INDEX [media.wiley.com] · Allowing shortages in EOQ, 327 All unit discount in EOQ, 345 American...

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INDEX

ABC classification based on cost, 358ABC classification based on critical index, 358Acceptable Quality Level (AQL), 950Acceptance sampling plan, 944

Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ), 954Average Outgoing Quality Limit (AOQL), 955bicriteria acceptance sampling, 956bicriteria procedure for AOQ, 957Operating Characteristic (OC) curve, 948producer’s and consumer’s risks, 949

Acceptable Quality Level (AQL), 950effect of increasing n and decreasing c on OCC,

952Lot Tolerance Percent Defective (LTPD), 950optimal n and c for given AQL, LTPD, � and �,

953Type I error (producer’s risk), 949Type II error (consumer’s risk), 949

sequential sampling plans, 959double sampling plans, 959multiple sequential sampling, 960

statistical distributions for sampling, 945binomial probability distribution, 945Poisson probability distribution, 945

Accuracy measurement in forecasting, 148, 151ACTIM (ACTivity TIMe) heuristic, 481Additive utility function, 59, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 90Aggregate flow matrix, 815Aggregate planning methods, 215, 218, 220, 227

graphical, 215, 218

linear programming, 4, 9, 24, 25, 227tabular, 220

Aggregate planning-graphical approach for onevariable, 225, 226

constant inventory plan but variable workforce,225

constant workforce plan but variable inventory, 226mixed plan, 226

Agility and flexibility, supply chain, 503AHP weight assessment, 85Air density, wind energy, 624Allowing breakdown times, 299

manufacturing cells- flow process, 299, 304multicriteria hybrid push-and-pull systems, 301multicriteria lot sizing for hybrid systems, 301push-and-pull hybrid systems, 302

Allowing shortages in EOQ, 327All unit discount in EOQ, 345American Productivity Center (APC), 551Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), 85, 87

Consistency Ratio (CR), 87hierarchical structure, 89rank reversal-criteria, 87rank reversal-weight, 87weight assessment, 85

Assembly Line Balancing (ALB), 779, 780bicriteria ALB problem, 789bisectional method, 788column precedence, 780head-tail approach, ALB, 783

Operations and Production Systems with Multiple Objectives, First Edition. Behnam Malakooti.© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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1064 INDEX

Assembly Line Balancing (ALB) (Continued )largest candidate rule, 780linear layout, 778minimizing cycle time, 786mixed-product, 791multicriteria ALB, 786multicriteria stochastic, 794optimizing ALB profit, 787positional weight method, ALB, 782precedence diagram, ALB, 780qualitative ALB, 783qualitative closeness, 783, 791stochastic, 793total closeness calculation, ALB, 785tricriteria ALB Problem, 791tricriteria ALB, 791U shape layout, 778

Assembly line problem, 778Cycle Time (CT), 778line efficiency, 778Smoothness Index (SI), 778station time, 778

Assembly, Layout, 805Assembly systems, 3, 4, 5, 14, 24, 29Assessed value function, 66Assignment problem, 11, 504

bicriteria assignment problem, 510Hungarian method, 505integer linear programming, 514linear programming, 514multicriteria assignment problems, 510multiobjective optimization of assignment, 516tricriteria assignment problem, 513unbalanced assignment problem, 508

Attaching sequence, layout, 820Attributes of an object, clustering, 644Average Actual Cycle Time (AACT), 978Average linkage, GT, 675

Backlogging in lot sizing, 285Backward–forward lot sizing, 280Bellman–Ford algorithm, energy systems, 593Between Sum of Squares (BSS), K-means, 690Betz limit the power coefficient, wind energy,

624Bicriteria

acceptance sampling, 956ALB problem, 789composite approach in sequencing, 389DEA linear programming, 561economic production quantity, 336energy selection, energy systems, 588EOQ versus JIT, 333EPQ versus JIT, 337location – ordinal/cardinal approach, 869

criteria assessment, 877weight assessment, 878

LP aggregate planning, 245PERT, 475p-median, clustering, 684procedure for AOQ, 957rank order clustering, GT, 659sampling for X̄-chart, 929sampling for c-charts, 943sampling for p-chart, 941similarity coefficient, GT, 672single-factor efficiency, 554stochastic sequencing, 424, 426time-cost trade-off, 458weight space, 60

Bidirectionalcardinal head-tail method, 758flow, 735, 737, 740, 749, 754layout optimization, 749layout, 736, 743multicriteria head-tail method, 740multidcriteria optimization, composite approach,

743ordinal head-tail method, 756pairwise exchange, 740simultaneous head-tail method, 743single row loop, 718

Bidirectional head–tail methods, cell, 756, 758Bidirectional head-tail, 817Bidirectional, integer linear programming, 750Bidirectional, MCDM, 754Bidirectional, MOO, 749, 754Bill Of Materials (BOM), MRP, 268Binary attributes, clustering, 646, 648Binomial probability distribution, statistical

distributions for sampling, 945Bi-polar Z utility function, 119Bisectional method, ALB, 788Blade, wind energy, 623Bottleneck identification, 565Bottlenecks in scheduling, 382Breakdown maintenance, 1030Breakdowns in maintenance policies, 1030Break-even analysis, 15, 34, 35, 863

distribution costs, 863fixed costs, 863production costs, 863total revenue, 863

Break-even point, wind energy, 628British Thermal Unit (BTU), 586Buffers use in reliability, 1024, 1025

Campbell method, sequencing of n × m, 404Capacity

of parallel systems, 566of serial system, 565

Capacity planning, 33, 36Capacity requirements planning, 295Carbon dioxide (CO2), energy systems, 588


INDEX 1065

Cardinal, 78consistency, 78inconsistency, 78inconsistency ratio, 78

Cardinal head-tail, 412, 413, 414, 417Cardinal head-tail, layout, 817Cardinal head-tail method, 720, 729, 758

bidirectional, 758unidirectional, 720, 729

Cardinal Inconsistency Ratio (CIR), 78C-chart, control charts for attributes, 939Cell layout, 743, 754Cell layout optimization, 732-749

bidirectional, 749unidirectional, 732

Cellular layout, layout, 806Cellular systems, 13, 14, 24Center of gravity method, 872Central limit theorem, statistical background, 919Chain-type structure (polycode), GT, 652Circular layouts, cell, 738Classification and coding, GT, 652Climate change, 583Closed-loop MRP, 294Closeness matrix, cell, 743Clustering applications, 644

attributes of an object, 644data reduction, 644determining outliers, 644modal (one and two), 644multiple clustering, 644similarity coefficient, 644

Clustering and group technology, 4, 13Clustering methods, 646

binary attributes, 646head-tail clustering, 670p-median, 679Rand Order Clustering (ROC), 655similarity coefficient, 664

continuous data, 683k-means, 689similarity coefficient (continuous) method,

689Clustering types and measurements, 647

attributes scaling, 647attributes types, 647binary attribute, 645Continuous Linear-Scaled (CLS) attributes, 647data representation, type in clustering, 647nominal attribute, 647one-modal formulation, 647optimal number of clusters, 647ordinal attribute, 647ratio scale attributes, 647similarity measurement metrics, 649two-modal formulation, 647

Column precedence, ALB, 781

Combinatorialcomplexity, Cell, 768head-tail approach, 755, 758optimization, 754programming (CP), 20MCDM, 763MOO, 763simultaneous head-tail, 760

Complete linkage, GT, 675Composite priority index, 391Compounding productivity growth, 549Computational analysis of algorithms, cell, 768Computer relative allocation of facilities technique,

830Concave feasible goal utility, 63Concave utility (convergent), 62, 64, 90Concordance measurement, cell, 723Conflict resolution, layout, 821Consistency Ratio (CR), 87Continuous attributes, 645, 648Continuous data, clustering, 683Continuous quality improvement in JIT, 298Control charts, 15Convergent-concave feasible goal utility, 62Convex feasible goal utility, 63Convex utility (divergent), 62, 64, 90Correlation coefficient, linear regression, 176, 177Correlation for multiple linear regression, 186Cost based multi-item classification, 355Cost of maintenance in replacement policies, 1034Cost of satisfying demand, supplier selection, 889Cost per unit of energy, energy systems, 585, 587,

588CPM

algorithm, 446linear programming, 461with multiple resource constraints, 482network, 442with one resource constraint, 480

CPM time-cost trade-off method, 452Criteria assessment, 84, 87Critical index multi-item classification, 358Critical index optimization problem, 352Critical path, 446Critical path method (CPM), 441Critical Ratio (CR) rule, 387Customer interface, 501Cutting speed, wind energy, 625Cycle Time (CT), ALB, 778

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), 555, 556, 560,562

Data reduction, clustering, 644DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis), 555, 556, 560,

562Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes, 568DMU (Decision Making Units), 553


1066 INDEX

DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) (Continued )linear programming, 556, 560measurement of input and output factors, 560multicriteria efficiency, 560multiobjective linear programming, 560

Decision analysis, 3, 4, 17, 19Decision-Making, 53, 64

approach, 53paradigm, 53pyramid, 53process, 53under risk or uncertainty, 64

Decision Making Units (DMU), 553Decision Process, 49, 51Decisions,

strategic, 1, 3, 22tactical, 3

Defects per Million Opportunities (DPMO), 932Demand location, supplier selection, 889Demand sensitivity in EOQ, 324Design of energy systems, 602

energy operations optimization, 602energy system design optimization, 609multi-period optimization of energy operations,

602Determining outliers, clustering, 644Deviation averse, 62Deviation prone, 62Diagonal attachment, layout, 820Dijkstra’s algorithm, energy systems, 593Disaggregating and master scheduling, 9Disaggregation, 252, 253Disconcordance measurement, Cell, 723Discount quantities 345Distance matrix, cell, 736Distance measurement metrics, clustering, 649Distribution resource planning, MRP, 296Divergent-convex feasible goal utility, 62DMU (Decision Making Units), 553Double sampling plans, 959Duplicated machines, GT, 661Duplicated units in reliability, 1024, 1025

Earliest Due Date (EDD) Rule, 386Earth carrying capacity, 584Ecological soundness, 8, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)

basic EOQ model, 317Ford Harris (1913), 313reorder point, 318robustness– sensitivity of EOQ, 322

ordering cost sensitivity, 322holding cost sensitivity, 323demand sensitivity, 324

Economic production quantity, 10, 324Effect of increasing “n” and decreasing “c” on OCC,

952

Efficiency, 54, 56, 58, 115Efficiency, convex, 54, 56Efficiency of energy systems, 619

efficiency of generators and users, 581measuring efficiency of energy systems, 621

Efficiency of generators and users, energy systems,581

Efficiency, graphical convex, 57Efficiency, multiobjective linear programming, 560Efficient (non-dominated) alternative, 18, 22Efficient frontier, 110, 115Energy future technologies

energy renewability, 587energy sustainability, 587, 588fossil fuels, 584, 587, 588, 622geothermal energy, 584, 585, 587nuclear energy, 584solar energy, 584, 590, 622wind energy, 585, 602, 622, 624

Energy operations optimization, energy systems, 602Energy procurement in distributed systems, energy

systems, 597Energy routing optimization, 13Energy selection, multicriteria, 589

bicriteria energy selection, 588carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, 588cost per unit of energy, 585, 587, 588environmental impact measurement, 585, 586,

587, 588extraction cycle of energy, 591renewability of energy source, 587, 590

Energy system design optimization, energy systems,609

Energy systems, 4, 12, 13Energy types, 584Enterprise resource planning, MRP, 296Environmental impact measurement, 585, 586, 587,

5880EOQ: allowing shortages, 327

EOQ model allowing shortages, 327finding optimal order, Q∗, for given R, 331inventory model allowing a limited shortage, 331

EOQ model allowing shortages, 327EOQ with quantity discount, 342, 347Euclidean distances, K-means, 699Exceptional elements, GT, 659Exclusive clustering, clustering, 644Expanding, layout, 820Expected value, 71Exponential reliability function, 1011Exponential smoothing, 9, 161Extensions of MRP

capacity requirements planning, 295closed-loop MRP, 294distribution resource planning, 296enterprise resource planning, 296manufacturing resource planning, 295


INDEX 1067

MRP II, 295supply chain management, 296

External and inherent inconsistency, 81External consistency, 81Extraction cycle of energy, energy systems, 591

Fabrication, layout, 805Facility assignment with constraints, 508Facility layout,

additive utility function, 836ALDEP, 848AutoCAD, 848CAFLAS, 849COFAD, 848CORELAP, 848CRAFT, 848efficient frontier, 838facility re-layout, 839FADES (Facilities Design Expert System), 848FLEXPERT, 849fuzzy logic, 849multicriteria, 836RUBY-LAP, 849VIP-PLANOPT, 849

Failure (cumulative) function, 1010Failure probability density function, 1011Failure rate function, 1010, 1011Failure rate signature, 1020Feasible goal approach, k-means, 703Financial measures, supply chain, 503First Come, First Serve (FCFS), 384First In, First Out (FIFO) rule, 384Fixed cost, supplier selection, 889Fixed position layout, layout, 807Flexible manufacturing systems, 717, 806Flipping, layout, 816Flow

combined matrix, 736difference matrix, 728matrix, 722quantity, 734sequence, 724time matrix, 734total, 721, 722, 724, 736work matrix, 723, 724, 725

Flow matrix, layout, 722Flow shop,

n × m sequencing, 411, 412n × m: using n × 2 flow shop, 404n × m: head-tail approach, 417problem, 11, 395sequencing of n × 2, 395

Flow time matrix, cell, 734Flow time in sequencing, 383Folding, layout, 821Forecasting approaches, 148Forecasting by the freehand method, 148

Forecasting principles, 147Forward and backward integration, 500Frederick W. Taylor, 5, 7, 36, 37

Gantt chart, 396, 450General replacement model, 1037Global energy issues, 583

British Thermal Unit (BTU), 586climate change, 583earth carrying capacity, 584global warming, 583sustainable energy systems, principles, 587

Global warming, 583Goal programming, 119Goal-seeking ZUT, 100

ideal point, 109Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO), 119nadir point, 109preference ratio, 86rectilinear goal-convergent, 100

Go/no-go gauge, quality control, 913Graphical approach- one variable, 217Graphical convex efficiency, 57Group Technology (GT), 651

chain-type structure (polycode), 652classification and coding, 652hierarchical structure (monocode), 652hybrid structure (hybrid code), 652visual inspection and intuition, 653

Group technology problem, 651Group technology, layout, 806

Head-tail approach,ALB, 783clustering, 670job shop, 417flow shop, 412

Head-tail method, 14cardinal head-tail method, cell, 720, 729, 758computational efficiency, cell, 766, 767ordinal head-Tail method, cell, 720, 726, 756

Heragu, cell, 750Hierarchical clustering, 13, 664, 677Hierarchical clustering for continuous data, GT, 677Hierarchical clustering, GT

agglomerative clustering, 664bicriteria similarity coefficient, 672fivisive clustering, 664hierarchical clustering for continuous data, 677

dissimilarity threshold, 6790-1 integer linear program, 681p-median ILP, 682

hierarchical tree structure, 669Jaccard metric, 664linkage measures, 675linkage methods, 664SC threshold, 666


1068 INDEX

Hierarchical clustering, GT (Continued )similarity coefficient for binary data, 664simultaneous hierarchical SC clustering, 670

average linkage, 675complete linkage, 675single linkage, 675

tricriteria similarity coefficient, 674Hierarchical multicriteria planning, 24Hierarchical multi-objective structure, 89Hierarchical structure (monocode), GT, 652Hierarchical tree structure, GT, 669Holding cost sensitivity in EOQ, 323House of quality, quality function deployment, 906Hungarian method, 505Hybrid code (hybrid structure), GT, 652Hybrid structure (hybrid code), GT, 652Hybrid systems, reliability, 1023

Identical layout, 816Improved units use in reliability, 1026Inconsistency measurement, 78Incremental explained variance, k-means, 647,

696Incremental method in EOQ, 342Independent-(linear or additive) utility, 62Indirect cost in project management, 452, 456Individual productivity measurement, 974Inefficient (dominated) alternatives, 18, 22Input-output aggregate model, 215, 220

input-output Equation, 215hire-fire equation, 215

Integer programming,aggregate planning, 237, 242, 244

multiproduct LP aggregate planning, 237multiproduct LP with common resources, 242multicomponent multiproduct planning, 244

assignment problem, 514layout, 847

Integration,forward and backward integration, 500levels of integration, 500vertical integration, 500

Interdepartmental total flow, 830Interface, 501

customer interface, 501supplier interface, 502

Internal supply chain, 500Inventory model allowing a limited shortage, 331Inventory models,

bicriteria economic order quantity, 332bicriteria economic production quantity, 336Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), 317economic production quantity, 336EOQ allowing shortages, 327EOQ with quantity discount, 342tricriteria EOQ allowing shortages, 338

Inventory of perishable items, 10

Inventory planning and control, 4, 10Inventory with probabilistic demand, 10

Jaccard similarity coefficient, GT, 664Job priority rule, 394Job shop, 397

2 × m job shop, 4082 × m job-shop: cardinal head-tail, 417n × m job shop: head-tail approach, 417layout, 805Sequencing of n × 2, 397

Johnson’s algorithm, 395, 397, 402Just In Time (JIT) rule, 390Just-In-Time (JIT),

continuous quality improvement, 298improving productivity, 298lean manufacturing, 267, 302principals, 297setup time reduction, 298waste elimination, 298

Kanban system, 300King’s method, GT, 655K-means, clustering, 689K-means method, clustering, 689Kusiak, cell, 750

Largest candidate rule, ALB, 780Last Come, First Serve (LCFS), 385Last In, First Out (LIFO) rule, 385Lateness, sequencing, 383Layout,

adjacent, 755aggregate flow matrix, 815attaching sequence, 820bidirectional, 735, 736, 738, 740, 754, 815cardinal head-tail, 817cell problem, 743, 754circular, 718, 721, 736, 738conceptual, 736conflict resolution, 821design, 14, 804diagonal attachment, 820expanding, 820facility, 722flipping, 816flow matrix, 835folding, 821head-tail method, 819hierarchical approach, 809identical layout, 816integer programming, 847interdepartmental total flow, 830linear, 723, 736, 738mirroring, 817multi-row, 817ordinal head-tail, 817


INDEX 1069

pairwise exchange, 821reshaping steps, 822rotation, 820rule-based layout planning, 814sequence, 722single row, 718, 720, 721total closeness, 828unidirectional, 724, 729, 731, 743, 754unidirectional loop, 720

Lean manufacturing in JIT, 267, 302Learning curves, 28, 29, 30, 34Least-Unit Cost (LUC) Heuristic, MRP, 278Levels of integration, 500Lexicographic ordering GP, 104Linear layout, ALB, 778Linear mirror property, cell, 738Linear programming,

assignment problem, 514transportation problem, 528

Linear programming for transportation problems, 528minimizing total cost of transportation, 528multiobjective optimization of transportation, 529transshipment problem, 524

Linear regression correlation coefficient, 176, 177Line of balance (LOB), 450Line efficiency, ALB, 778Linkage measures, GT, 675Location allocation, supplier selection, 889Location-Euclidean method, 872

center of gravity method, 873Weiszfeld, 873

Location, qualitative closeness, 869Location-rectilinear method, multicriteria, 876Location-rectilinear method, 865

Median point, 865Loop network problem, Cell, 718Lot sizing approaches, 270, 272, 273Lot sizing with capacity constraints, 280Lot sizing; linear objective functions, 290Lot sizing models for variable demand, 316Lot sizing; nonlinear objective functions, 293Lot sizing optimization, 283Lot Tolerance Percent Defective (LTPD), 950Lot-for-lot, MRP, 270, 272, 273

Maintenance Policies, 16, 1029breakdown maintenance, 1029maintenance policy, 1029multiobjective maintenance policy, 1031preventive maintenance, 1029single-objective maintenance policy, 1029

Makespan, sequencing, 384Malakooti (1987), 849Malakooti and Tsurushima (1989), 849Manufacturing resource planning, 295Marginal crash cost in CPM, 453Master Production Schedule (MPS), 265, 294, 295

Master schedule, 252aggregate unit in aggregate planning, 252master schedule aggregate planning, 252

Material requirement planning and inventory, 25Materials Requirement Planning (MRP), 267Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD), 78, 82, 151, 153,

154, 165Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), 152, 153Mean Squared Error (MSE), 151, 153, 176, 186Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF), 1016, 1019

failure rate signature, 1020Mean Time To Repair (MTTR), 1016MTBF for single units, 1016MTBF for multiple units, 1019

Mean time between failure rate, 16, 1016, 1019Mean Time To Repair (MTTR), 1016Measurement of input and output factors in DEA, 560Measures of supply-chain performance, 503Measuring efficiency of energy systems, 621Micromotion study, 977Minimizing cycle time, ALB, 786Mirroring, layout, 817Mixed-hybrid utility, 62, 64Mixed product line balancing, 14Mixed-product, ALB, 791Modal (one and two) clustering, 644Monocode (hierarchical structure), GT, 652Mortality curve, 72Most likely duration of an activity, 471Moving averages, 9MRP II (manufacturing resource planning), 295Mulicriteria energy selection, 589Multicriteria, 510, 560

ALB, 786assignment problem, 510clustering, k-means, 697composite in sequencing, 390customer’s view, 908efficiency, 560energy routing, energy systems, 598energy selection, 589exponential smoothing, 165head-tail method, 733


hybrid push-and-pull systems, 10, 301inventory, 332k-means, k-means, 699linear regression, 181location – ordinal/cardinal approach, 876location-rectilinear method, 876lot sizing for hybrid systems, 301n × 2 processors, 399optimization, composite approach, 734


p-chart sampling plan, 997


1070 INDEX

Multicriteria (Continued )producer’s view, 908productivity of a network, 568project management, 484pyramid of operations systems, 21, 22ranking of units, 563reliability of multiple units, 1024, 1026

reliability-cost trade-off algorithm, 1026improved units to increase reliability, 1026

reliability of single unit, 1014replacement model, 1040sequencing of 2 × m, 410sequencing of n × m, 406, 420single location-Euclidean method, 873stochastic ALB, 794transportation problem, 526work measurement, 988, 997

Multifactor efficiency, 555central tendency method, 555Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), 555linear programming for multi-factor efficiency,

556Multiobjective Optimization (MOO), 555

Multi-Factor Productivity Growth, 551cost effectiveness index, 552factor productivity index, 551price recovery index, 551

Multi-item inventoryclassification, 355optimization, 349, 351

Multiobjectiveinventory, 351linear programming efficiency, 560LP aggregate planning, 245

minimizing backorders, 247minimizing customer’s dissatisfaction, 245minimizing delay in due-dates, 245minimizing total cost in aggregate planning,

245, 247LP for time-marginal cost trade-off, 467maintenance policy, 1031multi-item inventory optimization, 351optimization of, 516, 529

assignment problem, 516transportation problem, 529

replacement policy, 1035Multi-period optimization, energy systems, 602Multiple clustering, 644Multiple criteria

approach, 18, 22efficient (non-dominated) alternative, 18, 22ecological soundness, 8, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25hierarchical multicriteria planning, 24inefficient (dominated) alternatives, 18, 22multi-criteria pyramid of operations systems,

21, 22tradeoff analysis, 22

inventory classification, 359location selection, 879

Multiple objective linear programming, 9Multiple sequential sampling, 960Multiple variable linear regression, 183Multiple variable quadratic regression, 192Multiplicative utility function, 94Multiplicative Z utility function, 94Multi-polar utility Z function, 119Multi-row layout, 817Mutual preferential independence, 67

Network of processors, 564bottleneck identification, 565capacity, 564efficient frontier, 569multicriteria productivity, 568multiphase network, 567parallel systems, 566, 567productivity, 564scrap rate, 564serial systems, 564, 565

Nonlinear objectives in aggregate planning, 248Nonlinear Programming (NLP), 4, 19, 20Nonlinear regression

quadratic optimization for, 189, 196Z theory, 196

Non-preemptive (Archimedean) GP, 103Normal distribution, statistical background, 918Normalized criteria, 73, 74Normal Time (NT), 978Northwest Corner Method, transportation problem,

521Number of stations, ALB, 780

O/CA, location problems, 869Operating characteristic (OC) curve, 948Operation and design of energy systems, 602Operations decisions, 3Operations optimization

multi-criteria of machining, 38Taylor’s tool life equation, 37

Optimal “n” and “c” for given AQL, LTPD, � and �,953

Optimal replacement time, 1034Optimistic duration of an activity, 471Optimization with capacity, supplier selection, 889Optimizing ALB profit, 787Ordering cost sensitivity in EOQ, 322Ordinal/Cardinal Approach (OCA), 63, 75, 81, 84

OCA weight assessment, 63, 75, 81, 84Ordinal consistency, 78Ordinal head-tail method, 720, 726, 756

bidirectional, 756unidirectional, 720, 726

Ordinal head-tail, layout, 817Out of control process, practical guidelines, 935


INDEX 1071

Overfitting in forecasting, 155Overlapping (fuzzy) clustering, clustering, 644

Paired comparison approach-feasible goal, 125, 126Malakooti, 125, 126Malakooti and Zhou, 125, 126

Pairwise exchange, cell, 743, 762Pairwise exchange, layout, 821, 830Pairwise exchange method, 830Pairwise exchange model, 14, 830

CRAFT, layout, 830steepest decent method, layout, 830total closeness, layout, 830

Parallel systems, reliability, 1022Partitional clustering, 689, 644

Between Sum of Squares (BSS), 690Euclidean distances, 699exclusive clustering, 644feasible goal approach, 703incremental explained variance, 647, 696k-means method, 689multicriteria clustering, 697multicriteria k-means, 699overlapping (fuzzy) clustering, 644probabilistic clustering, 644Total Sum of Squares (TSS), 690Within Sum of Squares (WSS), 690

Part Period Balancing (PPB), MRP, 275p-chart, control charts for attributes, 936Peak speed, wind energy, 623Perishable inventory, 364, 368Perishable inventory, multi-criteria of, 368PERT method, the probabilistic CPM, 440, 471

bicriteria PERT, 475most likely duration of an activity, 471optimistic duration of an activity, 471pessimistic duration of an activity, 471tricriteria PERT, 476

Pessimistic duration of an activity, 471Planned order release, MRP, 270, 271P-median for continuous data, clustering, 687P-median, clustering, 679P-median method, clustering, 679P-median optimization clustering, 679, 684, 686, 687

bicriteria P-median clustering, 684p-median method, 679p-median for continuous data, 687tricriteria p-median, 686

Poisson probability distribution, statisticaldistributions for sampling, 945

Polycode (chain-type structure), GT, 652Polyhedral graphical efficiency, 57Population mean (average), statistical background,

916Population standard deviation, statistical background,

917Positional weight method, ALB, 782

Power purchase agreement, wind energy, 627Precedence diagram, ALB, 780Predetermined Motion Time Systems (PMTS), 5, 999

product-process matrix, 28Predetermined time standards, 16, 999

BMT (Basic Motion Time study), 999CSD (Computerized Standard Data), 999MODAPTS (Predetermined Time Standards), 999MTM (Methods Time Measurement), 999

Preemptive GP, 104Preference ratio, 86Preferential behavior, 125, 126Preventive maintenance, 1029, 1030

policies, 1029, 1030Priority-weighted SPT rule, 386Probabilistic clustering, clustering, 644Probabilistic inventory, 361, 363Probabilistic inventory and safety stock, 361Probabilistic inventory, multi-criteria, 363Problem solving tools, 3, 4, 6, 19

Combinatorial Programming (CP), 20decision analysis, 3, 4, 17, 19Integer Programming (IP), 14, 20Linear Programming (LP), 4, 9, 12, 19, 20Nonlinear Programming (NLP), 4, 19, 20

Process capability, 932Cp, for symmetric tolerances, 932Cpk, for Non-Symmetric Tolerances, 933

Process design and logistics, 3, 4, 13Process layout, layout, 805Procurement in energy systems, 588, 591

Bellman–Ford algorithm, 593Dijkstra’s algorithm, 593energy procurement in distributed systems, 597multicriteria energy routing, 590shortest route algorithm, 591

Production planning, 1, 10, 24, 25, 27Product layout, layout, 805Product and process life cycle, 26Productivity and efficiency, 4, 12Productivity index, 548

base year price index, 551bottleneck Identification, 565factor productivity index, 549multifactor productivity index, 549partial productivity index, 549total productivity index, 550

Productivity growth, 549Productivity of a network of processors, 564Project Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT),

470Project management, 4, 11, 24, 25

life-cycle phases, 440software, 441

Project management with resource constraints, 479ACTIM (ACTivity TIMe) heuristic, 479CPM with multiple resource constraints, 482


1072 INDEX

Project management with resource constraints(Continued )

CPM with one resource constraint, 479multicriteria project management with resources,

484Project management with resources, multicriteria,

484Project monitoring-Gantt chart, 450Pseudo activity in project management, 442Pull systems, Just-In-Time (JIT), 9, 10Push-and-pull hybrid systems, 302Push-and-pull lot sizing MCDM, 286Push-and-pull lot sizing optimization, 283, 290Push system, 268, 297

Bill Of Materials (BOM), 268improving productivity in JIT, 298kanban system, 300principles of JIT, 297setup time reduction in JIT, 298time-phased product structure, 268waste elimination in JIT, 298

Push and pull systems: MRP and JIT, 9, 10

QFD (Quality Function Deployment), 903Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP), 845Quadratic linear regression, 189Quadratic optimization for linear regression, 183,

184Quadratic optimization for nonlinear regression, 189,

196Qualitative

ALB, 783closeness, ALB, 783, 791closeness, location, 869information, 734, 748preference/rating, 733, 743rating, 76regression, 195subjective forecasting, 150, 195

Quality control and tracking error charts, 153Quality Function Deployment (QFD), 15, 903

house of quality, 906multiple criteria quality function deployment, 906multicriteria customer’s view, 908multicriteria producer’s view, 908

Quality, reliability, and measurement systems, 3, 4,15

multi-item inventory optimization, 349Quantity discount, bicriteria EOQ, 347Quantity discount inventory, 342Quasi-linear additive utility functions, 90

Range of each sample, statistical background, 917Ranking with partially known weights, 61Rank order clustering (ROC), 655

bicriteria rank order clustering, 659duplicated machines, 661

exceptional elements, 659king’s method, 655tricriteria rank order clustering, 661

Rank order clustering, 13Rank reversal

criteria assessment, 87weight assessment, 87

Rated speed, wind energy, 626R chart, control charts for variables, 926Regression (linear) models, 9, 37Regression (multi-variable) models, 9Regression (nonlinear) models, 9Relationship diagram, layout, 811Re-layout

model, 14facility, 839

Reliability, 15, 16, 18, 24, 26Reliability-cost trade-off algorithm, 1026Reliability of multiple units,

hybrid systems, 1023parallel systems, 1022series systems, 1021use of duplicated units, 1024, 1025use of emergency spares, 1024, 1025use of improved units, 1024, 1026

Reliability of single units, 1010exponential reliability function, 1011multicriteria reliability of single unit, 1014

Renewability of energy source, energy systems, 587,590

Reorder point, 318Replacement policies, 16

cost of maintenance per visit, 1034cost of replacing per visit, 1034general replacement model, 1037multi-criteria replacement modelmultiobjective replacement policy, 1035optimal replacement time, 1034single-objective replacement policy, 1034

Reshaping steps, layout, 822Response matrix, 77Risk value, 71, 72

consequential, 72immortal, 72mortal, 72postmortal, 72

Robustness– sensitivity of EOQ, 322ROC (Rank Order Clustering), GT, 655Rotation, layout, 820Routing and procurement in energy systems, 591Rule-based layout

planning, 814software, layout, 848

Safety stock, 315, 318, 367, 369Sample average quality, statistical background,

916


INDEX 1073

Sample size selection, 982sample size, accuracy, 982desired confidence level, 982desired level of accuracy, 982

Sample standard deviation, statistical background,917

Sampling accuracy for X̄-chart, 927Scheduling and sequencing, 4, 10, 11, 24, 25Sequencing algorithm for n × 3, 402Sequencing algorithms for n jobs by 1 processor, 384Sequencing n jobs by 1 processor, 383, 392Sequencing n jobs by 2 processors, 395Sequencing n jobs by 3 processors, 402Sequencing performance measurements, 383Sequencing problems, types, 382, 421Sequencing, bicriteria stochastic, 424, 426Sequencing, risk averse rule, 425Sequencing, stochastic, 421, 422, 424, 425Sequential sampling plans, 15Series systems, reliability, 1021Setting process UCL and LCL, practical guidance,

934Setup time, reduction in JIT, 298Shortest expected processing time, 422Shortest Processing Time (SPT) rule, 386Shortest route algorithm, energy systems, 591Silver-meal heuristic, MRP, 276Similarity coefficient (continuous) method,

clustering, 689Similarity coefficient (SC), GT, 664Similarity coefficient clustering, 13Similarity coefficient, clustering, 664Similarity measurement metrics, clustering, 649

Minkowski equation, 650Manhattan equation-distance, 650

Simultaneous head-tail method, 732, 743bidirectional, 743unidirectional, 732

Simultaneous hierarchical SC clustering, GT, 670SImultaneous MOtions (SIMO) chart, 977Single-factor efficiency, 553

bicriteria single-factor efficiency, 554Decision Making Units (DMU), 553

Single linkage, GT, 675Single objective stochastic ALB, 793Single period model in inventory, 364Single row loop,

linear, 718circular, 718optimization, 754

Single row network, cell, 718, 719Smoothness index (SI), ALB, 778Spares use in reliability, 1024, 1025Standard normal distribution, statistical background,

918Standard table for X and R charts, control charts for

variables, 924

Standard time, 978Average Actual Cycle Time (AACT), 978Normal Time (NT), 978standard time procedure, 979stopwatch studies, 977

Station time, ALB, 778Stationary assumption, 157, 158

in time series, 157, 158, 161Stationary time series,

exponential smoothingmoving averages, 158, 159multi-criteria for exponential smoothingmulti-criteria for moving averagesnaive method, 158The lagging effect of moving averages, 161weighted moving averages, 160, 161

Stations, cell, 718, 718, 719Statistical process control, 913

bicriteria sampling for c-charts, 943bicriteria sampling for X̄-chart, 929bicriteria sampling for p-chart, 941control charts for attributes, 935

p and c-charts, Overview, 936p-Chart, 936c-Chart, 939

control charts for variables, 920X̄- chart with known population standard

deviation, 922X̄-chart with unknown population standard

deviation, 923X̄-chart, 921R chart, 926standard table for X and R charts, 924

go/no-go gauge, 913interpreting Control Charts, 914quality control, statistical background, 915

bin width selection, importance, 915central limit theorem, 919histograms, 915normal distribution, 918population mean (average), 916population standard deviation, 917range of each sample, 917sample average, 916sample standard deviation, 917standard normal distribution, 918Type I error, 919Type II error, 920upper and Lower Control Limits (LCL & UCL),

919process capability vs. design tolerances, 932

defects per million opportunities (DPMO),932

out of control process, practical guidelines, 935process capability, 932process capability, Cp, for symmetric

tolerances, 932


1074 INDEX

Statistical process control (Continued )process capability, Cpk, for non-symmetric

tolerances, 933setting process UCL and LCL, practical

guidance, 934sampling accuracy for X̄-chart, 927types of control charts, 914

attribute control charts, 914variable control charts, 914

Stochastic, ALB, 793Stochastic assembly line balancing, 14Stochastic sequencing, 421, 422, 424, 425, 426

bicriteria analysis, 426bicriteria stochastic n × 1 sequencing, 424n × 1 stochastic sequencing, 422n × 2 stochastic sequencing, 425risk averse rule, 423

Stopwatch studies, 16Stopwatch studies, 977Study of motion, 976Sum of Squared Error (SSE), 92Supplier interface, 502Supplier selection with capacity, 889

cost of satisfying demand, 889demand location, 889fixed cost, 889integer linear programming, 889location allocation, 889optimization with capacity, 889supply location, 889

Supplier selection MOO, 884, 887location, MOO & integer LP, 884location, qualitative preference, 884multiple objective supplier selection, 884supplier selection, additive utility function, 885supplier selection, multiple objectives, 884

Supplier selection optimization, 881Supplier selection optimization-single objective, 883Supplier selection, integer linear programming, 889Supply chain management, 1, 3, 8, 11, 12Supply chain management, MRP, 296Supply chain, 1, 3, 8, 11, 12Supply location, supplier selection, 889Survival (cumulative) function, 1010Sustainable energy systems, 587Systematic layout planning (SLP), 810Systematic layout planning, 14Systems approach, 3, 4, 7, 16

multi-objective optimization 4, 21multi-objective perspectivephysical systems definition, 17systems architecting, 4, 17systems engineering, 4, 5, 6, 16, 17systems types, 17

Tabular production planning, 220Tardiness, sequencing, 11, 383

Target inventory, probabilistic, 366, 367Target service ratio in inventory, 364, 365Time

cycle, 717computational, 720, 743, 766, 767total flow, 721, 722, 724, 736processing / setup, 734information, 748

Time-cost trade-off, bicriteria, 458Time horizons, 147Time-marginal cost trade-off, LP, 465Time-phased product structure, MRP, 268Time series,

cyclic, 157, 170seasonal, 157, 170models, 9

Total closeness calculation, ALB, 785Total closeness, layout, 828, 830Total cost, push-MRP objective, 272, 273Total inventory fluctuations, 287Total Sum of Squares (TSS), k-means, 690Tracking error charts in forecasting, 153Tracking signal control chart, 154, 155Tradeoff analysis, 22Transportation problem, 12, 520

linear programming, 528minimizing cost by Vogel method, 521multiobjective optimization, 529multicriteria transportation problems, 526Northwest Corner Method, 521unbalanced transportation problems, 525

Transshipment problem, optimization, 12, 528Traveling sales man

head-tail approach, 755MCDM, 755MOO, 764simultaneous head-tail, 760TSM, 755

Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), 718, 719, 755Trend analysis by linear regression, 166Trend-adjusted double-exponential smoothing, 167Trend-based time series, 166Tricriteria

ALB, 791for n × 1, 393for n × 2, 401PERT, 476p-median, clustering, 686rank order clustering, GT, 661similarity coefficient, GT, 674

Two-dimensional clustering, 645Type I error (producer’s risk), quality control, 919Type II error (consumer’s risk), quality control, 920Types of cellular layout, 718Types of inventory, 315

raw materials, 315work-in-process, 315


INDEX 1075

finished goods, 315maintenance supply, 315

Unbalanced assignment problem, 508Unbalanced facility assignment, 508Unbalanced transportation problem, 525Uncapacitated location allocation optimization,

882cost of satisfying demand, 882demand location, 882fixed cost, 882integer linear programming, 882supply location, 882

Underfitting in forecasting, 155Undisturbed wind speed, wind energy, 627Unidirectional

cardinal head-tail method, 720, 729flow, 724, 729, 743, 747layout, 729, 732, 754layout optimization, 732multicriteria head-tail method, 733multicriteria optimization, composite approach,

743ordinal head-tail method, 720, 726pairwise exchange, 732simultaneous head-tail method, 732single row loop, 719

Unidirectional, integer linear programming, 743,747

Unidirectional, MCDM, 747Unidirectional, MOO, 747Unidirectional single row layouts, 777Upper and lower control limits (LCL & UCL), 919U shape layout, ALB, 778Utilization factor, sequencing, 384

Value function, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 84, 90, 91,94, 95, 103, 123

assessing, 63, 70, 91increasing property, 69types, 71

Vertical integration, 500Very-large-scale integration (VLSI), layout, 807Vilfredo Pareto, 355Visual inspection and intuition, GT, 653Visual inspection and intuition, GT, 653

Warehouse, layout, 807Weight assessment, 78, 79, 82, 85Wind energy

air density, 624blade, 623break-even point, 628cutting speed, 625peak speed, 623power purchase agreement, 627rated speed, 626undisturbed wind speed, 627wind power equation, 624

Wind power equation, wind energy, 624Wind turbines, 622

horizontal axis wind turbines, 622vertical axis wind turbines, 622

Within Sum of Squares (WSS), k-means, 690Work analysis

micromotion study, 977SImultaneous MOtions (SIMO) chart, 977study of motion, 976

Work measurement and analysis, 4, 15Work measurement methods – comparisons, 974

predetermined time standards, 975, 999stopwatch studies, 977work sampling, 975, 991work study (sampling), 975, 991

Work measurement, multicriteria, 988, 997Work sampling, 5, 16, 975, 991Work sampling plan

multicriteria p-chart sampling plan, 997sample size determination using p-chart, 992sampling procedure, 992standard time per part, 993

Work study (sampling), 975, 991

X̄-chart, control charts for variables, 921X̄-chart with known population standard deviation,

921X̄-chart with unknown population standard deviation,

923

Z utility function, 62, 94Z utility, multiplicative, 94Z utility theory, 62, 63, 94Z theory nonlinear regression, 196


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