of, 2009–2010reextraction of, 2011–2012selective pertraction of, 2007–2014

Gentamicin C1, 2009, 2010–2013Gentamicin C2, 2009, 2010–2013

2290 INDEX

Geologist Workbench software, 199Geothermal water, boron removal from, 1354–1355Giardia, 1221, 1222

potable water production and, 1269Giardia removal, 305Gibberellic acid (GA) extraction, 601Gibbs free energy change, 1503, 1504, 1506–1507Gibbs–Thomson equation, 1081Glass diffusion cell, 574Glass supports, porous, 1605–1606Glass transition, 1442Glass-transition temperatures (Tg), 406–407, 1563Glassy bulk polymers, gas mobility in, 177, 178Glassy organic frameworks (GOFs), 952Glassy polymers (GP), 150, 400, 1656. See also

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of glassypolymers (NET-GP) approach

Glassy state, of polymers, 1441–1442Global stationary CO2 sources, 1561Global warming, 2066Glucose oxidase (GOx), 898, 899Glucose-sensing mechanism, 898, 899Glycerol, 31–32Glycerol steam reforming, in palladium-based

membrane reactors, 1789–1790Glycolipids, 855GMT membranes, 1856Goetz, Alexander, 289Goetz membrane, 289Gold concentration, 832, 834Gold deposition, 832–834

electroless, 836–837, 851Gold deposition rate, 832Goldman–Huxley–Katz (GHK) model, 858Gold nanotube membrane preparation

using track-etched polymer membranes, 834–835via electroless gold deposition, 836

Gold nanotube membranes, 828–854advantages of, 851biosensing applications for, 849–851biotin attachment to, 848chemically modified for chemical-based

separation, 846–848fabrication of, 829ion transport across, 843modification of, 847–848molecular dynamics and, 851–852properties of, 839–840separation concepts based on, 838–848tailoring surface chemistry and structural

properties of, 837–838Gold nanotube membrane synthesis

using porous alumina template, 835–837via templates, 830–838

Gold nanotubes, within polycarbonate membranes,835

Goldschmidt tolerance factor (t), 697Government desalination research, 278

Graded supports, 1608, 1611Gradient of chemical potential, 3Gradients, 11–12

as driving forces, 5Grading, of supports, 1608–1611Grading layers, 1608–1610, 1626–1627, 1628Grading methods, 1604Graft copolymers, 919Grafted polymers

degree of polymerization of, 928–929molecular weights of, 928–929surface density of, 927–928

Graftingenzymatic, 469–470ozone-induced, 468, 471peroxidation, 469photoinitiated, 913–915plasma-induced, 915–917radiation-induced, 917redox-induced, 917–918ultraviolet-induced, 467–468

Grafting density, 819, 928–929, 939in SRM design, 927–928

“Grafting from” approach, 912, 913–922, 939“Grafting to” approach, 912, 922–923Grafting yield

inferred with specialized instruments, 926in SRM design, 924–927

Graft polymerization, 467, 912controlled radical, 918–922thermal-induced, 918

Gravimetric techniques, in characterizing membraneporosity, 1076

Gravity, 47Gravity settling, in MMMs, 403, 404Gray spectrum, 1069Greek letters

as symbols in diafiltration, 1335as symbols in dynamic cross-flow filtration, 1216as symbols in membrane electrolysis, 1529as symbols in membrane materials and module

development, 326–327as symbols in nanofiltration transport modeling,

104as symbols in pore blockage modeling, 229

“Green body,” 698Greenhouse gases (GHGs), 1560–1561, 1574, 1578,

2066Grignard treatment, 409, 412Grinding

of membrane surfaces, 461, 471of porous metallic supports, 1606–1607

Grooved-type MC array devices, 2209–2210Gross flux (GF), in membrane bioreactors, 1823Groundwater Replenishment System, 1222Group-contribution methods, in molecular dynamics

simulations, 179

INDEX 2291

GS membranes/materials, 1888–1895. See also Gasseparation entries

GS membrane systems, 1887–1888GS membrane technology, industrial applications of,

1898–1899GS processes, 1893Gypsum morphology, 210

H2/CO2 selectivity, 2080. See also Carbon dioxideentries; Hydrogen entries

H2/CO2 separation, 2078–2079H2/CO2 transport properties, of polymer-based

membranes, 2080H2 separation, 140Haber–Luggin capillaries, 500Hagen–Poiseuille (H–P) equation, 39, 41–42, 220,

542, 1036, 1287, 1288in predicting pure water flux, 42–43

Hagen–Poiseuille (H–P) model, for OSN,1862–1863

Hagen–Poiseuille law, 103, 350, 1082–1083Hagen–Poiseuille velocity profile, 25Halsey’s correlation, 1077, 1079Hansen solubility parameter, 546Heat engines, osmotic, 1398Heat engine systems, osmotic, 1421Heat-sensitive species recovery, 1538Heat source/sink, responsiveness to, 893–894Heat treatment process, for carbon membranes,

766–769Heavy-ion accelerators, 344–345Heavy-ion accelerator technology, 333Heavy ions, for track creation, 334–336Heavy metal recovery, from wastewater,

1973–1977HEDS membrane, 724Height difference correlation function, 1162Helical conformation, achiral polymer membranes

with one-handed, 2193Helical polymeric membranes, 2193Helical polymers, one-handed, 2193Helium recovery, 140Helium separation, 157–159HEM water electrolysis cell, 1527. See also

Hydrogel-encapsulated membranes (HEM)Henry’s law, 182Henry’s law constant, 14Henry’s law sorption, 149HERO™ process, in scaling prevention, 204–205Heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes,

1425–1428, 1502Heterogeneous membranes, 475, 478Heterogeneous nucleation, 202Heteropolymers, 949Hexadiene, selective hydrogenation of, 1737Hexaethoxy disiloxane (HEDS), 724HFTES (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetradecyl

trimethoxysilane), 1004

Hierarchically porous ceramic membranes, 693–695fabrication of, 443, 444–445properties and applications of, 439–441

Hierarchically porous membranes, 451–452Hierarchically porous titania thin films, 443Hierarchically structured microsieves, 436Hierarchical morphologies, 987Hierarchical natural hydrophobic structures,

985–987Hierarchical porosity, thin films and membranes

with, 431–459Hierarchic silica thin films, 438–442High C2 yields, 1731High CO2 flux membranes, 163High efficiency RO (HERO™) process, in scaling

prevention, 204–205. See also Reverse osmosisentries

High energy irradiation, for surface modification,469, 471

High fractional free volume, 155High free-volume polymers, 165High-level radioactive wastes, 2138High-level waste (HLW), treatment of, 1977, 1978Highly selective membranes, for gas separation

applications, 1891High-performance polymer membranes, for gas

separation applications, 1889High-performance tangential flow filtration (HPTFF),

1272High permeability, 952High-pressure (HP) membranes, 24, 31–33, 1097High-pressure operation, 1572High-pressure pump efficiency, increasing,

1813–1814High-pressure pumps, positive-displacement, 1814High-resolution separation, in membrane

chromatography, 1955High-surface-area ceramic monoliths, 322–323“High temperature” methods, of PIM synthesis, 782High temperature dust removal, for clean energy

delivery, 617High-temperature hydrogen separation, metallic

membranes for, 1588–1644High temperature polymeric proton conductors, 1526High temperatures, CO2 separation at, 631–632High value catalytic systems, recovery of,

1870–1871High value products, purifications of, 1868–1869Hildebrand solubility parameter, 546Hindered diffusion, of salt ions, 231, 232Hindered diffusivity, 233, 234Hindered factors, 101–102Hindered transport theory, 1234Hindrance coefficients, 20. See also Steric hindrance

convective, 25–26diffusive, 25–26

H+ ions, in water-dissociation reaction layer,131–133. See also Hydrogen entries

2292 INDEX

HITK membranes, 557HLM electrodialysis, 1979. See also Hybrid liquid

membrane (HLM) systemsHollosep�, 157Hollow-fiber (HF) carbon membranes, for CO2

capture, 1580Hollow-fiber geometries, 698–699Hollow-fiber membrane fabrication, 614–615

of thin inorganic HF membranes, 651–658Hollow-fiber membranes, 316–317, 383

carbon, 622for forward osmosis, 1405thin inorganic porous, 638–661

Hollow-fiber microextraction, 1916, 1917Hollow-fiber modules, 255, 291, 300–302, 569

for gas separation applications, 1894, 1895for MABR applications, 1756for natural gas purification, 1649–1651in membrane bioreactors, 1825

Hollow-fiber membrane fabrication, 764–766Hollow-fiber reverse osmosis (RO) membranes,

301Hollow fibers (HFs)

polymeric, 699with shrinkage-controlled small radial dimensions,

647–651sintered, 699sintered porous, 651stainless steel, 641–647viscous shrinkage of inorganic, 658

Hollow-fiber-supported liquid membranes(HFSLMs), 568, 569, 1973–1975

Hollow-fiber-supported liquid membranemicroextraction (HSLMME) technique,1972

Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, 302Hollow-fine fiber, 291Hollow-fine fiber modules, 291, 297–300Hollow-fine fiber permeators, 299Homogeneous approximation, 80Homogeneous ion-exchange membranes,

1428–1430, 1502preparation of, 477–485

Homogeneously charged membranes, 99, 100Homogeneous membranes, 475, 478Homogeneous systems, 947Homopolymer formation, 914Homopolymers, 948, 949, 951

rubbery, 2083Hookean materials, 357Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), 470Horvath–Kawazoe (HK) method, 788, 1078Host–guest complexation mechanism, 931–932Hot embossing, 378–381Hot imprint (melt) process, 380, 381Humidifying membranes, 168Hybrid bipolar membranes, 493Hybrid ceramic functional membranes, 718

Hybrid ion-exchange membranesorganic–inorganic, 1430–1432preparation of, 485–490

Hybrid liquid membrane (HLM) systems, 585, 1979Hybrid materials, 1430Hybrid-membrane-aerated biofilm-suspended growth

system nitrogen removal, 1763Hybrid mosaic ion-exchange membrane, 494–495Hybrid pervaporation–distillation systems, 2094Hybrid pivot Monte Carlo molecular dynamics

(PMC-MD) simulations, 174–175Hybrid process case studies, 1353–1356Hybrid process construction, 1357Hybrid process efficiency, 1354Hybrid processes, 1341–1361

ion-exchange-membrane filtration, 1354pervaporation and, 1538

Hybrid process modeling, 1350–1352Hybrid PV/bioreactor systems, 1728. See also

Pervaporation entriesHybrid silica membranes, organic–inorganic, 732Hybrid suspensions, organic–inorganic, 694–695Hybrid SWRO configuration, 1810–1812. See also

Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO)Hybrid systems, submerged membrane adsorption,

1355–1356HydraCoRe membranes, 307Hydranautics, 311, 312Hydraulic diameter, 1254–1255Hydraulic head difference, 1364Hydraulic permeability, 352, 669, 1248Hydraulic pressure, 1403

pressure-retarded osmosis and, 1413Hydraulic resistance time, membrane integrity

testing and, 1110Hydrocarbon fossil fuel combustion, 1578Hydrocarbon removal, in natural gas purification,

1662–1663Hydrocarbons, partial hydrogenation of unsaturated,

1738–1739Hydrocarbon separations, ELMs in, 602Hydrodynamic concentration polarization, 26Hydrodynamic conditions, enhancing,

257–260Hydrodynamic effects, in flux decline analysis,

225–226Hydrodynamic factors, 79–80Hydrodynamic models, 1256, 1257–1258Hydrodynamics, 265

improving, 2096open channel, 1177

Hydroelectric pile, 1846Hydrogel-based SRMs, cross-linked, 932. See also

Stimuli-responsive membranes (SRMs)Hydrogel-encapsulated membranes (HEM),

870–871. See also HEM water electrolysis cellHydrogel pore-filled composite membranes

(HPFCMs), 915

INDEX 2293

Hydrogels, 907amphoteric, 896PEL, 901PHEMA, 900

Hydrogen (H2). See also H+ ionsCO2 separation and, 2078–2079reversibly adsorbed, 729ultrahigh purity, 1589

Hydrogenationof hexadiene, 1737liquid-phase partial, 1738of unsaturated hydrocarbons, 1738–1739

Hydrogenation reactions, 1729–1730Hydrogen/carbon dioxide (H2/CO2)-selective

membranes, 1577. See also H2/CO2 entriesHydrogen/carbon dioxide selectivity, 159Hydrogen compression, 1522–1523Hydrogen embrittlement, 1596–1597, 1601, 1628,

1781Hydrogen enrichment, membrane technology for,

2078–2084Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), 1513Hydrogen extraction, 1718Hydrogen fuel cells, proton-conducting membranes

for, 2036–2048Hydrogen/helium (H2/He) permeance ratios, 730Hydrogen molecular transport, 1775Hydrogen–palladium–alloy interactions, 633Hydrogen partial pressure, 1633, 1635Hydrogen (H2) permeability, 159, 1775–1776

in Pd-based binary/ternary alloys, 1600–1603Hydrogen permeability data, 1600Hydrogen permeance, 722–723, 726, 727, 729, 1625Hydrogen permeation, 633

in composite Pd membranes, 1594–1595Hydrogen permeation mechanism, in palladium,

1590–1593Hydrogen production, 1790–1791

non-Pd-based metal membranes for, 632–634via inorganic membrane reactor technology,

1771–1772Hydrogen production plant, 1911Hydrogen recovery, 1789

demand for, 1900gas separation and, 1897–1900

Hydrogen (H2)-selective membranes, 2079–2082Hydrogen separation, 157–159, 773, 1631,

2078–2079metallic membranes for high-temperature,

1588–1644Hydrogen separation membranes, 160Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), affinity with palladium,

1597Hydrogen sulfide removal, in natural gas

purification, 1665Hydrogen transport principles, 1590–1603Hydrolysis, 1279Hydrolytic reactions, 590

Hydrophilic chains, 463Hydrophilic comonomers, 930Hydrophilic fillers, 401, 2093, 2094Hydrophilicity, 314, 2088

of paper industry membranes, 2160–2162Hydrophilic membrane, 247, 1547, 1548–1550Hydrophilic nanoparticles, 464Hydrophilic polymers, blending with, 462–463Hydrophilic supports, 1405Hydrophilic surfaces, 466Hydrophilization, 916Hydrophobic fouling, of membranes, 1125–1127Hydrophobicity. See also Superhydrophobicity

membrane contactors and, 1694–1703,1703–1705

of nanotubes, 850Hydrophobic membranes, microporous, 1703Hydrophobic microporous silica membranes, 621Hydrophobic organic solutes, 24Hydrophobic porous membrane, 168Hydrophobic rubbery polymer membranes, 2086Hydrophobic silica membranes, 620, 725Hydrophobic thiols, 847–848Hydroquinone transport, 1155Hydrostatic pressure, 1844, 1845Hydrothermal instability, 691Hydrothermal membrane synthesis, 685Hydrothermal stability, 692–693

metal-doped silica membranes for improving,725–728, 732

Hydroxide anion carriers, proton transportmembranes vs., 2050–2051

Hydroxyapatite (HAp), 602Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 900Hydroxyl electrolyte membrane (HEM), 1527Hydroxyl groups, regenerated, 809Hydroxyl-ion-conducting polymers, 1527. See also

OH− ionsHydroxyl-ion conductors, polymeric, 1527–1528Hydroxyl radicals, 964, 965, 966, 968, 969Hypochlorite concentrations, 670H-ZSM5 membrane, 1727H-ZSM-5-mordenite membranes, 449

Ideal reverse osmosis processes, 1385–1386IEM research, 1475–1477. See also Ion-exchange

membranes (IEMs)Image analysis, in characterizing membrane porosity,

1067–1070Image charges, 96–97

exclusion by, 93, 95–98Imaging membrane surfaces, environmental effects

on, 1119Imaging modes, of atomic force microscopes,

1116–1119Imidazole frameworks, zeolitic, 2082Imidazole groups, fuel cells and, 2037Imidazolium amphiphiles, gemini, 751

2294 INDEX

Imidazolium-based ionic liquids, 739, 752Imide formation, PIMs prepared via, 785, 786Immersed configuration, of wastewater treatment

plants, 1825Immersion, direct, 571Immersion modification, 468Immersion precipitation, 544–545

nanofiltration and, 1278Immobilized albumin membranes, enantioseparation

and, 2181–2182Immobilized antibody membranes, enantioseparation

and, 2183Immobilized apoenzyme membranes,

enantioseparation and, 2182–2183Immobilized cyclodextrin (CD) membranes,

enantioseparation and, 2180–2181Immobilized DNA membranes, enantioseparation

and, 2184–2185Immobilized doping anions, 1927Immobilized imidazole groups, fuel cells and, 2037Immobilized liquid membranes (ILMs), 566, 570Immobilized stereoselective ligands,

enantioseparation membranes with, 2180–2185Immunoglobulin G (IgG) retention, 1242Impedance, 1448–1449

defined, 1151total, 501–502

Impedance resistance measurement, 502Imprint lithography, 380Indane-based polyacetylenes, 1678Induced polarization charge, 96Induction time, 202Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching, 364Industrial applications

of GS membrane technology, 1898–1899pervaporation for, 1550–1555

Industrial ceramics recovery, diafiltration used in,1325–1326

Industrial dynamic filtration systems, 1192–1200Industrial membrane applications, 1668Industrial membrane process development, for OSN,

1867–1868Industrial plants, for air separation, 1671Industrial process water, ultrafiltration in,

1270–1272Industrial scale mass production, 435Industrial wastewater

Ni(II) recovery from, 1974–1975pollutant removal from, 1965–1971

Industrial wastewater treatment, 505–506, 507ELM in, 600–601

IndustryDyno filter applications in, 1195superhydrophobic membranes in, 1009–1010

Inert particles, tracking membrane integrity with,1107–1108

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, in membranecharacterization, 1025

Inhomogeneous atomistic films, 175Inhomogeneous distribution, 98–99, 101Inhomogeneously charged membranes, 99Initial MBR operation, 1833. See also Membrane

bioreactors (MBRs)Initial transmembrane osmotic pressure, 234Initiation-grafting, 466Initiator immobilization, 919Inland desalters, brine from, 1806–1807Inorganic acid recovery, 1466. See also

Organic–inorganic entriesInorganic acid separation/recovery, diffusion dialysis

in, 1468–1471Inorganic fouling, 251Inorganic hollow-fiber membrane fabrication,

614–615Inorganic hollow-fiber (HF) membranes

fabrication method for thin, 651–658publications related to, 640–641thin porous, 638–661

Inorganic hollow fibers (HFs), viscous shrinkage of,658

Inorganic materials, superhydrophobic nanofibrousmembranes from, 1000–1002

Inorganic membrane applications, 634–635Inorganic membrane filtration, 37–77

nomenclature for, 75–76Inorganic membrane materials, 825, 835–836Inorganic membrane research, 1706Inorganic membrane reactors (MRs), precombustion

CO2 capture by, 1910–1912Inorganic membranes, 287, 389–390, 460, 610–638,

677, 712, 1563, 1569–1571advantages of, 611, 638–639dense, 615, 625–634dense dual-phase, 631for gas separation, 618–634for gas separation applications, 1888–1889,

1891–1892geometry of, 639historical development of, 610–611microporous, 619–625morphology, preparation, and characterization of,

611–615for oxygen/nitrogen separation, 1679–1680porous, 615–616, 712as a support for TiO2, 972types of, 611

Inorganic MR technology, hydrogen production via,1771–1772. See also Membrane reactor entries

Inorganic nanoparticles, 1680blending with, 464

Inorganic particles, interfaces for nanoporous,752

Inorganic plasma, 466Inorganic pollutants, 937Inorganic porous hollow-fiber (HF) membranes, thin,

638–661

INDEX 2295

Inorganic solutesnonvolatile, 1406volatile, 1407

Inorganic substrates, 916–917Inside diameters (IDs), 300, 301In situ formation, 401In situ hydrothermal membrane synthesis,

685Intake water, preparation/upgrading of, 2119Integral chain linkers, 409Integrally skinned asymmetric (ISA) membranes

for organic solvent nanofiltration, 1851, 1852posttreatment of, 1852research work on, 1852–1853in SRM preparation, 909

Integrally skinned phase inversion membranes,543–548

polymers for, 548–551Integral membrane proteins, 873Integrated circuits (ICs), steps in fabrication

technology of, 357Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)

plants, 1589, 1632Integrated gasification combined cycle process,

1576Integrated gasification combined cycle technology,

617Integrated membrane plant, 1911Integrated membrane systems (IMS), 305, 1108,

1236Integration processes, with SLMs, 588–591Integrity monitoring, for membranes, 1106–1107Integrity tests, 1111. See also Membrane integrity

monitoringIntensification processes, with SLMs, 588–591Intensive cleaning (IC)

for fouling removal, 263, 264as MBR fouling countermeasure, 1828in MBR operation, 1834

Interaction energy, 28Interaction force data, 1127Interaction sites, 954Intercalated morphology, 413Interconnected pore structures, 226Interfaces

engineered, 892external–membrane, 596membrane–internal phase, 597

Interfacial adhesion problems, 408Interfacial composite materials, 325Interfacial composite membranes, 7Interfacial layer (IL), in bipolar membranes,

1432–1434Interfacial morphologies, in MMMs, 401–403Interfacial polyamide membranes, 286Interfacial polycondensation, 662Interfacial polymer additives, 669

Interfacial polymerization technique, 285–286, 411,661–676

thin-film composite membrane developmentthrough, 664–674

Interlayers, 677Interlayer thickness, 680Interlocking endcaps, of spiral-wound modules,

1183, 1184, 1185Intermediate blocking, 43Intermediate layers, 677, 678–680

mesoporous γ-alumina, 680Intermediate pore blockage models, 220, 223, 224

schematic of, 219Intermetallic diffusion, 1625–1628Intermetallic diffusion barrier, formation/deposition

of, 1607–1608Intermittent contact mode, of atomic force

microscope imaging, 1117–1118Intermittent contact mode AFM, 1066–1067Intermittent feed diafiltration (IFD), 1303, 1304,

1313Internal concentration polarization (ICP), 1843, 1844Internal mass transfer, 15International membrane societies, 2229–2235International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

(IUPAC) standards, 677Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), 905, 911,

2092Interstage design (ISD) configuration, for

desalination plants, 1811–1812Intramembrane oxygen pressure, 1757Intrinsic microporosity, 552–553

characterization of, 787–789polymers of, 781–797

Intrinsic rejection rates, 102–103In vivo dialysis, 1918In vivo sampling, microdialysis for, 1918–1919Ion channels, 864–865Ion-channel self-organized systems, synthesis of, 946Ion concentration, axial profile of, 84–85, 86Ionenes, 750–751Ion etching, deep reactive, 2207–2209Ion exchange (IX)

in radioactive waste treatment, 2139–2140in scaling prevention, 204, 206

Ion-exchange capacity (IEC)of membranes, 497, 503of polymers, 2036–2037

Ion-exchange capacity determination, inion-exchange membrane characterization, 1443

Ion-exchange groups, pK values of, 136Ion-exchange kinetics, 1350Ion-exchange materials, 1502Ion-exchange membrane (IEM) design, 520–522Ion-exchange membrane electrodialysis, 124,

476–477, 503–506Ion-exchange-membrane filtration hybrid process,

1354

2296 INDEX

Ion-exchange membrane pair, 116Ion-exchange membranes (IEMs), 112, 475–532,

1424, 1976amphoteric, 475characterization of, 495–503, 1434–1449chemical stability of, 496–497developments in, 1425–1434early research on, 476–477electrical resistance of, 499–503in an electrodialyzer, 117electromembrane processes based on,

1449–1475EPMC substitutes for, 1458–1459fluorocarbon-based, 482functions of, 107heterogeneous, 1425–1428, 1502homogeneous, 1502hybrid mosaic, 494–495mass transport in, 106–139organic–inorganic hybrid, 1430–1432permselectivity of, 497–499perspective and conclusions on, 520–522physicochemical characterization of, 1442–1444preparation of, 477–495preparation of amphoteric, 493–495preparation of homogeneous, 477–485preparation of mosaic, 493–495preparation of organic–inorganic hybrid, 485–490properties of, 477–478, 479–481, 1424,

1426–1427swelling capacity of, 495–496thermal analysis of, 1438–1439

Ion-exchange-membranes-based processes, relevanceof, 522

Ion-exchange resins (IERs), 1349boron-selective, 1353–1354in electrodeionization, 1454–1455

Ion flux, 127–128Ionic conductive spacers, for reverse electrodialysis,

1495Ionic currents, 518Ionic/electronic conductors, 1731Ionic exchange reaction, gentamicins and, 2010Ionic liquid (IL) monomers, 748Ionic liquid recovery, organic solvent nanofiltration

in, 1874–1875Ionic liquid-mixed carrier (ILMC), 599Ionic liquids (ILs), 570, 571–572

as “designer” solvent platform, 735–739in enzymatic membrane reactors, 591–592future of, 753in gas separation membranes, 735–757gas solubilities in, 739–740gelled, 744–745immobilization of, 744–745as replacements for physical solvents, 736–737“reversible,” 744in separations, 582–583

as SLM carriers, 585–586supported liquid membranes based on, 579

Ionic liquid solubility parameter, 741Ionic liquid species, developing, 741Ionic liquid stabilization, 740–741Ionic mobilities, 92Ionic permselectivity, controlling, 819–820Ionic selectivity, 1932Ionic short circuiting, feed channel, 1491–1492Ionic strength, 807–808Ionic strength–responsive membranes, 804–815Ionic strength responsiveness, 896Ion–ion interactions, 198Ionized exchange groups, 134Ion/molecule reservoir, responsiveness to, 894–899Ionomer blending, 2050Ionomers

SSC PFSA, 2040sulfonic acid, 2041

Ionophore-based membranes, 877, 878Ionophores, 855, 859–860

polymer membranes using natural and synthetic,877

Ion partitioning, in membrane behavior studies,1041–1042

IonPower, Inc., 2059Ion probe concentration, in RBS analysis,

1143–1144Ion rejection, nanofiltration and, 1276Ion rejection rates, 90, 93, 94, 99, 100Ions. See also Accelerated ions; Argon (Ar) ions;

Free ions/molecules; Heavy ions; H+ ions;Hydroxyl-ion entries; Krypton (Kr) ions; Metalion entries; OH− ions; Potassium ions (K+);Reference ions; Salt ions; Scaling ions;Shielding ions; Xenon (Xe) ions; Zinc ions(Zn2+)

carrier-mediated diffusion of, 859–860irradiation with accelerated, 347steric exclusion of, 1145

Ion-selective electrodes, 1932–1933CP-membrane-based, 1928–1929

Ion-selective membranes (ISMs)characteristics of, 1044CP-membrane-based, 1930for electro-driven separations and fuel cells,

1043–1045Ion-selective separations, 842Ion-selective transport, 843Ion transport

across gold nanotube membranes, 843tunable dynameric membranes for, 948–952

Ion transport membranes (ITMs), 1680for gas separation applications, 1892

Ion transport modeling, through nanofiltrationmembranes, 93–101

Irradiated photocatalytic ceramic membranes, 969Irradiated polycarbonate foils, 342

INDEX 2297

Irradiationwith accelerated ions, 347in track membrane production, 343–345using accelerators, 344–345

Irrecoverable fouling, 264Irreversible fouling, 246, 261Irreversible thermodynamics, 106, 107–109,

541–542, 1858–1859Isobutene dimerization, 1738Isoelectric points, 1998, 1999Isoelectric precipitation, 513Isopropanol dehydration, 1552Isopropenyl chloride (IPC), 666, 668Isotherm shapes, for gas sorption, 182Isotropic etching, 363Isotropic membranes, 904

in flux decline analysis, 226–227

Janus particles, 1006–1007Joule–Thomson effect, 1652–1653Juice, inhibition of browning of, 513Juice production, membrane applications in,

2114–2115

Kedem–Katchalsky analysis, 1256Kedem–Katchalsky model, 1858–1859Kelvin equation, 144, 1078–1079Kelvin equation–based techniques, in characterizing

membrane porosity, 1074–1081Kieselguhr (DE) filtration, in wine production, 2112,

2113Kinetic effects, on scaling, 202–204Kinetic energy (KE), in reverse osmosis

microanalysis, 1146Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations, 1601, 1602Kinetic resolution, 588–589Kinetics

of electrolysis cells, 1504ion-exchange, 1350operating temperatures and, 1508

Kinetic scaling-prevention methods, 207–211Knudsen diffusion, 142–143, 655Knudsen formula, 351Knudsen mechanism, 618, 1774Knudsen model, 1083Knudsen performance (Q), 143Koch Membrane Systems, 557Koch SetRO membranes, 1855KOH etching, 373–374, 375Kozeny–Carman (K–C) equation, 40–41, 48, 223,

235in predicting pure water flux, 42–43

Krogh cylinder model, 226, 227Krypton (Kr) ions, for track creation, 334–336

Lacquer, 1246Lactic acid (LAH) batch extraction, 601Lactic acid production/recovery, 1460

Lager beer microfiltration, with microsieves, 390Laminated bipolar membranes, 492, 493Laminated membranes, 1778Landfill gas, 160Langelier saturation index (LSI), 200, 1389Langmuir–Blodgett method, 155Langmuir–Blodgett transfer, 871–872, 873, 881Langmuir isotherm, 150Langmuir-mode sorption, 149Langmuir-monolayer-based strategy, 875Langmuir–Schaefer deposition method, 875Langmuir–Schaefer transfer, 872, 873Laplace equation, 1694Laplace transform, 597Large-diameter spiral-wound modules, for reverse

osmosis, 1185–1187Large-scale osmotic power generation, 1847Large size reverse osmosis elements, 1808Laser interference lithography (LIL), 368–370, 388Lateral flow, 219Latex-polyelectrolyte fabrication, 494Laws of diffusion, 276Layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly, 2056

for fabricating superhydrophobic biomimeticfibrous membranes, 993, 994

Layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition, 1923membrane fabrication via, 2056–2057

Layered silicas, polymer and, 413–415Leaf design trade-off, 1172–1173Leak development, 1628–1631Leap-frog algorithm, in molecular dynamics

simulations, 172Lectins, 1922Ligand-modified micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration

(LM-MEUF), 1347Light-activated photocatalytic ceramic membranes,

979Light-driven pumps, 865, 866, 867Light responsiveness, 900–901Light-responsive silica colloidal membranes,

819–820Lignosulfonate recovery, 2167–2168Limiting current, 812, 814, 817–818, 821, 822Limiting current density, 117–118, 121–122, 124Limiting flux, pressure independent, 1253, 1254Limiting flux model, 1316–1317Limiting rejection rate, 88, 102, 103

of a binary electrolyte, 90of counterions, 92

Linear energy transfer (LET), 340Linear flow velocity, 240Linear rigid-rod polyelectrolytes, 2045Linear velocity, 113–114Lipase-catalyzed reactions, 584Lipid aggregate morphologies, 856Lipid analogs, amphiphilic block copolymers as,

877–879Lipid-based biomimetic membranes, 868, 869–877

2298 INDEX

Lipid bilayers, 855, 856–857, 858Lipid membrane analogs, 879–880Lipid membrane properties, 858Lipid membranes

black, 869preparation of supported, 875

Lipid membrane structure, 855–858Lipid membrane transport, 858–860Lipid molecules, 855, 856Lipid phase transition, 857–858Liquid displacement, in membrane integrity testing,

1100–1101Liquid-displacing liquid pairs, 1085–1086Liquid electrolytes, diaphragm materials with, 1519Liquid extrusion porometry, 1084Liquid-impregnated solids, 416Liquid junction potential, 1486Liquid–liquid devices, 1697Liquid–liquid displacement (LLD), for assessing

membrane porosity, 1037Liquid–liquid displacement porosimetry (LLDP),

1084–1087Liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), 587, 1916

of amino acids, 1997Liquid–liquid membrane contactors, 1697–1698Liquid–liquid operations, membrane contactors in,

1696–1699, 1707Liquid membrane microextraction,

hollow-fiber-supported, 1972Liquid membrane regeneration, 579Liquid membranes (LMs), 565–609, 1563, 1961,

1982. See also LM entries; Supported liquidmembranes (SLMs)

applications of supported and emulsion,1960–1981

double layer, 587extraction through supported, 1916–1918for nuclear technology, 2144–2145performing separations with, 566permeation through, 1981supported, 1698–1699transport mechanisms across, 1963–1964types of, 566–571

Liquid membrane stabilization, 1677Liquid membrane techniques, 570Liquid permeation, 1695Liquid permeation velocity, 48–49Liquid-phase deposition, 689Liquid-phase fillers, PEG as, 415Liquid-phase partial hydrogenation, 1738Liquid-phase polymer-based retention (LPR), 1345Liquid phase separation, membrane processes for,

615–617Liquid radioactive waste (LRW) processing

future perspectives on, 2149, 2150membrane methods for, 2136–2137

Liquid radioactive waste (LRW) treatment,membrane processes for, 2140–2142

Liquid-repellent surfaces, 1012Liquid–solid separation, 37Liquid streams, membrane contactors and, 1699Liquid surfactant membranes, 592Liquid–vapor equilibrium (LVE), 1535–1536Lithographic process flows, 368Lithographic techniques, 378Lithography, 361–362

imprint, 380in integrated circuit fabrication technology, 357nanoimprint, 380–381

LM stability, 1964–1965. See also Liquidmembranes (LMs)

LM systems, 1961–1962Loading/unloading tools, for reverse osmosis

systems, 1187Local flux distribution, 1180–1181Local shear rate, 1202, 1203Local volume charge density, 99Locron, 613Loeb, Sidney, 291Loeb–Sourirajan membrane formation process, 140Loeb–Sourirajan membranes, 146–147, 279–280,

281, 287, 290, 1648–1649, 1668Loeb–Sourirajan process, 279, 287, 290, 291Log-normal (LN) model, 1283–1284Log removal values (LRVs), calculating, 1106Longitudinal (torsional) vibration, 260Longitudinal direction, mass balance in, 1377–1379Longitudinal vibration, 1203Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment

Rule (LT2ESWTR), 1221Long-term fouling, 1227, 1231

in MBRs, 1827Long-term separation performance, 718Loosely bound extracellular polymeric substance

(LB-EPS), 250Loose nanofiltration membranes, 1278Loose reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, 1275,

1276Loose reverse osmosis (RO), 616“Lotus effect,” 985, 987–988Low-energy cross-flow systems, 258Lower critical solution temperature (LCST),

893–894, 924–925, 927, 928, 929, 930–931,934

Lower-salinity source water, in desalination,1805–1807

Low-fouling membranes, 2103in the pulp/paper industry, 2171

Low-level radioactive waste, removal of activityfrom, 2147–2149

Low molecular weight organic gelators (LMOGs),744–745

Low-pressure (LP) membrane filtration, 1234Low-pressure membranes, 1097, 1275, 1276Low-pressure polymeric membranes, 1224, 1225

INDEX 2299

Low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD),359, 365

“Low temperature” method, of PIM synthesis, 782,783

Low-water-content polymeric proton conductors,1526–1527

LSCF (lanthanum strontium cobalt iron) membranes,632

Lumen-side feed module design, 326

MABR application studies, 1760. See alsoMembrane-aerated biofilm reactors (MABRs)

MABR design, 1755–1758MABR performance, 1761, 1762

review of, 1759MABR performance rates, 1765–1766MABR process performance, assessment of,

1758–1765MABR technology, for nitrogen removal,

1759–1760Macrocycles, peptide, 884, 885Macromolecule retention capability, 1951Macromolecules, total potential energy for, 173Macromonomeric components, 954Macropores, 451, 1075Macroporous film, 438–442, 443Macroporous support, 694Macroporous support layer, 612Macroscopic models, 101Macrosized particle suspensions, microfiltration

modeling of, 43–50Macrosolute concentration at membrane wall (Cwall),

1301Macrosolutes, diafiltration and, 1297Macrovoids, 545, 556, 642, 648, 650, 651Magnetic field responsiveness, 902–903Magnetic force microscopy (MFM), in

characterizing membrane porosity, 1067Magnetic membranes, 939Magnetic nanoparticles, in forward osmosis, 1407Magnetoresponsive particles, 902–903Magnetron spattering (MS), 1780Maintenance cleaning (MC)

for fouling removal, 263as MBR fouling countermeasure, 1828in MBR operation, 1833

Mannich reaction, 1430Marker-based membrane integrity tests, 1098Mask lithography, 362Mass balance

in longitudinal direction, 1377–1379in transverse direction, 1375–1376steady-state, 233

Mass conservation principle, reverse osmosis and,1368–1369

Mass flow(s), 1998, 2000–2001, 2004, 2005–2017,2017–2018, 2025

Mass flux (J ), 1565

Mass production, industrial scale, 435Mass spectrometers, mobile, 1919–1920Mass transfer, 15, 1176–1177, 1177–1178, 1249

external phase, 596–597through pervaporation membranes,

1533–1535Mass transfer coefficients (D , k*, kd), 235, 1201,

1254–1255determining, 237

Mass transfer film theory, 1401Mass transfer limitations, SRNF operations

and, 535Mass transfer model, for concentration polarization,

1373–1374Mass-transfer modeling, in pervaporation,

1540–1543Mass transfer studies, 1556Mass transport, 1251

in a boundary layer, 126–129in a concentrating cell, 114in a continuous electrodialysis process, 113–115in a desalting cell, 114in ion-exchange membranes, 106–139overall, 109–112thermodynamics and, 107–108

Mass transport equation, 107Mass transport model, 2067Mass transport phenomena, 1250–1258Mass velocities, 114Material balances, 1250–1251Material development, for oxygen/nitrogen

separation, 1670–1681Materials. See also Membrane materials

for gas separation applications, 1888–1895used in inorganic hollow-fiber membranes,

640–641Materials science, 1343Mathematical ELM modeling, 596–597. See also

Emulsion liquid membranes (ELMs)Mathematical modeling, in membrane fouling

analysis, 253–254Maximum power density, pressure-retarded osmosis

and, 1418Maximum shear rate (γ m), 1203–1204, 1209, 1212,

1214Maxwell’s demon, 3Maxwell–Stefan approach, 22–23. See also

Stefan–Maxwell entriesMaxwell–Stefan equations, 1866MBA (methylene bisacrylamide) concentration,

932–933MBR design, 1829–1833. See also Membrane

bioreactors (MBRs)MBR operation, 1833–1836MBR pretreatment processes, 1822MBR system cleaning frequencies, 1835MBR systems, in wastewater treatment plants,

1825–1826

2300 INDEX

MC array devices. See also Microchannel (MC)array plates

grooved-type, 2209–2210straight-through, 2210–2212

MC array fabrication, 2207–2209Mean particle size, 40. See also Average entries

permeate flux and, 52–55Mean pore diameter, 2200Mean pore radius, 102

of nanofiltration membranes, 84Mean shear rate, 1202Mean-square displacements (MSDs), 183–184Mean transmembrane pressure (MTP), 1191, 1192,

1193Mechanical cleaning, 1265

as MBR fouling countermeasure, 1829Mechanical stability

of carbon membranes, 761of paper industry membranes, 2160

Mechanical strength, of track-etch(ed) membranes,350

Mechanism-driven models, in diafiltration,1306–1307

Mechanistic modeling, of transport in nanofiltration,77–106

Mechanistic models, 101Melt extrusion, membrane fabrication via, 2054Melt-imprint molding process, 380, 381Melt process, 380, 381Melt processing, 401Membralox ceramic membranes, 320, 321Membrane activation, 831–832Membrane adsorbers, 1920–1923

for protein purification, 1921–1922Membrane-aerated biofilm reactors (MABRs), 776,

1752–1770. See also MABR entriesadvantages and drawbacks of, 1753–1754, 1763development of, 1766performance studies of, 1764sequencing batch operation and, 1764–1765for xenobiotic pollutant stream degradation,

1764–1765Membrane-aerated biofilms, 1758, 1763

operational principles of, 1753–1754Membrane applications, 8

in dairy industry, 391in organic solvents, 1868–1876

Membrane backflush, as MBR foulingcountermeasure, 1828

Membrane-based CO2 removal processes, 1653Membrane-based CO2 separation, 162, 1571–1578Membrane-based CO2 separation technologies, 142Membrane-based desalination technologies, 325–326Membrane-based enantioseparation techniques,

2175–2176Membrane-based gas separations, 139–140. See also

Gas separation (GS) membranes; Membrane GStechnology

Membrane-based nitrogen (N2) injection, 1690Membrane-based nitrogen separation, in natural gas

purification, 1664Membrane-based solvent extraction (MBSE), 566,

568Membrane-based processes

applications for, 276pulp/paper mill industry and, 2156–2157scalability of, 1956

Membrane-based separation systems, 157–168Membrane-based separation, 711–712Membrane-based solvent stripping (MBSS), 566, 568Membrane-based systems, companies that

developed, 1905Membrane-based techniques, for nuclear waste

processing, 2136–2155Membrane-based technologies, nondesalination, 326Membrane-based treatment, of pulp/paper industry

wastewaters, 2156–2174Membrane bioreactor process configurations, 246Membrane bioreactors (MBRs), 316–317. See also

MBR entriesbiomass composition in, 245common terms for, 1822–1824external, 257–258flat sheet membranes for, 317–318fouling in, 244–271microfiltration and, 1235for pulp/paper mill applications, 2164submerged, 254in wastewater treatment/reuse, 1821–1837

Membrane bioreactors for biotransformations(MBBs), 1875

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems,1356

Membrane-blocking resistance, 45Membrane blockings, 43–44Membrane calcination, 1279Membrane cassettes, 1248–1249Membrane channels

aquaporin mimic, 884–886concentration polarization in, 1379–1381

Membrane characterization, 1021–1062by atomic force microscopy, 1115–1135of carbon membranes, 769, 770importance of, 1057–1058for organic solvent nanofiltration, 1857–1858porosity and, 1062–1063

Membrane charge, of paper industry membranes,2162

Membrane charge density, 87–88Membrane chromatography, 1942, 1953–1955Membrane chromatography modules, separation

cycles in, 1955Membrane classification, 1772–1783Membrane cleaning, 1111, 1389, 1705

in MBR operation, 1834–1835ultrafiltration and, 1265–1266

INDEX 2301

Membrane conductivity, stabilizing, 2038Membrane conductivity measurements, in

ion-exchange membrane characterization,1448–1449

Membrane contactors (MCs), 1693–1713advantages/disadvantages of, 1703–1706applications of, 1694–1703, 1706–1708for CO2 capture, 1580–1581fouling and, 1705hydrophobicity and, 1694–1703, 1703–1705liquid–liquid, 1697–1698success of, 1708

Membrane contactor (MC) technologies, 326Membrane criteria, 677Membrane cross sections, in reverse osmosis

microanalysis, 1158–1159Membrane damage, to paper industry membranes,

2159Membrane degradation, by chlorination, 1148Membrane design, 520–522

for forward osmosis, 1404–1405Membrane development(s), 276–277

contemporary, 304–324dynamic age of, 278–304future directions of, 325–326milestones in, 277, 278, 304

Membrane disks, 1949on single and multiple shafts, 1202–1203

Membrane dispersion processes, 2196, 2205Membrane dispersion systems, cross-flow, 2202Membrane distillation (MD), 196–197, 325–326,

1693, 1700–1702air gap, 1701in desalination, 1708direct contact, 1700, 1701membrane fouling in, 1705in radioactive waste treatment, 2144vacuum, 1701, 1702

Membrane electroacidification, bipolar, 1465Membrane–electrode assembly (MEA), 519, 2043Membrane electrodialysis, ion-exchange, 124,

476–477, 503–506Membrane electrolysis (ME), 1043, 1044–1045Membrane electrolysis, 1459–1465, 1501–1532

emerging materials for, 1526–1528perspectives on, 1522–1528

Membrane electrolysis processes, 1505–1518Membrane electrolysis technologies, emerging,

1522–1526Membrane elements, higher-productivity, 1807–1808Membrane emulsification (ME), 393–396, 2196,

2201Membrane engineering, 1886–1887Membrane extraction, 1916–1920

utility of, 1923–1924Membrane fabrication, improvements in, 773Membrane fabrication methods, 2054–2058

Membrane fabrication strategy, for nonsolventalkaline membranes, 2052

Membrane fibers, aromatic polyamide, 299Membrane film models, 596Membrane filtration, 305. See also

Sorption–membrane filtration processescross-flow, 1947, 1949, 1950dead-end, 1947, 1949inorganic, 37–77low-pressure, 1234in MBR design, 1831–1832pressure-driven, 1297

Membrane filtration applications, in the pulp/paperindustry, 2164–2168

Membrane filtration in dilution mode, 1298Membrane filtration instrumentation, in MBR design,

1832–1833Membrane filtration processes, benefits of, 2125Membrane flux (J ), 1176Membrane formation processes, 140Membrane-forming approach, to SRM preparation,

908–911Membrane fouling, 43, 44, 218, 264, 307, 325, 535,

1154, 1244–1245, 1258–1266food processing and, 513–514in MBRs, 1827–1829in membrane distillation, 1705in nuclear applications, 2143of paper industry membranes, 2161photocatalytic ceramic membranes and, 969–970by water-soluble polymers, 1346

Membrane fouling countermeasures, in MBRs,1827–1829

Membrane fouling mitigation, SRM applications for,938

Membrane fouling prevention, future perspectiveson, 2150

Membrane fouling processes, 1124Membrane fouling rate, 248Membrane fouling tests, 1050–1051Membrane gas separation systems, 140, 1906Membrane GS technology, CO2 capture and, 1909.

See also Gas separation (GS) membranesMembrane heating, 670Membrane hydraulic permeability, 1248Membrane incorporated designs, 1726Membrane integrity

tracking, 1106–1110tracking with inert particles, 1107–1108

Membrane integrity monitoring, 1097–1115Membrane integrity tests, 1097–1098, 1112–1113Membrane–internal phase interface, 597Membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS),

1919–1920Membrane leaves, 1172–1173, 1179Membrane manufacture, 1779–1781Membrane manufacturers, 2058–2060Membrane market, in the food industry, 2120–2121

2302 INDEX

Membrane material modification, 254–255Membrane materials, 275–332

characteristics of, 1564critical factors related to, 2095drivers for developing, 305electrical properties of, 1152–1154in electrochemical industry, 1518–1522future directions of, 325–326for gas separation applications, 1892–1893inorganic, 825, 835–836for MABR applications, 1755–1756in membrane bioreactors, 1824for nanofiltration, 306–309for pulp/paper mill applications, 2163for reverse osmosis, 306–309polymers of intrinsic microporosity as, 790–793solid oxide, 1733

Membrane materials development, 275–276,279–290

early history of, 276–277Membrane materials design

for bioalcohol purification, 2085–2086for CO2/CH4 separation, 2069–2070for H2/CO2 separation, 2079

Membrane materials/modulesceramic microfiltration, 318–324ceramic ultrafiltration, 318–324

Membrane materials/properties, 1563–1571Membrane matrix, photocatalysts in organic, 964Membrane-mediated separations, 945Membrane microbubbling, 2196Membrane microfluidic processes, 2196–2197Membrane micromixing, 2196, 2197Membrane microstructure, 37, 38, 39–40

effect on filtration, 50–59Membrane models, 78–79

in molecular dynamics simulations, 175–176,185–186

solubility in, 180, 181Membrane modularization, 290–304

costs of, 293, 294Membrane module configurations, 1894–1895

for MABR applications, 1756–1757plate-and-frame, 1894

Membrane module design, 254–255for OSN, 1867–1868

Membrane modules, 1170–1171, 1945–1947. Seealso Membrane materials/modules

carbon membranes in, 771–772cylindrical, 1192for gas separation applications, 1893–1895in membrane bioreactors, 1824–1825polymeric microfiltration, 316–318spolymeric ultrafiltration, 316–318pressure-retarded osmosis, 1418properties of, 1343pulp/paper mill industry and, 2156–2157,

2163–2164

rotating, 1194selection of, 2103

Membrane module start-up, 1833Membrane module summary, 1171Membrane morphologies (morphology), 417,

538–541, 904, 906–907, 1246in microfilters, 1223–1224

Membrane nanobubbling, 2196Membrane nanopores, electroless gold deposition in,

830–834Membrane pairs, 116Membrane performance

of carbon membranes, 763, 769–771in industrial processes, 2172pore size and, 1139–1140reduced, 231

Membrane performance degradation, 629Membrane performance metrics, for forward

osmosis, 1404Membrane performance model, 1316Membrane performance parameters, in diafiltration,

1306–1307Membrane permeability, 565Membrane permeability/selectivity, 1566Membrane permeance/selectivity, 1645–1647Membrane permselectivity, 1044Membrane permselectivity measurements, in

ion-exchange membrane characterization,1446–1447

Membrane pervaporation, 2095–2096for bioalcohol purification, 2085–2094

Membrane phase, 597Membrane plasticization, 1572, 1651–1652Membrane polymers, 1245

promising types for fuel cells, 2039–2048Membrane pore blockage, 45Membrane pores

PET, 347resolving, 48–49

Membrane pore size, 53–54, 247effect of, 67effects on permeate flux, 51–56

Membrane pore size/thickness, determining, 31–32Membrane pore structure characterization,

1279–1280Membrane porosity-determination techniques,

1063–1064Membrane potential (J , V ), 858, 860Membrane potential measurements, in ion-exchange

membrane characterization, 1444–1446Membrane preparation techniques, for composite

palladium-based membranes, 1603–1616Membrane process design

for bioalcohol treatment, 2094for CO2/CH4 separation, 2075–2078

Membrane process development, for OSN,1867–1868

INDEX 2303

Membrane processes, 1342–1343. See alsoFiltration; Hybrid processes; Membranefiltration; Microfiltration (MF); Nanofiltration(NF); Reverse osmosis (RO); Ultrafiltration(UF)

in biotechnology industries, 1271–1272combined, 1342for liquid phase or particle separation, 615–617for liquid radioactive waste treatment, 2140–2142limitations of, 2103pressure-driven, 2142–2143, 2168theoretical studies of, 852for water removal, 1664–1665

Membrane process flow schematics, for nitrogenproduction from air, 1685

Membrane propertiesin electrochemical industry, 1518–1522evaluating, 1064improving, 502in pulp/paper mill processes, 2160–2163

Membrane-protein-enhanced vesicles, 886Membrane proteins, 860–868, 872, 873, 876

stability of, 886Membrane quality, 721Membrane reactor (MR) configurations, 1714, 1715Membrane reactor modalities, 1783–1784Membrane reactors (MRs), 1770–1798. See also

Electromembrane reactor (EMR)analytical applications of, 1923carbon, 775catalytic, 1588–1589, 1632, 1637, 1713–1751classifying, 1740concept of, 1713–1716contactor-type, 1714, 1715distributor-type, 1715, 1723, 1728–1733enzymatic, 591–592extractor-type, 1715, 1716–1728future trends in, 1790–1791Pd-based, 1771–1772precombustion CO2 capture by inorganic,

1910–1912water gas shift, 1721

Membrane reactor technology, 1770–1771hydrogen production via inorganic, 1771–1772

Membrane reactor types, 1714–1715, 1716–1739Membrane-related conferences, seminars, symposia,

and workshops, 2236–2242Membrane-related research periodicals, 2242–2242Membrane requirements, in pulp/paper mill industry,

2158–2160Membrane resistance (RM), 38–39, 40, 53, 234,

499–503, 1248, 1287in ion-exchange membrane characterization, 1449

Membrane resistivity, 1491Membranes. See also Anion-exchange membranes

(AEMs); Asymmetric membranes; Basemembranes; Biomimetic membranes; Biologicalmembranes; Biomimetic superhydrophobic

microfibrous membranes; Biomimeticsuperhydrophobic nanofibous membranes;Bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs); Blockcopolymer (BCP) membranes; Cation-exchangemembranes (CEMs); Carbon membrane entries;Ceramic membrane entries; Colloidalmembranes; Commercial membranes;Composite membranes; Conducting polymer(CP) membranes; Dense membranes;Dynameric membranes; Enantioselectivemembranes; Fibrous membranes; Fuel cellmembrane entries; Gas separation (GS)membranes; Hollow-fiber membranes; Inorganicmembrane entries; Ion exchange membranes;Ion-selective membranes (ISMs); Liquidmembranes (LMs); Lipid membrane entries;Metallic membranes; Metallodynamericmembranes; Metal membranes;Microengineered membranes; Microfiltration(MF) membranes; Microporous membranes;MIEC membranes; Mixed-matrix membranes(MMMs); Molecular-imprinted membranes(MIMs); Molecular weight cut-off (MWCO)membrane; Nanocomposite membranes;Nanofibrous membranes; Nanofiltration (NF)membranes; Nanoporous membranes; Nanotubemembranes; Organic solvent nanofiltration(OSN) membranes; Oxygen transportmembranes; Perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA)membranes; Perforated membranes; Perovskitemembranes; Pervaporation (PV) membranes;Photocatalytic ceramic membranes (PCMs);Polyamide membrane entries; Polycarbonate(PC) membranes; Poly(IL)–IL compositemembranes; Polyimide (PI) membranes;Polymerized ionic liquid [Poly(IL)] membranes;Polymer(ic) membranes; Polyphosphozenesuperhydrophobic nanofibrous membranes;Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes;Porous alumina (PA) membranes; Porousmembranes; Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes(ROMs); Silica colloidal membranes; Silicamembranes; Solvent-resistant nanofiltration(SRNF) membranes; Stimuli-responsivemembranes (SRMs); Superhydrophobicbiomimetic fibrous membranes; Supportedbilayer membranes (sBLMs); Thin-film ceramicmembranes; Thin inorganic porous hollow-fiber(HF) membranes; Track-etch(ed) membranes(TMs); Track membranes; Ultrafiltration (UF)membranes; Zeolite membranes

acrylate superhydrophobic nanofibous, 996–997affinity, 1942air separation, 1670, 1691alginate, 2088–2092alkaline, 2053all-metal, 320–321alumina/titania, 978

2304 INDEX

Membranes. (Continued)aminated, 804–811amine-modified, 810ammonium-type, 2051–2053amorphous microporous, 619–622analytical applications of, 1915–1926anion-conducting, 2052anisotropic, 1648anodic alumina, 1737applications in biotechnology, 1942–1960applications of periodically porous polymeric, 433aromatic polyamide, 281–282for bioalcohol dehydration, 2088–2094for bioalcohol recovery, 2086–2088bipolar, 135, 475, 476, 477bottlenecked, 842bulk characteristics and porosity of, 1033–1045for C3+ hydrocarbon removal, 1662carbon dioxide/methane selectivity of commercial,

1901carbon hollow-fiber, 622carbon molecular sieve, 1562, 1568–1569, 1671cellulose acetate–based, 1653–1656, 1900–1901ceramic–carbonate dual-phase, 632ceramic fibrous, 444–445characteristics of, 247charged, 485charge-mosaic, 494chemical characteristics of, 1022–1027chemical functionalization of, 353chiral polyelectrolyte multilayer, 2179chitosan polymer, 438, 2988chlorine-tolerant, 306–307CO2-selective, 2082–2084CO2 separation, 160for CO2 separation at high temperatures, 631–632collodion, 7commercial pervaporation, 1548–1550composite polystyrene, 995concentration and pressure gradients in,

1859–1862concentration polarization in asymmetric,

1401–1403constitutional dynameric networks for, 945–963cost-effective, 1475cost of, 1955–1956CP-membrane-based ion-selective, 1930crystalline microporous, 622–625defined, 3–5, 2033dense inorganic, 625–634dense metallic, 1589dense palladium, 1784development of, 255for direct methanol fuel cells, 2048–2050double dynameric, 959dual-phase, 626, 627, 629–630DuPont, 282dynamic, 287

eggshell, 443enantioseparation by immobilized albumin,

2181–2182enantioseparation by immobilized antibody, 2183enantioseparation by immobilized apoenzyme,

2182–2183enantioseparation by immobilized DNA,

2184–2185enantioseparation by nanofiber, 2185–2187hydrophobic porous, 168filtration, 380fixed-site-carrier, 1562flat-sheet, 317–318, 1756, 1949food industry applications for, 2102–2124for gas separation applications, 1583, 1888–1895Goetz, 289gold nanotube, 828–854H2/CO2-selective, 1577heterogeneous, 475, 478hierarchically porous, 451–452highly selective, 1891high-pressure, 24, 31–33, 1097for high-temperature hydrogen separation,

1588–1644homogeneous, 475, 478homogeneously charged, 99, 100humidifying, 168hybrid ceramic functional, 718HydraCoRe, 307hydrogel-encapsulated, 870–871hydrogen-selective, 2079–2082hydrogen separation, 160hydrophilic, 247, 1547, 1548–1550hydrophobic fouling of, 1125–1127hydrophobic microporous silica, 621hydrophobic rubbery polymer, 2086hydrophobic silica, 620hydroxyl electrolyte, 1527immobilized cyclodextrin, 2180–2181importance of periodically porous polymeric,

433–435inhomogeneously charged, 99integrally skinned asymmetric, 909, 1851,

1852–1853integrally skinned phase inversion, 543–548,

548–551interfacial composite, 7interfacial polyamide, 286ion-exchange capacity of, 497, 503ionic strength–responsive, 804–815ionophore-based, 877, 878ion transport, 1680laminated, 1778low-fouling, 2103low-pressure, 1097, 1275, 1276magnetic, 939in membrane bioreactors, 1824–1825mesoporous silica, 1570

INDEX 2305

metal-doped, 620methane-permeable, 1902for microfluidic applications, 2196–2216“mineral,” 288–289mixed proton–hole-conducting perovskite,

630–631mixed proton–hole-conducting solid oxide,

630–631monovalent cation-selective, 1452mosaic, 475–476, 493–495multiple-phase, 626nanoparticle-ceramic, 320nanowire, 688–689, 689–690NaSICON, 2143for natural gas purification, 1665–1666for nitrogen removal, 1663non-Pd–alloy, 634nonporous, 145–147, 167nonselective porous, 1732Nucleopore�, 2056Nuclepore, 333, 346for O2/H2 separation, 626–631organophilic, 1547, 1550organoselective, 1547–1548, 1550for osmotic power, 1837–1850palladium, 1569–1570palladium-alloy, 159, 633palladium-based, 632–634, 1593–1595as particulate filters, 277PBI, 1576–1577, 2046–2047Pd–Ag, 1778Pd–Cu, 1778PDMAEMA-modified, 811–815perfluorinated, 482phase inversion, 543–548, 548–551photoresponsive, 923pH-responsive, 804–815, 915, 923, 925–926physical characteristics and morphology of,

1027–1029planar, 698PNIPAAM-modified, 816Poiseuille, 1774polyalanine-modified, 816–819poly(arylsulfone), 467polyelectrolyte complex, 539, 552polyester, 346–347polyether, 1889polyethylene, 2188poly(IL)–PEG copolymer, 747polymer electrolyte, 1503polymeric microfiltration, 314–315polymeric pseudo-liquid, 2193–2194polymeric SRNF, 542polymeric ultrafiltration, 314–315polypropylene, 470–472pore-filled porous, 916porous carbon, 446–448porous inorganic, 712

porous polymeric, 431potential measurement for, 498–499pressure-retarded osmosis, 1418properties of commercial bipolar, 1427protease-modified, 1923proton-conductive, 483–484, 2048–2050proton transport, 2050–2051Quantum Flux, 308radiation stability of, 2143resolution mechanism through, 2177–2178reverse osmosis nanofiltration, 616reviews on mixed conducting, 629rotating cylindrical, 1192rough superhydrophobic, 1011semi-superhydrophobic, 1705Shirasu porous glass, 2198–2202silicon nitride microsieve, 2204–2205sintered, 288steady-state flux of, 73, 74stimuli-responsiveness effects in, 903–908strong-acid, 483sulfonated, 804–811sulfonated polysulfone-based, 483supported, 759supported liquid, 1698–1699, 1706surface characteristics of, 1045–1050surface charge/electrical properties of, 1047–1050surface modification of, 460–474suspended, 881–882symmetric, 146synthesis of perovskite, 698–700synthetic, 8–9, 1774synthetic biomimetic, 886temperature-responsive (thermoresponsive), 893,

914–915, 922, 923, 925in textile-industry wastewater treatment,

2124–2136thick, 1032thickness, morphology, and swelling of,

1040–1041thin composite, 1631–1637thin-film composite, 7, 147, 282–283, 284–286,

539, 551–552, 661–662, 1153, 1851–1852,1853–1854

thin-film nanocomposite, 1816thin-film nanoparticle, 308thin-film polyamide, 306, 551thin-layer supported dynameric, 948three-dimensionally porous polymeric, 434total impedance of, 501–502transport characteristics of, 1029–1033transport through, 1858–1867tubular, 321tubular sodalite, 1727ultrathin Pd-coated, 634unsupported, 759viscous flow, 1774water purification, 884–886

2306 INDEX

Membranes. (Continued)weak-acid, 483with hierarchical porosity, 431–459ζ -potential of commercial, 1047zinc oxide nanofibrous, 1002zwitterionic, 494

Membrane scaling, 192Membrane science/technology

growth of, 8history of, 6–7importance of, 7–8research and development in, 1957

Membrane selection, pulp/paper mill industry and,2156

Membrane selectivity, 1488, 1535–1536Membrane sensitization, 831Membrane separation, 4–5, 1887

POM reaction and, 1732–1733simplicity of, 1896, 1956

Membrane separation methods, future perspectiveson, 2150

Membrane separation processes, 77–78, 141, 963oxygen-enriched, 140–142

Membrane separations, in biotechnology andmedicine, 7–8

Membrane separation strategies, 829Membrane shear rate, 1197, 1198Membrane shear rate estimations, 1200–1204Membrane shear stress, 1212Membrane societies, 2229–2235Membrane–solute interactions. See

Solute–membrane interactionsMembrane stability, 1733

in ion-exchange membrane characterization,1444

pulp/paper mill industry and, 2157, 2158–2160Membrane stability issues, 1726Membrane stability studies, 580Membrane structure, 1647–1649Membrane structure effects, in flux decline analysis,

226–228Membrane structures, lipid, 855–858Membrane structure studies, for organic solvent

nanofiltration, 1857–1858Membrane substrates, 677–684Membrane supports, 678. See also Membrane

substrates; Substrate entriesMembrane surface characterization, 1119–1127Membrane surface design, 348Membrane surface fouling examination, 1123–1125Membrane surface imaging, in reverse osmosis

microanalysis, 1156Membrane surface modification, 1120–1123

as antiscaling process, 209Membrane surface morphology, 1124–1125

of paper industry membranes, 2162–2163Membrane surface phenomena, in reverse osmosis

microanalysis, 1136

Membrane surfaces, 1248effect on polymorph precipitates, 203functionalization of, 837

Membrane surface salt concentration (Cm), 235Membrane swelling, in ion-exchange membrane

characterization, 1443Membrane system configurations, for CO2/CH4

separation, 2078Membrane system design

for CO2 removal, 1573future perspectives on, 2150

Membrane systemsapplications in natural gas purification, 1653–1665CO2 removal and, 1572continuous, 1321Cynara, 1650, 1656, 1661diffusional solutes in, 958for gas separation, 1578–1579oxygen-enriched, 153single-use, 1957stacked, 937

Membrane system size, 1660–1661Membrane technology, 676–677

in dairy industry, 2104–2108energy-related applications for, 2066fundamentals of, 1645–1651for hydrogen (H2) enrichment, 2078–2084industrial use of, 2141for methane enrichment, 2068–2078for natural gas purification, 1645plus points and problems of, 1341–1342potential benefits of, 2094–2095

Membrane technology trends, for natural gaspurification, 1659–1662

Membrane terminology, 1945–1947, 2219–2229Membrane thickness, 1490Membrane tightness, 255Membrane transport, 1399–1404Membrane transport ability, 2186–2187Membrane volume charge density, 82Membrane zeta-potential (ζ -potential), 22, 1047MemGuard system, 1656–1657Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), for assessing

membrane porosity, 1037Mercury porometer suppliers, 1088Mercury porosimetry, 1074, 1087–1088Meso/macroporous film, 438–442, 443Mesophase-templated silica membranes,

sol–gel-derived, 693, 694Mesopores, 1075Mesopore size distribution, 1076Mesoporous γ-alumina intermediate layer, 680Mesoporous analysis, 1077Mesoporous carbon, 437–438Mesoporous silica membranes, 1570Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), 673, 1004Mesoporous silicas, 437

INDEX 2307

Mesoporous yttria-stabilized zirconia layers,crack-free, 679

Metal atom deposition method, 1780Metal-containing wastewater, 1451–1453Metal coordinating centers, 954Metal-doped membranes, 620Metal-doped silica membranes, 725–731

unique gas permeation properties through,728–731, 732

Metal-doped TiO2, 979Metal electrodeposition, 1493Metal extraction, ELM in, 600Metal-ion exchange, 2071, 2074Metal ions, water-dissociation reaction involving,

137Metal(lic) ion separation, 585–586

supported liquid membranes for, 1977–1978Metallic membranes. See also Metal membranes

dense, 1589for high-temperature hydrogen separation,

1588–1644Metallic nanoparticles, catalytic active, 695Metallic supports

porous, 678, 1603–1605, 1628treatments of porous bare, 1606–1611

Metallodynameric membranesfor biomimetic gas transport, 954–958transport properties of, 957

Metal membranes, 320–321, 450–451. See alsoMetallic membranes

non-Pd-based, 632–634palladium-based, 632–634properties of, 641

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), 165, 399–400,412, 451, 556–557. See also MOF-containingmixed-matrix membranes

Metal–organic material (MOM) fillers, 417Metal–organic material particles, 409–410, 412Metal–organic materials (MOMs), 399–400

polymer and porous, 412–413Metal-oxide-doped silica membranes,

692–693Metal oxide semiconducting materials, 965Metal oxide ultrafiltration (UF) membranes,

288Metal phase, 631Metal silica membranes, 692–693Methane (CH4). See also Carbon dioxide/methane

(CO2/CH4) selectivityoxidative coupling of, 1729, 1730–1732partial oxidation of, 1732

Methane dry reforming, in palladium-basedmembrane reactors, 1786, 1787

Methane enrichment, membrane technology for,2068–2078

Methane-permeable membranes, 1902Methane separation, 2068–2069, 2069–2070,

2070–2075, 2075–2078

Methane steam reforming (MSR), 1588, 1589, 1631,1632, 1718–1719

autothermal, 1719–1720in palladium-based membrane reactors,

1785–1786Methane steam reforming catalytic membrane

reactor (MSR–CMR), 1589, 1637Methanol (CH3OH) barrier characteristics,

improving, 2049–2050Methanol (MeOH) blocking, 2048Methanol conversion, 775Methanol fuel cells, proton-conducting membranes

for, 2048–2050Methanol removal, from organic mixtures,

1552–1553Methanol splitting, 515Methanol steam reforming, in palladium-based

membrane reactors, 1787–1789Methanol synthesis, 1722, 1723Methanol-treated PIM-1 polymer, 791p-Methoxycinnamic acid, selective pertraction of,

1992–1997Methyl group, 751, 752Methyltriethoxysilane (MTES), 692, 715,

724, 725MEUF system models, 1350–1351. See also

Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF)MFI-type membranes, 686–687MFI zeolite membrane layers, 625Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF),

1346–1347. See also MEUF system modelsligand-modified, 1347

Micelles, 1346, 1347Microbial disinfection, as a PCM function, 969Microbial resistance, of paper industry membranes,

2159Microbiological control, 392Microbiological detection, microscreens in, 392Microbiological waterborne diseases, 1112Microbubbling, 2196Microcapsules, 395, 396

for drug delivery, 934porous core-shell, 925

Microchannel (MC) array plates, 2207–2212. Seealso MC array entries

applications of, 2209–2212Microchannel array flow analyzer (MC-FAN), 2209Microchannel emulsification (MCE), 2196, 2207,

2209, 2210Microdialysis, for extraction, 1918–1919Microdialysis sampling, 1924Microdialysis tissue sampling, problems in, 1918Microengineered membranes, 357–398, 2202–2205

filtration applications with, 389–392microfluidic applications of, 2205nickel, 2203–2204polymeric, 377–384

Microengineered pores, 368

2308 INDEX

Microengineered structures, 364etching of, 363–364

Microengineering, 357–359process flow in, 358

Microextraction, 1916hollow-fiber-supported liquid membrane, 1972

Microfibrous membranes, biomimeticsuperhydrophobic, 1002–1004

Microfilter (MF) pretreatment, 1231–1233Microfilters (MFs)

applications of, 1222–1223ceramic, 1224–1225clean water permeation and, 1225–1226fouling of, 1227–1233manufacturers of, 1225membrane/module configurations of,

1223–1225Microfiltration (MF), 7, 8, 37, 289–290, 1221–1421,

1942applications of, 276, 277, 1272in beer production, 2109, 2110cross-flow, 389in the dairy industry, 2105–2106, 2107defined, 1221, 1243diafiltration used in, 1324–1326future trends in, 1235–1236industrial use of, 2141of lager beer, 390membrane applications for, 1948–1950of milk, 390–392role in water/wastewater treatment,

1221–1222separation range of, 1243suspension-enhanced, 1348–1350of titanium white, 59–69water quality and, 1233–1234

Microfiltration development, 314–324Microfiltration filters, 277Microfiltration installations, field testing/piloting of,

1234–1235Microfiltration membrane materials/modules,

ceramic, 318–324Microfiltration membrane modules, polymeric,

316–318Microfiltration (MF) membranes, 7, 246, 289–290,

445, 617, 1097, 1949materials in preparing, 315polymeric, 314–315

Microfiltration modeling, 43–50Microfiltration performance, of prepared ceramic

membranes, 62–66Microfiltration preparation techniques, 290Microfiltration process, of titanium dioxide particle

suspension system, 74Microfiltration technologies, 326Microfiltration terms, 2225–2226Microfiltration/ultrafiltration (MF–UF) dynamic

cross-flow filtration process, 1208

Microfluidic applicationsincreasing use of, 2212–2213membranes for, 2196–2216membrane types for, 2198–2212of microengineered membranes, 2205polymer(ic) membranes for, 2206–2207

Microfluidic channels, 2197–2198“Microfouling,” 232Micromixing, 2196, 2197Micromixing/precipitation method, 2197Micromolding, phase separation, 381–384Micromolecules, functionalized, 1407Microorganism inactivation, 978–979Microparticle preparation, ELMs in, 602Microperforation methods, 368Microphase morphology, 954Micropore diffusion, 144–145Micropores, 1075Microporosity

characterization of intrinsic, 787–789of PIMs, 789–790

Microporous analysis, 1078Microporous hydrophobic membranes, 1703Microporous inorganic membranes, 619–625Microporous materials, 781Microporous membranes

amorphous, 619–622crystalline, 622–625hydrophobic, 1703inorganic, 619–625for MABR applications, 1755–1756

Microporous organic polymers (MOPs), 1562,1566–1567

Microporous silica membranes, hydrophobic, 621Microporous stamps, 371–372, 373“Microscopic irreversibility” assumption, 108Microscopic techniques

in characterizing membrane porosity, 1064–1070in characterizing SRNF membrane morphology,

538–540in fouling visualization, 252

Microscopy, in membrane integrity testing,1104–1105

Microscreens, in rapid microbiological detection, 392Microsieve fabrication, 372–377Microsieve filters, 389–390Microsieve membranes, silicon nitride, 2204–2205Microsieves, 364–365, 368, 370, 371, 435–436,

2202–2203flow resistance of, 390hierarchically structured, 436lager beer microfiltration with, 390milk microfiltration/fractionation with, 390–392nickel, 2204for photonic structures, 386–389polymeric, 378, 379research and applications with, 384–389

Microsolutes, diafiltration and, 1297

INDEX 2309

Microspheres. See also Colloidal microspheresurface

silica, 1130in wastewater treatment, 776

Microstructured capillary fibers, 383–384Microstructure parameters, 50

effects of, 74optimal, 65–66permeate flux and, 41pure water flux and, 40–42

Microsyneresis, 907Microsystem technology (MST), 357MIEC membranes, 627–628, 696, 698–699. See

also Mixed ion–electron conduction (MIEC)dense, 627dense tubular, 698tubular, 698

Milk. See also Dairy industrybacteria and spore removal from, 2104–2105standardization. concentration skimmed, and

fractionation of, 2105–2106Milk microfiltration/fractionation, with microsieves,

390–392“Mineral” membranes, 288–289Mineral scale, 195Minimum image convention, 173Minimum work of separation, 3Minteq software, 199Miscibility enhancers, 669Mixed conducting membranes, reviews on, 629Mixed foulants, 241Mixed gas separation, 722Mixed ion–electron conduction (MIEC), 626. See

also MIEC membranesMixed ionic/electronic conductors, 1731Mixed liquid suspended solid concentration, 250,

252, 253, 254, 260, 1822Mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS), 247, 248,

1825, 1833Mixed-matrix membrane design/preparation,

three-component interactions in, 403–405Mixed-matrix membrane formation, 411–412,

793Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs), 398–430, 437,

554–557, 672, 1562, 1568, 2093, 2094. Seealso Nanocomposite membranes

applications and future directions for, 417for CO2/CH4 separation, 2074–2075commercial development of, 417formation of, 399, 400for gas separation applications, 1890hydrogen-selective, 2080MOF-containing, 1681, 1682morphologies of and defect types in, 401–403for oxygen/nitrogen separation, 1680–1681particle percolation and stress accumulation in,

405–408Pd–SiO2, 729–730, 732

preparation and design criteria for, 400–410silicalite-1/PDMS, 2087types of, 410–416

Mixed-matrix membrane solution viscosity, 405Mixed-matrix membrane spin dope, 411Mixed precipitates, 201Mixed proton–hole-conducting perovskite

membranes, 630–631Mixed proton–hole-conducting solid oxide

membranes, 630–631Mixed wastewater treatment, end-of-pipe,

2126–2128Mixed wastewater treatment studies, 2127–2128Mixing, energy harvesting from, 1483MMV (Maubois, Mocquot, Vassal) process, 2108Mn(II) extraction, from sulfuric acid solutions,

1975–1977Mobile extractant, 1962Mobile mass spectrometers, 1919–1920Model foulant systems, 1052–1057Model identification/comparison, 71–73, 101Modeling, forces and, 1162–1163Model resolution, 48–49Model verification, 49–50Modern cartridge filters, 303, 304Modern SILMs, with room-temperature ionic liquids,

738–740. See also Supported ionic liquidmembranes (SILMs)

Modified DGM, in characterizing membraneporosity, 1073. See also “Dusty gas” model(DGM)

Modified two-phases electro-electrodialysis(MTPEED), 1462

Modular assemblies, in liquid radioactive wastetreatment, 2140

Modular scale-up, 1956Module configurations, 291Module design, 1249

lumen-side feed, 326in membrane chromatography, 1954–1955

Module development, 275–332future directions of, 325–326reverse osmosis and nanofiltration, 310–314

Module efficiency, 1179, 1180, 1181Modules. See also Hollow-fiber (HF) modules;

Membrane modules; Spiral-wound modulesmultitube, 727for natural gas purification, 1649–1651radial flow, 1954rotating disk, 1191, 1205–1210stacked flat-sheet, 1954

MOF-containing mixed-matrix membranes, 1681,1682. See also Metal–organic frameworks(MOFs)

Mohr method, in ion-exchange membranecharacterization, 1443

Molar flux, 80, 89, 90Molar mobility, 2190–2191

2310 INDEX

Molar transport rate, 859Molar volume, 740Molding processes, 378–381Molecular design, for stimuli responsiveness,

929–930Molecular diffusivities, in MOMs, 412Molecular dynamics (MD), 541

gold nanotube membranes and, 851–852Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, 171

conditions for, 174coupling with other techniques, 187free volume in, 178–179gas diffusion in, 183–187gas motion mechanisms in, 176–178gas solubility in, 179–182gas uptake curves in, 182–183starting structure preparation for, 174–176theoretical background of, 172–174

Molecular-imprinted membranes (MIMs), 932Molecular imprinting, alternative, 2188, 2189Molecular interactions, 1259Molecular layering (ML), 1781Molecularly imprinted membranes, enantioseparation

by, 2188–2192Molecular recognition agents (MRAs), 848Molecular recognition–based separations, 848Molecular recognition sites, 2188Molecular selectors, 2096Molecular separations, 828–829

charge-based, 842–846size-based, 838–842

Molecular shape, in solvent–solute systems, 538“Molecular sieve” function, 624Molecular sieve membranes, carbon, 1562,

1568–1569, 1671Molecular sieves, 1775

carbon, 758Molecular sieving, 145, 1714Molecular sieving silica structures, 691Molecular sieving-type structure, 1671Molecular simulation tools, 29–30Molecular size, pore size related to, 145Molecular size measures, 148Molecular template method, 620Molecular transport, hydrogen, 1775Molecular weight (MW)

of grafted polymer, 928–929membrane integrity testing and, 1110solvent–solute systems and, 537

Molecular weight cutoff (MWCO), 534, 1243–1244,1259, 1854, 1855, 1857, 2184. See alsoMWCO entries

membrane integrity testing and, 1110nanofiltration and, 1276–1277ultrafiltration and, 1951

Molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) membrane, 391Molecule retention, 1281–1282

by UF membranes, 1242–1243

Molten carbonate phase, 631Molten salts, 737Monitoring, analytic, 1918Monolayer adsorption, 1259Monolayer deposition, 880Monolayer transfer, 871–872Monolayer transfer methods, 880–881Monolith configurations, 322–323Monolithic photocatalytic ceramic membranes, 972Monomeric amines, 666–668

thin films from, 666–668Monomeric component connexions, reversible, 951Monomers, ion-exchange membranes starting with,

478–482Monomer solution doping, 673Monovalent cation-selective membranes (MCSMs),

1452Monte Carlo (MC) moves, in molecular dynamics

simulations, 174–175Montmorillonite, 413Morphological parameters, for UF membranes, 1247Morphology-related techniques, in characterizing

membrane porosity, 1089Mosaic ion-exchange membranes, preparation of,

493–495. See also Hybrid mosaic ion-exchangemembrane

Mosaic membranes, 475–476. See alsoCharge-mosaic membranes

MPD (m-phenylenediamine), 667, 668MPD–TMC membranes, 667, 668. See also

Trimesoyl chloride (TMC)MPD–TMC reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, 670MSD pilot, 1208, 1210, 1211, 1212MSD system, 1197, 1198MTES-derived silica membranes, 724. See also

Methyltriethoxysilane (MTES)MTES/TEOS-derived silica, 715–718MTR Company, polymeric membranes developed

by, 1905Multiblock copolymers, 2041Multichannel elements, 321–322Multifunctional fabric materials, 1004Multifunctional materials, 1011Multilayer bipolar membranes, 492–493Multilayer diffusion, 1775Multilayer membranes, chiral polyelectrolyte, 2179Multilayer ultrafiltration membranes, porous

ceramic, 1247Multimodal pore systems, 693–695Multimodal porous carbon, ordered, 447–448Multiphase catalytic reactions, 1734Multiple-phase membranes, 626Multiple-scale fibrous structures, from

electrospinning, 1001Multishaft rotating disk systems, 1196–1198,

1202–1203Multisilicon copolymer, 488

bionic, 489–490

INDEX 2311

Multisilicon groups, 489Multistage enantioseparation process, 2193Multistage reverse osmosis (RO) systems,

1365–1366Multitube modules, 727Multivalent ions, nanofiltration and, 1276Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), 1005,

1009MWCO analysis, 536–538. See also “Molecular

weight cutoff” (MWCO)

NaA membrane, 1727–1728NaCl concentration, 125–126, 129. See also Salt

concentration(s); Sodium chloride tracerresponse technique

in dye bath effluents, 2129–2130Nafion� composite membrane, 437, 476Nafion� perfluorocarbon membrane, 482, 1520,

1528, 2039–2040, 2055in radioactive waste treatment, 2143

Nanobubbles, 1125–1127Nanobubbling, 2196Nanobuilding blocks, for structural composite

photocatalytic ceramic membranes, 975, 978Nanocomposite formation, polymer–platelet,

413–414Nanocomposite membranes. See also Mixed-matrix

membranes (MMMs)for oxygen/nitrogen separation, 1680–1681thin-film, 1816

Nanocompositesanion-exchange capacities of, 487clay/polymer, 414thin-film, 672–674

Nanocontact printing/etching, with phase separatedmembranes, 370–372

Nanocrystals, 602Nanofiber composites, 2048Nanofiber membranes

enantioseparation and, 2185–2187porosity of, 2186

Nanofiberschitin, 2187enantionseparation by, 2185–2187polystyrene, 995preformed, 445–446

Nanofibrous membranesacrylate superhydrophobic, 996–997biomimetic superhydrophobic, 994–1002for DSSC applications, 1009polyphosphozene superhydrophobic, 998

Nanofiltration (NF), 11–12, 305–306, 1275–1296.See also Reverse osmosis/nanofiltration(RO/NF) membranes

applications of, 1288–1291challenges for, 1290–1291development of, 1275diafiltration used in, 1329–1331

fouling in, 1286–1288mechanistic modeling of transport in, 77–106organic-molecule-enhanced, 1345PIMs for, 790–791scope of, 1276–1277solvent-resistant, 791in wine production, 2111

Nanofiltration composites, chemical composition andpolarity of, 1042

Nanofiltration membrane materials, 306–309Nanofiltration membrane materials/synthesis

procedures, 1277–1279Nanofiltration (NF) membranes, 78, 542, 971,

1135–1170, 1949ceramic, 1278development of, 306ion transport modeling through, 93–101loose, 1278mean pore radius of, 84mean pore size of, 102solvent-resistant, 532–564in textile wastewater treatment, 2126–2127,

2128–2129, 2130, 2131, 2132tight, 1277

Nanofiltration membrane thin film, 663Nanofiltration models, 78

Born effect in, 95Nanofiltration module development, 310–314Nanofiltration/reverse osmosis (NF/RO) processes,

232in textile wastewater treatment, 2126–2127,

2128–2129, 2130in wine production, 2113

Nanofiltration terms, 2225–2226Nanofiltration technology, 1291–1292Nanoimprint lithography, 380–381Nanoparticle-ceramic membranes, 320Nanoparticle (NP) preparation, ELMs in, 602Nanoparticle purification, diafiltration used in,

1324–1325Nanoparticles (NPs), 672, 673

advantages of, 309blending with inorganic, 464catalytic active metallic, 695core–corona, 432in electrospinning, 990–991fused silica, 793hydrophilic, 464inorganic, 1680magnetic, 1407silica, 673, 1004titanium dioxide (titania), 673, 972

Nanoparticulate thin films, yttrium oxide, 602Nanopore modification, 799Nanopores, electroless gold deposition in membrane,

830–834Nanopore size, 1040Nanoporosity, intrinsic, 552–553

2312 INDEX

Nanoporous inorganic particles, interfaces for, 752Nanoporous membranes

importance of, 797–798permselective silica colloidal, 799responsive, 797, 798silica colloidal, 797–828

Nanoporous polymer-modified colloidal membranes,819

Nanorod arrays, 1005Nanoscale materials, 308Nanosensors, 849Nanosieve fabrication, 372–377Nanosieves, 368, 384, 387Nanosized nickel suspensions, cross-flow filtration

of, 69–70Nanosized particle suspensions, 75

depicting the filtration of, 70–71modeling filtration of, 69–73

Nanostencils, 387Nanostructured (NST) reverse osmosis (RO)

membranes, 1816Nanostructures, patterning of, 384–386Nanotechnology, 304–305, 326Nanothermal analysis (nano-TA), 1165Nanotube incorporation, 674Nanotube membranes

free-standing TiO2, 688–689, 690gold, 828–854

Nanotubesboron nitride, 1816carbon, 1816hydrophobicity of, 850

Nanowhiskers, 409Nanowire membranes, free-standing TiO2, 688–689,

689–690Nanowires, 444–445NaSICON membrane, in radioactive waste treatment,

2143Natural gas liquid (NGL) recovery, 1904–1905Natural gas liquids (NGLs), 1644, 1663Natural gas membrane processing, 1900–1903Natural gas pipeline specifications, 1644, 1645Natural gas purification, 1644–1668

feed pretreatment in, 1656–1658membrane process characteristics for, 1651–1653membrane system applications in, 1653–1665membrane technology for, 1645membrane technology trends for, 1659–1662modules for, 1649–1651

Natural gas separation systems, suppliers of, 1645,1646

Natural gas sweetening, 1571–1574Natural hydrophobic structures, hierarchical and

unitary, 985–987Natural ionophores, polymer membranes using, 877Natural occurring matter (NOM), 192Natural organic matter (NOM), 1231, 1233Navier–Stokes (NS) equation, 80

Negative rejection rate, 91Nernst equation, 1488, 1510, 1522Nernst–Planck equation, 79, 132–133, 1861

extended, 21–22, 30–31, 79, 107, 126–127Nernst–Planck model, extended, 21–22, 30, 31Nernst potential, 859Net flux (NF), in membrane bioreactors, 1823Net-type feed spacers, 1175Networks. See also Interpenetrating polymer

networks (IPNs)amorphous silica, 720–721constitutional dynameric, 945–963densification of silica, 727, 728dynameric/supramolecular, 958for complex dynameric membranes, 958–960silica, 713ultramicropore, 770

Network size, 722–725Network size control, for sol–gel-derived amorphous

silica membranes, 715–725Neutral solute diffusion, 1030–1031Neutral solute rejection, 102–103Neutral solutes, 933Newton’s equations of motion, 172Niacin, 2022–2024Nickel microengineered membrane, 2203–2204Nickel microsieves, 2204Nicotinic acid, pertraction of, 2022–2029Nicotinic acid separation, 2024Niobia-doped silica membranes, 730–731, 732Nitrate reduction, 1738Nitrification, autotrophic, 1762–1763Nitrification/denitrification, via MABRs, 1759–1762NitroGEN air separation system, 1688, 1689Nitrogen (N2) adsorption/desorption, for PIM-1,

787–788Nitrogen concentration, 1683, 1684Nitrogen-doped TiO2, 979Nitrogen-enriched air, applications of, 157Nitrogen enrichment, 156–157, 1683Nitrogen injection, membrane-based, 1690Nitrogen permeance, 645–646Nitrogen recovery, 1684, 1685Nitrogen removal. See also Denitrification

in natural gas purification, 1663–1664via hybrid-membrane-aerated biofilm-suspended

growth system, 1763Nitrogen removal processes, 1759Nitrogen separation, 1906

membrane-based, 1664NMP (N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone)-containing casting

solutions, 546Nomenclature

for inorganic membrane filtration, 75–76for liquid membranes, 603for membrane electrolysis, 1529–1530for membrane materials and module development,

326–327

INDEX 2313

for membrane reactors, 1791–1792for nanofiltration transport modeling, 103–104for pore blocking models, 228–229

Nonaqueous systems, EDBM for, 514–515“Nonbonded” potentials, 173Noncellulosic reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, 281Nonchiral membranes, enantioseparation by,

2187–2193Noncontact mode, of atomic force microscope

imaging, 1066, 1118–1119Nondesalination membrane-based technologies, 326Nonequilibrium excess free volume, 150Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of glassy polymers

(NET-GP) approach, 183Nonfacilitated transport, 1963, 1964Noninterconnected pore structures, 226–227Noninvasive observation methods, in fouling

visualization, 252–253Nonionic exchange groups, 134Nonlinear dynamic models, 1314–1315Nonnetwork microporous polymers (PIM-PIs), 785,

786Nonnetwork microporous polymers (PIM-TBs), 786Non-Pd–alloy membranes, 634Non-Pd-based metal membranes, for hydrogen (H2)

production, 632–634Nonporous membranes, 145–147, 167. See also

Dense membraneshydrogen and helium separation via, 157–158

Nonselective porous membranes, 1732Nonsolvent alkaline membrane fabrication strategy,

2052Nonsolvent immersion phase-inversion (NIPI)

process, 279, 290Nonsolvent-induced phase separation

(NIPS), 432in SRM preparation, 909

Nonsolvents, in casting solutions, 547–548Nontraditional feed water sources, 305Nonvolatile inorganic solutes, in forward osmosis,

1406Nonzeolitic pores, eliminating, 625NS-100 membrane, 664–665NTR-7250 membrane, 667Nuclear industry, 2136Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

porometry, 1081Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

in ion-exchange membrane characterization,1436–1438

in membrane characterization, 1025in reverse osmosis microanalysis, 1148–1151

Nuclear tracks, development in dielectrics,–332–333

Nuclear waste processingfuture perspectives on, 2149–2150membrane-based techniques for, 2136–2155

Nuclear waste treatment, 1977–1978

Nucleation, 202–203, 208organic contaminants and, 203

Nucleation and growth (binodal) mechanism, 545Nucleation separation, 833Nucleopore� membrane, 2056Nuclepore membranes, 333, 346Numerical models, 24Nylon fabrics, superhydrophobic, 1007, 1008Nylon membranes, 580–581, 582Nyquist diagrams, 1449Nyquist impedance spectra, 501–502

Objective function, 1314Observation methods, in fouling visualization,

252–253OCM membranes, 1730. See also Oxidative

coupling of methane (OCM) reactionOctadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), 673Ohmic loss, 1488OH ions, in water-dissociation reaction layer,

131–133. See also Hydroxyl-ion entriesOil-field waters, treatment of, 1235Oil-in-water (o/w, O/W) emulsions, 393, 2196, 2207Oil/water/oil (O/W/O) systems, 592Oil–water separation, fibrous membranes in, 1009Olefin–paraffin separations, 743Olefins, 743–744Olefins/paraffins, separation of, 773–775Oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (OEGMA),

929–930Oligonucleotide binder, 821Oligonucleotides, aptamer, 820–821OLI Stream Analyzer software, 199Once-through cooling systems, 1803One-handed helical conformation, achiral polymer

membranes with, 2193One-handed helical polymers, 2193<100> silicon wafers, 374–375<110> silicon wafers, 375–377One-pot synthesis method, 443One-stage membrane separation process, 1906One-step electrospinning, 990–991One-step fermentation method, 2015Online scaling detection methods, 211On–off solute switching behaviors, 918Opal electrodes, 805, 806–807

sulfonated, 807Open channel hydrodynamics, 1177Open-circuit potential (OCP), 1486–1488Open-loop cascade systems, 1317Open-loop pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) systems,

1413–1414Operating conditions

effect of, 260–261scaling as a function of, 200–202simulating effects of, 64–66

Operating flux, sustainable, 255–257Operating pressure, cell voltage and, 1508–1510

2314 INDEX

Operating temperaturescell voltage and, 1507–1508kinetics and, 1508

Operational conditions, effect on CEOP/BEOP,240–241

Optical methods, in scaling detection, 211Optical microscopy (OM) techniques, membrane

fouling characterization via, 1051–1052, 1054Optifilter CR, 1196Optimal ceramic membrane, 61

designed, 74–75Optimal diluent scheduling, 1315Optimal microstructure parameters, 65–66Optimal pore size, 53, 74Optimal pore size design, 60–61Optimal power density, 1841–1846

challenges for, 1843–1846for pressure-retarded osmosis, 1841–1842for reverse electrodialysis, 1841, 1843, 1845prospects for attaining, 1848

Optimization strategies, for time-dependent function,1313–1317

Optimized ceramic membrane, 67Optimized reverse osmosis (RO) systems,

1808–1810Ordered multimodal porous carbon (OMPC),

447–448Organic acid extraction, 601Organic acid production, 512–513

EDBPM processes and, 1462Organic acid production/recovery, 1459–1462Organic acid recovery, 1466Organic acid separation/recovery, diffusion dialysis

in, 1468–1471Organic carbon removal, via MABRs, 1758–1759Organic compounds. See also Volatile organic

compounds (VOCs)catalytic degradation of toxic, 937structural composite photocatalytic ceramic

membranes and, 973transport through SILMs, 574

Organic compound separation, 583–585Organic contaminants, nucleation and, 203Organic gelators, low molecular weight, 744–745Organic–inorganic composite membranes, 437. See

also Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs)Organic–inorganic hybrid ion-exchange membranes,

1430–1432preparation of, 485–490

Organic–inorganic hybrid silica membranes, 732Organic–inorganic hybrid suspensions, 694–695Organic linking groups, 719Organic liquids, for nuclear technology, 2145Organic membrane matrix, photocatalysts in, 964Organic mixtures

methanol removal from, 1552–1553separating by pervaporation, 1547–1548, 1555

Organic-molecule-enhanced nanofiltration (OMENF),1345

Organic molecules, pH-mediated transport of,843–846

Organic plasma, 466Organic pore formers, in casting solutions, 548Organic silica precursors, 692Organic solute rejection, 24Organic solutes

nonvolatile, 1406volatile, 1407

Organic solvent dehydration, 1543–1545Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN), 533, 1284,

1850–1886. See also OSN entriesAPI degenotoxification by, 1869ceramic membranes for, 1851, 1854–1855, 1856commercial membranes for, 1855–1856diafiltration used in, 1331as distillation alternative, 1876future perspectives on, 1876–1877in ionic liquid recovery, 1874–1875polymeric membranes for, 1851–1854principles and applications of, 1850in solute enrichment, 1876in solvent exchange, 1871–1872solvent and solute transport in, 1862–1866in solvent recovery, 1870in stereochemistry fields, 1872–1874

Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) membranes,polymers of intrinsic microporosity as, 790–791

Organic solventsmembrane applications in, 1868–1876separations in, 533

Organic-templated silica membranes, 691–692“Organic template” method, 715–717, 731Organic template structure, for structural composite

photocatalytic ceramic membranes, 976–977Organic vapor separations, 166Organophilic membranes, 1545–1547, 1550Organophilic nanofiltration (ONF), 533Organophosphinates, as antiscalants, 207Organophosphonates, as antiscalants, 207Organoselective membranes, 1547–1548, 1550o-ring leaks, 1186ortho-positronium (o-Ps), 152, 1137

for PIM characterization, 788ortho-positronium self-annihilation, 1138, 1140Osaka Gas Co. oxygen enrichment system, 1689Oscillating cross-flow, 2205Osmosis, 3–4, 6–7, 1364. See also Forward osmosis

(FO); Reverse osmosis entriesengineered, 1394–1395pressure-retarded, 1838, 1839

Osmotic agents, 1395Osmotic backflows, in antiscaling process, 210Osmotic dilution, 1396–1397Osmotic distillation, 1702–1703, 1708Osmotic energy, harvesting, 1847

INDEX 2315

Osmotic flux, 1400Osmotic heat engines, 1398, 1421Osmotic power generation, large-scale applications

for, 1847Osmotic power membranes, 1837–1850Osmotic pressure(s), 1251, 1364, 1376, 1387, 1394,

1400initial transmembrane, 234

Osmotic pressure effects, fouling and, 218Osmotic pressure model, 1252–1253Osmotic processes, 1394–1399

classification of, 1840engineered, 1408

Osmotic process terms, 2227–2228Osmotic stress, 1044–1045OSN-assisted catalytic recovery, 1870–1871. See

also Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN)OSN-assisted reactive peptide synthesis, 1872OSN ISA membranes, research on, 1852–1853OSN-MBB applicability, 1875. See also Membrane

bioreactors (MBRs)OSN TFC membranes, research on, 1853–1854. See

also Thin-film composite (TFC) membranesOuter wraps, of spiral-wound modules, 1183–1184,

1185Overall mass transport, 109–112Overall mass transport equation, 110, 111, 115Overall reflection coefficient, 111Over-limiting current density, 124, 127, 129Overpotential, 1492, 1493Overton’s rule, 859Oxidation

advanced, 966gas-phase partial, 1729as a PCM function, 968phase-transfer catalytic, 1734principle of photocatalytic, 964–967VOC photocatalytic, 1736

Oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction,1729, 1730–1732

Oxidative dehydrogenation, 1729Oxidative etching, 339Oxidative stability, in ion-exchange membrane

characterization, 1444Oxidative stress, 1044Oxide-ion-conducting ceramics, 1528Oxide-ion conductors, 1521–1522Oxidized CP membranes, 1932–1933. See also

Conducting polymer (CP) membranesOxyfuel combustion, in CO2 capture, 1908, 1909Oxygen (O2)/air separation, 737Oxygen chemisorption, carbon membranes and,

762–763Oxygen concentration, 1681, 1683Oxygen-enriched air, 1668–1669

production of, 586Oxygen-enriched membrane separation processes,

140–142

Oxygen enrichment, 153–156, 1681SRM applications for, 938

Oxygen Enrichment Co. (OECO) air separationsystem, 1687

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER), 1512–1513Oxygen exchange, surface, 700Oxygen flux, 628–629Oxygen–hydrogen (O2/H2) separation, 626–631Oxygen-ion-conducting ceramic membrane, 630Oxygen/nitrogen (O/N) ratios, XPS in studying, 1147Oxygen/nitrogen (O2/N2) separation, 153, 773,

1668–1693applications of, 1689–1690empirical upper bound for, 1672engineering aspects of, 1681–1686future directions of, 1691material development for, 1670–1681

Oxygen/nitrogen separation processes,commercialization of, 1686–1689

Oxygen/nitrogen selectivity, 156of polymeric membranes, 1905–1906

Oxygen partial pressure, of blood, 167Oxygen permeation, 628

through perovskite, 1680Oxygen pressure, intramembrane, 1757Oxygen separation, 1887Oxygen transfer rates

factors influencing, 1757in MABR applications, 1758

Oxygen transport, 1677–1679Oxygen transport membranes, preparation of,

696–700Oxygen vacancies, 628Ozone-induced grafting, 468, 471

PA-300 membrane, 665PAA-g-PP membrane, 921PAA-g-PVDF membrane, pH-responsive, 925–926Packed-bed reactors (PBRs), 1722, 1723Packing density, 292, 293, 294, 297, 300

in membrane module design, 254–255PAES [poly(arylene ether sulfone)] copolymers,

chlorine degradation of, 1151. See alsoPoly(arylene ether)s

Paint electrodeposition, ultrafiltration in, 1271Painting method, for bilayer lipid membrane

formation, 869Palladium (Pd)

H2 transport and, 1590–1603hydrogen permeation mechanism in, 1590–1593

Palladium (Pd)-alloy membranes, 159, 633, 634Palladium (Pd) alloys, 1778–1779

properties of, 1595–1600Palladium (Pd)-based binary/ternary alloys, hydrogen

permeability in, 1600–1603Palladium (Pd)-based membrane characterization,

1593

2316 INDEX

Palladuim (Pd)-based membrane manufacture,1779–1781

Palladium (Pd)-based membrane preparationtechniques, for composite membranes,1603–1616

Palladium (Pd)-based membrane reactors,1771–1772

benefits of, 1784reactions carried out in, 1785–1790

Palladium (Pd)-based membranespermeation data of, 1782supported and self-supported, 1776–1779

Palladium (Pd)-based metal membranes, 632–634industrial applications for, 633

Palladium (Pd)-coated membranes, 634Palladium–copper–gold (Pd–Cu–Au) alloys, 1603Palladium/copper (Pd–Cu) membranes, 1778Palladium–copper (Pd–Cu) system, 1598–1599Palladium–gold (Pd–Au) system, 1599–1600Palladium (Pd)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) affinity, 1597Palladium (Pd) layers, 1612, 1614, 1627–1628Palladium (Pd) membranes, 1569–1570

composite, 1593–1595dense, 1784drawbacks of, 1781–1783

Palladium (Pd) membrane thicknesses, composite,1604

Palladium (Pd)/palladium alloy membranes,composite, 1616–1625

Palladium–silica (Pd–SiO2) mixed-matrixmembranes, 729–730, 732

Palladium/silver (Pd–Ag) membranes, 1778Palladium–silver (Pd–Ag) system, 1597–1598Palladium (Pd)/substrate structure, 1594Pall cartridge, 304PALS analysis, 1137, 1138, 1139–1140. See also

Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy(PALS)

PALS free-volume properties, 152PAMPS [Poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic

acid)] gel, 917PAN-TEOS fibers, 999. See also Polyacrylonitrile

(PAN); Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS)Paper mill applications, 2156Parabolic flow velocity profile, 25para-positronium (p-Ps), 1137para-positronium annihilation, 1138Partial hydrogenation

liquid-phase, 1738of unsaturated hydrocarbons, 1738–1739

Partial oxidation, gas-phase, 1729Partial oxidation of methane (POM), 1732. See also

POM reactionPartial retentate recycle, in diafiltration, 1318Particle agglomeration

avoiding, 680in MMMs, 403, 404

Particle backtransport, 225

Particle–cluster aggregation, 71Particle concentration, 65, 657, 658Particle counters, membrane integrity testing and,

1107–1108Particle dispersion/stabilization, 410Particle-loaded spinning, 641Particle loading, 652–653Particle percolation, in mixed-matrix membranes,

405–408Particles

forces on, 45–46, 47functionalized, 1130interfaces for nanoporous inorganic, 752magnetoresponsive, 902–903superparamagnetic, 934, 935

Particle separation, membrane processes for,615–617

Particle size distribution, 61Particle size distribution width, effect on permeate

flux, 55–56, 57Particle–solvent interactions, in MMMs, 403Particle suspension systems, 37, 49Particulate filters, membranes as, 277Partition coefficients (K ), 16, 17, 21, 26–30, 577

determining, 23–31experimental determination of, 28–30for uncharged solutes, 27–28

Partitioning, in RBS analysis, 1143Partitions, 2186PA TFC membranes, 551. See also Polyamide

entries; Thin-film composite (TFC) membranesPathogenic organisms, potable water production and,

1269Patterned substrate structures, techniques for

deposition on, 377–378PBCMR (packed bed catalytic membrane reactor)

configuration, 1715PBI–phosphoric acid (PA) membranes, 2046, 2047PBMR (packed bed membrane reactor)

configuration, 1715, 1722PCM technology, challenges of, 981. See also

Photocatalytic ceramic membranes (PCMs)Pd–H system, 1596. See also Palladium (Pd) entriesPDMAEMA brushes, 814–815. See also DMAEMA

[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]PDMAEMA-modified membranes, 811–815

responsive behavior of, 815PDMS membranes, 552, 556–557, 1285, 1545,

1546, 1547. See also Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)

modification of, 2086–2087preparation of, 555

P-doped polymers, conjugated, 1926–1928Peak flux, in membrane bioreactors, 1823PEBA membranes, 1545, 1546. See also

Polyether-block -polyamide (PEBA) copolymerPeclet number (Pe), 21, 1256, 1257, 1378, 1400

INDEX 2317

PECVD (plasma-enhanced chemical vapordeposition), 1000–1001

for fabricating superhydrophobic biomimeticfibrous membranes, 992

PEEKWC [poly(oxa-p-phenylene-3,3-phthalido-p-phenylene-oxa-p-phenylene-oxy-phenylene)],550

PEG/K+ ratios, 1150. See also Polyethylene glycol(PEG)

PEMA–PC [poly(ethyl methacrylate polycarbonate)]blends, 997

PEM cell, 1503, 1512, 1513, 1525, 1527, 1528. Seealso Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM)

PEM fuel cells, 1720, 1721PEM water electrolysis, 1512–1514“Pendant-type” alkoxides, 722–725, 732Penetrant diffusivity, 152Penetrant displacement vector components, 184Penetrant solubility, in polymers, 150Penetrometer, 1074Penicillin extraction, 601–602Peptide linkers, 876Peptide macrocycles, 884, 885Peptide mimics, in biomimetic membranes, 869Peptide nucleic acid (PNA), 848Perchlorate removal, 507Percolation effects, in mixed-matrix membranes,

405–408Perfluorinated membranes, 482Perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes,

2038, 2039–2040, 2048, 2055. See alsoPerfluorosulfonic acid entries

Perfluorodecanethiol (PFDT), 848Perfluoropolymers, for gas separation applications,

1890, 1893Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA), 1519–1521Perfluorosulfonic acid membranes, 520Perfluorosulfonic acid polymers, 2058Perforated membrane layer, 369Perforated membranes, etching in silicon, 364–367Performance indicators, of reverse osmosis

membrane processes, 1366–1368Performance loss, scaling mechanisms for, 193–197Performance studies, of MABRs, 1764Periodically porous polymeric films/membranes

applications of, 433importance of, 433–435

Periodic boundary conditions (PBC), 173Periodic integrity monitoring, for membranes, 1107Periodic porous carbon membranes, 447Permasep gas separation module, 140Permeability (Perm), 5, 565, 758, 1280, 1281,

1669–1670, 1942. See also Gas permeabilityentries

average pressure and, 654–656of bipolar membrane layers, 492carbon dioxide, 747–748, 954, 958, 1572compound, 577

electroosmotic, 1447–1448high, 952hydraulic, 352, 669, 1248hydrogen, 159, 1775–1776measurement of, 147–149membrane, 1566in membrane bioreactors, 1824of PIM-1 polymer, 791of polymeric materials, 156pure gas, 956, 957sustainable, 258temperature dependence of, 152–153

Permeability coefficient(s) (P), 147, 148, 152, 158,1678

Permeability constant, water, 17Permeability data, 1673Permeability factors, 1983–1986, 1990, 1991,

1993–1994, 2000–2001, 2007Permeability lines, 281, 282Permeability measurements, in ion-exchange

membrane characterization, 1447–1448Permeability parameter, 576Permeability values, 577, 578Permeance (Q), 148, 1645–1647

gas, 719, 1645–1647hydrogen, 722–723, 726, 727, 729single-gas, 716, 717

Permeance ratios, 721–722, 726Permeant diffusion, 2188Permeate, in reverse osmosis, 1365, 1366Permeate composition, pervaporation and, 1533Permeate conductivity, 2131Permeate flux, 37–38, 240, 1210–1212, 2132

before addition of colloidal particles, 234of ceramic membranes, 40in dynamic cross-flow filtration, 1206–1208effect of particle size distribution width on,

55–56, 57effect of porosity on, 57, 58–59effect of thickness on, 57–58effects of membrane pore size on, 51–56mean particle size and, 52–55microstructure parameters and, 41operating pressure on steady, 64in reverse osmosis, 1366–1367, 1368, 1370steady, 55, 56

Permeate flux limitations, 230Permeate flux variation, 63–64Permeate gas, in natural gas purification, 1659Permeate particle concentration, 63–64Permeate production decline, in desalination, 1811Permeate productivity, 1173Permeate salt concentration (Cp), 235

in reverse osmosis, 1367Permeate side, of reactors, 1714Permeate spacer pressure drop, 1180Permeate spacers, of spiral-wound modules,

1179–1181

2318 INDEX

Permeate tube, of spiral-wound modules, 1181–1182Permeate velocity, 48–49, 1375Permeation. See also Cross-permeation; Pertraction

activation energy of, 727clean water, 1225–1226enantioseparation and, 2176–2177hydrogen, 633of hydrogen in palladium, 1590–1593liquid, 1695through liquid membranes, 1981pH-responsive, 927–928

Permeation data, of Pd-based membranes, 1782Permeation drag force, 46Permeation experiments, 656–657Permeation parameter techniques, 1088–1089Permporometry, 1078–1079

for assessing membrane porosity, 1037–1038Permselective behavior, 806. See also

PermselectivityPermselective silica colloidal nanoporous

membranes, 799Permselectivity, 510–511, 576, 748, 1487, 2067,

2186–2187, 2191–2192controlling ionic, 819–820of ion-exchange membranes, 497–499membrane, 1044

Permselectivity enhancement, 2190Permselectivity measurements, in ion-exchange

membrane characterization, 1446–1447Perovskite, oxygen permeation through, 1680. See

also PerovskitesPerovskite ceramic membranes, 440Perovskite materials, synthesis of, 697–698Perovskite membranes, 629

mixed proton–hole-conducting, 630–631synthesis of, 698–700

Perovskites, 696Peroxidation grafting, 469Pertraction (PT), 566. See also Permeation; Selective

pertractionadvantages of, 2029amino acid mixture fractionation by, 1997–2002of antibiotics, 2002–2014in biotechnology, 1981–2033of carboxylic acids, 1982–1997of cinnamic and p-methoxycinnamic acids,

1992–1997of erythromycin, 2002–2007free, 2003–2004, 2006of gentamicin, 2007–2014of nicotinic acid, 2022–2029of vitamins, 2014–2029

Pertraction efficiency, 2003Pertraction process, factors influencing, 2012Pertraction selectivity, 1987Pervaporation (PV), 776, 1533–1560, 2095–2096

advantages of, 1537–1538applications of, 326

for bioalcohol purification, 2085–2094challenges and prospects for, 1555–1556defined, 1533for industrial applications, 1550–1555mass-transfer modeling in, 1540–1543organoselective, 1547–1548by polymer(ic) membranes, 2067–2068

Pervaporation active layers, 1140Pervaporation coupling, 1728Pervaporation–distillation hybrid systems, 2094Pervaporation membrane reactors (PVMRs),

1724–1728tubular continuous, 1726

Pervaporation (PV) membranescharacteristics of, 1534–1537commercial, 1537, 1548–1550mass transfer through, 1533–1535polymers of intrinsic microporosity as, 790selectivity of, 1535–1536

Pervaporation operating conditionsinfluence of, 1538–1540

Pervaporation process costs, 1555–1556Pervaporation separations

of purely organic mixtures, 1547–1548, 1555types of, 1543–1548

Pervaporation studies, 1547Pervaporation terms, 2227PES membrane modification, 470. See also

Poly(ether sulfone) (PES) membranesPEUF system models, 1350–1351. See also

Polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration (PEUF)PFSA/silicon oxide composite membranes, 2048. See

also Perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA)membranes

pHof aqueous phases, 1989–1992cell voltage and, 1510–1511removal efficiency and, 1968scaling and, 200–201

“Phantom sphere” technique, in molecular dynamicssimulations, 179

Pharmaceutical applications, ELMs in, 601–602Pharmaceutical industry, solvent recovery in,

1869–1870Phase change temperature, in characterizing

membrane porosity, 1079–1080Phase inversion, 400, 401Phase inversion membranes, integrally skinned,

543–548, 548–551Phase inversion method/techniques, 279, 280, 290,

615, 1224Phase inversion/sintering method, asymmetric

ceramic membrane preparation via,614–615

Phase modifier, 1989–1992Phase polarity, 581–582Phase separated membranes, nanocontact

printing/etching with, 370–372

INDEX 2319

Phase separationcontrolled evaporation drying-induced, 544nonsolvent-induced, 432vapor-induced, 544

Phase separation micromolding, 381–384steps in, 383

Phase-transfer catalytic oxidations, 1734Phase transformations, 633–634pH control, in scaling prevention, 204, 206pH effect, on polymer conformation, 813pH electrode, 878Phenol extraction, 600–601Phenolphthalein-based poly(ether ether ketone), 550Phenol removal, via ELMs, 1965–1967Phenomenological coefficients, 5, 109Phenomenological models, 101Phenyltriethoxtsilane (PhTES), 724, 725Phenyltrimethoxysilane (PTMS), 619pHF values, 1983–1992, 1993–1997, 2025–2026

for amino acids, 1998–2002pH measurement, in MBR design, 1832pH-mediated transport, of organic molecules,

843–846Phosphate-based complexing agent, 670Phosphate feedstock clarification case study, 1200Phosphate fertilizers, cadmium pollution and, 1968Phospholipids, 855, 856Phosphonium-based anion-exchange membranes,

2053Phosphonium ILs, 582–583. See also Ionic liquids

(ILs)Phosphoric acid (PA), 2046, 2047Photoanodes, 1525Photocatalysts, in organic membrane matrix, 964Photocatalytic action, factors affecting, 970Photocatalytic ceramic membrane (PCM)

configurations, 971–972Photocatalytic ceramic membrane fabrication,

970–979Photocatalytic ceramic membrane performance, 971Photocatalytic ceramic membranes (PCMs),

963–984applications of, 979–980compositional composite, 978–979monolithic, 972multiple functions of, 967–970structural composite, 973–975unique properties of, 980visible-light-activated, 979

Photocatalytic chemical oxidation, principle of,964–967

Photocatalytic layer, structural compositephotocatalytic ceramic membranes and,974–975

Photocatalytic materials, 965Photocatalytic membrane concept, 963–964Photocatalytic membrane configuration, 966–967Photocatalytic oxidation, VOC, 1736

Photocatalytic oxidation capability, 964Photocathodes, 1525Photochemical treatment, for surface modification,

471Photochromic reaction, 900Photodissociation, of water, 1525Photoelectron energy, in membrane characterization,

1024Photografting, of DEAAm, 914–915Photoinitiated grafting, 913–915Photoinitiated polymerization, 914Photoinitiators, 467Photoirradiation, 899–900Photolithographic methods, for MC fabrication, 2208Photolithography, 361–362

in integrated circuit fabrication technology, 357Photonic bandgap, 387, 388Photonic bandgap materials, 386–387Photonic crystals, 387–389Photonic crystal slab, 387–388Photonic structures, microsieves for, 386–389Photoresist, 357, 2207Photoresponsive membranes, 923Photoresponsiveness, 900–901Photothermal heating, 556pH ranges, 929Phreeqe software, 199pH response, for PDMAEMA-modified colloidal

membranes, 812–814pH-responsive behavior, of poly(l-alanine)-modified

silica colloidal membranes, 819pH-responsive membranes, 804–815, 915, 923,

925–926pH responsiveness, 895pH-responsive permeation, 927–928pHS values, 1983–1992pH values

for amino acids, 1998–2002of feed and stripping phases in pertraction,

1983–1992, 1993–1997Physical adsorption, in SRM preparation, 923Physical–chemical membrane characterization, in

organic solvent nanofiltration, 1857–1858. Seealso Physicochemical characterization

Physical cleaning techniques, 261–263Physical modification, of membrane surfaces, 460,

462–465, 472Physical separation, by photocatalytic ceramic

membranes, 968Physical solvents, ionic liquids as replacements for,

736–737Physical thin film deposition, 360–361Physical vapor deposition (PVD), 360–361, 683,

1615–1616, 1780Physicochemical characterization, of ion-exchange

membranes, 1442–1444Physisorption, 912

2320 INDEX

PI composite membrane fabrication, 2093. See alsoPolyimide entries

Piezodialysis, 494Pigment desalting, diafiltration used in, 1327–1328Pigment recovery, in the pulp/paper industry, 2167Piloting, of microfiltration installations, 1234–1235Piloting phase objectives, for microfiltration

installations, 1234–1235Pilot systems, RO–PRO, 1420PIM-1 polymer, 782, 785. See also Polymers with

intrinsic microporosity (PIMs)cross-linking of, 793distribution investigations of, 788mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties of,

789microporosity of, 790N2 adsorption/desorption for, 787–788permeability of, 791

PIM-EA-TB polymer, 792microporosity of, 790

PIM-polyimides, 792–793, 1678PIM-SBF polymer, 792PIMs incorporating tetrazoles (TZPIMs), 165Piperazine, 666Pivot Monte Carlo molecular dynamics (PMC-MD)

simulations, 174–175pK values, of ion-exchange groups, 136Planar membranes, 698Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

(PE-CVD), 1704Plasma etching, 366–367Plasma-induced grafting, 915–917Plasma-induced polymerization, 467Plasma process parameters, 916Plasma techniques, for surface modification,

466–467, 471Plasticization, of membranes, 1572, 1651–1652Plasticization resistance, 752Plate-and-frame module configuration, 1894Plate-and-frame modules, 291, 294–296Plate-count method, 392Platelet fillers, 414Pleated cartridges, 291, 296, 302–304, 318PLGA polypeptide, 846Plugged sieves, in MMMs, 402, 403PMMA MC plates, 2207. See also Membrane

contactors (MCs); Polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)

PMOXA-PDMS-PMOXA copolymer vesicles,881–882

PNIPAA-g-PC membranes, thermoresponsive, 922PNIPAAm (N -isopropyl acrylamide) polymer,

893–894, 926–927, 928–929, 933–934,935–936, 1010

in SRM preparation, 909, 915PNIPAAm chains, 915PNIPAAm-g-PE membrane, thermoresponsive, 925PNIPAAm grafting, 917, 919

PNIPAAM-modified membranes, 816PNIPAAm/PLLA nanofibrous films, 1000PNIPAAM polymer, 816, 817Poiseuille flow, 143, 862, 863, 864Poiseuille membranes, 1774Poisoning, of Pd-based membranes, 1781–1783Poisson–Boltzmann equation, 98Poisson equation, 80, 81–82Polarity, of RO and NF composites, 1042Polarization, sinusoidal AC, 1935–1936Polarization charge, induced, 96Polarization factor (�), 1176Polarization model, 1176–1177Polishing, of membrane surfaces, 461, 471Pollutant removal, from industrial wastewater,

1965–1971Pollutants, inorganic, 937Pollutant stream degradation, MABRs applications

for, 1764–1765Poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP),

155–156, 1567, 1890, 2083, 2087Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (TPX), 155Polyacetylenes, indane-based, 1678Polyacrylamide (PAAM), 2092Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) grafting, 917Poly(acrylic acid) content, 2092Poly(acrylic acid) gels, 895, 898Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), 550–551

as a precursor for carbon membranes, 762Polyacrylonitrile fiber, 768Polyacrylonitrile superhydrophobic nanofibrous

membranes, 999Polyalanine-modified membranes, 816–819Polyamide (PA), 1521Polyamide active layers, 1142

aromatic, 1139pore size distribution in, 1138–1139

Polyamide-based TFC membranes, 661–662Polyamide copolymers, chlorine degradation of, 1151Polyamide cross-linking, degree of, 1147–1148Polyamide layer, 1157, 1157–1159Polyamide materials, NMR studies of, 1149–1150Polyamide membrane fibers, aromatic, 299Polyamide membrane fouling, 307Polyamide (PA) membranes, 466, 1364, 1853

aromatic, 281–282interfacial, 286thin-film, 306, 551

Polyamide thin-film composite membranes,284–286

Poly(amide imide) (PAI), for OSN TFC membranes,1853

Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, 803–804,2071

Polyamine emulsifiers, 596Poly(arylene ether)s, for fuel cell membranes,

2040–2042. See also PAES [poly(arylene ethersulfone)] copolymers

INDEX 2321

Poly(arylsulfone) (PAS) membranes, 467Polybenzimidazole (PBI), 1521Polybenzimidazole membranes, 1576–1577,

2046–2047Polycarbonate foils, irradiated, 342Polycarbonate (PC) membranes

gold nanotubes within, 835track-etched, 829, 830, 835

Polycarbonate membrane templates, 831Polycarbonate track etch (PCTE), 881. See also

Track-etched polycarbonate (PC) membranesPolycarbonate track-etch(ed) membranes (TMs),

346, 829, 830Polycarboxylic acids, as antiscalants, 207Polycondensation, interfacial, 662Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), 153–155, 400, 555,

684, 996, 1853, 1854. See also PDMSmembranes

Polydisperse oligomers, in solvent–solute systems,537

Polydispersity, 786Polyelectrolyte (PEL) hydrogels, 901Polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) membranes, 539, 552Polyelectrolyte effect, 896Polyelectrolyte-enhanced ultrafiltration, 1345Polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes, chiral, 2179Polyelectrolytes (PELs), 876, 895–896

in forward osmosis, 1407linear rigid-rod, 2045

Polyester, alkaline etching of, 338Polyester fabrics, superhydrophobic, 1006–1007Polyester membranes, 346–347Polyether-block -polyamide (PEBA) copolymer,

1123. See also PEBA membranesPoly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), 550Polyether membranes, for gas separation

applications, 1889Poly(ether sulfone) (PES) membranes, 463, 464,

1119surface modification of, 470

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)CO2-selective membranes and, 2082–2083as a liquid-phase filler, 415

Polyethylene glycol chains, 463, 464Polyethylene membranes, enantioseparation by, 2188Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), 349Polyethyleneoxide (PEO) groups, 951Polyethyleneoxide (PEO) membrane, cross-linked,

2082Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), alkaline etching

of, 338Polyethylene terephthalate fibers, 1006, 1008Polyethylene terephthalate membrane pores, 347Polyethylene terephthalate track-etch(ed)

membranes, 346–348, 911Polyethylenimine (PEI) membranes, 665, 918Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), 996,

997

Polyhistidine-tagged proteins, 1922Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)

hydrogels, 900Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) membranes, 911Poly(IL) blocks, copolymers with, 750Poly(IL) homopolymers, 747Poly(IL)–IL composite membranes, for enhanced

performance, 749–750Poly(IL)–IL composites, alternative design

approaches for, 750–752Poly(IL) materials, CO2 absorption isotherms in,

746–747Poly(IL)–PEG copolymer membranes, 747. See also

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)Poly(IL) research, possibilities in, 752–753Polyimide data, 1673Polyimide (PI) membranes, 2087

chemical cross-linking of, 2070–2071cross-linking of, 549–550

Polyimide polymeric microsieve structure, 379Polyimide (PI) polymers, in dehumidification, 166Polyimides (PIs), 549–550, 1671–1677, 1678

aromatic, 348for biofuel dehydration, 2093for fuel cell membranes, 2042–2044glassy, 178

Polyimide track-etch(ed) membranes (TMs), 348Poly(l-alanine)-modified silica colloidal membranes,

pH-responsive behavior of, 819Polymer/additive blending, in SRM preparation,

908–910Polymer additives, interfacial, 669Polymer adhesion, three-component interactions and,

405Polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel

electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), in membranefouling analysis, 251

Polymer-based biomimetic membranes, 869,877–882

Polymer-based membranes, H2/CO2 transportproperties of, 2080

Polymer-based retention, liquid-phase, 1345Polymer blending, 2074, 2092

CO2-selective membranes and, 2083Polymer brushes, 812, 813–814, 816, 817–819Polymer chain mobility, 406Polymer chains, 812–813, 821Polymer–clay nanocomposites, 414Polymer–CMS interactions, 409, 413. See also

Carbon molecular sieves (CMS)Polymer–CMS mixed matrix membranes, 413Polymer concentration, in casting solutions, 547Polymer conformation, pH effect on, 813Polymer cross-linking, degree of, 1143, 1144Polymer diafiltration, 1328–1329, 1330Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), 1503. See

also PEM entriesPolymer-enhanced micelles, 1347

2322 INDEX

Polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration (PEUF),1345–1346. See also PEUF system models

Polymer–filler affinity, in MMMs, 404Polymer films, 146

dense, 1677ion-exchange membranes starting with, 478–482,

483Polymer grafting designs, 920Polymeric amines, 666

thin films from, 664–666Polymeric dense membranes

CO2/CH4 separation performance of, 2076–2077CO2/H2 separation performance of, 2084H2 separation performance of, 2081

Polymeric films/membranesapplications of periodically porous, 433importance of periodically porous, 433–435three-dimensionally porous, 434

Polymeric-gel route, 553Polymeric hollow fibers, 699Polymeric hydroxyl-ion conductors, 1527–1528Polymeric materials, 306–307, 1012

permeabilities and selectivities of, 156Polymeric matrix gas separation MMMs, 399. See

also Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs)Polymeric membrane air separation process, 1669Polymeric membrane surface imaging, 1119–1120Polymeric microengineered membranes, 377–384Polymeric microfiltration (MF) membrane modules,

316–318Polymeric microfiltration (MF) membranes, 314–315Polymeric microsieves, 378, 379Polymeric prime conductors, 1519–1521Polymeric proton conductors

high temperature, 1526low-water-content, 1526–1527

Polymeric pseudo-liquid membrane, 2193–2194Polymeric sol–gel route, 682Polymeric SRNF membrane materials, 543–553Polymeric SRNF membranes, 542. See also

Solvent-resistant nanofiltration (SRNF)Polymeric superhydrophobic nanofibous membranes,

994–1000Polymeric systems, glass transition in, 406Polymeric ultrafiltration (UF) membrane modules,

316–318Polymeric ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, 314–315Polymer–inorganic particles composite membranes,

2048Polymerization. See also Graft polymerization

ab initio cross-linking, 910–911controlled radical graft, 918–922electrochemical, 433free-radical chain-addition, 750free radical cross-linking, 910–911interfacial, 661–676photoinitiated, 914plasma-induced, 467

surface-initiated, 919thermal-induced graft, 918

Polymerized diallylamines, 665Polymerized ionic liquid [Poly(IL)] membranes,

746–753. See also Poly(IL) entriesdesign and performance of, 746–748

Polymerized ionic liquids [Poly(IL)s], as stabilizersfor ionic liquids, 749

Polymer–liquid mixed matrix membranes (MMMs),415. See also Mixed-matrix membranes(MMMs)

Polymer–liquid–solid mixed matrix membranes(MMMs), 416–417

Polymer(ic) membranes, 145–146, 159, 247, 572,791, 1563–1566

achiral, 2193carbon membranes vs., 759challenges related to, 2079chemically modified, 2093chitosan, 438, 2088for CO2/CH4 separation, 2070–2075CO2-selective, 163–165commercial, 1855–1856conducting, 1926–1942electroanalytical applications of conducting,

1927–1928enantioseparation by porous, 2183enantioseparation through, 2178for energy applications, 2066–2102for fuel cells, 2033–2065gas diffusion in, 151–153for gas separation applications, 1888–1889gas separation and pervaporation by, 2067–2068gas solubility in, 149–151gas transport in dense, 171–191gold nanotube membrane preparation using

track-etched, 834–835helical, 2193high-performance, 1889hydrophobic rubbery, 2086low-pressure, 1224, 1225for microfluidic applications, 2206–2207for organic solvent nanofiltration, 1851–1854,

1855–1856oxygen/nitrogen selectivity of, 1905–1906for oxygen/nitrogen separation, 1670–1679posttreatment of, 1852pressure resistance of, 2160proton conduction in, 2034–2035radiation-grafted, 2047–2048in radioactive waste treatment, 2143rubbery selective, 1905scale-up for, 1867separation performance of, 2089–2091structure–property relationships in, 1674–1676sulfonic acid, 2034–2035synthetic, 829types of biomimetic, 879–882

INDEX 2323

ultrathin, 2179usefulness of, 460using natural and synthetic ionophores, 877

Polymer metal–organic materials (MOMs), 412–413Polymer-modified colloidal membranes, nanoporous,

819Polymer–MOM mixed matrix membranes, 412Polymer networks, interpenetrating, 905, 911. See

also Constitutional dynameric networksPolymer particles, SEMF/SEUF with, 1349–1350Polymer–platelet nanocomposite formation,

413–414Polymer precursor selection, for carbon membranes,

765Polymer purification, diafiltration used in,

1328–1329Polymer route, 613Polymers. See also Dynamers (dynamic polymers)

acid-swellable, 896air separation characteristics of, 1671alkali-swellable, 895–896anion-exchanging, 1934in bipolar membrane preparation, 493chelating, 1349–1350chemical structures of, 2072–2073conjugated p-doped, 1926–1928cross-linked, 952electroresponsive, 901–902enantioseparation membranes from chiral-branch,

2179–2180gelling ionic liquids and, 745glassy, 1656for integrally skinned phase inversion membranes,

548–551ion-exchange capacity of, 2036–2037ion-exchange membranes starting with, 478–482,

483–484layered silicas and, 413–415membrane fouling by water-soluble, 1346one-handed helical, 2193penetrant solubility in, 150physical states of, 1441–1442polyimide/fluorocarbon, 166porous, 431–438sacrificial, 921stimuli-responsive, 892–893sulfonated, 2045sulfur-containing, 915thermally rearranged, 163–165, 1566–1567thermoresponsive, 893–894track-etch(ed) membrane development from,

348–349“very high free-volume,” 1677

Polymer–sieve adhesion, 408, 411–412Polymer–solid–liquid MMMs, 410. See also

Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs)Polymer–solid MMMs, literature related to, 400Polymer–solvent interaction estimation, 1284

Polymers with intrinsic microporosity (PIMs),164–165, 552–553, 781–797. See also PIMentries

catalytic activity in, 782characterization of, 786–789for gas separation applications, 1889–1890importance of, 793–794as membrane materials, 790–793for OSN TFC membranes, 1854structure–property relationships of, 789–790synthesis of, 782–786vapor separation and, 793

Polymer weight percentage, 824Polymer “wetting,” 410Polymer–zeolite MMMs, 399. See also

Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs)Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), 996, 997. See

also PMMA MC platesPolymorph precipitates, effect of membrane surface

on, 203Poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO), 155Poly(phenylene oxide) sulfonation, 2071–2074Polyphenylenes, for fuel cell membranes,

2045–2046Polyphosphate, as antiscalant, 207Polyphosphazines, for fuel cell membranes,

2044–2045Polyphosphoric acid (PPA) process, 2047Polyphosphozene superhydrophobic nanofibrous

membranes, 998Poly(piperazine amide) membranes, 666, 667Polypropylene (PP), 349

membrane contactors and, 1696Polypropylene coating, 1004Polypropylene membranes, 470–472, 918Polypropylene supports, 1581Polypyrrole (PPy), 901, 1928–1932

applications of, 1937doped, 1935, 1936, 1937–1938electropolymerization of, 842interaction with surfactants, 1935–1936

Polysiloxanes, for fuel cell membranes, 2044Polystyrene (PS) fibrous membranes, 995–996Polystyrene nanofibers, 995Poly-styrene-sulfonic acid (PSSA), 823–824, 1726.

See also PSSA-grafted fluoropolymersPolystyrene superhydrophobic nanofibous

membranes, 994–996Polysulfone (PSf), 550

chemical structures of, 2192Polysulfone-based membranes, sulfonated, 483Polysulfone support, 1157Polysulfone (PS) ultrafiltration membranes, 1123Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 998, 1519, 1520,

1581membrane contactors and, 1696for nuclear technology, 2144

Polytetrafluoroethylene films, 2056

2324 INDEX

Polytetrafluoroethylene reinforcement mats,2055

Polytetrafluoroethylene scaffold, 2038Polyureas, 664Polyurea thin film, 665Polyurethane superhydrophobic nanofibrous

membranes, 999Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), 400Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes, 1726, 2088Polyvinyl alcohol microspheres, in wastewater

treatment, 776Poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) fibrous membranes,

990Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fibrous membranes,

995–996Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membranes, 930, 1928Polyvinylidene chloride (PVC) microspheres, in

wastewater treatment, 776Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), 348–349, 998,

1224degradation of, 339membrane contactors and, 1696, 1704–1705in membrane fouling characterization, 1055, 1056

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based material,2052

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) copolymers, 909Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes, 463,

1122–1123, 1157, 1229, 1245enantioseparation and, 2180

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) superhydrophobicnanofibrous membranes, 998

POM reaction, membrane separation and,1732–1733

Pore blockage, 1260–1261, 1262Pore blockage models, 223, 224

schematic of, 219Pore blockage parameter (α), 223Pore blocking, 44–45, 72

by SMP or colloids, 250in nanofiltration, 1287, 1288in paper industry membranes, 2162–2163

Pore blocking models, 218–230Pore constriction model, 220–221, 224

schematic of, 219Pore density, 1140Pore diffusion, in membrane chromatography, 1954Pore-filled morphology, 906–907Pore-filled porous membranes, 916Pore-filled stimuli-responsive membranes (SRMs),

915Pore filling, membrane fabrication via, 2055–2056Pore-flow models, 20, 542–543

for OSN membranes, 1859, 1861–1862, 1866Pore formers, organic, 548Pore-forming additives, in casting solutions, 548Pore gating, 929Pore geometry, 339, 340–341, 1246Pore growth, submicroscopic kinetics of, 341–342

Pores, 25. See also Membrane pore size/thicknesseliminating nonzeolitic, 625interaction energy in, 27interconnectedness of, 433microengineered, 368pressure drop inside, 86–87slit-shaped, 376wet etching through, 373–374zeolite membrane, 623, 624

Pore shape factor, 1069Pore shapes, in track membranes, 343Pore size(s), 247

advanced methods for measuring, 1038–1040in aminated membranes, 811calculating, 1099in characterizing membrane porosity, 1063, 1064controlling, 713effect of, 67effects on permeate flux, 51–56membrane performance and, 1139–1140membrane properties and, 348of membranes, 1034, 1035–1040monitoring of changes to, 1122optimal, 53, 74related to molecular size, 145

Pore size classes, 1075Pore size design, optimal, 60–61Pore size determination, 1077–1078Pore size distribution (PSD), 61, 62, 74, 720, 1120,

1121in active layers, 1138–1140in characterizing membrane porosity,

1064in mercury porosimetry, 1088by solute retention, 1071–1072of track-etch(ed) membranes, 349–350

Pore size distribution density, 71Pore size distribution modification, 1608–1611Pore size information, methods for evaluating,

1088–1089Pore-size tailoring, 682, 691Pore structure characterization, 1279–1280Pore structures

in the carbonization process, 768–769interconnected, 226noninterconnected, 226–227“track-etch,” 333

Pore systems, multimodal, 693–695Pore tunnel, 1034Pore variation, caused by blockage, 44Porograms, 1087Porosity, 1062–1096. See also Hierarchical porosity

advanced methods for measuring, 1038–1040aggregate, 70after blocking, 45cake, 70, 71defined, 1034effect on permeate flux, 57, 58–59

INDEX 2325

effects on pure water flux, 42–43of membranes, 1033–1045of track-etch(ed) membranes, 350

Porosity determination, by gas penetration, 1078Porosity measurement techniques, 1073–1074Porosity/tortuosity ratio, 655–656Porous alumina (PA) membranes, 829, 830

electroless gold deposition on, 836–837Porous alumina membrane synthesis, 836Porous alumina supports, 1605–1606Porous alumina templates, gold nanotube membrane

synthesis using, 835–837Porous anodic alumina (PAA), 450–451Porous cake formation, 234–236Porous carbon, ordered multimodal, 447–448Porous carbon framework, bimodal, 447Porous carbon membrane plates (PCMPs), 776Porous carbon membranes, 446–448

three-dimensionally periodic, 447Porous ceramic membranes, hierarchical, 693–695Porous ceramic multilayer ultrafiltration membranes,

1247Porous core-shell microcapsules, 925Porous glass supports, 1605–1606Porous hollow-fiber (HF) membranes, thin inorganic,

638–661Porous hollow fibers (HFs)

mechanical strength and gas transport propertiesof, 644–645

sintered, 651Porous inorganic membranes, 615–616, 712Porous materials

development of, 431radiation from, 1039

Porous membranes, 142–145, 167, 1774dense membranes vs., 1063for gas separation applications, 1893hydrogen and helium separation via, 157–158hydrophobic, 168nonselective, 1732pore-filled, 916stimuli-responsive membranes from, 903–907

Porous metallic (PM) support oxidation, 1607Porous metallic supports, 678, 1603–1605, 1628

treatments of bare, 1606–1611Porous metal–organic materials (MOMs), 412–413Porous polymeric membranes, enantioseparation and,

2183Porous polymers, 431–438

preparing, 431–432Porous stainless steel (PSS), 1604–1605, 1777Porous stainless steel hollow fibers (HFs), 642, 643Porous structure

asymmetric, 975structural composite photocatalytic ceramic

membranes and, 975of titania PCMs, 976

Porous structure control, structural compositephotocatalytic ceramic membranes and, 975

Porous supports, 1603–1606Positive-displacement high-pressure pumps, 1814Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS),

152. See also PALS entriesfor characterizing SRNF membrane morphology,

540for PIM characterization, 788in reverse osmosis microanalysis, 1137–1140

Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS), 1858Positronium (Ps), 152, 1137. See also

ortho-positronium entriesPositronium annihilation, 1138POSS–PMMA copolymer, 996, 997. See also

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)Postcombustion CO2 capture, 1577–1581, 1908,

1909Postcombustion decarbonization, 162Postsynthesis defect abatement, 684Postsynthesis modification, PIMs prepared via, 784Posttreatment (post-treatment)

chemical, 465–466, 471of polymeric membranes, 1852solvent, 462, 471of water, 2120

Potable water production, ultrafiltration for,1269–1270

Potassium ion (K+) channels, 864–865Potassium ions (K+), 951Potential

liquid junction, 1486in molecular dynamics simulations, 172–173open-circuit, 1486–1488reversible, 1485–1486

Potential measurementsin ion-exchange membrane characterization,

1444–1446for membranes, 498–499

Potential power, from reverse electrodialysis, 1483Potentiometric sensitivity, 1929–1931Potentiometric sensors, 1930, 1931, 1933Potentiometry, conducting polymer membranes in,

1928–1933Powdered activated carbon (PAC), 260

SEMF/SEUF with, 1348–1349Power density (densities), 1490, 1844, 1845

fuel cells, batteries, and capacitors and,2033–2034

optimal, 1841–1846in the PRO process, 1842, 1846of reverse electrodialysis, 1497

Power plants, collocation with desalination plants,1802–1805

Power spectral density (PSD), 1047PPFPMA [poly(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl

methacrylate)], 997

2326 INDEX

PPO [poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)],483–484, 485, 488

PPTN method, in scaling prevention, 206Precession, of atomic nuclei, 1436Precipitation, 1961

immersion, 544–545isoelectric, 513

Precipitation fouling, 192Precipitation softening, in scaling prevention,

205–206Precombustion CO2 capture, 1576–1577,

1908, 1909by inorganic membrane reactors, 1910–1912

Precombustion decarbonization, 162Preconcentration methods, 1971–1972Preconcentration with variable-volume diafiltration

(CVVD), 1303, 1304Precursor, condensation polymerization of, 486Precursor membrane preparation, for carbon

membranes,764–766

Precursor selection, for carbon membranes, 764, 765Preformed base membranes, stimuli-responsive

functionality on, 912Preformed nanofibers, 445–446Preoxidation process, heat treatment process for,

766–768Prepared ceramic membranes, microfiltration

performance of, 62–66Prescreening, MBR design and, 1830Pressure, influence on pervaporation, 1539–1540Pressure-based membrane integrity tests,

1097–1098, 1098–1104, 1111Pressure decay rate (PDR), 1102Pressure decay test (PDT), in membrane integrity

testing, 1101–1103Pressure-driven membrane filtration, 1297Pressure-driven membrane processes, 2142–2143

in the pulp/paper industry, 2168Pressure-driven separation membranes, porosity and

pore size of, 1035–1040Pressure-driven separations, dense membranes for,

1040–1042Pressure drop (�P)

in diafiltration, 1333permeate spacer, 1180for reverse electrodialysis, 1494–1495

Pressure drop reduction, feed spacers and, 1179Pressure drop trade-off, 1177–1178Pressure exchangers, 1814, 1815Pressure gradients, in OSN membranes, 1859–1862Pressure independent limiting flux, 1253, 1254Pressure limits, of spiral-wound modules, 1174Pressure method, 571, 572Pressure-recovery diagram, for reverse osmosis,

1381–1383Pressure resistance requirements, of paper industry

membranes, 2160

Pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO), 1397–1399,1412–1424, 1838. See also PRO entries

applications of, 1418–1421hydraulic pressure and, 1413optimal power density for, 1841–1842progress in, 1846research and development for, 1848working principles of, 1839

Pressure-retarded osmosis membranes/membranemodules, 1418

Pressure-retarded osmosis process, theoreticalfoundation of, 1415

Pressure retarded osmosis systemsoutlook on, 1421pretreatment technologies and, 1419, 1420river-to-sea, 1414, 1418–1419

Pressure swing adsorption (PSA), 141, 1588, 1589,2078–2079

Pressure swing adsorption system, 1784Pressurized air, in dehumidification, 166Pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC), 617Pressurized water reactors (PWRs), 2146–2147Pretreatment

for fouling control, 1231–1233industrial use of, 2141

Pretreatment processes, advanced, 1829–1830Pretreatment technologies, pressure retarded osmosis

systems and, 1419, 1420Primary clarification, MBR design and, 1830Primary functionality, incorporation of, 929–930Prime conductors, polymeric, 1519–1521Priming, 405, 410Prism, 157Prism Alpha System technology, 1689“Prism�” separator. 140PRISM system, 1897, 1900, 1906Probability density distributions,

Boltzmann-weighted, 181Probe microscopy, in characterizing membrane

porosity, 1066–1067Process configurations, for ultrafiltration, 1266–1268Process flows, lithographic, 368Process integration, 1713–1714Process water, in the food industry, 2119Product recovery, diafiltration used in, 1324PRO energy production, 1420. See also

Pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO)PRO membranes, 1843PRO modes, 1401PRO prototype installations, 1419Propylene separation, 744PRO scheme, 1840Protease-modified membranes, 1923Protein adsorption, 1920Protein bioseparation, ultrafiltration in, 1951Protein diffusion, 876Protein fractionation, ultrafiltration in, 1952Protein mimics, in biomimetic membranes, 869

INDEX 2327

Protein purificationdiafiltration used in, 1327membrane adsorbers for, 1921–1922

Protein retention, in ultrafiltration, 1952–1953Proteins

membrane, 860–868, 872, 873, 876, 886polyhistidine-tagged, 1922separation and transport of, 838–841, 845–846

Protein separation, 848Protein-tethered bilayer lipid membranes (ptBLMs),

876–877Proton channels, 864Proton-conducting films, 2048Proton-conducting membranes. See also

Proton-conductive membranesfor direct methanol fuel cells, 2048–2050for hydrogen fuel cells, 2036–2048

Proton-conducting silica colloidal membranes,822–825

Proton conduction, in polymer membranes,2034–2035

Proton-conductive membranes, 483–484Proton conductivity, 822–825

improving, 2036–2038Proton conductors

high temperature polymeric, 1526low-water-content polymeric, 1526–1527

Proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells(PEMFCs), 519, 2035. See also PEM entries

Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell system,519–520

Proton exclusion, by aquaporins, 862Proton transport, 822Proton transport membranes, hydroxide anion

carriers vs., 2050–2051Protozoa/turbidity barrier, in microfiltration

installations, 1235Pseudoclearfield equalization, 1068–1069Pseudo-liquid membrane, polymeric, 2193–2194Pseudomonas fluorescence, 240Pseudomonas fluorescence biofilms, 238Pseudo-steady-state regime, in nicotinic acid

pertraction, 2022–2029pSPM [poly(3-sulfopropyl-methacrylate)], 823–824PSSA-grafted fluoropolymers, 2047–2048. See also

Poly-styrene-sulfonic acid (PSSA)PTFEMA [poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate)],

996, 997P-type pumps, 865–867Pullulan superhydrophobic nanofibrous membranes,

999–1000Pulp/effluent treatment case study, 1200Pulp/paper industry

future research by, 2171–2172membrane filtration applications in, 2164–2168process demands in, 2157–2163

Pulp/paper industry wastewaters, membrane-basedtreatment of, 2156–2174

Pulp/paper mill process/wastewater, 2157–2158characteristics of, 2159

Pulsating cross-flow, 2205Pulsed field-gradient nuclear magnetic resonance

(PFG–NMR) method, solute diffusivity and,1030

Pulse-gradient spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance(PGSE-NMR) method, solute diffusivity and,1030

Pulse method, 1934Pump efficiency, increasing, 1813–1814Pumps, 865–867PuraMem membranes, 1856Pure blockage/cake filtration model,

221–222Pure gas permeabilities, 956, 957Pure ion conductors, 626Purely organic mixtures, separating by

pervaporation, 1547–1548, 1555Pure water flux (J ), 1226Pure water flux (PWF), 39, 1071

membrane pore sizes and, 62–63microstructure parameters and, 40–42model prediction of, 42–43

Pure water permeability, influence of ceramicmembrane microstructure on, 38–43

Purificationof high value products, 1868–1869membrane pervaporation for bioalcohol,

2085–2094of natural gas, 1644–1668

Purification factor (P), in diafiltration,1334

PVA/PAAM IPNs, 2092. See also Interpenetratingpolymer networks (IPNs); Polyacrylamide(PAAM); Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes

PV/bioreactor systems, 1728. See also Pervaporation(PV)

PVC latex concentration case study,1200

PVDF-g-PAA membrane, 919–921PVDF-g-PPMA membrane, 922, 923PVMR applications, 1726–1727. See also

Pervaporation membrane reactors (PVMRs)PVMR systems, 1727Pycnometric method, in characterizing membrane

porosity, 1074P–Y diagrams, 1311–1312Pyrolysis, 621–622

Quantitative statistical parameters, membrane surfacecharacteristics and, 1045

Quantum Flux membrane, 308Quantum of energy, 1435Quartz crystal microbalances (QCM), 203

in membrane behavior studies, 1041–1042membrane fouling characterization via,

1054–1055

2328 INDEX

Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation(QCM-D), membrane fouling characterizationvia, 1055, 1056

Quaternary 2-dimethyl-aminoethylmethacrylate(qDMAEMA) grafting, 1122

Racemate adsorption, 923Racemic amino acids, enantioseparation of,

2178–2179, 2180, 2182, 2187Racemic mixtures, 2175

of amino acids, 2187Radial dimensions

range of, 647–648stainless steel hollow fibers with

shrinkage-controlled, 647–651Radial distribution function, 27Radial flow modules, 1954Radially averaged electric field, 82Radiation, from porous materials, 1039Radiation-grafted polymer membranes, 2047–2048Radiation-induced grafting, 917Radiation stability, of membranes, 2143Radicals. See also Free radical entries; Reactive

radical speciescontrolled, 918–922hydroxyl, 965, 966

Radioactive liquid processing, applications of,2145–2149

Radioactive waste(s)categories of, 2138high-level, 2138low-level, 2147–2149sources and characteristics of, 2137–2138

Radioactive waste management, 2147–2149Radioactive waste treatment, 2138–2145

membrane requirements for, 2142–2143Radio control method, for diafiltration, 1321–1322Radiolysis products, 340RAFT graft block-copolymerization, 921Raman scattering, surface-enhanced, 837Raman spectroscopy (RS), in membrane

characterization, 1025, 1027RBS analysis. See also Rutherford backscattering

spectroscopy (RBS)RBS analysis, 1140–1141, 1142, 1143, 1144, 1145RBS simulations, 1142RBS spectrum, 1141, 1142, 1143R–COOH groups. See also Organic acid entries

in reverse osmosis microanalysis, 1158, 1159,1163

XPS in studying, 1147–1148Reaction classes, 1717Reaction conditions, variations in, 669–670Reaction/membrane separation integration,

1739–1740Reaction rate constants, forward, 133–134Reaction/separation process, time course of,

590–591

Reactivation, of porous metallic supports,1606–1607

Reactive extraction, 1993, 2011–2012of folic acid, 2020, 2021of nicotinic acid, 2024–2025

Reactive handles, 931Reactive interface control, 1734Reactive ion etching (RIE), 364Reactive peptide synthesis, OSN-assisted, 1872Reactive radical species, 965–966Reactor applications, thin composite membranes in,

1631–1637Reactor chambers, 1714Reactor coolant clean-up, with boric acid recovery,

2145–2146Reactor outage waste, 2146–2147Reactors, membrane aerated biofilm, 1752–1770Real gas behavior, 1651Recirculating enzymatic reactors, 591–592Recovery, of amino acids, 1457–1458RED electrode systems, 1492–1493. See also

Reverse electrodialysis (RED)RED market opportunities, 1496–1497Redox-induced grafting, 917–918Redox initiation–grafting, 466Redox potential, 433Redox probe, 821RED performance, temperature dependency of,

1495–1496RED pilot plants, 1497RED power systems, 1483–1496Red sea mechanism, in molecular dynamics

simulations, 176Reduced membrane performance, 231Reduction, nitrate, 1738Reduction factor (F ), 2006, 2007Reextraction, 2011Reference chemical potential, 12–13Reference electrodes, 1937

conducting polymer membranes in, 1937–1938in ion-exchange membrane characterization,

1444solution-free, 1937

Reference ions, 499Reference pressure, 13Refinery industry, solvent recovery in, 1869–1870Reflection coefficient, 1282Regenerable cell culture system, 936Regenerated hydroxyl groups, 809Regulations, environmental, 305Regulatory requirements, for microfiltration

installations, 1234, 1235Reichstein process, 2014–2015Rejected solute concentration, 1250Rejection, in diafiltration, 1333Rejection models, 24, 25, 31. See also

Convection–diffusion rejection models; Saltrejection; Solute rejection entries

INDEX 2329

Rejection ratesintrinsic, 102–103ion, 90, 93, 94, 99, 100limiting, 88, 90, 92, 102, 103negative, 91

Rejection tests, membrane integrity testing and, 1106Reject side, of reactors, 1714Relative coefficient (σ), 41Relaxation technique, for fouling removal, 262Relaxation time, 1149Relief printing, 372Removal efficiency, pH and, 1968Renewable energy, 1838Renewable energy sources, 1561Renewable resources, 2066Renewable sources, energy production from,

1720–1721Repulsive forces, 1163Research and development (R&D)

on fuel cells, 2036in membrane science, 1957

Research articles, concerning DCF, 1204–1214Research periodicals, membrane-related, 2242–2242Resin regeneration, 517Resins

boron-selective ion-exchange, 1353–1354ion-exchange, 1349

Resin sluice water, spent, 2146–2147Resistance. See also Chlorine resistance; Membrane

resistance (RM)

in ion-exchange membrane characterization, 1449of ion-exchange membranes, 499–503

Resistance after blockage, 45Resistance-in-series model, 542, 1284, 1286Resolution mechanism, through membranes,

2177–2178Responsive nanoporous membranes, 797, 798Responsive polymers, 892–893

incorporation modes of, 904–907Responsive silica colloidal membranes, 804–822Retentate, 1191, 1250

in reverse osmosis, 1365Retentate circulation, 1350–1351Retentate recycle, in diafiltration, 1318Retention, liquid-phase polymer-based, 1345Reverse electrodialysis (RED), 518, 1473–1475,

1482–1500, 1838. See also RED entriesoptimal power density for, 1841, 1843, 1845progress in, 1846–1847research and development for, 1848working principles of, 1839–1841

Reverse electrodialysis plant development,1496–1497

Reverse osmosis (RO), 3–4, 12, 14, 279–287,305–314, 1361–1394. See also Forwardosmosis; (FO); RO entries; Seawater reverseosmosis (SWRO)

concentration polarization and, 1372–1381

in the dairy industry, 2106–2107diafiltration used in, 1331–1333energy analyses for, 1381–1383industrial use of, 2141large-diameter spiral-wound modules for,

1185–1187loose, 616nanofiltration and, 1275pretreatment to, 305separation range of, 1243solution–diffusion model for, 18solute transport in, 14–19spiral-wound modules for, 1171–1174water recovery via, 1368in wine production, 2111

Reverse osmosis biofilms, bacteria in, 239Reverse osmosis composites, chemical composition

and polarity of, 1042Reverse osmosis concentrate, in scaling prevention,

204Reverse osmosis elements, large size, 1808Reverse osmosis fouling, CEOP/BEOP contribution

to, 237–239Reverse osmosis governing equations, 1368–1369Reverse osmosis materials, 78Reverse osmosis membrane materials, 306–309Reverse osmosis membrane processes

analytic solution example related to, 1371–1372performance indicators of, 1366–1368system recovery of, 1371–1372

Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes (ROMs), 462advanced, 1275development of, 277–278hollow-fiber, 301nanostructured, 1816noncellulosic, 281rough, 1162in textile wastewater treatment, 2126–2127,

2128–2129, 2130, 2132Reverse osmosis membrane surfaces, fouling of,

1124Reverse osmosis membrane thin film, 663Reverse osmosis microanalysis, 1135–1170Reverse osmosis module development, 310–314Reverse osmosis/nanofiltration (RO/NF) membranes,

616active layers of, 1135electrical properties of, 1152–1154

Reverse osmosis/nanofiltration membrane systems,234

Reverse osmosis–pressure-retarded osmosis(RO–PRO) scenario, 1414–1415

Reverse osmosis–pressure-retarded osmosis(RO–PRO) systems, 1414, 1419–1420, 1421

Reverse osmosis process/membranes, 1364Reverse osmosis processes, 1365–1366

concentrate handling in, 1389–1390cross-flow, 1386–1388

2330 INDEX

Reverse osmosis processes, (Continued)energy consumption quantification in, 1383–1388ideal, 1385–1386reversible, 1384–1385

Reverse osmosis pilot plants, radioactive wastemanagement at, 2147–2149

Reverse osmosis system modeling, 1368–1372Reverse osmosis systems

analytical solutions related to, 1369–1372train size of, 1186two-pass, 1812–1813

Reverse osmosis technology, 1362–1363Reverse osmosis unit, in antiscaling process,

209–211Reverse salt flux, 1417Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer

(RAFT), 919Reversible control, of transport, 825“Reversible” electrochemical reactions, 1523Reversible fouling, 261“Reversible” ionic liquids, 744Reversible monomeric component connexions, 951Reversible potential, 1485–1486Reversible reverse osmosis processes, 1384–1385Reversible transformations, 901Reversibly adsorbed hydrogen, 729Reynolds number(s) (Re), 201–202, 1177, 1254,

1255, 1287, 1373Rhodamine B diffusion, 800Rhodopsins, 867Richardson’s equation, 1776Rigid-rod polyelectrolytes, linear, 2045River-to-sea pressure retarded osmosis systems,

1414, 1418–1419Rmax definition, in molecular dynamics simulations,

179Robeson plots, 739, 740ROCHEM Membrane Systems, 310, 311, 312–313RO desalination, energy consumption in, 1381. See

also Reverse osmosis entriesRoll-to-roll compatible doctor blade coating

technique, 435Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs),

410, 416Root mean squared (RMS) roughness, 1120RO permeate, 2170

in textile processes, 2129RO–PRO pilot systems, 1420. See also Reverse

osmosis–pressure-retarded osmosis (RO–PRO)entries

RO system performance optimization, 1808–1810Rotating cylindrical filters, 1193Rotating cylindrical membranes, 1192

membrane shear rate estimation for,1200–1201

Rotating disk membrane modules, 1210–1212Rotating disk modules, 1191

applications of, 1205–1210

Rotating disk systems, 1192–1198multishaft, 1196–1198single-shaft, 1192–1194, 1194–1196

Rotating membrane disks, on single and multipleshafts, 1202–1203

Rotating membrane modules, 1194Roughness, 1120

in characterizing membrane porosity, 1064of membranes, 1045–1047

Roughness analysis, 1070Roughness average, 1120Roughness parameters, in reverse osmosis

microanalysis, 1161–1162Rough reverse osmosis membranes, 1162Rough superhydrophobic membranes, 1011Rubbery bulk polymers, gas mobility in, 177, 178Rubbery homopolymers, CO2-selective membranes

and, 2083Rubbery organic frameworks (ROFs), 952–954Rubbery polymer(ic) membranes, 952

hydrophobic, 2086Rubbery selective polymer(ic) membranes, 1905Rubbery state, of polymers, 1441–1442Runge–Kutta algorithm, 82Rupture distance, 1164Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS)

in membrane characterization, 1024–1025,1040–1041, 1041–1042

in reverse osmosis microanalysis, 1140–1145

Sacrificial polymers, 921Sacrificial template strategy, for structural composite

photocatalytic ceramic membranes, 975Salicylic acid (SAH), substitution and separation of,

1460–1461Saline Water Conversion Act of 1952, 278Saline water desalination, electrodialysis programs

for, 112–123Salinity-driven processes, 1394–1395, 1399

as forward osmosis, 1395Salinity gradient energy, 518Salinity gradient energy technology, 1482Salt. See also Salts

acid/base production from, 1455–1457separating from water, 108

Salt balance, 1374, 1375–1381Salt concentration(s), 110, 113, 120, 122, 125–126,

235. See also NaCl concentrationanalytical solutions related to determining,

1369–1372in desalting cells, 117in reverse osmosis, 1367

Salt conversion, via EDBM, 510Salt exchange, 1489Salt flux, 18–19

reverse, 1417Salt ions, hindered diffusion of, 231, 232Salt partition coefficients, in RBS analysis, 1143

INDEX 2331

Salt permeability, water permeability vs., 282Salt reflection coefficient, 89Salt rejection, 18–19, 100, 101, 307–309Salt rejection rate, 86, 87–88Salt responsiveness, 896Salts

separation from acids, 1472supported molten, 737

Salt-to-water permeability line, 281, 282Salt transport, 1031–1033Sample-scanning microscopes, 1116Sampling

microdialysis, 1924microdialysis for in vivo, 1918–1919

Saturation index (indices) (SI), 200, 202–203of silica, 195, 198scaling thermodynamics and, 197–200software for calculating, 199

S-Brane process, 1554–1555Scalability, in membrane-based processes, 1956Scale-up (scaling up), 380–381

for BLM applications, 870modular, 1956for polymeric membranes, 1867for sBLM applications, 873–875

Scaling, 192–217detection of, 211as a function of feed water and operating

conditions, 200–202kinetic effects on, 202–204inducement of, 239in MBRs, 1827membrane, 192methods for preventing, 204–211minimizing, 202overview of, 192–193performance losses due to, 193–197pH and, 200–201thermodynamics of, 197–202

Scaling detection methods, online, 211Scaling ions, reducing, 205Scaling minerals, software for calculating saturation

indices of, 199Scaling-related thermodynamic solubility products,

194Scaling species, 198Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 571–572

in characterizing membrane porosity, 1065in determining membrane structure/morphology,

1028, 1040–1041, 1045in fouling visualization, 252in membrane integrity testing, 1105–1106in reverse osmosis microanalysis, 1155–1157

Scanning electron microscopy spectra, 581–582Scanning force microscope (SFM), 1115Scanning probe microscope (SPM), 1115Scanning probe microscopy (SPM), in determining

membrane structure/morphology, 1029, 1045

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM),in characterizing membrane porosity, 1065

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), incharacterizing membrane porosity, 1066

Scattering techniques, for assessing membraneporosity, 1039

Schlieren-diagonal method, 124, 125Schmidt number (Sc), 1177, 1201, 1254, 1255, 1373Schotten–Baumann reaction, 662Seawater, boron removal from, 1353–1354Seawater desalination, 1801–1821

affordability of, 1806growth of, 1817

Seawater desalination technology, future advancesin, 1815–1817

Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO), 1342,1353–1354. See also SWRO entries

Seawater reverse osmosis technology, 1801Secondary functionality, incorporation of, 930–932Secondary growth method, 685–687Second Wien effect (SWE), 490–491Sedimentable particle mass, 48Sedimentable particles, 65Sedimentable particle size, 45, 47

critical, 47, 49Sediment layer resistance, 48Segregated wastewater treatment, 2126, 2128–2134Selective differential FTCMR, 1735, 1738. See also

FTCMR (flow-through catalytic membranereactor)

Selective hydrogenation, of hexadiene, 1737Selective integral FTCMR, 1735, 1736–1737. See

also FTCMR (flow-through catalytic membranereactor)

Selective ion responsiveness, 897Selective pertraction

of carboxylic acids, 1982–1989of cinnamic and p-methoxycinnamic acids,

1992–1997of gentamicin, 2007–2014

Selective platelet fillers, 414Selective polymer(ic) membranes, rubbery, 1905Selectivity (ψ), 4–5, 758, 1645–1647. See also

Diffusivity selectivity; Enantioselectivity;Solubility selectivity

CO2/light gas, 954, 956, 957CO2/N2, 1908–1909of composite palladium/palladium alloy

membranes, 1624–1625in diafiltration, 1334flux vs., 534hydrogen/carbon dioxide, 159ionic, 1932membrane, 1488, 1535–1536, 1566measurement of, 147–149of polymeric materials, 156of potassium ion channels, 864–865

Selectivity centers, 952

2332 INDEX

Selectivity factors, 1985, 1986, 1987–1988, 1995,2012

Selectivity mechanisms, of aquaporins, 861, 862, 863Selectivity stability studies, 1630, 1631Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), 837, 848Self-assembly method, for structural composite

photocatalytic ceramic membranes, 975Self energy, 93Self-fabricated devices, 948Self-organized systems, synthesis of ion-channel, 946Self-supported Pd-based membranes, 1776–1779SEM-EDX spectra, 571, 581–582, 1040–1041. See

also Energy-dispersive X-ray entries; Scanningelectron microscopy (SEM)

SEMF/SEUF systems, 1351–1352. See alsoSuspension-enhanced microfiltration (SEMF);Suspension-enhanced ultrafiltration (SEUF)

construction of, 1351, 1352–1353SEMF system layouts, 1352Seminars, membrane-related, 2236–2242Semipermeable membranes, in osmosis, 1364Semi-superhydrophobic membranes, 1705Semivolatile compound detection, 1919Sensing, using gold nanotubes, 849–850Sensitization, in track membrane production, 345Separation(s). See also Air separation process;

Biomolecular separation entries; Bioseparations;CO2 separation; Enantioseparation; Gasseparation (GS); Hydrogen separation;Molecular separations; Natural gas separationsystems; Nucleation separation; Pervaporationseparations

of alkenes/alkanes, 773–775of amino acids, 1457–1458of animal blood plasma, 2115–2116of azeotropic mixtures, 1537chemical-based, 846–848dense membranes for pressure-driven, 1040–1042diffusion dialysis in, 1468–1471of dye bath effluents, 2129–2130gentamicin, 2009high-resolution, 1955hydrocarbon, 602hydrogen, 773ion-selective, 842ionic liquids in, 582–583membrane materials for, 275–276membrane processes for, 615–617membrane-based, 711–712membrane-mediated, 945metallic ion, 585–586mixed gas, 722molecular recognition–based, 848nicotinic acid, 2024O2H2, 626–631oil–water fibrous membranes in, 1009olefin–paraffin, 743of olefins/paraffins, 773–775

of organic compounds, 583–585oxygen, 1887oxygen/air, 737oxygen/nitrogen, 773performing with liquid membranes, 566by photocatalytic ceramic membranes, 968propylene, 744protein, 848of proteins, 838–841, 845–846selectivity of, 2011in silica colloidal membranes, 803–804of similarly sized molecules, 846–848size-selective, 803–804substrate, 584of transesterification reaction products, 584–585water purification, 870–871

Separation concepts, based on gold nanotubemembranes, 838–848

Separation cycles, in membrane chromatographymodules, 1955

Separation efficiency, 2068Separation factor(s) (α), 5, 2183

enantioseparation and, 2176–2177ethanol/water, 2087–2088

Separation layers, ultrathin active, 435–436Separation mechanisms

of carbon membranes, 758–759, 760–761in membrane chromatography, 1954–1955types in ELMs, 593–596vesicles as, 873–875

Separation membranesfor desalination, 1816–1817optimal functioning of, 1021–1022

Separation performanceof carbon membranes, 763of composite Pd-based membranes, 1616–1631long-term, 718of polymeric membranes, 2089–2091

Separation processes, 3–5. See also Gas separation(GS) membranes; Liquid–liquid extraction(LLE); Liquid–solid separation; Membranefiltration; Microfiltration (MF); Nanofiltration(NF); Ultrafiltration (UF)

importance of, 565Separation techniques, 1458

for amino acid removal, 1997need for enantioselective, 2175

Separation technologies, 2069Separation terms, 2224–2225, 2226–2227SEPPI-method (solidification of emulsified polymer

solutions via phase inversion), 555–556Sequencing batch operation, MABR and, 1764–1765Sequential-dilution diafiltration (SDD), 1303, 1304,

1312–1313Series–parallel resistance model, 1285Shadowmasks, 387Shear-enhanced filtration, 1191Shear enhancement, 259–260

INDEX 2333

Shear force increase, as MBR foulingcountermeasure, 1828

Shear rate, 1200–1204, 1212, 1214Shear/turbulence, 258Sherwood number (Sh), 1177, 1178, 1201, 1254Shielding ions, 24Shift effect, of membrane reactors, 1783Shirasu porous glass (SPG) membrane, 2198–2202

microfluidic applications of, 2201properties of commercial, 2202

Short circuiting, feed channel ionic, 1491–1492Short exposure time, 369–370Short side chain (SSC) PFSA ionomers, 2040Short-term fouling

of microfilters, 1227in MBRs, 1827

Shrinkage-controlled small radial dimensionsgeneric approach to, 651–658stainless steel hollow fibers with, 647–651

Sidewall passivation, 367Sieverts–Fick law, 1776Sieverts’s law, 1593Sieving, 23Sieving coefficients (S ), 5, 1255, 1256–1257, 1258

asymptotic, 1256, 1257in diafiltration, 1333

Sieving platelet materials, 414Silica (SiO2)

hierarchically thin film, 438–442layered, 413–415mesoporous, 437MTES/TEOS-derived, 715–718

Silica ceramic membranes, 439–440Silica colloidal crystals, 798–799Silica colloidal membranes

amination of freestanding, 808–809amine-modified, 806freestanding, 803light-responsive, 819–820pH-responsive behavior of

poly(l-alanine)-modified, 819preparation of, 799–803proton-conducting, 822–825responsive, 804–822sintered, 823–824size-selective separations in, 803–804size-selective transport and, 825small-molecule-responsive, 820–822supported, 799–800suspended, 800–802temperature-responsive, 816–819

Silica colloidal nanoporous membranes, 797–828permselective, 799

Silica condensation reaction, inhibiting, 691Silica fouling, 197Silica gel deposition, 201Silicalite-1/PDMS MMMs, 2087. See also

Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs)

Silica membranes, 619–621, 691–693. See alsoSilica colloidal membranes

amorphous, 713, 721BTESE-derived, 719–720, 724, 725fabrication of sol–gel-derived amorphous,

713–715hydrophobic, 620, 725hydrophobic microporous, 621hydrothermal stability of amorphous, 725–726mesoporous, 1570metal, 692–693metal-doped, 725–731metal-oxide-doped, 692–693MTES-derived, 724niobia-doped, 730–731, 732organic–inorganic hybrid, 732organic-templated, 691–692silica network size control for sol–gel-derived

amorphous, 715–725sol–gel-derived, 711–735sol–gel-derived mesophase-templated, 693, 694TEABr-templated, 716TEDMDS-derived, 724TEOS-derived, 719, 720, 724unique gas permeation properties through

metal-doped, 728–731, 732Silica microspheres, 1130. See also Silica spheresSilica nanoparticles, 673, 1004Silica networks, 713

amorphous, 720–721densification of, 727, 728

Silica network size, 722–725Silica network size control, for sol–gel-derived

amorphous silica membranes, 715–725Silica particles, as templates, 433–435Silica saturation index (SI), 195, 198Silica-scaling studies, 195Silica spheres, 800, 803. See also Silica

microspheresmodification of, 811sulfonated, 822

Silica superhydrophobic nanofibrous membranes,1000

Silicon. See also Multisilicon entrieschemical etching processes in, 363–364etching of perforated membranes in, 364–367microengineering properties of, 357

Silicon-based copolymers, 153–155. See alsoMultisilicon copolymer

Silicon microsieve, 364–365Silicon nitride microsieve membrane, 2204–2205Silicon wafers, micro/nanosieve fabrication with,

372–377SILM performance(s). See also Supported ionic

liquid membranes (SILMs)for CO2 separations, 740–742improving, 742

SILM supports, improving, 745

2334 INDEX

Silt density index (SDI), 1388–1389Silver (Ag), 1000–1002Silver–palladium (Ag–Pd) systems, 1597–1598Silver salts, 743–744Silver/titania (Ag/TiO2) PCMs, 978–979. See also

Photocatalytic ceramic membranes (PCMs)Simple gases, physical properties of, 158Simple separation mechanisms, 593Simple transport, 570Simulated countercurrent chromatographic

moving-bed reactor (SCCMBR)Simulated packing, 789Simulation model flowchart, 72Simultaneous cross-linking, 549Single-film bipolar membranes, 492, 493Single-gas permeances, 716, 717Single-pass configuration, for ultrafiltration, 1267Single-pass diafiltration, 1318Single-pore model, 1934–1935Single-shaft rotating disk systems, 1192–1194,

1194–1196, 1202–1203Single-use membrane systems, 1957Sintered hollow fibers, 699Sintered membranes, 288

water uptake of, 824Sintered porous hollow fibers (HFs), 651Sintered silica colloidal membranes, 823–824Sintering, 646–647

viscous, 649–650Sintering process, 972Sintering strategies, optimizaiton of, 656Sinusoidal AC polarization, 1935–1936Site-distribution (SD) model, 1836FDA [2,2′-bis (3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)

hexafluoropropane dianhydride] polyimides,1671–1677

Size-based molecular separations, 838–842Size exclusion, 145Size exclusion effects, 28Size rejection, membrane integrity testing and, 1110Size restriction, by aquaporins, 861Size-selective separations, in silica colloidal

membranes, 803–804Size-selective transport, silica colloidal membranes

and, 825Skimmed milk, standardization. concentration, and

fractionation of, 2105–2106Skim milk processing, diafiltration used in, 1324Slip length, 864Slip velocity, 862–864Slit-shaped pores, 376SLM instability, 1964–1965. See also Supported

liquid membranes (SLMs)SLM preparation, 1972SLM separation, 1975SLM technique, success of, 1978–1979SLM transport mechanisms, 573–578Sludge retention time (SRT), 260

Small gas motion, in molecular dynamicssimulations, 176–178

Small-molecule-responsive silica colloidalmembranes, 820–822

Small radial dimensionsgeneric approach to shrinkage-controlled,

651–658stainless steel hollow fibers with

shrinkage-controlled, 647–651Smart bioseparations, SRM applications in, 935–936Soak method, 468Sodalite (SOD) membrane, 1727Sodium chloride tracer response technique,

236–237. See also NaCl concentrationSodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentration,

1970–1971Sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion channels and, 864,

865Softening of precipitation, in scaling prevention,

205–206Soft supramolecular fillers, 958Software

for calculating saturation indices of scalingminerals, 199

for RBS analysis, 1141Sol–gel coating, 680–682Sol–gel-derived amorphous silica membranes

fabrication of, 713–715silica network size control for, 715–725

Sol–gel-derived mesophase-templated silicamembranes, 693, 694

Sol–gel-derived silica membranes, 711–735Sol–gel-derived titania membranes, 687Sol–gel method(s), 619–621, 712–713

advantage of, 613cobalt-doped silica molecular membrane

preparation via, 613–614structural composite photocatalytic ceramic

membranes and, 973, 974, 976–977Sol–gel process, 486–489, 553Sol–gel route

colloidal, 682polymeric, 682

Sol–gel synthesis, 697Solid–liquid interface curvature, in characterizing

membrane porosity, 1079–1080Solid oxide electrolytes, 626Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology, 1514,

1515, 1522Solid oxide membrane materials, 1733Solid oxide membranes, mixed

proton–hole-conducting, 630–631Solid oxide water electrolysis (SOWE), 1514–1516,

1522Solid-phase extraction, 1924Solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell, 519Solid-state NMR, 1149Solsep BV membranes, 557

INDEX 2335

SolSep membranes, 1855–1856Solubility

in glassy polymers, 150in membrane models, 180, 181of PIMs, 789of vitamins, 2014

Solubility coefficient (S ), 148, 158–159, 180Solubility products, 197–198, 200

scaling-related thermodynamic, 194Solubility selectivity, 149, 741, 1565, 1647Soluble extracellular polymeric substances (sEPS),

249, 250Soluble microbial products (SMPs), 249, 253, 1125

pore blocking by, 250Solute accumulation, in OSN, 1866Solute adsorption, 1259Solute bulk, 26Solute–carrier complex, 596, 597Solute characteristics, 1406Solute charge, nanofiltration and, 1276, 1283Solute concentration, 575

in nicotinic acid pertraction, 2028Solute deposit growth, 1265Solute diffusion coefficient, 17, 20, 21, 22Solute diffusivity, 1030Solute enrichment, organic solvent nanofiltration in,

1876Solute flux, 20, 575, 1256–1257

in OSN membranes, 1860, 1861Solute flux fractions, 1862Solute–membrane affinity, 23–24, 27, 32Solute–membrane interactions, 23–31Solute–membrane size, 15Solute permeability, 18Solute permeability constant, 18Solute permeation, 22

in OSN, 1865–1866Solute permeation method, for assessing membrane

porosity, 1035Solute radii, 26Solute rejection, 4, 22, 23–24, 1244, 1250, 1282

neutral, 102–103prediction of, 31–33

Solute rejection model, 20–21Solute retention, 1244

pore size distribution by, 1071–1072Solute retention studies, 1877Solutes

diafiltration and, 1297diffusion coefficients for, 1373electroactive, 1155neutral, 933nonvolatile inorganic, 1406nonvolatile organic, 1406volatile inorganic, 1407volatile organic, 1407

Solute–solute interactions, 1036Solute switching behaviors, 918

Solute transport, 574–575, 1256–1258, 1280in active layers, 1154–1155liquid membranes and, 566in OSN, 1862–1866in reverse osmosis, 14–19

Solute transport interactions, 26“Solution blow spinning” technique, for fabricating

superhydrophobic biomimetic fibrousmembranes, 993

Solution–diffusion (S-D) equation, 18Solution–diffusion mechanism, 738, 1590, 1717

oxygen/nitrogen separation via, 153Solution–diffusion (S-D) model(s), 33, 34, 147, 281,

543, 574–578, 1285, 1565, 1647, 2067assumptions of, 13, 15convection–diffusion model vs., 31–33history and introduction of, 11–14for OSN membranes, 1859, 1860–1861, 1863,

1865–1866partition coefficients in, 23–31pervaporation and, 1533–1534, 1535for reverse osmosis, 18shortcomings and improvements of, 19–23use of, 34

Solution–diffusion processes, 11–36Solution–diffusion theory

application of, 14–19classical, 22, 23

Solution flow velocity, 80Solution-free reference electrodes, 1937Solution processing, 401Solutions, draw, 1395, 1405–1407, 1420Solution velocity distribution, 121Solution velocity ratio, 117Solution viscosity optimization, 410Solvated metal atom deposition method, 1780Solvation energies, excess, 97–98Solvay-Solexis, 2059Solvent casting, membrane fabrication via,

2054–2055Solvent compatibility, 557–558Solvent exchange, organic solvent nanofiltration in,

1871–1872Solvent extraction, 1961Solvent extraction techniques, folic acid and,

2018–2019Solvent filtration, with nanofilters, 1284–1286Solvent–membrane interactions, in OSN, 1866Solvent–nonsolvent system, 545–547Solvent permeation, in OSN, 1862–1865Solvent post-treatment, of membrane surfaces, 462,

471Solvent recovery, in pharmaceutical and refinery

industries, 1869–1870Solvent-resistant nanofiltration (SRNF), 533, 791,

1284, 1285, 1850diafiltration used in, 1331

2336 INDEX

Solvent-resistant nanofiltration (SRNF) membranes,532–564, 1285. See also SRNF entries

applications of, 533challenges and prospectives related to, 557–558commercial, 557principles of, 533–536separation mechanism of, 536–543

Solvents, switchable polarity, 1407Solvent–solute systems, 537, 538Solvent stability, of paper industry membranes, 2160Solvent transport

in ion-exchange membrane characterization, 1447in OSN, 1862–1866

Song–Elimelech model, for concentrationpolarization, 1374–1375

Sonication, for fouling removal, 263Sonic membrane integrity tests, 1098Sorption

enthalpy of, 151in radioactive waste treatment, 2139

Sorption/desorption units, 1344Sorption isotherms, 150, 182Sorption–membrane filtration processes, 1341–1361,

1344Sorption modes, in polymeric membranes, 149Sorption-selective membranes, enantioseparation

and, 2177–2178Source water, in desalination, 1805–1807SOWE (solid oxide water electrolysis) cells,

1514–1516, 1522Soya protein separation, 513Space charge (SC) model, 79–80, 86, 101Spacer configurations, for reverse electrodialysis,

1494Spacer development, 1179“Spacer” method, 717–722Spacer optimization, 1178Spacer rods, for reverse electrodialysis, 1495Spacers, for reverse electrodialysis, 1495Spacer shadow effect, 1845

in reverse electrodialysis, 1495Span 80 surfactant, 1966–1967Spatial inhomogeneities, 100Specific aeration demand (SAD), 259Specific flux, in membrane bioreactors, 1824Spectral analysis tools, membrane surface

characteristics and, 1045–1047Spectroscopic characterization, of ion-exchange

membranes, 1434–1442Spectroscopic techniques, in characterizing

membrane porosity, 1089Spent resin sluice water, 2146–2147Spent sulfite liquor (SSL), 2167–2168Sphingolipids, 858Spiegler–Kedem model, 1858, 1859Spiking tests, of membrane integrity, 1109–1110,

1112

Spin coating, 682. See also Electrospinning;“Solution blow spinning” technique

structural composite photocatalytic ceramicmembranes and, 973–974

Spin dope, 411Spin-echo signal, 1030Spinning suspension preparation, 614Spinoidal decomposition, 2199, 2200Spin–spin splitting, in NMR spectroscopy,

1437SPIRAGAS air separation system, 1688–1689Spiral-wound diffusion dialysis module, 509Spiral-wound membrane, 570

for MABR applications, 1756Spiral-wound modules, 291, 296–297

commercial, 1170–1190components of, 1174–1185construction of, 1171–1172design parameters of, 1172–1173diameter, axial length, and active area

of, 1172for gas separation applications, 1894, 1895large-diameter, 1185–1187for natural gas purification, 1649–1651,

1660–1661pressure/temperature limits of, 1174for reverse osmosis, 1171–1174schematic of, 1868

Spirobifluorine (SBF) monomer, 792Spiropyran moieties, 819–820Split permeate flow configuration, for desalination

systems, 1812–1813Sponge-like structure, of porous stainless steel

hollow fibers, 643–644Spore removal, from milk, 2104–2105Spray pyrolysis, 1780Sputter deposition methods, 1615–1616Sputtering, 1780SRNF filtration operations, 535–536. See also

Solvent-resistant nanofiltration (SRNF)membranes

SRNF membrane characterization, 536–538,539–542

SRNF membrane materials, 543–557SRNF operations, mass transfer limitations and, 535SRNF performance, 534, 537SRNF testing, 538SRNF transport mechanism, 541–543Stability. See also Hydrothermal instability

of carbonized material, 622of carbon membranes, 761emulsion, 1968–1969of emulsion liquid membranes, 598–599hydrothermal, 692–693in ion-exchange membrane characterization, 1444of ion-exchange membranes, 496–497of liquid membranes, 1964–1965of membranes, 1733

INDEX 2337

metal-doped silica membranes for improvinghydrothermal, 725–728, 732

of paper industry membranes, 2158–2160of supported liquid membranes, 578–583

Stability issues, membrane, 1726Stabilization, of thermoplastic polymers, 767Stabilization process, heat treatment process for,

766–768Stabilization process variables, 767–768Stabilizers, polymerized ionic liquids as, 749Stacked flat-sheet modules, 1954Stacked membrane systems, 937, 1517–1518Stack resistance, in reverse electrodialysis, 1475Stagnant film model, 1251, 1252Stagnant-film theory, for OSN, 1866–1867Stainless steel, porous, 1604–1605Stainless steel hollow fibers (HFs), 641–647

bending strength and nitrogen permeance of, 645cross sections of, 644porous, 642, 643with shrinkage-controlled small radial dimensions,

647–651Stainless steel industry wastewater, Ni(II) recovery

from, 1974–1975Stainless steel particle loading, 642–644Standard blocking, 43, 1262Standardization, of skimmed milk, 2105–2106Standard temperature and pressure (STP), 180Stannic oxide (SnO2) ceramic membranes, 440Starmem membranes, 1855Starting structures, preparation of, 174–176Start-up, in MBR operation, 1833State-particle-sintering method, 61–62, 74Static EIS tests, 1153Static experiments, membrane fouling and, 1050Statistical parameters, membrane surface

characteristics and, 1045Statkraft electricity company, 1419Steady permeate flux(es), 55, 56

of ceramic membranes, 68–69operating pressure on, 64

Steady-state flux, 73, 74, 225Steady-state mass balance, 233Steam reforming, 1718–1721

in palladium-based membrane reactors, 1785,1786–1790

Stefan–Maxwell equations, 1256Stefan–Maxwell model, 1542–1543. See also

Maxwell–Stefan entriesStereochemistry, new perspectives in, 1872–1874Stereoenantiomers, 2184–2185Stereoisomers, 2183Stereoselective ligands

enantioseparation membranes with, 2180–2185immobilized, 2180–2185

Steric, electric, and dielectric exclusion (SEDE)model, 98

Steric exclusion, 23

Steric hindrance, 23–24, 83, 87, 93Steric-hindrance pore (SHP) model, 1282–1283Steric ion exclusion, in active layers, 1145Steric partitioning coefficient (ϕi ), 83Sterilization, using microfiltration, 1949Stiff and Davis saturation index (SDSI), 201Stimulation approach classification, 893–903Stimuli-responsive functionality, on preformed base

membranes, 912Stimuli-responsive membranes (SRMs), 353,

891–945applications of, 934–939from blending cross-linked gel particles, 909–910bulk loading for, 924–927for concentration polarization, 938in controlled drug delivery, 934–935cross-linked hydrogel-based, 932from dense membranes, 907–908design considerations and parameters for,

923–934in environmental remediation, 936–938future outlook on, 939for membrane fouling mitigation, 938for oxygen enrichment, 938pore-filled, 915from porous membranes, 903–907preparation methods for, 908–923responses toward environmental stimuli, 905–907in smart bioseparations, 935–936ultrafiltration (UF)-grade, 936

Stimuli responsiveness, 893, 936molecular design for, 929–930

Stimuli-responsiveness effects, in membranes,903–908

Stimuli-responsive polymers/membranes, 892–893applications for, 893

Stoichiometry, with SLMs, 588–589Stokes–Einstein equation, 84, 1255Stokes equation, 46, 86Stokes radius, 26, 95Straight-through MC array devices, 2210–2212. See

also Microchannel (MC) array platesStream degradation, MABRs applications for,

1764–1765Streaming current, 1049Streaming potential, 1031–1032Strength, of track-etch(ed) membranes, 350Stress accumulation, in mixed-matrix membranes,

405–408Stress-dilated interfacial polymer, 407Stress formation effects, 408Strong-acid cation-exchange membrane, 136Strong-acid membranes, 483Strong-base anion-exchange membrane, 136Structural characterization, of PIMs, 786–787Structural composite photocatalytic ceramic

membranes, 973–975Structural parameters, 1063–1064

2338 INDEX

Structural properties, of gold nanotube membranes,837–838

Structure control, structural composite photocatalyticceramic membranes and, 975

Styrene-divinylbenzene-based cation-exchangemembranes, 481–482

Submerged membrane adsorption hybrid system(SMAHS), 1355–1356

Submerged membrane bioreactors, 254Substrate(s), 678. See also Supported entries

alumina-based, 678ceramic, 678inorganic, 916–917

Substrate cooling, cryogenic, 366, 367Substrate separation, 584Substrate technology, 1637Succinic acid, producing, 1983Succinic acid fermentation, 1982–1989Sulfonated membranes, 804–811Sulfonated opal electrodes, 807Sulfonated polyimides (SPIs), for fuel cell

membranes, 2042–2044Sulfonated polymers, 2045Sulfonated polysulfone-based membrane, 483Sulfonated silica spheres, 822Sulfonation, 470Sulfonation reactions, 1428–1429, 1436, 1437–1438Sulfone-based copolymer blends, NMR studies of,

1150–1151Sulfonic acid ionomers, 2041Sulfonic acid polymer–based membrane

conductivity, stabilizing, 2038Sulfonic acid polymer membranes, 2034–2035Sulfur-containing polymers, 915Sulfuric acid solutions

ELMs and, 1974, 1975–1977Mn(II) extraction from, 1975–1977

Sulfur poisoning, alloys against, 1602–1603Sulfur tolerance, 1599Supercritical carbon dioxide, 591–592, 735–736Superhydrophobic animals, 986–987Superhydrophobic biomimetic fibrous membranes,

984–1021alternative methods for developing, 993fabrication methods for, 990–994

Superhydrophobic carbon fibers, 1004Superhydrophobic cotton fabrics, 1004–1006, 1008Superhydrophobic fabrics, biomimetic, 1004–1007Superhydrophobic fibrous membranes

applications of biomimetic, 1007–1010technological potential of, 1009

Superhydrophobicity, 984–985material used to induce, 1008

Superhydrophobic membranesin industry, 1009–1010rough, 1011

Superhydrophobic microfibrous membranes,biomimetic, 1002–1004

Superhydrophobic nanocomposite polystyrene (PS)fibrous membranes, 995–996

Superhydrophobic nanocomposite polyvinyl chloride(PVC) fibrous membranes, 995–996

Superhydrophobic nanofibous membranes, 994–1002acrylate, 996–997carbon, 1002cellulose, 999from inorganic materials, 1000–1002polyacrylonitrile, 999polyphosphozene, 998polyurethane, 999poly(vinylidene fluoride), 998pullulan, 999–1000silica, 1000Teflon, 998titania, 1000–1002

Superhydrophobic nylon fabrics, 1007, 1008Superhydrophobic plants, 985–986Superhydrophobic polyester fabrics, 1006–1007Superhydrophobic surfaces, 987–989, 1704–1705Superhydrophobic wool fabrics, 1007, 1008Supermicropores, 770Superparamagnetic particles, 934, 935Supersaturation, 192–193, 208, 239

concentration polarization and, 193Supported bilayer membranes (sBLMs), 871–875

applications for, 872–873Supported block copolymer (BCP) membranes,

880–881Supported dynameric membranes, thin-layer, 948Supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs), 571,

737–746. See also SILM entriesin analytical chemistry, 588computational studies and future directions of,

745–746facilitated transport in, 742–744future of, 753improving, 744–745integrated/intensification processes with, 588limitation of, 738organic compound transport through, 574prior to room-temperature ionic liquids, 737–738with room-temperature ionic liquids, 738–740

Supported lipid membranes, preparation of, 875Supported liquid membrane pervaporation (SLMPV),

585Supported liquid membranes (SLMs), 566, 567,

568–569, 571–592, 1706, 1961–1962, 1973.See also SLM entries

analytical applications of, 587–588applications of, 570, 583–592, 1960–1981based on ionic liquids, 579electrochemical applications of, 587extraction through, 1916–1918integrated/intensification processes with, 588–591ionic liquids as carriers of, 585–586membrane contactors and, 1698–1699

INDEX 2339

for metal ion separation, 1977–1978preparation of, 571–572stability of, 578–583transport mechanism through, 573–578

Supported liquid membrane stabilization, 579Supported liquid membrane technology, 738Supported membranes, 759Supported molten salts, 737Supported Pd-based membranes, 1776–1779Supported silica colloidal membranes, 799–800Supported titania membranes, 687–688Support layers, 1401–1402

macroporous, 612Support layer wetting, 1403Support point density, 1175–1176Supports

hydrophilic, 1405porous alumina, 1605–1606porous glass, 1605–1606porous metallic, 1603–1605, 1628treatments of porous bare metallic, 1606–1611

Supramolecular chemistry, 946Supramolecular/dynamic covalent networks, for

complex dynameric membranes, 958–960Surface analytical techniques, 1135–1136Surface area determination, in characterizing

membrane porosity, 1076–1077Surface characteristics, of membranes, 1045–1050Surface charge

in membrane behavior studies, 1041–1042of membranes, 1047–1050of track-etch(ed) membranes, 351

Surface charge concentration, in ion-exchangemembrane characterization, 1443–1444

Surface chemistry, 1042of gold nanotube membranes, 837–838

Surface concentration gradient, 144Surface contamination, of Pd membranes, 1781Surface density, of grafted polymers, 927–928Surface design, 348Surface diffusion, 143–144, 1774–1775Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), 837Surface force pore-flow (SF-PF) model, for OSN

membranes, 1861, 1862Surface fouling examination, 1123–1125Surface functionalization process, 849Surface hydrophobicity, 1703, 1704–1705Surface-initiated polymerization, 919Surface initiation, 913Surface membranes, chemical composition of, 1147Surface modification, 414, 700, 837, 846–847

chemical methods for, 465–466, 471combined methods for, 470–472comparison of methods for, 471of membranes, 460–474

Surface modification approach, in SRM preparation,912–923

Surface modification techniques, 307–308, 472

Surface morphologyatomic force microscopy and, 1161–1162in characterizing membrane porosity, 1064of membranes, 1045–1047of paper industry membranes, 2162–2163

Surface oxygen exchange, 700Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) techniques,

membrane fouling characterization via,1055–1056

Surface pore densities, 433in characterizing membrane porosity, 1063

Surface pore size distribution modification,1608–1611

Surface porosity, 1073Surface potential, in membrane behavior studies,

1041–1042Surface roughness, 1120Surface roughness reduction, for nanofiltration

membranes, 1279Surface roughness studies, 1162Surfaces, liquid-repellent, 1012Surface segregation, 463Surface superhydrophobicity, 987–989Surface techniques, 1160Surface tension components, 28–29Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), 1221, 1234Surface wettability, 1010Surfactant liquid membranes, 592Surfactants

in the ELM process, 594–596ELMs and, 1966–1967polypyrrole interaction with, 1935–1936

Surfactant stabilizing emulsions, 595–596Survey spectra, in reverse osmosis microanalysis,

1146Suspended (tethered) bilayer membranes, 875–877Suspended colloidal membranes, 808Suspended membranes, 881–882Suspended silica colloidal membranes, 800–802Suspension-enhanced microfiltration (SEMF),

1348–1350Suspension-enhanced ultrafiltration (SEUF),

1348–1350Suspensions, organic–inorganic hybrid, 694–695Sustainable operating flux, 255–257Sustainable permeability, 258Sweetening, of natural gas, 1571–1574Swelling, 541. See also Acid-swellable polymers;

Alkali-swellable polymersin the ELM process, 598membrane, 1443of membranes, 1040–1041

Swelling capacity, of ion-exchange membranes,495–496

Switchable polarity solvents, in forward osmosis,1407

Switch effect, 932

2340 INDEX

SWRO configuration, hybrid, 1810–1812. See alsoSeawater reverse osmosis (SWRO)

SWRO configuration change, 1810SWRO desalination plants, collocation with power

plants, 1803SWRO membrane elements, higher productivity of,

1807–1808SWRO membrane technology, improvements in,

1815–1816SWRO systems

fouling in, 1811two-pass, 1812–1813

Symbolsin diafiltration terminology, 1334–1335in dynamic cross-flow filtration terminology,

1216Symmetric membranes, 146, 904Symporters, 868Symposia, membrane-related, 2236–2242Synergic extraction constants, 2023Synergic pertraction, 1981

of folic acid, 2018–2022, 2023Synergistic coefficient (CS), 2019,

2020–2021Syngas (synthetic gas), 157, 1718–1721

reaction stoichiometry for chemicals from, 158Synthesis procedures, for nanofiltration membrane

materials, 1277–1279Synthetic biomimetic membrane, 886Synthetic ionophores, polymer membranes using,

877Synthetic membranes, 8–9, 1774Synthetic polymer membranes, 829Synthetic strategies, for constructing

superhydrophobic surfaces, 987–989Synthetic wastewater, biotreatment of, 1764Syringe filters, 1948System configurations, for CO2/CH4 separation,

2078System impedance (Z ), 1152

Tacloid morphology, 413Tafel overpotential, 1492, 1493Tangential flow filtration, high-performance, 1272Tao–Eldrup model, for PIM characterization, 788Tape casting, 698Tapping mode, of atomic force microscope imaging,

1117–1118, 1125, 1126, 1160Tapping mode AFM, 1066–1067Tap water filtration, 352“Task-specific” ionic liquids (TSILs), 737, 742–743T-atoms, 684Tau–Eldrup equation, 1137Taylor–Couette flow, 599TBME (tert-butyl methyl ether), 582TEABr-templated silica membrane, 716. See also

Triethylamine acid (TEA)TEA–CSA, in TFC membrane synthesis, 669

Technological conservatism, membranechromatography and, 1956

Technology platform/component processes,162–163

TEDMDS-derived silica membranes, 724Teflon superhydrophobic nanofibrous membranes,

998Temperature. See also Glass-transition temperatures

(Tg)

influence on pervaporation, 1538–1539operating, 1507–1508

Temperature correction, clean water permeation and,1226

Temperature-dependent sidewall passivation, 367Temperature dependency, RED performance and,

1495–1496Temperature limits, of spiral-wound modules,

1174Temperature measurement, in MBR design, 1832Temperature-responsive membranes, 893Temperature responsiveness, 893–894Temperature-responsive silica colloidal membranes,

816–819Temperature stability, of paper industry membranes,

2158–2159Template-assisted zeolite growth, 625Template extrusion, for fabricating superhydrophobic

biomimetic fibrous membranes, 992Templates, silica particles as, 433–435Template strategy, for structural composite

photocatalytic ceramic membranes, 975Template structure, for structural composite

photocatalytic ceramic membranes, 976–977Template synthesis, 829

of gold nanotube membranes, 830–838Templating, 432–433, 694Templating methods, colloidal crystal, 434TEM sample preparation, 1158ten Elshof–Baumann methods, 700TEOS-derived silica membrane, 719, 720, 724. See

also Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS)Terminology, membrane, 1945–1947Ternary alloys, palladium in, 1600–1603Test-particle insertion (TPI) method, in molecular

dynamics simulations, 179–180Test sensitivity, membrane integrity testing

and, 1111Tethered bilayer membranes (tBLMs), 875–877Tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide (TBAOH)

production, 1462–1463Tetraethoxydimethyl disiloxane (TEDMDS), 724Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), 619, 620, 692,

715–724, 725, 998. See also TEOS-derivedsilica membrane

Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH), 514Tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS), 619Tetrazoles, PIMs incorporating, 165Textile color removal, 2126

INDEX 2341

Textile-industry wastewatermembrane-based treatment of, 2124–2136methods to treat, 2126–2127, 2128–2129, 2130,

2131, 2132, 2134Textile industry wastewater treatment, treatment

approaches for, 2134Textile process streams, characterization of, 2125TFC-based MMMs, 672. See also Mixed-matrix

membranes (MMMs); Thin-film composite(TFC) membranes

TFMB [2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine], 2042Thermal analysis, 1043

of ion-exchange membranes, 1438–1439Thermal expansion coefficient, 1629Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), in

ion-exchange membrane characterization,1439–1440

Thermal-induced graft polymerization, 918Thermally induced phase inversion (TIPI) process,

290Thermally rearranged (TR) polymers, 163–165,

1566–1567, 1890Thermal soak time, 769Thermal treatment, of membrane surfaces, 461–462,

471Thermodynamics

galvanic chain, 1503irreversible, 106, 107–109, 541–542, 1858–1859mass transport and, 107–108of reverse electrodialysis, 1484–1492of scaling, 197–202

Thermodynamic scaling-prevention methods,204–206

Thermodynamic solubility products, scaling-related,194

Thermodynamic voltage (E th), 1503, 1504Thermometry, for assessing membrane porosity,

1038Thermoplastic polymers, stabilization of, 767Thermoporometry, 1079–1080Thermoresponsive gating function, 926–927Thermoresponsive membranes, 893, 914–915, 922,

923, 925Thermoresponsive polymers, 893–894THF (tetrahydrofuran), in casting solutions, 547Thick membranes, 1032Thickness

determining membrane, 1040–1041effect on permeate flux, 57–58

Thin composite membranes, in reactor applications,1631–1637

Thin composite palladium (Pd) membranes, 1632WGS–CMR equipped with, 1636, 1637

Thin-film ceramic membranes, 676–711research interest in, 701

Thin-film composite forward osmosis (TFC-FO)membranes, 1404–1405

Thin-film composite membrane development,through interfacial polymerization, 664–674

Thin-film composite membrane fabrication, 662Thin-film composite (TFC) membranes, 7, 147,

282–283, 284, 539, 551–552, 904, 1153characterization methods for, 662–663commercial, 670–671for organic solvent nanofiltration, 1851–1852polyamide, 284–286polyamide-based, 661–662posttreatment of, 1852research work on, 1853–1854

Thin film depositionchemical, 359–360physical, 360–361

Thin-film formation, 680–684Thin film growth, in integrated circuit fabrication

technology, 357Thin film mixed matrix membrane formation,

411–412Thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes,

1816Thin-film nanocomposites, 672–674Thin-film nanoparticle (TFN) membranes, 308Thin-film polyamide membranes, 306, 551Thin film posttreatments, 670Thin films, 438–442

ceramic, 359hierarchically porous titania, 443with hierarchical porosity, 431–459from monomeric amines, 666–668nanofiltration membrane, 663from polymeric amines, 664–666polyurea, 665reverse osmosis membrane, 663yttrium oxide nanoparticulate, 602

Thin film technology, 359–361Thin inorganic hollow-fiber (HF) membranes,

fabrication method for, 651–658Thin inorganic porous hollow-fiber (HF) membranes,

638–661Thin-layer supported dynameric membranes, 948Thin sheet SLM, 569. See also Supported liquid

membranes (SLMs)Thiol chemistry, 851Thiols, 837, 843

hydrophobic, 847–848Three-cell electrodialysis system, 108–109Three-component interactions

in MMM design/preparation, 403–405polymer adhesion and, 405

Three-dimensionally periodic porous carbonmembranes, 447

Three-dimensionally porous polymerfilms/membranes, 434

3D periodic bulk models, in molecular dynamicssimulations, 180, 181

Three-step diafiltration, 1303–1304

2342 INDEX

Throughput parameter (D�S ), 1311–1312Tightly bound extracellular polymeric substance

(TB-EPS), 250Tight nanofiltration membranes, 1277Timashev–Kirganova equation, 133Time-dependent function [α(t)], optimization

strategies for, 1313–1317Time-lag method, 1031Time versus gas concentrations curves, 186TIPBz (1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene), 443Tip-scanning microscopes, 1116Titanate ceramic membranes, 441Titania (TiO2), 965–967, 971, 973–974. See also

Titanium dioxide entries; Titanium white entriesmetal-doped, 979nitrogen-doped, 979

Titania (TiO2)-based membranes, 439, 440–441,442–443, 687–690

Titania coatingsfor structural composite photocatalytic ceramic

membranes, 977tubular, 323–324

Titania lattices, 979Titania layer, structural composite photocatalytic

ceramic membranes and, 975, 977, 978Titania (TiO2) membranes, free-standing, 688–690Titania nanoparticles, 972Titania nanotubes, 978Titania nanotube/nanowire membranes,

free-standing, 688–689, 689–690Titania superhydrophobic nanofibrous membranes,

1000–1002Titania thin-film membranes, synthesizing, 687–688Titania thin films, hierarchically porous, 443Titania PCMs, 978. See also Photocatalytic ceramic

membranes (PCMs)porous structure of, 976

Titanium dioxide dewatering case study, 1200. Seealso Titania entries

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles, 673Titanium dioxide particle suspension, 49–50Titanium dioxide particle suspension system,

microfiltration process of, 74Titanium dioxide–water system, 50–51Titanium white. See also Titanium dioxide entries

microfiltration of, 59–69separating from acidic wastewater, 66–69separating from wash water, 60–66

Titanium white production, 59–60TMP measurement, in MBR design, 1832. See also

Transmembrane pressure (TMP)TMP profile, 257TOC monitoring/testing, 1108, 1112. See also Total

organic carbon (TOC)Tokuyama Corporation, 2060Top-down images, in reverse osmosis microanalysis,

1159–1160Top layer, 677

Torsional vibration, 260Tortuosity (τ), 41, 1403

in characterizing membrane porosity, 1064porosity and, 655–656

“Torturous-pore” structure, 289–290Total impedance, of membranes, 501–502Total organic carbon (TOC), 249. See also TOC

monitoring/testingTotal organic carbon (TOC) profiling, membrane

integrity testing and, 1108Total organic carbon (TOC) removal, 2130, 2132Total potential energy, for macromolecules, 173Total salt balance model, for concentration

polarization, 1375–1381Total suspended solids (TSS), 302Toxicity, enantiomer, 2175Toxic metal recovery, from wastewater, 1451–1453Toxic organics, catalytic degradation of, 937Trace component sorption, carbon membranes and,

763Trace metal removal, with SEMF/SEUF, 1349Trace organics removal case study, 1355–1356Tracer response technique, 236–237, 241Track core, 333Track density, 344Track-etched polycarbonate (PC) membranes, 829,

830, 835. See also Polycarbonate track etch(PCTE)

Track-etched polymer membranes, gold nanotubemembrane preparation using, 834–835

Track-etching, 332–356selecting an etchant recipe for, 336–337

Track-etch(ed) membranes (TMs), 333, 829–830,904, 1223–1224

applications and future prospects of, 352–353asymmetrical, 353commercial, 346–348development from polymers, 348–349structure and properties of, 349–352

“Track-etch” pores, 333Track formation, 333–336Tracking tests, membrane integrity testing and,

1106–1110Track membrane production

industrial technology of, 343–346sensitization in, 345

Track membrane production process, 333–343Track membranes, pore shapes in, 343Track-to-bulk etch rate ratio, 349Track-to-bulk etch rates, 340Traditional diafiltration (TD), 1303–1304Trains, 405Train size, of reverse osmosis systems, 1186Trajectory-extending kinetic Monte Carlo (TEKMC)

approach, in molecular dynamics simulations,185

Transesterification reaction products, separation of,584–585

INDEX 2343

Transference numbers, 1486, 1487Transistor, invention of, 357Transition state theory (TST) method, in molecular

dynamics simulations, 185Transmembrane osmotic pressure, initial, 234Transmembrane potential, 842, 845, 850, 1031–1032Transmembrane pressure (TMP), 236, 1099, 1202,

1205, 1210, 1211, 1251, 1253, 1272. See alsoTMP profile

in batch diafiltration, 1301in diafiltration, 1333in membrane bioreactors, 1822

Transmembrane (TM) proteins, 872–873Transmembrane voltage, 858Transmembrane volume flux, 80, 86, 87, 102–103Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

anion, 844–846in characterizing membrane porosity, 1065for characterizing SRNF membrane morphology,

539in determining membrane structure/morphology,

1028–1029, 1040–1041in membrane integrity testing, 1105–1106in reverse osmosis microanalysis, 1136, 1156,

1157–1160Transport. See also Back-transport; Electrotransport;

Hindered transport theory; Ion transport;pH-mediated transport; Solute transport

of amino acids, 844of anionic molecules, 844benzoquinone, 1155carrier-mediated, 570of charged species, 1031–1033hydrogen, 1590–1603hydroquinone, 1155ion-selective, 843lipid membrane, 858–860mechanistic modeling in nanofiltration,

77–106membrane, 1399–1404, 1858–1867modeling through nanofiltration membranes,

78–101neutral solute diffusion and, 1030–1031oxygen, 1677–1679of proteins, 838–841, 845–846proton, 822reversible control of, 825of salt, 1031–1033silica colloidal membranes and size-selective, 825in SILMs, 742–744simple, 570uphill, 844

Transport characteristics, of membranes, 1029–1033Transport enantioselectivity, 2177Transporters, 867–868

active, 868Transport in membrane processes, solution–diffusion

model for, 11–14

Transport mechanismsacross liquid membranes, 1963–1964for gas separation applications, 1893through supported liquid membranes, 573–578

Transport membranes, facilitated, 1891, 1907Transport model classification, 1858–1867Transport models

approximate, 90carrier-facilitated, 596

Transport number, 497–498Transport performance, predicting, 1283Transport processes

co-coupled, 571counter-coupled, 571

Transport properties, of metallodynamericmembranes, 957

Transport rate(s), 1734molar, 859of H+ ions and OH− ions, 132–133

Transport rate differences, 565Transport resistance, 1704Transport systems, types of, 573–574Transport theory, 78TransSep™ process, 1555Transverse direction, mass balance in, 1375–1376Treatment

of bioalcohol, 2094of concentrate, 2168–2171of high-level waste, 1977, 1978of nuclear/radioactive waste, 2136–2155tof nuclear waste, 1977–1978of oil-field waters, 1235of pulp/paper industry wastewaters, 2156–2174of textile-industry wastewater, 2124–2136

Triethylamine acid (TEA), 669Triethylene glycol liquid membrane (TEG LM), 587Trimesoyl chloride (TMC), 666, 667, 668Tri-n-octylamine (TOA), 1983, 1985, 1986Trioctylamine (TOA), 1968, 1969Troger’s base (TB) formation, PIMs prepared via,

786TSIL–CO2 complex, 743Tubular casting process, 292Tubular continuous pervaporation membrane reactors

(PVMRs), 1726Tubular membrane modules, 291–294Tubular membranes, 321Tubular MIEC membranes, 698Tubular modules, 312–313

in membrane bioreactors, 1825Tubular monolith technology, 1224Tubular sodalite (SOD) membrane, 1727Tubular titania coating, 323–324Tunable dynameric membranes, for ion transport,

948–952Turbidity, 63Turbidity barrier, in microfiltration installations,

1235

2344 INDEX

Turbidity measurement, in MBR design, 1832Turbidity particles, tracking, 1107Turbulence promoters, 1706Turnover ratio, in diafiltration, 1334Two-dimensional Darcy’s law, 226, 227Two-pass reverse osmosis (RO) system, 1812–1813Two-pass SWRO system, 1812–1813. See also

Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO)Two-phase electro-electrodialysis (TPEED), 1462Two-stage closed-loop cascade system, 1317Two-stage membrane separation process, 1906Two-step catalyzed sol–gel process, 620Two-step fermentation method, 2015Tyrosine electrotransport, 1457–1458T-zeolite membrane, 1727–1728TZPIM. See PIMs incorporating tetrazoles (TZPIMs)

U(VI) separation, via SLMs, 1978. See alsoUranium isotope separation

UF clarification, juice recovery by, 2115. See alsoUltrafiltration entries

UF membrane modules/equipment, 1248–1250UF process configuration, 1244UF processes, 1241–1250

classification of, 1242–1245UF size range, 1243Ultrafilters (UFs), manufacturers of, 1225Ultrafiltration (UF), 7, 8, 37, 78, 287–289,

1241–1274. See also UF entriesaffinity, 2184applications of, 1268–1272in cheese production, 2108colloid-enhanced, 1347–1348in the dairy industry, 1270–1271, 2105–2106,

2107defined, 1241, 1242diafiltration used in, 1327–1328in industrial process water, 1270–1272industrial use of, 2141ligand-modified micellar-enhanced, 1347membrane applications for, 1950–1953micellar-enhanced, 1346–1347nanofiltration vs., 1275polyelectrolyte-enhanced, 1345polymer-enhanced, 1345–1346for potable water production, 1269–1270process configurations for, 1266–1268separation range of, 1243suspension-enhanced, 1348–1350in wastewater treatment, 1270–1272

Ultrafiltration applications, 294, 300Ultrafiltration development, 314–324Ultrafiltration (UF)-grade SRMs, 936. See also

Stimuli-responsive membranes (SRMs)Ultrafiltration membrane materials/modules, ceramic,

318–324Ultrafiltration (UF) membrane modules, polymeric,

316–318

Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, 7, 246, 542, 617,1097, 1242–1243, 1245–1247, 1943

cellulosic, 1245–12460manufacture of, 1246–1247materials in preparing, 315metal oxide, 288polymeric, 314–315porous ceramic multilayer, 1247properties of, 1247–1248in textile wastewater treatment, 2126–2127,

2128–2129, 213Ultrafiltration technologies, 326Ultrafiltration terms, 2225–2226Ultrahigh purity (UHP) hydrogen (H2), 1589, 1637Ultra low CO2 steelmaking (ULCOS), 1581–1582Ultramicropore network, 770Ultrapure deionized water, production of, 515–516Ultrapure water, electrodeionization for, 1454–1455Ultrapure water production, 516–517Ultrasonic methods, in scaling detection, 211Ultrathin active separation layers, 435–436Ultrathin Pd-coated membranes, 634Ultrathin polymeric membranes, 2179Ultraviolet (UV)-induced grafting, for surface

modification, 467–468. See also UV/ozonetreatment

Ultraviolet (UV)-induced graft polymerization, 468Ultraviolet (UV)-induced photochromic reaction, 900Ultraviolet (UV)-reactive BP (benzophenone)

photoinitiator, 913–914Uncharged solutes

nanofiltration and, 1276–1277partition coefficient for, 27–28

Uniform potential approximation, 80, 81–93, 101Uniporters, 868Unitary natural hydrophobic structures, 985–987Unitary structural morphology, 987Unit cell(s)

fuel efficiency of, 1491in reverse electrodialysis, 1484–1491

Unit cell power, 1488–1491United-atom models, 173Unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFC), 1516,

1523–1524Universal characterization method, 558“Universal model,” 745Unloading tools, for reverse osmosis systems, 1187Unsaturated hydrocarbons, partial hydrogenation of,

1738–1739Unsupported membranes, 759Uphill transport, 844Upper bound relationship, 1670–1671, 1672Uranium isotope separation, 610–611. See also

U(VI) separationUTC rotating disk module (RDM), 1205, 1207,

1208–1210, 1213, 1214, 1215UV/ozone treatment, 467, 471. See also Ultraviolet

entries

INDEX 2345

Vacuum decay rate (VDR), 1103–1104Vacuum decay test (VDT), in membrane integrity

testing, 1103–1104Vacuum membrane distillation (VMD), 1701, 1702Vacuum method, 571, 572Valinomycin, 859, 860Valuable compound recovery, in the pulp/paper

industry, 2166–2168, 2171van’t Hoff equation, 87, 1401van’t Hoff relationship, 150van der Waals forces, in MMMs, 403, 404, 411van der Waals interactions, 173van der Waals volumes, 151van Hove correlation function, 184van Oss–Chaudhury–Good equation, 29Vapor deposition, 682–683Vapor/gas separation, 1904–1905Vapor-induced phase inversion (VIPI) process, 290Vapor-induced phase separation (VIPS), 544Vapor separation, polymers of intrinsic microporosity

and, 793. See also Gas separation (GS)Vapor separation systems, 152, 153. See also

Organic vapor separationsVapor separation terms, 2227Variable force contact mode, of atomic force

microscope imaging, 1117Variable-volume diafiltration (VVD), 1303, 1304,

1312Vconnect definition, in molecular dynamics

simulations, 179Vertical deposition, 825Vertical deposition technique, 799–800“Very high free-volume” polymers, 1677Vesicle deposition, 871, 880, 881–882Vesicle rupture, 882Vesicles

membrane-protein-enhanced, 886as separation mechanisms, 873–875

Vibrating filtration systems, 1198–1200, 1203–1204Vibrating membrane filters (VMFs), 259–260Vibrating modules, applications of, 1212–1214Vibrational spectroscopies, in membrane

characterization, 1025–1027Vibratory shear-enhanced processes (VSEPs),

259–260, 1198–1199, 1203–1204 See alsoVSEP entries

Vibratory shear-enhanced processing (VSEP)module, for pulp/paper mill applications,2163–2164

Vinyl amine chemistry, 666Virus filtration, 1272Virus harvest/purification, diafiltration used in, 1328Virus removal, 1949Viscosity, dynamic, 651, 652Viscous deformation, 650, 652, 658, 659Viscous flow, 542Viscous flow membranes, 1774Viscous shrinkage, of inorganic hollow fibers, 658

Viscous sintering, 649–650Visible-light-activated photocatalytic ceramic

membranes, 979Visual inspection, in membrane integrity testing,

1098Visualization tests, of membrane integrity, 1098,

1104–1106Visual Minteq software, 199Vitamin B3, 2022Vitamin C, pertraction of, 2014–2018. See also

Ascorbic acid (ASH)Vitamin C mass flows, 2017–2018Vitamin PP, 2022Vitamins

pertraction of, 2014–2029solubility of, 2014

VOC model decomposition, 1736. See also Volatileorganic compounds (VOCs)

VOC photocatalytic oxidation, 1736Void-free BSCF capillaries, 700Voids, 25, 447, 545

in MMMs, 401–402Volatile inorganic solutes, in forward osmosis, 1407Volatile organic compound (VOC) extraction

via pervaporation, 1545–1547Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 585. See also

VOC entriesVolatile organic solutes, in forward osmosis, 1407Voltage, thermodynamic, 1503, 1504Voltammetric response, 805–806Voltammetric sensors, 1936

CP membranes in, 1933–1937Volume concentration factor (VCF, X ), 2108

in diafiltration, 1334Volume reduction ratio (VRR), rotating disk filtration

and, 1207, 1208, 1209–1210, 1213–1214Volumetric diffusive flow rates, in membrane

integrity testing, 1101Volumetric expansion, measuring, 1043Volumetric flow rate (Q), 218, 220, 224, 227Volumetric flux (J ), 1225, 1248Volumetric porosity, 1073

characterizing, 1063Volumetric techniques, in characterizing membrane

porosity, 1076VSEP pilot, 1212, 1213, 1214. See also Vibratory

shear-enhanced processes (VSEPs)VSEP systems, diafiltration used in, 1328VSEP unit, in antiscaling process, 209V-type pumps, 865, 866, 867

Wall salt concentration, 1376Warburg impedance (W ), 1153Warm-water desalination, disadvantages of, 1804Washburn equation, 1082, 1087Wash water, titanium white separation from, 60–66Waste alkali recovery, 509

2346 INDEX

Waste minimization, in the pulp/paper industry,2168–2171

Waste oil treatment case study, 1199Wastewater

anion separation/recovery from, 1453biotreatment of, 1764chromic acid recovery from, 1453–1454in the food industry, 2118–2120heavy metal recovery from, 1973–1977metal-containing, 1451–1453Ni(II) recovery from industrial, 1974–1975pollutant removal from industrial, 1965–1971textile-industry, 2124–2136titanium white microfiltration from, 59–69toxic metal recovery from, 1451–1453treatment of pulp/paper industry, 2156–2174

Wastewater reuse, 2124, 2125membrane bioreactors in, 1821–1837

Wastewater treatment, 505–506, 507, 776–777, 1097ELM in, 600–601membrane bioreactors in, 1821–1837nanofiltration in, 1289segregated, 2126, 2128–2134ultrafiltration in, 1270–1272via SLMs, 1973–1977

Wastewater treatment applications, for membranebioreactors, 244

Wastewater treatment plants, MBR systems in,1825–1826

Water (H2O)compound separation from, 1960–1961electrodeionization for ultrapure, 1454–1455in the food industry, 2118–2120in fuel cells, 2034–2035posttreatment of, 2120production of ultrapure deionized, 515–516separating salt from, 108spent resin sluice, 2146–2147treatment of oil-field, 1235ultrafiltration in industrial process, 1270–1272VOC extraction from, 1545–1547

Water/alcohol separation performance, 2088Water-based electrolytes, 1930Waterborne diseases, 1112Water channels, 861–864Water consumption, in the pulp/paper industry,

2165–2166Water contact angle (WCA), 985, 993, 995Water desalination. See DesalinationWater detoxification, as a PCM function, 968–969Water diffusion coefficient, 17Water dipole reorientation, by aquaporins, 862Water dissociation, 107, 129–137, 490–491Water dissociation phenomena, accelerated, 491Water dissociation products, 492Water-dissociation reaction

in bipolar membranes, 135catalytic effect in, 136–137

current efficiency of, 129–131intensity of, 133–135involving metal ions, 137suppression of, 134–135, 136

Water-dissociation reaction layer, H+ ions and OH−

ions in, 131–133Water electrolysis, 1506–1516

acidic, 1511alkaline, 1511–1512PEM, 1512–1514solid oxide, 1514–1516

Water electrolysis reaction, 1493Water flow rate, of track-etch(ed) membranes,

350–351Water flux(es), 18–19, 22, 307–309, 1399, 1545

across osmotic power membranes, 1842,1843–1844

Water flux equation, 17Water gas shift catalytic membrane reactor

(WGS–CMR), 1632–1633with thin composite palladium membranes, 1636,

1637Water gas shift (WGS) membrane reactors, 1721Water-gas shift (WGS) reaction, 1588, 1589, 1632,

1716, 1721Water-in-oil (w/o, W/O) emulsions, 393, 2196, 2207Water/oil/water (W/O/W) systems, 592Water permeability

influence of ceramic membrane microstructure on,38–43

salt permeability vs., 282Water permeability constant, 17Water photodissociation, 1525Water poisoning, of Pd-based membranes, 1783Water production

nanofiltration in, 1288–1289ultrafiltration for potable, 1269–1270ultrapure, 516–517

Water purification, electrochemical process for,1451–1457

Water purification membranes, 884–886Water purification separations, 870–871Water quality, microfiltration and,

1233–1234Water recovery, via reverse osmosis, 1368Water recycling, nanofiltration in, 1289Water removal, 1722

in natural gas purification, 1664–1665via gas separation technology, 1901–1902

Water resistance, 167Water resources, search for, 2124–2125Water–salt permeability line, 281, 282Water scarcity, 325Water separation, in bioalcohol purification, 2085,

2086Water-soluble polymers, membrane fouling

by, 1346Water splitting, 1453, 1460

INDEX 2347

Water-splitting rate, 490–491Water splitting reactions, 133, 1432–1434,

1507–1508, 1511Water supply demands, 1390Water swollen brushes, 1921–1922Water transport equation, 1416Water treatment, 776–777

role of microfiltration in, 1221–1222Water treatment facilities, membranes in, 671Water treatment industry, challenges

for, 1135Water uptake, of sintered membranes, 824Water uptake determination, in ion-exchange

membrane characterization, 1443Water vapor, in dehumidification, 166Water vapor removal, via gas separation technology,

1907Water/wastewater treatment, role of microfiltration

in, 1221–1222Weak-acid cation-exchange membrane, 136Weak-acid membrane, 483Weak-base anion-exchange membrane, 136Weighted insertion energy distributions, 181Wet chemistry methods, 697Wet etching, through pores, 373–374Wet flow curve, 1083Wet spinning process, 765–766Wettability, surface, 1010Wetting

of polymers, 410support layer, 1403

Wetting phenomena, anisotropic, 988–989Whey, demineralization, concentration, and

fractionation of, 2106–2107Whey demineralization, 506Whey desalination, diafiltration used

in, 1331Whey protein isolate (WPI), 2107Widom test-particle insertion (TPI) method, in

molecular dynamics simulations, 179–180Wilke–Chang equation, 577Wine lees, 2113Wine production, membrane applications in,

2111–2113Wolf Creek case study, 2146–2147Wool fabrics, superhydrophobic, 1007, 1008Workshops, membrane-related, 2236–2242

Xenobiotic pollutant stream degradation, MABRsapplications for, 1764–1765

Xenobiotics, 1547Xenon (Xe) ions, for track creation, 334, 335X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

in membrane characterization, 1024in reverse osmosis microanalysis, 1136,

1145–1148X-ray scattering, for PIM characterization,

788

Yield (Y ), in diafiltration, 1334Young–Laplace equation, 1082YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia) electrolyte,

1528Yttria-stabilized zirconia layers, crack-free

mesoporous, 679Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticulate thin films,

602

Zeolite crystallization, 624–625Zeolite crystals, channel orientation of, 625Zeolite dispersion, 408Zeolite films, 625Zeolite frame structures, 622–623Zeolite growth, template-assisted, 625Zeolite hollow spheres, 555Zeolite membrane pores, 623, 624Zeolite membranes, 448–450,

684–687, 1571bifunctional, 449classification of, 684–685formation methods for, 685–687for gas separation applications, 1891pervaporation and, 1545

Zeolite membrane synthesis, 623–625Zeolite nanoparticles, 672, 673Zeolite particle sizes, 450Zeolite–polymer adhesion, 409Zeolites, 399, 555, 622–625Zeolite seed layer, 625Zeolite seeds, 625Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), 399–400,

412, 2082Zeolitic sieving material, 414–415Zero Desalination Discharge process, in scaling

prevention, 206“Zero-gap” alkaline cells, 1511Zero-gap cells, 1502–1503Zero liquid discharge (ZLD), 1390

in desalination, 1807Zeta (ζ )-potential, 22

of commercial membranes, 1047Zinc ions (Zn2+), 957, 958

as antiscalant, 207Zinc oxide (ZnO), 965Zinc oxide nanofibrous membranes, 1002Zinc oxide/silica (ZnO@SiO2) nanorod

array, 1005Zinc removal, via ELMs, 1965Zirconia layers, crack-free mesoporous

yttria-stabilized, 679Zone-of-influence, in MMMs, 403ZSM-5 membrane, 1723Zwitterionic membrane, 494