Index of Authors

Abbott, 186 Abdulrahman,313 Adam, 45, 46, 50, 74, 177, 181,483,489 Adams, 172,287,416,422,513 Adema,84 Adriani, 30, 31,88,193,1203,207,524,528 Adviescommissie Duinbeplanting, 457 Ahmad, 247,250, 252,255, 256,261,262,273,396,502,

516,518 Albert, 239, 248, 249, 252, 502, 511 Alexandrov,277 Allam, 279, 280 Allen, 207, 281, 340 Almanakk for Norge, 62 Angevine, 142 Angstrom, 158 Anon, 564 Antlfinger, 197, 201 Antonovics, 201 Appleby, 311 Aris,456 Armstrong, 207, 359, 416, 421, 500 Arnold, 42 Arnolds, 209, 88 Arnon, 320 Aspinall, 273, 274, 277 Aston, 197, 540 Atkinson, 249, 250, 252 Auquier, 198, 201 Austenfeld, 537 Austin, 256 Australian Institute of Marine Science, 247 Ayers, 193 Azir,94

Baas-Becking, 404 Badger, 277 Badmin,433 Bagnold, 207 Bajwa,243 Baker, 46, 540 Bakker, 83,383,391,392,393,395, 396,412,431,463,

474,481,503,526,527,530,531 Ball, 119,249,250,252 Bannister, 277 Barbour, 180, 227, 319, 437, 491, 494, 502 Barclay, 165

Barkman, 470,483 Barnes, 503, 514, 517 Baucaud,168 Baudiere, 17, 19 Baumeister, 193, 238, 294, 299 Bayfield, 106 Bayliss-Smith, 376, 379 Bazille, 17 Beadle, 223 Becks, 30, 31 Beeftink, A., 30, 481

567

Beeftink, 5,10,11,13,23,25,30,31,37,43,51,55,79, 90,93,94,127,130,165,193,231,383,384,391,393, 395,396,399,408,409,416,422,425,431,435,470, 470,471,472,473,474,475,476,478,479,481,503, 505,525,526,529,530,536,551,552,554

Begon, 180 Behre,481 Beijersbergen, 408 Bell, 271,483 Benecke, 516 Berendse, 34, 41 Berger, 121,331,540 Bewley, 276 Bhadresa, 442, 528 Bharedsa, 534 Bienfait, 513 Bigot, 241, 245 Bijhouwer, 560 Billard, 303, 304, 305 Binet, 244, 299, 533, 534 Bird, 73 Birks, 49, 309 Birse,45 Bjorkman, 277 Biom, 42, 89,105,193,422,442,455 Boeken,89 Boerboom, 457, 458, 459,461,463,464 Boomsma, 534 Boon, 379 Boorman, 42, 168, 223, 224,225,227,228,442,504,505,

535 Borchert, 405 Borg, 55 Borowitska, 273, 277,511 Boto,252 Bottcher, 79

568

Boucaud,303, 304,305, 306,307 Boullard,41 Bouwman, 350 Boyer, 534 Braakhekke, 34,36,37,41,474 Bradford, 277 Bradshaw, 184 Bradshaw, 539 Braun-Blanquet, 6,10,145,408,469,470 Breckle, 483, 516 Breeze, 184, 186 Brehm, 399 Brereton, 30, 145, 396,416 Bresinsky, 433 Breteler, 337 Briens, 252, 274, 277 Briggs, 315 Brown, 273, 277, 534 Bruinenberg, 404 Brummer, 293, 503 Burdon, 43 Buth, 350, 473, 505 Butler, 433

Caisse, 197, 201 Caldwell, 145 Carlson, 279, 282, 284 Caswell, 540 Cates, 405 Catting, 433 Cavaliera, 239 Cavalieri, 250, 260,514, 534 Cavers, 185 Chapin, 506 Chapman, 23,46, 153,172, 177,180, 193,228,231,287,

338,357,367,416,422,472,503,533 Charnov, 488 Chiesura Lorenzoni, 10 Christian, 346 Christiansen, 145, 147 Ciabatti,6 Clapham, 45, 105, 163, 171, 223, 309,441487 Clements, 469 Clough, 247, 252 Cohen, 193,492,535,536 Cole, 488 Colwell, 171, 172, 173 Comtat, 245 Connell, 474 Cooper, 288,293,299,416,422,513 Corbetta, 10, 11 Corre, 18, 19, 20, 22 Corry, 277 Coull, 350 Couturier, 164 Cowlishaw, 157 Cram, 239 Crawford, 416, 421,472,500,502

Da Vinha, 106, 112 Dahl, 46, 57, 58, 59 Dalby,45,46,49,50, 51,52,53,491,526 Dame, 338 Darwin, 223, 227 Daubenmire, 389 Davy, 118, 395 De Cock, 211 De Jong, 319,502,529 De la Cruz, 346 De Lyon, 346 De Neeling, 300, 539 De Roos,450 De Wit, 34, 36,40, 204, 206, 550 Deelman, 408 Demarty, 242 Denholm, 535 Devaux, 327 Dickinson, 534 Dickson, 284, 502, 513, 534 Dietvorst, 470 Dijkema, 338 Doing,65,66, 72, 74,455,459,461,472 Doing Kraft, 408, 479 Dowling, 193, 249,540 Downton, 313 Drent, 305 Drifmeyer, 337 Duffey, 442 Duncan, 138 During, 189 Durrant, 120, 161 Duvigneaud, 164

Ebbinge, 399, 402 Eckardt, 332 Edmond,446 Edwards, 517 Ehrlich,197 Eisikowitch, 228 Eldred, 183,204 Ellenberg, 71,84,102,537,542 Ellis, 203 Elmore, 259 Elven,55 Erdei,534 Ericson, 156, 158 Ernst, 299, 302, 421, 500, 502, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538,

539,540,541,542,551,552,555 Essing, 538

Faber, 450, 455 Falconer, 199 Falinski, 218 Feekes,23,399,400,409 Feitsma, 407 Feltwell, 434 Fenchel, 346

Feoli,6 Finch,266 Findlay, 350 Finlay, 184 Fiahault, 327 Fliervoet, 473 Flinn,45,50 Flora Europaea, 265 Flowers, 231, 236, 247, 255, 261, 299, 303, 306, 504 Ford,279 Forster, 542 Fourmarier, 328 Frasco, 341, 345 Freeman, 184 Freijsen, 189, 194,228, 542 Frenzel,483 Fresco, 392 Frettwell, 405 Fukarek, 98, 102,433 Furnari,10

Gadgil,160 Gallagher, 338, 341 Garofalo, 368 Gates, 275 Gause, 529 Geering, 288 Gthu, 10,309,472,533 Geiger, 261 Gemmell, 205 Gillham, 309,473 Gillner, 55, 58, 62 Gimingham, 71, 72,180,454 Gimmler,277 Glasser, 176 Gleason, 470 Goas, 303, 534, 539 Godfrey, 74 Godwin,271 Goode, 45, 46 Gooding, 319 Goodman,294,300,474,483 Gorham,252,261,267,288,289,300,493,502,511,516,

534 GG'cing, 259 Gottlieb, 120 Grace, 500 Gramolt,375 Gravesen, 383, 384, 386, 389 Gray, 52,117,160,163,167,168,180,181,183,185,186,

368,397,472,481,541 Greensmith, 376 Greenway, 238, 504, 507 Gregor, 117, 157, 168,271 Greig-Smith, 147, 205 Grime, 43, 53, 112, 179, 180, 389, 391, 393,488,534,535,

542 Groenendijk, 128,293,338, 368,416,422,430,477,481

Grouti~ 121,137, 146,491 Grubb,42,172,542 Guppy, 228, 319, 320 Gupta, 107 Gutknecht, 511

Haeck,77 Hahlbrock, 534 Haines, 360 Hamrick,168 Hannon, 186, 198,242,256 Hansen, 57, 391, 396 Hanson, 273 Harberd,201 Harborne, 534

569

Harper, 34, 37, 42, 43,120,142,150,153,168,180,204, 214,218,442,483,490,494,534,535,536,537

Harris, 565 Harvey, 307 Haslam, 387, 389 Havill, 300, 301,481,500,513,534 Hawksworth, 265 Hayward,186 Hegi 189, 194 Hellebust, 238, 252 Hellmuth,277 Hengeveld, 83 Hennipman, 561 Henr~sen,231,234,359, 360,361,365 Herzog, 539 Heslop-Harrison, 168 Heukels-Van der Meijden, 457 Heukels-van Ooststroom, 33, 77,83, 163 Heukels, 23, 197, 198,293,367,391,399,407,499,523,

533 Heurteaux, 328 Hewett, 443, 528, 261, 268, 288 Heykena, 71, 72 Hill, 78, 79,118,120,310 Hilliam, 45, 46, 50 Hoagiand,232,313,321 Hocquette, 11 Hodson,256,256,259,262,500,503,516 H~eg, 472 Hoffmann, 461, 560 Hogeweg, 471 Hollis, 279 Holt,55 Hook,503,505 Horn,180,474,537 Howeler, 300 Hubbard, 204, 421 Huiskes, 185, 186, 203, 472, 481, 502 Hulme, 489 Hultotn,52 Hume, 186 Humphreys, 186,502 Hunt, 37

570

Hussey, 338, 339 Hutchinson, 171, 180 Hylgaar, 105-106

Ibrahim, 329 Ignaciuk, 319, 320, 324,490,491 Ijjas, 396 Incoll,324 Ingold, 280, 281, 282, 287, 513, 513 Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, 45 Islam, 422 Iversen, 472 Ivimey-Cook, 50, 267 IWACO,463

Jackson, 257 Jacobsen, 359, 365 Jain,160, 180, 184,185, 197 Jakobsen, 53 Janssen, 537 Janzen, 405, 455 Jefferies, 43, 49,117,118,119,120,121,135,136,160,

168,179,180,185,186,252,261,489,490,491,492, 494,495,496,506,511,514,533,537,542,542

Jeffrey, 265, 563, 564, 565 J elles, 450, 454 Jensen, 231, 234, 365, 383,492 Jerling, 43, 156, 157, 158,37,395,42,422 Joenje, 30, 31, 383, 399, 399,400,404,409,431,491,493,

495,496,504,505,526,530,534 John,512 Johnson, 119, 199 Jones, 287, 416, 416, 421, 534 Joshi,279 Josselyn, 346

Kahn, 198, 210 Kaplan, 313 Kappen,277,299 Kaupi,395 Kayamura, 307 Keddy,419,490,492,494,495,496 Kellin, 283 Kempthorne, 201 Ketner, 34, 36,42,339,542 Khan, 204 King, 279, 279, 282,533,536 Kuby,267,268,341,345,237,256 Kjellqvist, 201 Kjerfve, 377 Klavestad, 46 Kloot, 528 Knoester, 426 Kohler, 74 Koller, l38 Kdnig,145 KOningshofer, 252 Kooistra, 30

Koop, 464 Kortekaas,S, 6 Kotowsky, 138 Koutstaal, 409, 412 Krebs, 174 Kret.ska, 146 Krone,377 Kruczynski, 341, 346 Kubien, 204 Kydd,446

Laing, 183 Langlois, 138,422 Larher, 255 Lauchli,280 Laumans, 455 Lausi, 5, 6, 10, 11 Lawrey,l77 Lea, 306 Lee, 319,320, 324,326,338,343,344,346,350,500,502,

516 Leermakers, 450 Leigh,252 Levins,171,174,186,534,542 Levitt, 416, 537 Lewis, 45,252,515 Lewontin, 179 Lid, 155,55 Liddle, 106 Linnaeus, 157 Liphschitz, 502, 544, 556 Long, 337,338,338,345 Longstreth, 313 Lonsdale, 492 Looyen, 397 Lopez, 343

MacArthur, 172, 176, 177,558 MacDonald, 153 Mack,492,492,494,536 Macke, 227 Malloch,267,309,309 Maimer, 384 Mann, 273,288 Margadant, 457 Marinucci, 337, 338, 345, 346, 347, 350 Marshall, 183 Marshner, 315 Martin, 416 Mason, 339 Mattson, 405 McClendon, 507 McCullough,281 McIntosh,470 McKee, 341 McNamee, 265, 565 McNeilly, 197 Meijer Drees, 470

Mellinger, 114 Mendelssohn, 280, 284, 299 Mennema, 87, 88 Meusel,99 Miedema, 165 Millin, 307 Milburn, 508, 511 Millar, 534 Miller, 275 Milton, 395 Mirek,433 Mirmirani, 536 Mitsui,279 Moe, 472 Mcplgaard, 84 Molinier, 17, 327 Monoszon, 483 Montagna, 341, 345, 350 Morris, 232 Morzer Bruijns, 526 Mountford, 536 Mueller-Dom bois," 4 70 Murton, 405

Nash,277 Nauen, 307 Newcombe, 367 Nicholls, 184 Nicholson, 524 Nicolson, 542 Nienhuis, 529 Nixon, 337, 338 Nobel,275 Norder, 531 Nordhagen, 46 Norsk geografisk oppmlUing, 56 Nygren, 204

Oberdorfer, 73 Odum, 337, 346, 399 Ohba, 72 Okusanya, 310, 311 Olsen, 207 O'Neal,306 Oosting, 274 Oremus, 534 Orloci,6 Osmond,237,239,324 (/lstgaard, 534, 538 Ottow, 300

Page, 106, 112,528 Paleg, 252, 276,519 Palm bad, 150 Palmer, 45, 46, 48 Parke, 45 Peet, 218 Pegtel,83

Pellenbarg, 337 Pemadasa, 489, 490, 494, 542 Pennington, 271 Perrelle, 244 Perring, 203, 271 Pestrong, 368, 371 Pethick,481 Phillips, 248 Pmnka, 172, 174, 176, 177 Pickett, 172 Pielou, 177, 392 Pignatti, 5,10,11 Pigott, 231, 255, 265, 357 Platt, 172 Polish Soil Scientific Association, 149 Poljakoff-Mayber, 239, 237, 533 Pollard,273 Pollock,423 Pomeroy, 337, 357, 533 Ponnamperuma, 289, 416, 422, 503, 512 Pons, 17,327 Popp, 248,249,252, 256 Potts, 249 Primack, 542 Prins, 421 Prop, 402 Pugh, 502, 534

Rabotnov, 179

571

Ranwell,62,105, 145, 168, 172, 177, 180,193, 274,383, 396,442,489,502,503,517,523,524,527,528,529, 533,560

Raunkiaer, 384 Rauschert, 203 Raven, 421, 515 Rawson, 275 Reice, 341, 344, 345 Reimold,533 Rhebergen, 518, 541 Rice, 346 Ridley, 319, 320 Rihan, 203,519 Robertus-Koster, 83 Rodwell,309 Roozen,34,475,504,505,525,530 Rcprslett, 472 Rossiter, 379 Rostrup-Jcprgensen, 231, 383 Rothmaler,97 Rowan, 442 Rozema, 180, 186,193, 198, 199,201,227,237,239,260,

261,288,293,294,295,299,319,320,326,392,422, 473,481,483,500,500,502,502,504,505,508,511, 513,514,516,517,518,534,539,542,551,554,561

Rozijn, 536, 537 Rublee, 337 Russell, 173, 174, 176, 177 Ryan, 368

572

Saeijs, 416, 428, 431 Sagar, 128, 136 Salisbury, 275, 274, 319, 320 Salomons, 551 Sanders, 502 Santarius, 277 Scannell, 563 Schaffer, 488, 543 Scharrer, 483 Schat, 189, 193,194,228,299,300,416,422,502,504,

505,540,542 Scheffer, 540 Schmeisky, 391, 395, 396 Scholander, 247, 249, 313, 330 Schuurman, 369 Scott, 180,433,435 Sekiya, 284 Seneca, 227 Settlemyre, 378 Seybold,433 Shannon, 10 Sharrock, 168 Sheehy Skeffington, 265, 266 Siegel,176 Siira, 395 Silander, 180, 185, 197,540 Silvertown, 492 Singer, 300,481,500,513,534,539 Sipkes, 528 Skalinska, 146 Skogen, 472 Skyring, 279 Slatyer,489 Slim, 526 Sloep,474 Sloet, 89, 93, 210,452 Sloet van Oldruitenborgh, 455, 457, 458, 459, 461 Smies, 416 Smirnoff, 252, 300,500,512 Smith, 105, 256 Snaydon, 168 Sneath,6 Sokal,199 Solbrig, 118 Soiger,524 Solorzano, 232, 359 Sl'Irensen, 5 2 Southwood, 174, 179 Sparling, 534 Spedding, 442 Spence, 45 Spitters, 34, 41 Springfield, 223 Stace,203 Stanton, 542-543 Stebbins, 142, 202 Steiner, 417 Sterk, 145, 163,540

Stewart, 43, 231, 238, 239, 247, 252, 255, 256, 259, 265, 271,273,274,284,306,307,502,505,512

Stienstra, 238 Storey, 239, 247, 249, 255, 256, 512 Stroganov, 237, 239 Suij,90 Swift,338,339, 339, 340, 341, 343,346,347 Sykora, 59 Szachow, 145

Tadano,300 Tailing, 421 Tallon, 327 Tanaka, 300 Tansley, 408, 411, 442, 469, 470 Taschereau, 48 Teal, 280, 284, 337, 338 Tenore, 344, 346 Ter Borg, 490, 492, 495 Thannheiser, 72, 73, 74 Thomas, 313 Thompson, 138,392, 395,433 Tierney, 266 Tietema, 535 Tiku,186,256,534 Tills, 259 Tolstow, 483 Torres, 258 Treichel, 250 Turesson, 117, 168,540 Turkington, 168,43 Turner, 337 Tutin, 117,127,163,179,203,265,287,309,415,469,487 Tiixen,71,73 Tvermyr,55 Tyler, 51,193, 231, 265, 307, 357, 383, 386, 542 Tzopa,10

Udo de Haes, 527 Umbreit, 280 Ungar, 121, 146, 153, 193,223,227,228,229,491 Uphof,193

Vakhmistrov, 534 Valei,433 Valie1a, 255,265,338,344,345 Van Aalst, 94 Van Andel, 535 Van Baalen, 539 Van Damme, 542 Van De1den, 471 Van den Bergh, 36 Van den Broek, 401 Van der Aart, 77 Van der Hammen, 481, 482, 483 Van der Laan, 89, 94, 210 Van der Maarel, 5,6,43,79,87,88,89,90,94,210,211,

214,218,219,237,454,457,459,461,464,469,470,

504,51~524,525,526,527,528,529,534

Van der Meijden, 534 Van der Meulen, 457,458,461,464,517 Van der Valk, 517 Van der Vegte, 540 Van der Werff, 537 Van Dieren, 524 Van Dijk, 84,541 Van Dorp, 90, 210 Van Duuren, 392 Van Eerden, 399, 400, 405 Van Eerdt, 428, 481 Van Groenendael, 210 Van Leeuwen, 23,469,470,526 Van Leur, 41 Van Noordwijk-Puijk, 24, 31, 409, 416, 431, 471, 529 Van Ooststroom, 163, 17,425,449 Van Soest, 87 Van Steyn, 457 Van Tongeren, 77 Van Tooren, 189, 194 Van Vliet, 463 Vanden Berghen, 74 Vandermeer, 171 Veelenturf, 93 Velve,58 Venables, 186, 198 Verkleij, 540 Vermeulen, 500, 560 Vestergaard, 383,481 Vevle,57 Vieira da Silva, 483 Villiers, 120 Vincent, 534, 535 Vossbrink, 339

Wace, 434 Wiickerlin, 450 Waddington, 186 Wainwright, 256,437, 502,516 Waisel, 145, 180, 193, 293, 294, 300, 313, 395, 396,416,

421,422,473,513,533 Waldron, 368, 370, 371 Wall,249 Wallace, 179 Wallen, 186 Walter, 102, 241, 247, 250

573

Warkentin, 107 Watkinson, 122,491,492,493-494,494,495,496,499,502,

537 Watson, 265 Watts, 271 Weaver, 422 Webley, 534 Weissenbock, 149 Wells, 393, 442 Werger,473 Westergaard, 203, 204, 205 Westhoff, 6, 10, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 33, 77, 79, 80, 83,

391,392,395,396,407,409,542,454,455,457,458, 463,469,470,472,473,504,505,524,525,526,527, 528,529,530,533,542

Wetzel, 422 White, 34,150,442,492,534 Whittaker, 384,470 Wieder, 340 Wiegert, 23, 339, 533 Wiehe, 145 Wieser, 350 Wignarajah,534 Wijnands, 163, 164 Wilkon-Michalska, 145, 152, 153 Willis, 110,274,275,542 Wilson, 179 Winter, 314 Wintermans,232 Wishart, 24 Wittingham,542 Wohlenberg,145 Wojterski, 72 Wolf, 340 Wolff, 338, 338, 481 Wu, 186,500,516 Wyn Jones, 252, 255, 261, 273, 274, 277, 511

Yates, 184 Yeaton, 177 Yerly,542 Yoda, 492

Zagwijn,87 Zeevalking, 442, 534 Zonneveld, 425, 472

Index of Species

Abronia latifolia, 70 Abronia umbellata, 70 Acacia ligulata, 69 Acacia rostellifera, 69 Acacia simplicifolia, 71 Acacia sophorae, 69, 74 Acacia sp., 69 Acanthus ilicifolius, 248, 249, 250 Acer platanoides, 61 Achillea borealis, 70 Achillea millefolium, 7,61, 70 Achillea ptarmica, 57, 61, 62 Aegialitis annulata, 248, 249, 250 Aegiceras corniculatum, 248, 249, 250 Aeluropus litoralis, 7, 10 Agonis flexuosa, 69 Agropyretum, 100 Agropyretum juncei, 97,533 Agropyretum mediterraneum, 18, 19 Agropyro-Honkenyion,81 Agropyro-lnuletum, 10 Agropyro-!nuletum crithmoidis, 7,11,10 Agropyro-Rumicion crispi, 81, 392, 395, 430, 452, 453, 454 Agropyron distichum 68 Agropyron elongatum, 7, 10 Agropyronjunceiforme, 66, 67, 68, 74,565 Agropyronjunceum, 97, 516 Agropyron pungens, 7, 11, 174, 175 Agropyron rep ens, 67, 437 Agrostietalia stoloniferae, 62 Agrostio-Trifolietum fragiferi, 59 Agrostis canina, 82, 83 Agrostis stolonifera, 25, 26, 28, 47, 48, 57, 58, 59,60,61,

62,82,93,186,198,256,257,259,261,262,288,294, 295,296,298,299,384,385,386,388,393,394,395, 396,400,402,403,411,412,431,501,503,516,518, 531,551,552,553

Agrostis stolonifera subvar. salina, 473 Agrostis tenuis, 58, 61, 82, 83, 107,108, 113,452,453,

545,516 Aira caryophyllea, 82, 83,490 Aira praecox, 69, 82, 83,489,490,536 Ajuga reptans, 459 Allium vineale, 7, 528 Alnetea glutinosae, 81 Alnion glutinosae, 62 Alnus glutinosa, 58,59,61,459

Alnus incana, 59, 61 Alona carnosa, 70 Alopecurus myosuroides, 136 Alternanthera maritima, 68 Althaea officinalis, 13 Amaranthus greggii, 70 Ambrosia chamissonis, 70, 71, 72 Ambrosia chamissonis herbaceous, 71

575

Ammocalamagrostis baltica, 67, 82, 97, 203, 519 Ammophila arenaria, 17, 27, 52, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 74,

82,87,105,107,108,113,174,175,180,183,186,198, 203,204,205,206,207,211,224,274,275,276,393, 396,397,408,411,501,516,517,524,527,539,542

Ammophila arenaria arundinacea, 68 Ammophila arenaria subarenaria, 203 Ammophila breviligulata, 69, 70, 74, 183 Ammophiletea, 81, 98, 102 Ammophiletum,102 Ammophiletum arenariae, 17, 18, 19 Ammophilion, 83 Ammophilion borealis, 81 Anaphalis margaritacea, 70 Anas penelope, 400 Andropogon glomeratus, 70 Andropogon scoparius, 69, 70 Andropogon virginicus, 69, 70 Angelica archangelica littoralis, 61 Angelica hendersonii, 70 Angelica sylvestris, 61, 62 Antennaria dioica, 268 Antennaria dioica-Hieracium pilosellanodum, 268 Anthemis maritima, 68 Anthemis muenteriana, 68 Anthemis tomentosa, 68 Anthoxanthum odoratum, 453 Anthyllido-Silenetum mutantis, 452 Anthyllis vulneraria, 27, 28, 274, 452 Arctium sp., 61 Arctotheca populifolia, 68, 69,72 Arenicola marina, 362, 363 Ario-Caricetum arenariae, 455 Aristida junciformis, 68 Aristida namaq uensis, 68 Aristida sabulicula, 68 Aristida venezuelae, 70 Armeria maritima, 25, 26, 28, 29, 46, 47, 48, 70, 82, 174,

175,182,186,224,225,227,228,271,290,291,294,

576

295,392,393,394,479,483,515,555 Armeria welwitschii, 68 Armerio-Festucetum, 28, 31, 34, 37 Armerio-Festucetum rubrae, 530 Armerion, 30, 83,474 Armerion maritimae, 50, 81 Arrhenatherion, 83 Arrhenatherion elatioris, 453, 454 Arrhenatherum elatius, 431, 442,443,444,446,447 Artemisia coerulescens, 7 Artemisia campestris, 67, 68 Artemisia crithmifolia, 68 Artemisia lIoydii, 67, 501 Artemisia maritima, 25, 26, 29, 31, 82, 83,118,294,295,

296,298,299,300,392,394,395,396,397,476,477, 478,479,501,530

Artemisia montana, 69 Artemisia stelleriana, 69, 70, 72 Artemisia vulgaris, 27, 82, 83 Artemisietalia vulgaris, 81 Artemisietea, 98 Artemisietea vulgaris, 59 Artemisietum maritimae, 25, 30, 34,472,473,479,530 Artemisio-Staticetum virgatae, 18 Artemisio-Teucrietum maritimi, 17 Arthrocnemetum, 20,21,22 Arthrocnemum fruticosum, 7, 10 Arthrocnemum glaucum, 7,10,19,22 Arthrocnemum perenne, 7, 10, 19, 118 Ascophyllum nodosum forma mackaii, 49 Asparagus acutifolius, 7 Asparagus officinalis, 565 Asplenium marinum, 313 Assiminea grayana, 476,477 Aster squamatus, 13 Aster tripolium, 7,10,11,25,26,46,49,60,61,82,83,

117,118,130,163,164,165,166,167,168,1674,175, 185,224,227,228,244,245,281,282,283,288,290, 291,294,295,296,297,298,384,385,400,402,409, 411,416,417,421,423,431,433,475,476,477,478, 479,480,509,549,550,551,552,555

Aster tripolium var. discoideus, 163,167 Aster tripolium var. tripolium, 163, 167 Aster tripolium, 164 Aster tripolium ssp. tripolium, 163 Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus, 163 Aster tripolium-Suaeda maritima community, 7, 11 Asteretea tripolii, 10, 11, 79, 81 Astragalus alpinus, 70 Astragalus bayonensis, 67, 74 Astragalus glycyphyllos, 7 Atriplex cinerea, 69 Atriplex farinosa, 69 Atriplexglabriuscula, 67, 224, 319, 230, 322, 323,324,

490,491 Atriplex gmelinii, 69 Atriplex hastata, 2629, 31, 82, 93, 93, 394, 395, 409, 473,

491,501,502,505,518

Atriplex isatidea, 69 Atriplex laciniata, 67, 68, 70, 490 Atriplex lapponica, 70 Atriplex latifolia, 7,57,58,59,60,61 Atriplex Iittoralis, 27, 82, 97, 127, 224, 243, 245, 260, 294,

295,296,298,299,300,385,395,501,502,505,510, 511,515,518,551,552,553

Atriplex nuttallii, 483 Atriplex patula, 82, 280, 281,282, 283 Atriplex praecox, 48 Atriplex prostrata, 400 Atriplex sp., 48, 70, 436 Atriplex subcordata, 69 Atriplici-Agropyretum pungentis, 29, 31, 413 Atriplici-Elytrigietum, 11, 13 Atriplici-Elytrigietum pungentis, 7,11,130,473,530 Atriplicion Iittoralis, 81 Aulacomnium androgynum, 459 Avicennia eucalyptifolia, 248, 249, 250 Avicennia marina, 248, 249, 250

Banksia sp., 69 Bassia hirsuta, 7, 11 Bellis per ennis, 107, 108, 113,394 Berberidion,458 Berberis vulgaris, 458 Beta vulgaris, 223 Betula pendula, 211, 213, 219, 413, 458 Betula pubescens, 211, 213 Betula sp., 431, 445 Betula verrucosa, 219 Bidentetea tripartiti, 81 Bidention,83 Blackstonia perfoliata, 411, 412, 413 Blackstonia perfoliata ssp. serotina, 413 Blysmus rufus, 48, 49 Bolboschoenetum, 59 Bolboschoenetum maritimi, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62 Bolboschoenetum maritimi typicum, 61 Bolboschoeno-Caricetum paleaceae, 56, 59, 61, 62 Bolboschoenus maritimus, 7 Borrichia arborescens, 70 Borrichia frutescens, 201 Bostrychia scorpio ides, 118 Bostrychio-Halimionetum portulacoidis, 472 Brachythecium rutabulum, 459 Brachythecium sp., 61 Brachythecium velutinum, 459 Branta leucopsis, 400 Breutelia chrysocoma, 268 Briza media, 146 Bruguiera exaristata, 248, 250 Bruguiera gymnorhiza, 248, 250 Bromus rubens, 186 Bromus villosus, 68 Bupleurum tenuissimum, 394

Cakile edentula, 69, 70, 72,490,491,492,494,495,496

Cakile lanceolata, 70 Cakile maritima, 27, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 224, 274, 319,

320; 321,322,408,411,489,490,491,494,501,502, 518

Cakiletalia maritimae, 81 Cakiletea, 81 Cakiletea maritimae, 98 Cakiletum maritimae, 97 Calamagrostis epigejos, 7, 67, 203, 204, 211, 410, 411, 431,

452,453,459,460,461,528 Calamintha nepeta, 13 Calammophila baltica, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207 Calliergonella cuspidata, 61 Calluna vulgaris, 98, 267, 268 Callun<>-Empetretum, 98, 99, 101, 102 Calluno-Ulicetalia, 98 Calocephalus brownii, 69 Calystegia sepium, 7 Calystegia soldanella, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72 Campanula rotundifolia, 70, 268 Camptothecio· Asperuletum, 528 Camptothecium lutescens, 67 Campylopus introflexus, 461 Canavalia lineata, 7 ° Canavalia maritima, 68, 69, 70 Canavalia obtusifolia, 70 Canavalia rosea, 68,70 Cardaminopsis petraea, 70 Carex arenaria, 27, 67, 98, 211, 224, 274, 443, 444, 445,

446,459,460,461 Carex artitecta, 69 Carex brevi culm is, 69 Carex capillaris, 7 ° Carex caryophyllea, 90, 91 Carex distans, 27, 28, 394, 395 Carex echinata, 61 Carexextensa, 7, 10, 25, 26, 31 Carex flacca, 27, 268 Carex fusca, 67 Carex kobomugi, 69, 74 Carex macrocephala, 69, 70, 74 Carex nigra, 48, 61 Carex paleacea, 59, 61 Carex panicea, 268,453 Carex pumila, 71 Carex serotina, 431 Carex serotina ssp. pulchella, 413 Carex silicea, 7 ° Carex sp., 268 Caricetum extensae, 526 Caricetum paleaceae, 59 Caricion davallianae, 409, 410, 412 Carlina vulgaris, 268 Carpobrotus aequilaterus, 69 Carpobrotus chilensis, 71 Carpobrotus dimidiatus, 68 Carpobrotus glaucescens, 69 Carpobrotus rossil, 69

Casuarina equisetifolia, 68, 69, 71 Casuarina glauca, 69 Casuarina stricta, 69 Cenchrus tribuloides, 69, 70 Centaurea aspera, 68 Centaurea sonchifolia, 68 Centaurio-Saginetum moniliformis, 526, 542 Centaurium erythraea, 224, 412, 413

577

Centaurium littorale, 25, 26, 394, 395, 411, 412, 413, 542 Centaurium pulchellum, 25, 26, 394, 395,411,412,413 Centaurium sp., 413 Cerastium diffusum, 27,412,489,490,494 Cerastium fontanum, 61, 394, 395,412 Cerastium holosteoides, 27 Cerastium semidecandrum, 27, 412 Cerastium vulgatum, 48 Ceriops tagal, 251, 252 Ceriops tagal var. australis, 248, 250 Ceriops tagal val. tagal, 248, 250 Chamaenerion angustifolium, 59, 300,409 Chamissonia dentata, 71 Chenopodietea, 81 Chenopodium album, 409, 410, 411, 518 Chenopodium ficifolium, 409 Chenopodium rubrum, 410, 411, 501 Chorizanthe vaginata, 71 Chrysanthemoides monilifera, 68 Chrysanthemum vulgare, 57, 59, 61, 68 Chryso balanus ellipticus, 68 Chrysobalanus icaco, 68 Chrysobalanus orbicularis, 68 Cirsium arvense, 67, 90, 93, 146,409,410,411,431,453 Cirsium palustre, 61,459 Cirsium vulgare, 57, 61,412 Cladonio-Ephedretum, 17 Cladonia furcata, 562, 563 Cladonia furcata var. furcata, 561 Cladonia impexa, 561 Cladonia portentosa, 561, 562, 563 Cladonia rangiformis, 268 Cladonia sp., 67, 69, 70, 412 Clematis flam mula, 13,68 Clematis glycinoides, 69 Coccoloba uvifera, 70, 71 Cochleariaanglica, 25, 26, 27, 118, 241, 242, 243, 245,

290,291,501,502,518 Cochlearia danica, 27 Cochlearia officinalis, 61, 118, 174, 175, 274, 305,434,518 Cochlearia scotica, 48 Cocos nucifera, 68, 69, 71 Convolvuletalia sepium, 81 Convolvulus arvensis, 13 Conyza canadensis, 13 Corispermum leptoptorum, 410 Corynephoretalia, 81 Corynephoretea, 98 Corynephoretum,98 Corynephoro-Jasionetum, 98-99,100,102

578

Corynephorus can esc ens, 67, 68, 98, 452, 455 Cram be maritima, 223, 224, 225, 228, 274 Crassula sie berana, 69 Crataego-Betuletum, 459, 533 Crataegus monogyna, 90,445,453,458 Crataegus m onogyna-Rhamnus catharticus community, 211,

214,217 Crataegus monogyna-Quercus robur community, 214, 217 Crecca crecca, 400 Crepis capillaris, 409 Cristaria glaucophylla, 71 Cristaria pinna ta, 70 Crithmo-Spergularietum, 309 Crithmum maritimum, 310, 311, 312, 472 Crotalaria cunningham ii, 69 Crotalaria retusa, 69 Croton punctatus, 69, 70 Crucianella maritima, 68 Crucianelletum maritimae, 17, 18 Ctenidium molluscum, 268 Cupaniopsis anacardioides, 69 Cutandia maritima, 68 Cynoglossum officinale, 227, 228, 274 Cynosurus cristatus, 438 Cyperus crassipes, 68 Cyperus kalli, 68

Dactylis glomerata, 7,57,58,412,431 Dactyloctenium virginicum, 70 Dactylorhiza praetermissa, 557, 558 Dalbergia ecastaphyllum, 68 Daucus carota, 7,452,453 Daucus carota ssp_ carota, 311 Daucus carota ssp_ gummifer, 310, 311 Daucus pumilus, 68 Deschampsia caespitosa, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62 Deschampsia flexuosa, 67, 70, 288, 289, 290, 291 Diantho-Corynephoretum, 17 Dian thus arm eria, 413 Dianthus gallic us, 67 Digitalis purpurea, 186, 190, 191, 192, 193,515 Diodia serrulata, 68, 70 Diotis maritima, 67, 68 Distichlis spicata, 71 Dodonaea visco sa, 69 Dryas octopetala, 268, 271 Dryas octopetala-Antennaria dioica community, 268 Dryas octopetaia-Hypericum pulchrum association, 268 Dunaliella parva, 277

Echinophora spinosa, 68 Echium hispidum, 68 Ehrharta villosa, 68 Eleocharion uniglumis, 49 Eleocharis quinqueflora, 48, 49 Elymetalia arenarii, 81 Elymus arenarius, 27,67,70,224,274,501,524 Elymus farctus, 17,224,226,524

Elymus mollis, 69, 70 Elymus pycnanthus, 118, 338, 551 Elymus repens, 437 Elymus vancouveriensis, 70 Elytrigia juncea, 27 Elytrigiajunceiformis, 408, 501, 516, 517, 518 Elytrigia pungens, 26, 28, 29, 31, 130, 294, 295, 296, 297,

299,300,338,339,393,394,395,396,397,417,431, 472,476,477,478,501,505,511,515,517,518,531, 551,552,553

Elytrigia repens, 59, 60, 93, 385, 453, 454 Empetrum nigrum, 27, 28, 72, 98 Enchylaena tomentosa, 69 Enteromorpha sp. 529 Ephedra cf. breana, 70 Ephedra distachya, 68 Ephedra fragilis, 68 Epilobietea angustifolii, 81 Epilobium hirsutum, 90, 409 Epilobium obscurum, 411 Epilobium palustre, 61 Epilobium parviflorum, 409, 411, 412 Epilobium sp. 412, 431 Epilobium tetragonum, 411 Epipactis helleborine, 459 Epipactis palustris, 412, 413, 431 Equisetum arvense, 61 Equisetum hyemale, 413 Equisetum palustre, 48, 49 Eragrostis cyperoides, 68 Erico-Sphagnetalia, 98 Erigeron acer, 411 Erigeron canadensis, 409, 410, 411 Eriophorum angustifolium, 48 Erophila verna, 489, 536, 537 Eryngium maritimum, 27, 67,68, 72, 90, 94, 227,472 Erythroxylon sp., 70 Eucalyptus gomphocephala, 69 Euonymus europaeus, 458 Eupatorium cannabinum, 13,459 Euphorbia atoto, 69 Euphorbia paralias, 67, 68, 69, 90, 94, 227, 472 Euphorbia peplis, 67, 68 Euphorbia polygonifolia, 69, 70 Euphorbia portulacoides, 71 Euphorbia sparrmanii, 69 Euphorbia terracina, 68 Euphrasia sp. 48, 489, 490 Euphrasia stricta, 410 Eurynchium praelongum, 459 Excoecaria agallocha, 248, 250

Festuca arundinacea, 7 Festuca juncifolia, 67 Festuca littoralis, 69 Festuca ovina, 67, 268, 228, 289, 290, 452, 453 Festuca pole sica, 67 Festuca pratensis, 57, 61, 62

579

Festuca rubra, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 47,48,57,58,59,60, 61,69,70,72,82,83,107,108,110,112,113,268, 274,280,281,282,283,290,291,298,309,384,385, 387,393,394,395,397,408,410,411,412,418,419, 436-437,438,443,444,445,446,452,453,454,476-477, 479,490,494,501,512,513,518,531,551,552,553

Halimioneportulacoides, 7,10,25,26,29,30,31,37,38, 40,82,118,130,165,168,174,175,182,231,237,238, 239,289,290,295,299,338,339,363,394,395,409, 417,422,431,434,472,476,477,478,479,480,504, 509,531

Halimionetum portulacoidis, 7, 10, 11, 13, 30,408,473, Festuca rubra arenaria, 66, 67, 70 Festuca rubra-Armeria maritima grassland, 310 Festuca rubra cryophila, 70 Festuca rubra-Holcus lanatus grassland, 310 Festuca rubra ssp. arenaria, 83, 501, 512 Festuca rubra ssp.litoralis, 294, 295, 296,417,420,421,

501,502,508,510,511,512,551 Festuca rubra ssp. rubra, 512 Festuco-Brometea, 81,98 Festuco-Galietum 453,528 Festuco-Galietum maritimi, 452, 454 Festuco-Sedetalia, 81, 83 Filipendula ulmaria, 61, 62 Fimbristylis sericea, 69 Fimbristylis spadicea, 69 Fragaria chiloensis, 70, 71 Fragaria vesca, 459 Franguletea, 81 Frankenia glabrata, 70 Fraxino-Ulmetum cynoglossetosum, 459 Fraxinus excelskr, 61 Frullania tamarisci, 268 Fucus muscoides, 48, 49 Fucus spiralis, 48, 49, 52 Fucus vesiculosus, 276

Galactites tomentosa, 13 Galeopsis bifida, 57, 61 Galio-Koelerion, 81, 83,452,454 Galium aparine, 13,61,453 Galium arenarium 67 Galium cf. sterneri, 268 Galium mollugo, 13 Galium uliginosum, 61 Galium verum, 13, 27, 67,107,108,110,111,112,113,

452,453,454 Galium rigens, 68 Geranium molle, 268 Geum urbanum, 61 Glauco-Puccinellietalia, 81 Glaux maritima, 25, 26,47,48,57,58,60,61,93,94,

145,198,295,392,393,394,395,473,476,477,479, 555

Glechoma hederacea, 61, 459 Glehnia leiocarpa, 70 Glehnia littoralis, 69 Glycine tomentella, 69 Gnaphalium luteo-album, 411, 412 Goodyera repens, 527 Guizotia sp., 69

Halimione pedunculata, 25, 26, 28, 30, 82,502

479,480,530 Halo-Scirpion, 79, 81 Hedyotis romanzoffii, 71 Hedypnois rhagadiolides, 68 Helianthus canum, 268, 271 Helichrysum angustifolium, 68 Helichrysum apiculatum, 69 Helichrysum arenarium 67 Helichrysum ericaefolium, 68 Helichrysum stoechas, 67, 68 Heliotropium curassavicum, 70 Heliotropium Iinariaefolium, 70 Heritiera littoralis, 248, 249, 250 Hibbertia scandens, 69 Hibiscus tiliaceus, 248, 249, 250 Hieracium eriophorum, 67 Hieracium pilosella, 268 Hieracium umbellatum, 27, 67 Hippophae-Ligustretum asparagetosurtl, 458 Hippophae-Ligustretum betuletosum, 458 Hippophao-Ligustretum 453 Hippophae rhamnoides, 27, 28, 90, 94 Hippophae rhamnoides-Ligustrum vulgare community, 211 Hippophae rhamnoides, 213,409,413,431,453 Hippophao-Sambucetum,453 Ho1cus lanatus, 13,61, 108,409,412,453 Holoschoenetum romani, 18 Homalothecium lutescens, 105, 107, 112, 113 Honkenya peploides, 66, 67,68,69,70,72,224,274,472,

501,518 Hordeum jubatum, 436, 437, 549 Hordeum maritimum, 274 Hudsonia tomentosa, 69 Hydrocotyle bonariensis, 69 Hypericum pulchrum, 268 Hypnum cupressiforme, 459 Hypochaeris radicata, 27, 268,409,411,412 Hypochaeris toltensis, 71 Hypogymnia physodes, 412

lnula conyza, 311,459 Inula crithmoides, 7, 10, 174, 175 Ipomoea pes-caprae, 68, 69, 70, 71 Ipomoea stolonifera, 68, 70 Ischaemum anthephoroides, 69 lsoeto· Nanojuncetea, 81

Jasione lusitanica, 68 Jasione montana, 27, 67 Juncetea maritimi, 10 Juncetum gerardii, 57,59,61,155,391,392,473,530,

531,533

580

Juncetum gerardii festucetosum rubrae, 155 Juncetum gerardii juncetosum gerardii, 155 Juncetum maritimi, 7,10,11 J unco-Caricetum extensae, 25, 31, 530 Junco-Caricetum extensae blysmetosum, 472 Junco-Caricetum extensae pholiurietosum, 472 J uncus anceps, 27 Juncus articulatus, 27, 48,49,412,413 Juncus bufonius, 27, 48, 411, 412 J uncus bufonius ssp. bufonius, 413 Juncus effusus, 48, 57, 61, 62 Juncus filiformis, 61 Juncus gerardii, 26, 28, 29,47,48,49,51,58,59,60,

61,93,145,174,175,180,198,288,291,294,295,296, 298,299,300,385,391,393,394,395,396,397,417, 418,419,420,473,479,506

J uncus litoralis, 7 Juncus maritimus, 7, 10,26,28,29,37,180,224,227,

295,299,300,393,394,395,396,397,502,512,531, 542

Juniperus phoenicea, 17 Juniperus phoenicea var.lycia, 327 Juniperus osteosperma, 214 J usticia flava, 69

Koeleria cristata, 453 Koeleria glauca, 67 Koelerio-Corynephoretea, 81

Lactuca serriola, 7 Lactuco-Ammophiletum, 97, 99, 100 Lagurus ovatus, 68, 69, 71 Lamprothamnium papulosum, 6 Lathyrus annuus, 7 Lathyrus hirsutus, 13 Lathyrusjaponicus, 67, 69, 70 Lathyrus littoralis, 70 Lathyrus maritimus, 472 Launea residifotia, 68 Lavatera arborea, 311, 312, 313,314,315,316 Lemnetea, 81 Leontodon autumnale, 57, 58, 59, 61 Leontodon autumnalis, 27,409 Leontodon nudicaulis, 27, 28 Leontodon taraxacoides, 107, 108, 112, 113,409,412 Leptospermum laevigatum, 69 Lepturus repens, 69, 71 Leucopogon parviflorus, 69 Leymus arenarius, 97, 524 Ligusticum scoticum, 58, 59, 61, 311, 472 Ligustrum vulgare, 90,458 Limonietum venetum, 10 Limonium bellidifolium, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228 Limonium binervosum, 224, 226,472 Limonium humile, 224, 228 Limonium serotinum, 7,10 Limonium vulgare, 25, 26,29,30,31,33,34,35,36,37,

38,40,41,42,43,82,118,130,131,164,168,174,

175,180,182,185,223,224,225,226,228,289,290, 295,299,339,368,369,370,371,373,394,395,417, 418,419,420,421,422,431,474,476,477,479,480, 531,555

Linaria broteri, 68 Linaria japonica, 69 Linaria odora, 67 Linaria thymifolia, 67,74 Linaria vulgaris, 452, 453, 454 Linnaea borealis, 527 Linum catharticum, 27, 412, 413 Listera cordata, 527 Littorelletea, 81 Lolio-Plantaginetum,452 Lotio-Plantaginion, 81, 84 Lotio-Potentillion, 59, 61 Lotium perenne, 408, 410, 411, 412, 437, 438 Lophocolea spp., 459 Lotus corniculatus, 27, 224, 268,443,444,446,447 Lotus cytisoides, 68 Lumnitzera littorea, 248, 250 Lumnitzera racemosa, 248, 250 Lupinus littoralis, 70 Luzula campestris, 454 Luzula multiflora, 459 Lycopsis arvensis, 274 Lycopuseuropaeus,13,459 Lymnaea truncatula, 413 Lysimachia vulgaris, 59, 61 Lysimachio vulgaris-Alnetum glutinosae, 62

Matricaria inodora, 58, 61, 515 Matricaria maritima, 274, 411, 436 Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora, 410 Matthiola tricuspidata, 68 Medicago marina, 68 Medicago sativa, 13 Melaleuca armillaris, 69 Melaleuca lanceolata, 69 Melaleuca sp. 248, 249, 250, 252 Melilotus officinalis, 13 Mentha arvensis, 61 Mertensia maritima, 70,472 Moehringia trinervia, 459 Molinietalia, 62 Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, 62, 81, 98 Montio-Cardaminetea, 81 Muehlenbergia capillaris, 69, 70 Mycelis muralis, 268 Myosotis ramosissima, 489 Myrica cordifotia, 68 Mytilus edulis, 359

Nama sandwicense, 71 Nanocyperion flavescentis, 395, 409, 410, 412, 455 Nardetatia, 98 Nardo-Callunetea, 81, 102 Nardus stricta, 58

Nolana divaricata, 70 Nolana paradoxa, 71

Odontites verna, 385, 394 Odontites verna ssp. serotina, 26 Oenothera drummondii, 69 Oenothera humifusa, 69 Oenothera parviflora, 67,70 Oenothera stricta, 71 Olearia axillaris, 69 Oleo-Ceratonion, 327 Ononis repens, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112,113,490,528 Opuntia stricta, 70 Orchis praetermissa, 413 Osbornea octodenta, 248, 250, 252 Ovatella myosotis, 476, 477 Oxycocco-Sphagnetea,81

Pancratium maritimum, 68 Pandanus candelabrum, 68 Pandanus kirkii, 69 Pandanus peduncularis, 69 Pandanus rapaiensis, 69 Pandanus sp., 69 Panicum am arum, 69, 70 Panicum urvilleanum, 71 Parapholis strigosa, 25, 26, 394,479,502 Parmelia caperata, 412 Parmelia su1cata, 412 Parnassia palustris, 27,412,413,431 Parnassio-luncetum atricapilli, 526 Parvo-Caricetea, 81 Passerina rigida, 68 Passerina sp., 68 Peltigera canescens, 105 Peltigera rufescens, 105 Pelvetia canaliculata, 48 Petasites spurius, 67 Peucedanum palustre, 61 Phaseolus vulgaris, 241, 242,243,306,307 Phillyrea angustifolia, 327 Phleum arenarium, 82, 83,535,536,537,539,540,541 Phleum pratense, 57, 61,82,83,412 Phoenix reclinata, 68 Phragmites australis, 7,10,79,384,385,387,393,411,

431,459,475 Phragmites communis, 59, 61 Phragmitetea, 79, 81, 83 Phragmition, 79, 81 Phyllanthus gasstroemii, 69 Phyloxerus vermiculatus, 68, 70 Pilipendula ulmaria, 58, 59 Pinus halepensis, 17 Pinus pinaster, 17 Pinus pinea, 17 Pinus sylvestris, 98, 99, 102 ptstacia lentiscus, 327 Pittosporum undulatum, 69

581

Plantaginetea majoris, 81 Plantagini-Limonietum, 25, 30, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39,40,43,

474,503,531 Plantago coronopus, 27, 29,48,82,83,189,190,191,193,

412,452,453,454 Plantago lanceolata, 13, 82, 83, 107, 108, 112, 113, 268,

412,452,453,454 Plantago major, 7, 82, 411, 412 Plantago major ssp. major, 84 Plantago major ssp. pleiosperma, 84, 541 Plantago maritima, 25, 26, 29,30,33,35,36,37,39,40,

41,42,43,48,49,51,57,58,59,60,61,82,84,93, 117,118,130,155,157, 160, 16~ 174, 175, 182, 185, 186,224,252,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,290, 291,294,295,298,299,393,394,395,416-417,418, 419,420,422,434,435,436,437,438,439,474,476, 477,479,483,502,508,511,515,516,549

Plantago media, 83 Plantago sp., 77 Poa aff. lanuginosa, 71 Poaannua,136,394,395,400,410,411,412,490 Poa macrantha, 70 Poa poiformis, 69 Poa pratensis, 27,57,61,62,385,394,408,409,410,

411,412,443,444,446,452,453,454,459 Poa subcaerulea, 107, 108, 113 Poa sylvicola' 13 Poa trivialis, 394,400,409,411,412 Polycarpon tetraphyllum, 69 Polygonatum odoratum, 459 Polygono-Coronopion, 84 Polygonum convolvulus, 61, 90, 92 Polygonum aviculare, 410, 411, 436 Polygonum kitaibelianum, 58, 59, 60, 61 Polygonum lapathifolium, 410, 411 Polygonum maritimum, 68 Polygonum paronychia, 70 Polygonum raii, 70 Polygonum sanguinaria, 71 Polygonum sp. 70 Polypogon viridis, 7 Poo-Lolietum, 454, 455 Populus canescens, 413, 458 Populus sp., 431, 458 Populus tremula, 211, 219, 413, 458, 459, 460 Potametea, 81 Potentilla anserina, 27, 57, 59, 61, 62, 274, 385, 393, 395 Potentilla erecta, 267, 268 Potentilla reptans, 7,459 Potentilla tridentata, 70 Prosopis chilensis, 71 Prosopis juliflora, 70 Prunella vulgaris, 268, 459 Prunetalia, 458, 459 Prunus pad us, 61 Prunus spinosa, 445 Pseudosc1eropodium purum, 268 Puccinellia capillaris, 409

582

Puccinellia distans, 48, 49, 82, 83,146,185,409,433, 434,435,436,437,438,439,473,549

Puccinellia distans ssp. borealis, 400 Puccinellia dis tans ssp. distans, 400 Puccinellia fasciculata, 82, 83, 185 Puccinellia maritima, 25, 26, 31, 38, 45, 46, 47, 48,50,52,

5~5~5~60,61,82,83,93, 117, 118,130,131,164, 165,167,168,174,175,180,181,182,183,184,185, 186,280,281,282,283,289,290,294,295,296,297, 299,300,339,363,368,385,386,393,394,396,397, 400,409,437,476,477,478,479,480,504,513,531, 549,550

Puccinellia palustris, 7, 10 Puccinellia sp., 431 Puccinellietum, 46, 57 Puccinellietum distan tis, 472 Puccinellietum maritimae parapholietosum, 25, 31, 34 Puccinellietum maritimae, 25, 31, 55, 56, 59, 61, 62,130,

181,391,408,472,473,474,478,479,480,529,530, 537

Puccinellietum maritimae typicum, 30, 34 Puccinellietum palustris, 7, 10, 11, 13 Puccinellietum typicum, 30 Puccinellio-Salicornietea, 10, 11 Puccinellio-Spergularion,81 Puccinellio-Spergularion salinae, 48,146,147,149 Puccinellion, 50 Puccinellion maritimae, 49, 81,430 Pyrolo-Pinetum, 102

Quercetea robori-petraeae, 81 Querco-Fagetea, 81 Quercus coccifera, 327 Quercus ilex, 327 Quercus robur, 211, 213, 214, 217,453,458

Racomitrium canescens, 69, 70 Ranunculus acris, 61 Ranunculus repens, 61 Remirea maritima, 68, 69 Retama sp., 68 Rhagoida baccata, 69 Rhamno-Crataegetum, 458 Rhamno-Prunetea, 81 Rhamnus alaternus, 327 Rhamnus catharticus, 213,217,458 Rhinanthus angustifolius, 459 Rhinanthus minor, 452, 454, 489 Rhinanthus serotinus, 489, 492, 494, 495 Rhinanthus sp., 489, 490, 492 Rhizophora apiculata, 248, 250, 252 Rhizophora lamarckii, 248, 250 Rhizophora stylosa, 248, 250 Rhytidiadelphus triquerus, 105 Rhytidium rugosum, 70 Ribes rubrum, 61 Roegneria canina, 59, 61, 458 Rosa pimpinellifolia, 268,453,528

Rosa rubiginosa, 458 Rosa rubiginosa-Ligustrum vulgare community, 211 Rosa rugosa, 67, 69, 70 Rosa sp., 61 Rubus caesius, 67,452,453,528 Rubus idaeus, 57,58,61 Rumex acetosa, 57, 61, 62, 453 Rumex acetosella, 27, 70, 394,452,454 Rumex crispus, 7, 27, 61,185,186,224,226,228,394 Ruppia cirrhosa, 6, 13 Ruppia maritima, 57, 59, 61 Ruppietum maritimae, 57, 61, 62

Sabal palmetto, 70 Saccharomyces rouxii, 277 Saccharum ravennae, 68 Sagina apetala, 48 Sagina maritima, 25, 26, 29, 127,479 Sagina nodosa, 25, 26, 28, 411, 412, 413 Sagina procumbens, 90, 92, 394, 412 Saginetea maritimae, 81 Saginetum maritimae, 25,31,472 Saginion maritimae, 395,409,412 Sagino maritimae-Cochlearietum danicae, 473 Salicion arenariae, 453 Salicornia agg., 119, 122, 124, 129, 174, 175 Salicornia brachystachya, 30, 299,402 Salicornia dolichostachya, 118, 120, 130, 299, 402, 416,

417,420,421,422-423,564 Salicornia europaea, 11, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 58, 59, 61, 82,

280,281,282,283,284,288,290,293,294,295,299, 368,394,395,396,409,431,476,477,478,479,480, 490,491,492,493,494,495,496,502,511,513,514, 535,537,538,539

Salicornia europaea var. dolichostachya, 30 Salicornia gr. europaea, 7, 11 Salicornia fruticosa, 138 Salicornia patula, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147,

148,149,150,151,540 Salicornia perennis, 46, 290 Salicornia procumbens, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134,

135,136 Salicornia pusilla, 118, 120,491 Salicornia ramosissima, 11, 118, 119 Salicornia sp., 46, 118, 128, 168, 289, 395,400,402 Salicornia stricta, 146,479 Salicornia stricta ssp. procumbens, 146 Salicornia strictissima, 57, 58, 59, 61 Salicornia veneta, 11 Salicornietea fruticosae, 10 Salicornietum europaeae, 391 Salicornietum fruticosae, 7, 10, 11, 20, 21 Salicornietum herbaceae, 7, 11 Salicornietum patulae, 146, 147, 149, 153 Salicornietum radicantis, 7,10,11,19,21,22 Salicornietum ramosissimae, 59, 61 Salicornietum strictae, 25, 30, 57, 58, 61, 62,408,430,

479,429,530,537

Salicornietum strictissimae, 58 Salix alba, 413 Salix arenaria, 72 Salix aurita, 213 Salix caprea, 413 Salix cinerea, 211, 213, 319,413 Salix sp, 431 Salixrepens,211,213,219,412,413,443,444,445,446,

453,528 Salix triandra, 413 Salix viminalis, 413 Salsola kali, 67,68,69, 70, 71, 79, 224,226, 260,294,

319,320,323,323,324,408,410,411,490,501,502, 518

Salsola komarovii, 69 Salsola soda, 7, 68 Salsolo-Honkenyion,81 Salvia horminoides, 565 Sambucus nigra, 211, 213, 214, 217, 218 Samolus valerandi, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194 Sarothamnus scoparius, 455 Saxifraga tridactylites, 489, 536 Scaevola crassifolia, 69 Scaevola frutescens, 71 Scaevola plumieri, 68, 69, 70, 74 Scaevola taccada, 69 Scaevola thunbergii, 68 Scheuchzerietea, 81 Schizachyrium pulchellum, 68 Schizachyrium scoparium, 70 Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 277 Schoeno-Plantaginetum crassifoliae, 18 Schoenus nigricans, 27,28 Scilla verna-Calluna vulgaris community, 310 Scirpetum maritimi, 58 Scirpus americanus, 526 Scirpus lacustris, 83 Scirpus lacustris glaucus, 82, 83 Scirpus lacustris lacustris, 82, 83 Scirpus maritimus, 46, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 79, 80, 82, 83,

475 Scirpus nodosus, 69 Scirpus rufus, 27, 28 Scirpus uniglumus, 58, 61 Scleropoa maritima, 68 Scrophularia frutescens, 68 Scrophularia nodosa, 515 Scyphiphora hydrophylacea, 248, 250 Sebaca ambigua, 68 Secale cereale, 410, 411, 412 Secalietea, 81 Sedo-Scleranthetea, 98, 102 Sedum acre, 27, 28, 452, 528 Senecio erucifolius, 93 Senecio jacobaea, 274 Senecio munnozii, 71 Senecio pseudo-arnica, 69, 70 Senecio sylvaticus, 409, 515

Senecio vulgaris, 27 Sesleria albicans, 268 Sesuvium portucalastrum, 68, 69, 70, 71 Sieglingia decumbens, 453 Sileno-Allietum vinealis, 452 Silene inflata, 7 Silene italica, 68 Silene littorea, 68 Silene maritima, 70, 224, 274 Silene nicaeensis, 68 Silene succulenta, 68 Silene thorei, 67

583

Sipha littoralis, 475 Sisymbrion,453 Skytanthus carnosus, 70 Smilax aspera, 329 Solanum dulcamara, 93,459 Solanum heterantherum, 71 Solidago bicolor, 70 Solidago sempervirens, 69, 70 Solidago virgaurea, 70 Sonchus arvensis, 27,28,67, 70, 82, 83, 385,409,411,

412 Sonchus arvensis var. maritimus, 83, 518 Sonchus asper, 13,410,411 Sonchus brachyotis, 69 Sonchus maritirnus, 7,10 Sonchus megalocarpus, 69 Sonchus oleraceus, 13,409,411 Sonneratia alba, 241, 248 Sorbus aucuparia, 459 Spartina alterniflora, 260, 261, 279, 282, 283, 284, 287,

299,344,345,347,350,474,475,514 Spartina anglica, 25, 26, 30, 118, 129, 130, 131, 164, 174,

175,185,284,289,294,295,296,298,299,300,338, 339,350,359,362,368,369,370,371,372,373,409, 416,430,431,474,475,476,480,508,509,511,513, 514,518,529,530,550,554,555,563,564

Spartina maritima, 7,10,474,529 Spartina patens, 74, 180, 185 Spartina sp., 72, 479, 564 Spartina townsendii, 370, 518 Spartina x townsendii, 93, 323 Spartinetea, 81 Saprtinetum anglicae, 130 Spartinetum maritimae, 7, 10, 11 Spartinetum townsendii, 408, 430 Spartinion, 164, 167 Spergularia arbuscula, 70 Spergularia marina, 47,48,59,61, 118, 174, 175,409,

435,437,438,439,549 Spergularia maritima, 400, 402 Spergularia media, 25, 26, 47, 48, 58,182,294,295,296,

394,409,472,473,476,477,479,515 Spergularia ru bra, 311 Spergularia rupicola, 310-311 Spergularia salina, 138, 400, 402, 502 Spergularia sp., 46, 431

584

Spergulo-Corynephoretum, 452 Spinifex hirsutus, 69, 74 Spinifex longifolius, 69 Sporobolus arenarius, 68 Sporobolus spicatus, 68 Sporobolus virginicus, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74 Stachys sylvatica, 61 Stellaria graminea, 61 Stellaria media, 27, 61, 394, 540 Stellaria subvestita, 70 Stephania japonica, 69 Stipagrostis zeyheri, 68 Strophostyles helvola, 69 Suaeda depressa, 138-139 Suaeda fruticosa, 70, 226 Suaeda maritima, 7, 11, 25, 26, 31,46,82,90,91,118,

124,127,168,174,175,224,255,303,307,311,395, 40~40~434,47~476,477,479,480,491,502,549

Suaeda maritima var_ macrocarpa, 303 Suaeda vera, 118 Suaedetum maritimae, 408 Suaedo-Kochietum, 11 Suaedo-Kochietum hirsutae, 7, 11 Succisa pratensis, 268 Suriana maritima, 70

Tamarix gallica, 13 Tamarix senegalensis, 68 Tanacetum camphoratum, 70 Tanacetum huronense, 70 Taraxaco-Galietum, 528 Taraxacum agaurum, 528 Taraxacum aphanochroum, 528 Taraxacum dunense, 528 Taraxacum laetiforme, 528 Taraxacum officinale, 13 Taraxacum sect_ Erythrosperma, 528 Taraxacum sect_ Vulgaria, 409 Taraxacum sp_, 27, 61, 412 Tephrosia purpurea, 68, 69 Tetragonia maritima, 70 Teucrium chamaedrys, 13 Teucrium polium, 68 Teucrium scorodonia, 268 Thero-Airion,81 Thero-Salicornietea, II, 81 Thero-Suaedetalia, 81 Thespesia populnea, 69, 70, 71 Thymus praecox, 107, 108, 113,268 Tortella calycina, 69 Tortula ruraliformis, 107,108,112,113,276 Tortula ruralis, 66, 67,70105 Tortula ruralis ssp_ ruraliformis, 105 Tortulo-Phleetum arenarii, 533 Tournefortia gnaphalodes, 70 Tragopogon floccosus, 67 Tribulus cistoides, 71 Tribulus terrestris, 69

Trifolium arvense, 27 Trifolium campestre, 27 Trifolium dubium, 412 Trifolium fragiferum, 27, 28 Trifolium pratense, 27, 57, 61,412 Trifolium repens, 27, 28, 57, 58, 61, 67,108,394,395,

409,412,438 Triglochin maritima, 25, 26, 29, 47, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61,

118,130,146,164,174,175,180,182,224,289,290, 294,295,300,339,368,385,393,394,395,416,417, 418,419,420,422,476,479,480,509,511,551,552, 553

Triglochin palustre, 57, 58, 61 Triglochin palustris, 47 Triglochin sp. 48 Triglochino-Agrostietum stoloniferae, 59, 61 Triodia pungens, 69 Tripleurospermum maritimum, 224, 385 Trisetum spicatum, 70 Triticum aestivum, 410

Ulva lactuca, 284,513 Ulva sp., 529 Uniola paniculata, 69, 70, 74 Urtica dioica, 58, 61, 90, 453

Vaccinio-Piceetea,81 Valeriana sambucifolia, 59, 61 Verbascum sinuatum, 13 Veronica arvensis, 536 Viburnum opulus, 61, 458 Vicia cracca, 61, 62, 385 Vicia hirsuta, 13,454 Vicia sativa, 27 Vi cia sativa ssp. angustifolia, 454 Vigna marina, 68, 71 Viola canina, 67 Viola curtisii, 67 Viola hederacea, 69 Viola hirta, 459 Viola riviniana, 459 Viola sp. 268 Violetea calaminariae, 81 Violion caninae, 455 Vitex trifolia, 71 Vulpia alopecurus, 68 Vulpia fasciculata, 68, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495,

496,537 Vulpia longiseta, 67

Wedelia biflora, 69 Wedelia prostrata, 69

Xanthium macrocarpum, 68 Xanthium sp., 72 Xanthium strumarium, 68 Xylocarpus granatum, 248, 250 Xylocarpus mekongensis, 248, 250

Zea mays, 514 Zostera marina, 57, 61 Zosteretea, 81

Zosteretum marinae, 57,61,62,533 Zosteretum noltii, 130, 408 Zoysia macrantha, 69

585

Index of Subjects

Abandonmg, 393,397 Absorptive capacity, 99 Accretion, 90, 367, 372, 375,477,489

of sand, 31 of silt, 31, 33,41 sediment, 51

Accumulation, 273 Achenes, 167 Acid moorland, 49 Acid precipitation, 94 Acidic soil, 288 Acidic woodland, 288 Adaptation, 180, 183, 186,499,501,502,511,516,539,

542 genetic, 180

Adaptative strategy, 138 Adaptive strategy, 180 Adaptive divergence, 168 Adaptive value, 117, 120, 124, 186,299 Aeration, 31 Affinity constant, 242, 305 Age distribution, 209, 214

curve, 218 Age structure, 214, 219 Air moisture, 102 Air photo mappmg, 461 Air pollution, 94 Allocation, 207 Allocation model, 536 Allozym variation, 84 Ammonium, 119, 303, 307, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 366 Ammonium assimilation, 306 Ammonium uptake, 304 Amphipolyploid, 474 Amplitude, 82, 83 Anaerobic sediments, 282 Anaerobiosis, 293, 300, 416 Anemochore, 309,408 Annual halophyte, 127 Annual plants, species, 321, 325, 326,487,488,495,535 Annual reproduction, 488 Annuals, 489, 490, 491

dune, 536,537,542 hemiparasitic, 489, 490 monocarpic dune, 536 strand1ine, 490 summer, 390 wmter, 490,492

Apoplasmic transfer, 243, 246 Arabmose, 243 Arable land, 83 Ash content, 233 Asparagine, 256, 259, 262 Assocication analysis, 50 A TP-ase, 511 Autotrophy, 158 Ayres, 45

Baltic, 228 Baltic coast, 97,102,145 Baltic salt meadow, , 155, 383, 384 Bank,ll Bare saline habitats, 147 Barrier islands, 74 Beach plam, 34, 189, 194, 198, 200,526

fossil, 11 Benthic vegetation, 363 Bergen op Zoom salt marsh, 127, 136, 164,553 Betame, 274, 276 Bicarbonate, 421, 422 Bio-mdicator, 552 Biomass, 399,400,402,403

peak,404 Birth rate, 218 Bog salt marsh, 526 Boorman's group, 225 Boron, 483, 515 Boron tolerance, 483 Boschplaat, 23, 24, 530 Boschplaat salt marsh, 33 Boundary zone, 330 Braun-Blanquet method,S, 6,145,392,459,473 Browsmg, 445 Buoyancy, 320 Burial, 321, 539, 540 Butterfly larvae, 153

Cadmium, 551, 554 Calcareous dunes, 463, 527 Calcareous marsh, 94 Calcareous soil, shallow, 265 Calcicole, 268, 563 Calcifuge, 268, 563 Calcium carbonate, 87, 105,505,559,561 Camargue, 22, 138, 142, 327, 328 Canopy, 395,397

587

588

Capillary potential, 330 CarbohYdrate, 539 Carbon content, 346 Carbon dioxide, 311, 313,421,422 Carnosity index, 245 Carry-over effect, 120, 123 Carrying capacity, 496 Cation exchange capacity (CEC), 242, 288,562 Cell wall, 241,242,243,244,245

calcium content, 242, 243 Cellulase, 245 Chamaephyte, 231, 459, 472

ligneous, 99 Character species, 10,57,59,83,470 Characteristic dune species, 88 Characteristic littoral species, 94 Chichester Harbour, 172 Chloride, 314, 315

assimilation, 232 content, 237,239

Chlorophyll, 232, 236, 237, 239 a + b, 232, 236

Chlorosis, 281, 300 Chromosome number, 201, 203 Citrate, 513 Cleistogamy, 120 Cliff, 53, 368, 526 Cliff retreat, 371 Cliff species, 311 Cliff stability, 367, 373 Clone, 199, 256 Clone structure, 182 Closely related species, 127 Cluster, 6, 8, 25, 29,47,48,49,51

analysis, 46 transition, 29

C/N ratio, 303, 346, 347, 353 Co-existence, 176 Coarse sandy shore, 18 Coastal dunes, 457, 523 Coastal engineering, 425 Coastal protection, 97 Coastal ridge, 210, 211 Coastal salt marsh, 117 Coastal species, 79, 82, 433, 436 Colonization, 399,400,404,492,496,557 Colonization phase, 147 Colonizing plant communities, 18 Common strategy, 542 Commonness, 83 Community complexity, 62 Compaction, 109, 412 Compatible solute, 237-238, 239, 247, 250, 252, 261, 273,

295,499,511,514,534 nitrogenous, 236

Competition, 43,108,110,124,153,160,172,176,177, 180,437,438,549,550 density-dependent, 180

density-independent, 180 diffuse, 172, 176, 177 interspecific, 153, 168, 171, 172, 180, 183 intraspecific, 40, 134, 153, 177

Competition effect, 40 Competition for space, 112 Competition pressure, 483 Competitive ability, 51,185,231 Competitor, 172 Conservation, 410, 413 Conservation strategy, 535 Conservation value, 57,62,528 Continental species, 99 Copper, 551, 554 C/P ratio, 346, 347, 353 Creek, 358, 361, 363, 365 Creek levees, 339 Creek system, 359, 375, 378 Crevice, 313 Crushing, 410 C-S-R-strategy,534 Cyclitols, 252 Cytochrome oxidase, 283 Cytoplasmic osmotica, 273 C3 species, 324 C4 species, 324, 325, 326,514

Dark respiration, 311, 313 Darwin,223 De-icing salt, 433, 437,549 Death rate, 218 Debris belt, 339, 341 Decay rate, 337, 345 Decomposer organism, 346 Decomposition, 337, 338, 340, 341, 343, 344, 345, 346, 350,

353 Decomposition rate, 344, 345, 347, 353 Delta law, 94 Delta Project, 407, 425 Demography, 488 Dendrogram, 6, 8, 24,47 Dengie Peninsula, 376 Denitrification, 365 Density, 14, 150, 153, 158,492,495,496 Density distribution, 157 Deposit feeder, 350 Desalination, 400, 404, 504, 526 Desert halophyte, 516 Desiccation, 62, 90, 158 Detoxifying agent, 534 Detrended correspondence analysis, 78, 79, 118 Detritivores, 343 Detritus, 338, 346, 350 Diethylstylbestrol, 511 Differentiating species, 79 Differentiation,

functional, 474 habitat, 474

spatial, 474 Dimethylsulphonio-propionate (DMSP), 284, 513 Dimorphism, 540 Dimporphic seeds, 491 Diploid, 118, 119, 129, 146 Discoid capitula, 163 Dispersal, 84, 142, 157,228,319,395,435,436,491

flotation, 228 Distribution, 487 Disturbance, 448, 490

through drought, 489, 490 tidal,489

Diurnal temperature, 490 Divergence, genetic, 120 Diversity, 172, 174, 176, 177, 395, 397,528 Dormancy,120,132,142,193,194,490,537 Driftline, 59,185,186,226,505,549 Driftline material, 395 Driftline plants, species, 59, 227, 228

ephemeral, 183 Drought, 277, 320,518 Drought tolerance; 273 Drought-sensible species, 422 Dry matter production, 233, 322 Duncan test, 138 Dune annuals, 493, 494 Dune bank, 489 Dune-building, 72 Dune conservation, 203, 207 Dune district, 87 Dune formation, 73 Dune grass, 97, 98 Dune grassland, 83, 210, 442,455,528

calcareous, 90 Dune habitat, 489 Dune heath, 572 Dune lake, 88, 527 Dune pasture, 528 Dune phytocoenose, 98, 102 Dune plant, species, 227, 228, 287,445 Dune ridge, 6, 17, 563

fossil, 6, 11 primary, 516, 517

Dune scrub, 210 Dune slack, 18,83,88,94,210,211,527,542,557

moist, 413 primary, 87,94,189,211,524 saline, 79 secondary, 524 wet, 214, 431, 459, 464, 527,529

Dune-slack plants, species, 287, 416, 421-422, 524, 542 Dune system, 524, 525, 528, 559, 565 Dune woodland, 457, 458, 464, 533 Dunes,

brown, 98, 99 grey, 98, 99 white, 97, 98, 99 yellow, 491

Dwarf shrubs, 98 Dwarf vegetation, population, 149, 182

East Head, 172 Ecocline,271 Ecological amplitude, 77,180,183,185,197 Ecological group, 88, 89, 90 Ecological optimum, 537 Ecological performance value, 538 Ecological range, 550 Ecological stress, 537,542 Ecological value, 525 Ecophysiological strategy, 499 Ecosystem, 426 Ecotone, 525 Ecotype,83,164,168,202,255,259,291

edaphic, 256 salt-resistant, 551 salt-tolerant, 516

Ecotypic differentiation, 84, 160, 540 Ecotypic variation, 83, 197,202 Embryonic dunes, 66, 73, 321 Endemic micro-species, 528 Energy allocation, 535 Environmental disturbance, 389 Environmental guidance, 426 Environmental impact statements, 425 Environmental structure, 18 Enzyme,303,304,305

heat stability, 277 glycophyte, 306 salHolerant, 306

Epidermal bladders, 238 Epigrowth feeder, 350 Epilittoral zones, 62 Equitability, 395 Erodibility, 368

589

Erosion, 11,18,22,48,49,53,66,73,90,320, 367,371, 372,375,379,427,428,524,528,530 cliff, 367, 373 lateral, 367 rate, 371 sheet, 481 wind, 17, 207,408,410,413

Erosion/deposition rate, 367, 368 Euhalophyte, 396 Eurytopy,83 Eurytopic species, 83 Evaporation, 102, 332 Evenness, 171, 174 Excavating, 480, 481 ExcJosure, 106,402 Explerent strategy, 179 Export/import ratio of seed, 134 Exposed zone, 66 Exposure, 172, 173, 176 External regulation, 526 Extraction of groundwater, 88, 463

590

Fecundity, 122, 123,496,536 density-dependent, 122, 124

Ferric iron, 158, 160, 513 Ferrous iron, 284, 503, 512, 513 Ferrous sulphide, 158, 160,279, 513 Fitness,117, 124

Darwinian, 179 evolutionary, 118 relative, 124, 180

Fixed dunes, 107, 108, lO9, 110,112,326,489,491,496 Flavonoid, 534 Floating seed population, 320 Flooding, 155, 156, 157, 160, 231,289,294,295,415,503,

504,505,506,507,508,511,512,513,557 Flooding frequency, 33, 158, 339, 340, 350,427,430,475 Flooding period, 137, l38 Flooding regime, 416, 550 Flooding tolerance, 422, 473, 518 Floodmark, 83 Flora inventories, 94 Flotation properties, 142 Flower spike, 157, 160 Flowering, 157, 160, -185, 490, 496, 557 Flowering shoot, 166, 167 For~dune, 73,97,98,184,186,489,499,503,505,516,

517,518 Fore-dune complex, 65, 66, 72, 74

species, 65, 184 Founder plant, 436 Frequency class, 88 Freshwater lens, 327, 328, 330, 333 Freshwater reserve, 330 Fucoids,

dwarf,49 salt marsh, 39

Galactose, 244 Galacturonic acid, 244 Gene exchange, 119 Gene flow, 160, 161, 197, 198,201,471 Genera, vicarious, 72 Generalist, 1 71 Generalist herbivores, 405 Genet, 184, 185 Genetic control, 185, 271 Genetic differentiation, 117, 120, 123, 124, 160, 161, 180,

184,186 Genetic isolation, 228 Genetic polymorphism, 186 Genetic variability, 533, 540 Genetic variation, 183, 197 Genotype, 184 Genotypic differentiation, 168 Genotypic variability, 539 Geolittoral species, vegetation, 155, 156 Geolittoral stand, 385, 386, 389 Geolittoral zone, 57,59,62 Geomorphical structure, 17

Geophyte, 98, 99, 459 Germination, 41, 42,121, l34, l37, 138, 139, 142, 161,

190,191,193,194,223,225,227,228,229,310,311, 321,324,372,404,421,422,490,492,496,536,540 in salt water, 228 premature, 133 salt-sensitive, 193

Germination behaviour, 142 Germination rate, 423

sensitivity, 13 7 Germination strategy, 193 Germination syndrome, 142 Germination temperature, 142 Glacial times, 481 Glucose, 243 Glutamate dehydrogenase, 306 Glutamate synthase, 306 Glutamine, 256 Glutamine synthetase, 273, 275, 306 Glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway, 303, 307 Glycine betaine, 239, 252, 256, 261, 274, 275, 511, 514 Glycophyte, 180,223,438,483 Glycophyte vegetation, 433 Gradient, 37,47, 78, 79, l35, 155, 157, 160, 174, 177,

392,412,505 coastal, 537 distributional. 155 dry-to-wet,79 floristic, 78 genetical, 202 height, 163, 175 moisture, 78, 450 vertical saline, 328 woodland-to-weed, 79

Grazed population, 181 Grazed salt marsh, 5 31 Grazing, 24,48,62, 105, 110,157,210,383,391,392,

393,395,396,397,399,400,407,408,411,431,441, 442,447,450,475,528,530,531,542,557 cattle, 156, 160, 397,405,412,413 density-dependent, 496 pony, 412,413 rabbit, 105, 111, 177, 209, 442, 447, 461, 528 sheep, 62, 4l3, 530 waterfowl, 399, 402, 404, 405

Grazing adapted species, 405 Grazing intensity, 445, 446, 530 Grazing level, 443, 445, 446 Grazing pressure, 397, 4l3, 431, 481, 530 Grazing regime, 523, 530 Grevelingen estuary, 407 Groundwater, 18, 19, 359, 362,363

extraction of, 88, 463 marine, 265

Groundwater bodies, 18 Groundwater level, 463, 464 Groundwater regime, 88 Groundwater seeping, 357

Groundwater table, 87,88,90 Growth form, 42,147,152,541 Growth rate, 120, 200, 214, 231, 234, 236, 269, 506, 540 Growth reduction, 507,518,556 Growth response, 119,232,499,512 Growth stimulation, 320, 322, 421

salt spray-induced, 320

Habitat type, 65 Half-sib, 199,201 Halo-tolerant species, community, 8, 9 Halophytic species, 93, 303 Halophilic fungi, 307 Halosere, 525 Hayling Island, 172, 173 Heat resistance, 277 Heat stability, 276 Heat tolerance, 277 Heath land, 98 Heavy metal accumulation, 337 Heavy metal tolerance, 552 Heavy metals, 551, 554, 555 Height dimension, 173, 175 Hemicryptophyte, 98, 459 Herbicide, 530 Herbivore, 405 Heritability, 181. 199,200,201 Heterotrophy, 158 Hexaploid, 201 High salt marsh, 24,168,530,549

succession, 31 Hoagland solution, 197,199,232,268,288,313,505,551 Holism, 474 Houb,46,47 Hult Sernanders scale, 56, 384 Human activities, 88,94 Human trampling, 105, 108 Humid tropical areas, 73 Humification, 346 Humus, 99, 102 Humus content, 102 Hydrolittoral zone, 57 Hydrosere, 525, 527 Hygrohalophytes,293 Hygrosere, 90, 525, 527 Hyperadaptation, 539 Hyperosmoregulation, 511 Hypersaline conditions, 118 Hypersaline sediment, 239 Hypersalinity, 120, 185,491,506 Hypervolume, 171

Immersion, 227, 228, 320,415,416,417,420,422,423, 550

Index of flooding tolerance, 507 Index of salt tolerance, 199,507 Index of tolerance, 200, 201, 296 Indicator value, 84, 451

Indirect gradient analysis,S, 6 Industrial activity, 514 Industrial expansion, 88 Industrial pollution, 554 Infiltration, 88, 457, 463,527,557 Inflorescence, 167 Information content, 9, 10 Infraspecific differentiation, 83 Infraspecific taxa, 83 Inland halophyte, 483 Inland species, population, 265, 266, 269, 271, 311 Inner-dune zone, 449, 450, 456, 516 Insolation, 102 Interglacial period, 483 Internal regulation, 526 Internode, 205 Interspecific differences, 189 Interspecific interactions, 135

591

Inundation, 19,42,62,90,156,158,172,177,228,231, 288,293,299,340,360,416,417,418,422,477,503, 504,505,506,507,508,512,518,525,542,557,558

Inundation frequency, 24, 30, 359, 396 Inundation period, 396 Inundation resistance, 416 Inundation tolerance, 422 Inundation-tolerant species, 416 Inversion phenomena, 472, 473 Ion content, 562 Ion secretion efficiency, 554 Ionic strength, 242, 243, 550 hon, 280,283,287,293,299, 300,416 Iron availability, 288 Iron chlorosis, 513 Iron deficiency, 296, 300, 503, 513 hon toxicity, 296,300,301 Isoenzyme, 120, 182, 540

Juvenile salt resistance, 193, 194

Karotype, 146 Key enzymes, 303 Km, 305, 306

Land use, 450 Late-Weichselian, 271 Lauwerszeepolder, 399, 400 Leaching,49,53,267,347,363,366,504,549,560 Leaf area ratio (LAR), 37,41,313 Life cycle, 164 Life expectancy, 165, 166, 167 Life-table, 128, 130, 134 Lime, 99, 527,559,561 Lime content, 525, 560, 561 Lime transition zone, 560 Line, succession, 34 Lineweaver-Burk plot, 306 Litter, 158, 341, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 350, 503 Litter accumulation, 397

592

Litter bag, 337, 340, 341, 344 Littoral dunes, 328 Littoral salt marsh, 375 Local differentiation, 198. 201 Local endemism, 17 Low molecular weight carbohydrates (LMWC), 247,250,

252 Lower salt marsh, 24, 118, 167, 289, 339,491,506,529,

530,538,549 succession, 30

Lower salt-marsh species, population, 119, 120, 121, 122, 279,303,395,397,531

Macro-detritivores, 344 Macro-nutrient availability, 324 Macrodetritus, 338, 340 Macrofauna, 339 Macrofaunal impact, 344 Management, 426, 429, 431, 442, 455, 456, 463, 464, 528,

529,530,562 external, 529 inward, 526 outward, 526

Management measure, 481 Management practices, 413, 454 Manganese, 287, 288,289,293,299,300,416,513 Manganese availability, 288 Manganese deficiency, 296 Manganese phytotoxicity, 287,290 Manganese-reducing bacteria, 288 Manganese resistance, 287 Manganese tolerance, 292 Manganese toxicity, 291, 294,295, 300, 301 Mangrove, 248, 249, 252 Mannitol, 250, 252, 275, 276 Maritime cliff, 309, 310 Maritime species, 310 Marram grass, 24, 203,527 Mature dune, 186 Mature plants, population, 181, 182, 184 Mature zone, 181, 182 Mediterranean, 13, 15, 137, 138 Meijendel, 458, 529, 556 Meiofauna, 339 Meiofaunal impact, 344 Membrane selectivity, 257 Mesh bag, 341, 343, 344, 345, 346 Mesophyll cells, 243 Mesophyll resistance, 311, 313 Mesophyte, 275 Metabolic activity, 307 Metabolic adaptations, 416 Metabolic disturbance, 556 Metabolic pathway, 307 Metabolite, 534 Metal pollutants, 537 Metallo-enzymes, 283 Methylated quaternary ammonium compounds (MQAC),

247,250,252,512 Micro-climate, 102 Micro-differentiation, 197, 198 Micro-evolution, 540 Microbe, 350 Microbial activity, 347 Microfauna, 339, 350 Microflora, 339, 350 Microhabitat, 37, 41 Microhabitat variation, 341 Microtopography, 158 Middle high salt marsh, 24,168,337,339

succession, 30 Mineral content, 233, 238, 562 Mineral nutrition, 551 Minimal area, 470, 471, 474 Minimal area concept, 470 Minimal regeneration area, 471 Minimal resistance area, 471 Minimal space area, 471 Monomorphic gene loci, 120 Monospecific community, 66 Morphological type, 164 Morphological variability, 153 Mortality, 121, 122, 156, 158, 160,218,488,492,496,539

adult, 488 density-dependent, 160, 492, 493 density-independent, 124, 160, 180,496 juvenile, 488 salt-induced, 193 seed, 193 seedling, 191

Mortality rate, 150, 194 Mosaic, 17, 134, 152, 182, 183, 186, 397,474,540 Mosaic pattern, 19 Mowing, 383, 384, 386, 388,389,392,393,397,403,404,

441,442,446,447,478,528,531 Mudflat, 135,408,427,430,431,529,533,564 Mullaghmore, 265, 266, 267, 269 Mullaghmore plants, 269, 270 Mussel bed, 361 Myxomatosis, 442, 528

Natural selection, 160 Nature conservation, 391,442,455,463,523,524,531,

556,557,563,565 Nature exploitation, 526 Nature management, 526, 527, 529, 531 Nature reserve, 24, 33,55,62,456,529,557

national, 105, 327 Neap tide, 357, 360 Nematode, 337, 350, 353 Neophyte, 72, 527 Net assimilation rate (NAR), 37,41,535 Neutral soil, 289 Newborough Warren National Nature Reserve, 441 Niche, 171, 172, 175, 176, 177

actual, 171, 172

fundamental, 171, 180 realised, 171, 180

Niche boundary, 184,185 Niche breadth, 171, In, 174,175,176,177 Niche differentiation, 33,40,42,474,535,542 Niche dimension, 171, 177 Niche expansion, 177, 179, 180, 185 Niche overlap, 171, In, 174,176,177 Niche overlap hypothesis, 177 Niche parameter, 173, 174, 177 Nitrate, 119,234,237,238,239,255,257,258,259,303,

307,324,360,361,362,363,364,366,505,558 Nitrate deficiency, 258 Nitrate reductase, 231, 239, 256, 259, 306,505,558 Nitrate uptake, 304 Nitrification rate, 364,365 Nitrogen,228,231,233,239,261,262,265,267,269,303,

307,319,326,346,347,405,504,514,563 assimilation, 231 availability, 239, 252, 255, 256 limitation, 256, 261 soluble, 237, 239.

Nitrogen deficiency, 120,505 Nitrogen mineralization, 365 Nitrogen stress, 261 Nitrogen uptake, 231,304 Nitrophilous halophyte, 319, 326 Nitrophilous ruder ai, 88 Nitrophilous species, 65, 90, 431 Non-flooded conditions, 507 Non-halophyte, 483, 515 Non-halophytic plants, 330 Non-maritime species, vegetation, 309, 310 Non-saline conditions, 194,294,507 Non-saline environment, 78, 242, 245 Non-saline soil, 438, 439, 549 Non-saline zone, 438 Non-salt marsh habitat, 225 Non-tidal type, 164 Non-toxic fermentation products, 416 Non-toxic osmotica, 256 Norfolk coast, 204 Normandy, 303 North Adriatic salt marsh, 5 North Bull Island, 265, 563 North-Holland Dune Reserve, 449 Northern Queensland, 248 Numerical classification, 5, 6 Nutrient availability, 506 Nutrient deficiency, 504, 518 Nutrient efficiency, 535 Nutritional allocation, 535 15 N, 304, 307

Oceanic species, 99 Oceanity, 99 Oil pollution, 523, 529 Oosterschelde, 338, 367,415,425,427,550

Oosterschelde estuary, 129 Opportunist species, 435 Optimal allocation, 536 Optimal allocation strategy, 540 Optimal salinity, 305 Optimal yield strategy, 535 Ordination, 78 Ordination diagram, 78, 82 Organic matter, 87,561

593

Osmoregulation, 261, 262, 295, 314, 315, 507, 511, 514 Osmotic adaptation, 274, 511, 514, 519 Osmotic effect, 223 Osmotic potential, 241, 247, 250, 252, 327, 330, 489,

507-508,511 Osmotic stress, 138 Outcrossing species, 201 Oxaloacetate aminotransferase, 276 Oxygen content, 503 Ozon, 534

Paddock,443 Parabolic dune, 12, 87 Partitioning dam, 426 PCB accumulation, 337 Peat bog, 78 Pectine-methylesterase, 243, 244, 245 Perennial, 185,487,489,490 Perennial dune, 542 Perennial halophyte, 10 Perennial reproduction, 488 Perennial vegetation, plant, 137, 179 Permanent plot, 23, 24, 29, 89, 90, 94, 210, 384,408,409,

411,412,504 Permanent quadrats, 106, 391,459,461 Permanently flooded places, 137 Peroxidase isoenzymes, 541 Perturbation effect, 114 Petite Camargue, 15, 17 pH, 504,561 Phanerogamic species, vegetation, 51, 408 Phanerophyte, 412 Phenology, 487, 490 Phenotype, 182, 183 Phenotypic plasticity, 153, 168, 180, 181, 184, 186, 533,

539 Phloem-companion cell complex, 261 Phosphate, 324 Photometric planimeter, 313 Photosynthesis, 158, 277, 324,421,422

C4,323,474 Phreatic level, 463 Phytobenthos,360 Phytocoenose, 98, 470,473,474 Phytocoenosis system, 18, 22 Phytoplankton, 360, 361, 366 Phytosociological amplitude, 78, 84 Piezometric level, 463 Pinitol, 250

594

Pioneer, 368 woody species, 218, 219

Pioneer community, 530 permanent, 18

Pioneer habitat, 149. 153 Pioneer halophyte, 524 Pioneer population, 149, 182 Pioneer species, vegetation, 189, 472 Pioneer stage, 32, 53,537 Pioneer zone, 180, 181, 185,487,489 Plant litter, 338, 340 Plant-debris belt, 338, 346 Plant-debris habitat, 337,339,340,341,344,345,346,

350, 353 Ploidy level, 180 Ploughing, 410 Plumule protrusion, 191 Po Delta, 5, 13 Podzolization,98 Polder, 450 Policy analysis, 425 Polyethylene glycol (PEG), 138 Polymorphic seed, 121,540 Polymorphism,193, 228, 540, 541

germination, 228 seed, 540 somatic, 142

Polyols, 252, 273, 275 Polyphenol oxidase, 282, 283 Polyploidy, 474 Population,

lower-marsh, 185 upper-marsh, 185

Population differentiation, 168 Population dynamics, 128,541 Population genetics, 541 Pore space, 107 Porosity, sediment,S 2 Potassium, 314, 315 Predation, 404 Predator, 350 Pressure bomb, 313,508 Primary dunes, 97 Principal colonist, 402 Principal components analysis, 79 Proline, 239,250, 252,256,259,262,274,275,276,512,

514 Proline accumulation, 259 Protein content, 304, 305 Protein synthesis, 303

Quadrats, 46, 121 Quaternary ammonium compound (QACS), 259, 261, 262

Rabbit population, 218 Radial oxygen loss, 300, 542, 552 Radiation, 102 Radicle protrusion, 194

Rarity, 83 Rarity value, 88, 89 Raunkiaer life form, 98, 472 Reciprocal averaging, 77, 78, 310 Recreation, 556, 557,565 Recreation pressure, 90, 105 Recreational use, 523 Redox potential, 293, 503, 513 Reductionism, 474 Reed marsh, 426 Reed species, 387, 389 Reed swamp, 83, 386, 387 Refuge area, 469, 483 Rejuvenation, 194, 213, 218 Relative growth rate (RGR), 37,41,43,199,200,233,

236,238,311,324,534 Relative replacement rate (RRR), 36, 37 Relative yield total (RYT), 36,41,205 Relict plant communities, 271 Replacement diagram, 550 Reproduction, 496 Reproductive allocation, 182, 183, 185 Reproductive capacity, 494 Reproductive effort, 536 Reserve, 528 Resource class, 174, 176, 177 Resource partioning, 176 Resource utilisation, 171, 177 Respiration, 421 Respiration rate, 472 Retraction phenomenon, 65, 72, 73 Retreat rate, 367 Rhamnose, 244 Rhaome, 98,99, 184,204,207,369,370, 371

horizontal, 205 vertical, 205

Rhone delta, 15, 17, 327 Rhyzophyte, 6 Roadside, 434,549 Roadside soils, 433 Root aerenchym, 280, 284, 299, 300 Root cationic exchange capacity (RCEC), 242 Root diameter, 371 Root elongation, 290 Root growth, 236, 238, 291 Root length, 370, 371 Root porosity, 293, 299, 300,422 Root/shoot ratio, 236, 238 Root tensile strength, 370, 371 Rosette, 34,41,156,157 Rosette density, 37 R-species, 558 Ruderal strategy, 179 86 RB, 282, 283

S-strategy species, 53 Saline aquifer, 327 Saline habitat, 149

Saline wet slack, 189 Salinity, 30, 31, 118, 127, 138, 141, 153, 156, 191, 193,

223,225,246,256,259,269,273,299,303,304,307, 31~ 311,313, 314,315,319,325,326,360,407,416, 433,504,505,506,507,508,511,512,514,518,525, 526,534

Salinity stress, 138, 514 Salinization, 403 Salinization period, 137 Salt accumulation, 231, 314 Salt conservationism, 404 Salt content, 231 Salt excluders, 249, 252 Salt-excluding species, 511 Salt exclusion, 261, 512 Salt exclusion mechanism, 511 Salt gland, 43,249,252,511,554 Salt groundwater, 328 Salt intrusion, 328, 330 Salt load, 252 Salt marsh, 11,17,19,23,30,50,83,128,129,134,135,

146,163,164,177,179,180,186,198,256,279,280, 287,293,337,338,344,350,357,367,383,391,417, 425,427,431,471,487,499,503,504,516,518,523, 525,529,530,552,564 abandoned, 391, 393 succession, 30

Salt marsh communities, zonation, 55 Salt marsh ecotype, 287, 291 Salt marsh halophyte, 499 Salt marsh mud, 554 Salt marsh perennials, 117 Salt marsh sediments, 287, 288, 291, 359 Salt marsh soils, 288 Salt marsh species, vegetation, 127, 160,270,431,503 Salt marsh zonation, 23 Salt meadow, 383, 384 Salt requirement, 549 Salt resistance, 193,241,512,513,514,516 Salt-resistant species, 241 Salt-secreting halophyte, 554 Salt secretion, 511,512,249 Salt secretion mechanism, 555 Salt-sensitive clone, 256 Salt-sensitive species, 241,504,511 Salt spray, sea spray, 18, 74, 227,274,311,503,505,

517,518,526 Salt stimulation, 223, 225, 228 Salt stress, 233, 238,255,256,307,512 Salt tolerance, 72, 78, 186,200,223,238,261,262,271,

293,294,299,400,437,549 Salt tolerance species, 438 Salt-tolerant annuals, 399 Salt-tolerant clone, 256 Salt-tolerant ecotype, 255 Salt-tolerant species, 239, 267, 402, 439 Salt uptake, 238, 511 Slind accretion, 183, 207, 319, 320, 321, 322, 325

Sand accumulation, 207 Sand accumulator, 524 Sand drifting, 499,518

595

Sand dune, 65,177,207,422,487,492,499,516,518, 523,524

Sand dune species, 203, 274,499,516,517,518 Sand-binding capacity, 73 Sand-binding geophyte, 524 Sand-binding species, 73 Sandflat,362,400,407,408,410 Sandy loam, 370, 371 Sandy shore, 17, 319 Scale, 470, 471 Schiermonnikoog, 190, 198, 294, 392,503,529 Scolt Head Island, 225 Scrub, 214, 218 Sea Aster, 163 Sea cliff, 309, 315 Sediment, 15,17, 123,340, 358,359, 361,363,366,417,

421,564 marine, 551, 552 sandy, 365 surface, 363, 364, 365 suspended, 375,376

Sediment accumulation, 365 Sediment deposits, alluvial, 503 Sediment discharge, 483 Sediment flux, 378, 379 Sediment input, 17 Sediment mobility, 372, 373 Sediment transport, 377 Sedimentation, 18,42,49,65,133,369,478,481 Sedimentation of silt, 474-475 Sedimentation rate, 132, 373,477 Seed, 130, 193,488,491

central, 139 dimorphic, 142,540 lateral, 137, 139, 142 polymorphic, 121, 450

Seed bank, 132, 134,135, 157,395,492,537,540,549 persistent, 393, 492

Seed biomass, 402 Seed budget, 549 Seed deposition, 134 Seed dimorphism, 137,138,141,146,540 Seed dispersal, 152,299,476,491,492 Seed dormancy, 128, 189, 540 Seed germination, 164 Seed influx, 404 Seed longevity, 140,492 Seed output, 123, 124 Seed predation, 404 Seed production, 131, 150, 157, 160, 164, 166, 185,494,

496,549 Seed reserve, 132, 133, 142 Seedling, 121, 158, 165, 193, 194,488 Seedling mortality, 193 Seedling survival, 165, 168

596

Seiche, 50 Selection pressure, 117, 118, 197,201 Selection, 182, 184, 197

directional, 185 Self-thinning, 492, 496 Semi-fixed dunes, 17, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112 Semi-natural boundary, 449 Semi-natural grassland, 442 Sensitive species, 551-552 Sequence, zonation, 50 Serine, 256 Shannon-Wiener index, 174 Sheltered zone, 65, 66, 72, 74 Shetland Islands, 45 Shetland salt marsh, 45, 46, 50 Shingle, 18, 226, 227

marshy, 225 Shingle bank, 118 Shingle beach, 45 Shingle species, 227, 228 Shoot density, 385, 388, 389 Shootlength,388,389 Shore protection, 102 Short-lived species, 194 Shrub, 211, 214 Shrubland,94 Silt accretion, Silt supply, 427 Siltation, 62 Similarity cluster, 45, 50 Similarity level, 47, 50 Similarity ratio, 6 Simulation model, 128 Skallingen salt marsh, 358 Skewness, 533 Sludge, 94, 517 Sociological group, 98 Sociological progression, 79 Sodium, 267,314,315 Sodium chloride, 287,292,291,305, 306,534,537 Sodium exclusion, 555 Sodium secretion, 555 Soil binding capacity, 368,369, 371 Soil drainage, 231 Soil exchangeable cations, 267 Soil fertility, 78, 79, 83 Soil moisture, 79, 87, 99, 107, 109, 110,209,461,508,558 Soil organic matter, 537 Soil salinity, 22, 135, 249, 265, 293, 395, 396,478,499,

505,514,517,518,531 Soil temperature, 102 Soil texture, 87,525 Soil tillage, 410, 413 Solubility product, 504 Soluble sugars, 261, 274 Sorbitol, 274, 275, 276, 516 Sowing, 409, 410, 413 Spatial distribution, 147

Specialist, 171 Species diversity, 410,525,531 Species number, 177 Spike, 149, 160,539 Spring tide, 226, 287, 289, 357, 360 Stability, 112 Stage, pioneer, 32,53,537 Steiner solution, 36, 417 Stenotopic species, 83 Stenotopy,83 Sterile hybrid, 204 Stiffkey salt marsh, 118 Stocking rate, 397, 408, 412 Stomata, 274 Stomatal closure, 331, 332, 421 Stomatal conductance, 332 Stomatal regulation, 333 Stomatal resistance, 311 Storm surge, 505 Storm-surge barrier, 415, 425, 426 Strandline, 319, 324, 325,489,490,491,503

temperate, 319, 323, tropical, 319

Strandline ephemeral population, 487, 489 Strandline species, communities, 97, 98, 320, 321,491,514

perennial, 325 tropical, 320

Stress, 499, 538 Stress factor, 501, 502, 503,504,536,537 Stress metabolites, 273, 275, 276, 277, 512 Stress tolerance, 506 Structural complexity, 78, 79 Stunted plants, 324 Subcontinental species, 99 Subcosmopolitan species, 72 Sublittoral zone, 57 Submergence, 172, 173, 176,418,419,420,421,422,463 Suboceanic species, 99 Substrate stratification, 51 Succession, 11,23,29,31,34,88,94, 153, 180, 209, 227,

391,400,404,405,409,410,451,454,471,474,475, 499,504,507,525,529 lower salt marsh, 30 primary, 179, 393, 399 progressive, 393 regressive, 531 retrogressive, 391, 392, 393, 397 salt marsh, 180 secondary, 147, 218,478,481

Successional change, 487 Successional stages, 32 Succulence, 42-43, 241, 243

mesomorphic, 150 pure, 149, 150 xeromorphic, 149, 150

Succulent organs, 241, 245 Sulphide, 279, 280, 282, 283, 300, 301,416

soluble, 279, 281, 282, 287

Sulphide phytotoxicity, 281, 282 Sulphide resistance, 282 Sulphide tolerance, 284 Sulphide toxicity, 279 Sulphur, 287, 513 Sulphur deficiency, 279, 513 Survival, 496 Survival rate, 488 Suspended sediment concentration, 377, 378 Swamp, 385, 387 Syndrome concept, 142

seed germination, 142 Synergistic interaction, 223 Syngenetic relation, 102

Taproots, 369 Temperate Australian dunes, 72 Temperature response, 139 Terschelling, 23, 33, 529 Tetraploid, 118, 129, 146 Therophyte, therophytic vegetation,S, 11,472 Thinning, 493 Thinning line, 492, 493 Tidal activity, 360, 365 Tidal amplitude, 62 Tidal channel, 358, 359 Tidal flat, 358, 359, 378,407 Tidal flow, 376 Tidal immersion, 134 Tidal influence, 475, 476, 477 Tidal litter, 524, 530 Tidal range, 50, 429,504,526 Tidal reduction, 429, 430 Tidal salt marsh, 164 Tidal system, 357, 360 Tidal type, 164 Tide, 118, 361, 362 Tide height, 172 Tidemark communities, ephemeral, 73 Tidemark ecosystem, 66 Tidemark material, 65, 74 Tiller, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 199,200,204,205,207,

446 ramet, 204

Toxicity, 281, 282 Toxin, 534 Traffic flow, 437 Trampling, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 393, 397

cattle, 383-384 Trampling pressure, 110 Transect, 24,29,34,45,46,47,55,56,155,156,157,

160 line, 57

Transition probability, 127, 132,133,134,135 Transition zone, unstable, 137 Translocation, 300 Transpiration, 313, 332, 421 Transpiration rate, 274, 275, 311

Transplant, 121, 122, 168 reciprocal, 121, 123 seed,123 seedling, 121 turf, 121

Transplantation, 121, 124 Treading, 102,446 Tree, 211, 214, 331 Tree density, 218 Tropical sand dunes, 72 True mangrove species, 249 True-salt marsh perennials, 186 Turgor potential, 507,508,511 Turgor pressure potential, 499 Turnover rate, 186 Tussock, 165, 446

Upper high salt marsh, 24, 31 Upper marsh species, 119, 120, 122,279 Upper salt marsh, 118,255,289,489,506,538 Upper-salt marsh perennials, 186 UV radiation, 534

Vapour pressure, 331 Vegetation,

fixed dune, 112 pioneer, 55

Vegetation architecture, 473 Vegetation dynamics, 469 Vegetation mapping, 89,90,408,455 Vegetation samples, 56 Vegetation zone, 164, 165 Verbrande Pan, 560 Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 542 Vinjekilen, 55, 56 Voe, 46, 47 Voorne, 87, 209,529 Voorne dunes, 87, 88

Water catchment, 556, 557 Water catchment area, 457, 461 Water culture, 232 Water extraction, 527,529 Water infiltration, 529

597

Water potential, 313, 327, 339,481,491,499,507,508,511 sediment, 118 xylem, 330

Water retention capacity, 30 Water shortage, 536 Water stress, 141, 273, 274 Water table, 463, 464, 527 Water temperature, 422 Water velocity, 375, 376, 379 Waterfowl, 400, 530 Waterlogged conditions, 299 Waterlogged soil, 503, 513 Waterlogging, 287, 293, 299, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 505 Waterlogging syndrome, 505

598

Widespread species, 72 Wilting, 275 Woodmnd, 214, 218,458,459,461,463 Woody species, vegetation, 74, 209, 214

Xerosere, 90, 524, 525, 527

Yellow dunes, 491 Yellow dune species, 94 Yield, 233, 234 Ynysms dunes, 105

Zinc, 551, 554 Zonation, 18,19,23,31,66,177,209,210,211,309,392,

416,437,472,499,504,516,525,533 groundwater constitution, 328 height, 189, 194 mndscape, 66 patterns, 194 salt marsh, 23, 422, 506, 507 sequence, 50 spatial, 180 species, 62 standard, 73 successive, 102 vegetation, 31, 299, 503 vertical, 11,62,505