Index

Index

Descriptive chapter headings provide a broad reference guide to this book. See table of contents. Each chapter is preceded by a preamble which briefly describes the subject matter of the chapter. Photographic inserts fall in related chapters. Appendices are listed on pages 393-94. Graphs, diagrams, tables and maps are listed on pages 489-87.

acetic acidmanufacture by C.S.R., 222, 224

acetonemanufacture by C.S.R., 222

alcoholdistillation of, 22 xraw material for various chemicals, 222

arbitration systemC.S.R.’s practice under, 265-66 influence of, 261-64

asbestos, bluedevelopment of industry by C.S.R., 213-18 Tariff Board investigation of, 217-18,

228-29asbestos-cement products

manufacture by C.S.R., 213, 218assets

of C.S.R. 1955, app. 32 assignments

of cane farms, 114-15, 188 Australasian Sugar Company

formed Sydney 1842, dissolved 1854, 12, 13, app. 4

operated Canterbury refinery, 43Australasian Sugar Refining Company

Melbourne refinery bought by C.S.R., 45Australian Agricultural Company

Edward Knox on committee of advice, 21Australian Auction Company

Edward Knox manager of, 17Australian Blue Asbestos Ltd

operates Wittenoom mine, 216Australian National Power Alcohol

Company Pty Ltddistillery at Sarina, Qld, 222

Australian Sugar Companybuilt Canterbury refinery, 12, 43 formed in London 1839, 12, app. 4

Australian sugar industry, 91-117assists fruit processing industry, 104, 163-65 complexity of, 50C.S.R.’s unusual functions in, 186-98 development of Qjd coast, 51, 94, 342 Italians in, 116

Australian sugar industry—continued operated solely with white labour, 92 public misunderstanding of, 48, 50-51

Australian Sugar Producers’ Assn founded in Qjd 1907, 192, app. 4

authoritarianismdanger of, by degrees, 336-40

bagasse sec megass Bank of N.S.W.

C.S.R.’s main banker, 19, app. 8beet sugar

development in Victoria advocated by Maxwell, app. 9

development of industry in Europe, 37, app. 4

factory in Victoria, 6, 44 plant grows in cold climate, 6

“bigness”of C.S.R., 45-46, 288, 294-97, 349-51

bountyon sugar, a “misnomer”, 50

Brigden, Prof.on industrial conditions in Aust., 267

“Brisbane House” refinerybought by C.S.R. 1855, 43

British Commonwealth Sugar Agreement

effect on refined prices in N.Z., 203 improves long-term outlook for Fiji, 84 includes export raws from Aust. and Fiji,

149negotiated 1951, 59-62, app. 4 permits development in Qjd and Fiji, 145 prevents serious over-production, 97

Broadwater Millopened 1881, 25, app. 4

Brown, Prof. W. Jethrochairman of Royal Commission I9i2,app. 9

Brussels Conventionan international sugar agreement 1903,

56-57bufo marinus

a giant toad, 127

491

I N D E X

Buhöt, Johnmade raw sugar in Qld 1862, app. 4

building materialsG.S.R.'s expansion into, xv, 22, 207-29

bulk handling of raw sugaradvantages and difficulties of, 157-58 first Aust. plant at Harwood Mill 1954,

app. 4various Aust. installations, 102-3

Bureau of Central Sugar Millsestablished by Qld Govt 1904, app. 4

business art of, 253-55 methods, xivphilosophy of C.S.R., 297 social function of, xii, 312-42 ,

cane, sugar, 1-9breeding new varieties of, 41, 75, no ,

127-29by-products of, 208 C.S.R.’s early field work with, 40-43 diseases of, 41, 76, no , 129-30, 291 harvesting of, 77-79, 98-102, 132-36 mechanical harvesting of, 92,100 purchase of, 23, 32, 38, 50, 82-83, 130-32 sugar content of, 35, 121 transport of, 77, 92, 120, 132-36

Cane-ite wallboardsdevelopment of by C.S.R., 209-12

Canterbury Refinerycommenced operations 1842, app. 4 operated by Australasian Sugar Co., 43 prospectus and plans for, 12

capitaleffect of inflation on investment of, 364-65 erosion of, 309, 361, 367 importance of investment of, 327-31 of C.S.R. 1887-1955, app. 31 rewards for, and living standards, 268

capitalismcorporate, in a mixed economy, 312-42,

352-53C.S.R. a capitalist enterprise, xvii, 297-98,

34°social device to increase material welfare, xiii

capitalizationC.S.R.’s policy, 288, 290-92

carbohydratesas food foi man and animals, 3

carbonatationa step ol refining process, 173

cellulose acetatedevelopment of manufacture, 225for moulding powders and rayon, 223-24Tariff Board investigation of, 226, 229

Central Cane Prices Boardapproves sales of farms, 115 determines allocation of crop proceeds, 116 determines peaks and assignments, 114,

188functions and composition of, 192 set up by Qld Govt, 188

central mill systemco-op. mills established in Qld in 1880s,

30introduced to Aust by C.S.R. 1869, 23 main system in South Pacific, 9

Chadboume Planan international sugar agreement 1931, 57

Challis, J. H.original shareholder in C.S.R., 13, app. 28

Chalmers, Drestablished Fiji mill 1878, 32

Chatsworth Millerected 1869, closed 1887, 23, 25, app. 4

Chelsea Refineryearly history, 27, 44, 200, app. 4

chemical controlcommenced by C.S.R. 1882, 36-37, app.

4, app. 5, app. 27example of chemical balance sheet in, 138 in C.S.R. refineries, 176-79 operation of, 80-81 use in all Aust. mills, 106 value of, 39, 288, 393-94, app. 5

chemicals, industrialC.S.R.’s expansion into, xv, 22, 219-29,

3 " , 340-42Child, William Knox

pioneer of Aust. sugar refining industry, 24 promoter of Aust. Sugar Co., 12

Childers Millopened 1895, closed 1932, 340-41, app. 4

civilizationcomponents of Western, 316-17, 334-35 material and spiritual elements of, 322 not widespread in backward economies, xiii promotion of, xii

Clark’s Seedlinga cane bred by C.S.R. 1904, app. 4

coefficient of workformula evolved by Dr Kottmann, 38 use of, 80

Colonial Sugar Refining Companyactivities of, app. 3amalgamation with Vic. Sugar Co. and

with N.Z. Sugar Co., 44, 201 an economic innovator, 298, 340, 350 balance sheet of, 1955, app. 32 Building Materials Division of, xv, 22

207-19, 235, 242

492

I N D E X

C.S.R. Company— continuedbuilt first central mills in Aust., 23-25 built grain distilleries during war, 223 capitalization policy, 288. 290-92 chairmen of, app. 7 contracts with Qld Govt, 189 contributions to cane-growing, 124-30 contributions to community, xii, 340-42,

350-53control of, 272, 275 dates of main developments, app. 4 debt repayment by, 19, 287, 289-90 directors of, 242, app. 7 dividends of see dividends early struggles, 17-22 evidence on, 1912 Royal Commission, 295 expansion in 1880s, 26-34, 287-88 expansion into industrial chemicals, 219-29 expansion to Fiji, 31-33, 288 expansion to Qld, 27-31, 288 finances Aust. sugar crop, 159-60, 1 go financial history of, 285-311, app. 31 first large industrial company in Aust., 45,

296first to use P.O.C.S. to pay for cane, 131 formation of, 13 general managers of, app. 7 influence and example of in Aust. sugar

industry, 49, 105-6 in New Zealand see New Zealand its “bigness”, 45-46, 288, 294-97, 349-51 its investments in raw sugar mills, 123-24 management of see management marketing operations of, 147-66 markets most South Pacific sugar, 148 members of N.Z. board of advice, app. 7 munitions manufacture and defence pro­

jects, ap p .26 organization of, 231-55 owner of ocean vessels, 219-20 ownership of, 201, 271-83 political hostility to see political hostility position in economy of Fiji, 88-90 position in Qld marketing pool, 189-92,

299profits, 1887-1955, app. 31 public opinion of, 195-98 relations with cane suppliers, 25, 49, 82-88,

132, 296, 342relations with govts in Aust., 186-98, 302-4 relations with Qld Sugar Board, 151, 191 research and development by, app. 27 role in overseas market negotiations, 60-61,

63shareholders of see shareholders of

C.S.R.

C.S.R. Company—continued staff of see staff of C.S.R.status as a sugar miller, 123 unusual functions of in Aust. sugar

industry, 186-98Colonial Sugar Refining Company (Fiji

and New Zealand) Limitedvirtually a subsidiary of C.S.R., 298-301

Colonial Sugar Refining Company’s Actintroduced in Qld 1881, 27

Columbustook sugar cane to Caribbean, 2

Commercial Banking Company of Sydney

Edward Knox’s association with, 17, 19, 21

Commonwealth Sugar Agreementbetween Qld and C’wealth Govts, 97, 116,

188Condong Mill

opened 1880, 25, app. 4controls

price and other direct controls, 331, 338-39> 388-92

Cooper, Sir Danieloriginal shareholder in C.S.R., 13, app. 28 suggests chemical analysis for C.S.R., 35

co-operationideal of co-operative society, 335 importance of for productivity, 325-27

Cottesloe Refineryopened 1930, ap p .4

Courtaulds (Aust.) Ltdmanufacturer of acetate rayon, 225

Cran, Robertrefined sugar in Qld, 44

C.S.R. Chemicals Pty Ltd, 219-29 board and management of, 242 developed from industrial chemicals

division, xv established in 1952, 221 see also chemicals, industrial

C.S.R. Employees’ Provident Fund established 1890, 252, 293, app. 6 largest shareholders in C.S.R., 277-78 Sir Edward Knox a trustee of, 277

Cubaexporter of raw sugar to world markets,

59-64largest cane producer in world, 6 use of slaves in, 14, 15

Darkwater Millerected 1869, closed 1873, 23, 290, app. 4

debenturesissued by C.S.R. 19, 287-90, 309, app. 31

493

I N D E X

defence, nationalallocation of part of national income to,

324, 332, 353contribution of large industry to, 350-51 role of Aust. sugar industry in, 51, 94

democracycapitalism part of Western, 315-16 C.S.R.’s development not understood in

youthful Australasian, 288 democratic freedom and social discipline,

264private monopoly “undemocratic”, 195property-owning, 282, 331-32sets high store by material welfare, xii

dental caries see tooth decay depreciation

effect of inflation in providing for, 366-70 insufficiently provided for in National

Income Papers, 319, 370-71 distilleries, alcohol

at Harwood Mill 1873, 220 at Nausori Mill in 1890s, 220 at Pyrmont and Yarraville, 221

Distillers Company Ltdassociation with C.S.R., 221-22, 224-25 part-owner of C.S.R. Chemicals Pty Ltd,

xv, 221 dividends

as per cent of Aust. national income, 385 C.S.R.’s 1887-1955, app. 31 C.S.R.’s in relation to sales, 310 double taxation of, 372-75 meaning of, 304-6, 308 of sample of Aust. companies, corrected for

inflation, 385-87 Dixon, H. V.

general manager of C.S.R., 53Donnollan, P. J.

chairman of Qld Sugar Board, 160, 191

economy, mixedcorporate capitalism in, 312-40

embargoon sugar imports to Aust., 187, 188, 189,

x94> 298employment, full

influence in labour relations, 266-67 in relation to productivity, 322, 324, app.

. 33excise and rebateon “white-grown” sugar in Aust. 1901, 50,

app. 4expansion

by C.S.R. into new fields, xiv, 207-29, 3 XI, 340-42

of Aust. sugar industry, 94

expansion—continuedof C.S.R. in 1880s, 26-34, 287, 288 of C.S.R. refineries, 184

Fanning, Williamoriginal shareholder in C.S.R., 13, app.

28farming, cane

C.S.R. largely responsible for small-farm system, 296

development of in Fiji 1925-55, app. 14 distinctive pattern in South Pacific, 8, 9,

122in Fiji, 70-79size of farms in Fiji 1955, app. 15 small-farm system adopted by Edward

Knox, 23, 25small-farm system developed in Qld, 34,

105small-farm system introduced in Fiji, 34see also Ch 4 The Sugar Industry of Fiji

Ch 5 The Australian Sugar IndustryFiji

C.S.R.’s expansion to in 1880s, 31-34 C.S.R.’s profits in 1914-24, 299-301 industrial relations in, 85-88, 269-70 the sugar industry of, 67-90

First Fleetshipped sugar cane at Cape of Good Hope,

2, app. 4fructose (levulose)

an “impurity” in raw sugar, 171 fruit industry, Australian

assistance to by sugar industry, 104,163-65

Geerligs, H. C. Prinsenscientific work in Java, 42

Glanville Refineryopened 1891, 44, app. 4

glucose (dextrose)an “ impurity” in raw sugar, 171

golden syrupmanufacture of, 180-81 marketing of, 160

Goldfinch, Sir Philipas successor to E. W. Knox, 53 seeks outlets for C.S.R. expansion, xiv, xv

Goondi Millopened 1885, 27, app. 4

Gordon, Sir Arthur (later Lord Stan- more)

Fiji Governor, introduced indentured Indians, 33

Gordon, Sir Johnchairman Royal Commission on Sugar

Industry, 1912, app. 9

494

I N D E X

governmentand capitalism, 312-40 and industrial discipline, 264 and inflation, taxation and controls, 355-92 as “sleeping partner” of industry, 298 C.S.R.’s relations with, 186-08, 202-4

Giriffith, S. W.Qld premier, opposed to Kanakas, 30

grrocery tradein sugar, 162-63, 205

grcowth, economic see progress, economic

Giunn, J.chairman Sugar Inquiry Committee 1931,

app. 9Gyyprock wallboard

development of by C.S.R., 212-13

Hiabana Estate, Qldplantation subdivided into small farms

1884, 29, 30, app. 4 Hiall, Melmoth

experiments with cane, 38, 124 visits northern N.S.W. re central mills for

C.S.R., 22, app. 4West Indian planter on staff of C.S.R., 22

Hiambledon Millbought by C.S.R. 1897, app. 4 would cost £4 million to replace, 121

Hiarwood MillC.S.R.’s first cane nursery at 1886, 40,

app. 4erected 1873, oldest in Aust., 25, app. 4

Hiercules Powder Co of U.S.A.association with C.S.R., 224

Hcomebush Millestate cut up into small farms 1891, app. 4 opened 1883, closed 1921, 27, 340-41,

app. 4honey

mainly sugars, 2 Hope, Capt the Hon. Louis

early Aust. plantation owner, 14, 15, app. 4

opens first commercial-scale raw sugar mill 1865, app. 4

Hughes, W. M.led attacks on C.S.R., 295-96 makes agreement with C.S.R., 48, 112 on iniquities of C.S.R., 46 relations with E. W. Knox, 46, 48, 296,

302

immigrationto Aust. and other countries, 330-31, app.

33

incentivesfor productive enterprise, xiii, 331-33

incometrends in real per head in Aust., 317-21,

app-33unrecognized effects of unmeasured re­

distribution of, 319-21 Indians in Fiji

become tenant farmers, 34, 71 indentures cancelled 1920, 34, 71, app. 4 introduced by Sir Arthur Gordon, 33, 70 relations with Fijians and Europeans, 68 see also Ch 4 The Sugar Industry of Fiji

industrial relations see labour relations inflation

C.S.R.’s interest in problems of, 366-67 effects on saving and investment, 364-65 govts fail to deal with basic causes of, 325,

328, 329, 330 impairs efficiency, 331 in relation to capital expenditure, 328 masks facts re rewards for shareholders, 320 measuring of, 357-59responsible for capricious redistribution

of national income, 320 the problem of accounting for, 359-64,

367-70International Sugar Agreement

covers export raws from Aust. and Fiji, 149 improves long-term outlook for Fiji, 84 objectives and effects of, 57, 59, 62, 63,

app. 4prevents serious over-production, 97 quotas affect shipping programmes, 152,

156Islanders, South Sea see Kanakas

Javaexperimental station established 1886, 42,

app. 4seedling canes produced 1885, 41, app. 4

Johns-Manville Corporation of U.S.A.association with C.S.R., 218

Joshua BrosYarraville refinery sold to Vic. Sugar Co.

j875» 43» 44» app. 4

Kanakasas envisaged by Southerners, 48, 117 decline of system, 29, app. 9 first shipment to Qld 1863, app. 4 first used in Aust. by pastoralists, 15 not used by C.S.R. in N.S.W., 28, 291 recruitment and abuses, 14, 15 repatriation of, 50

495

I N D E X

Kanakas— continuedRoyal Commission report on probable

effects of withdrawal of, 1889, 30, app. 9 use by C.S.R. in Qld, 30, 291 use by early planters, 49 use by small farmers, 31

Kater, H. E.C.S.R. chairman, 46, 289, 294, 296, 299

Keith Hall EstateC.S.R. field experiment station from 1891,

app. 4Kemble, Francis

pioneer of Aust. sugar refining industry, 24 promoter of Aust. Sugar Co., 12

King, Lt P. Gidleygrew cane on Norfolk Island 1788, 2, app.

4Knox, Adrian

Chief Justice of Aust., son of Edward, 21 Knox, Sir Edward

a capitalist innovator, 333 attitude to capital and value, 290 biographical, 13, 16-24, app. 4 financial leadership of C.S.R., 287, 289,

294responsible for many C.S.R. traditions,

xi, xiii, 343-53 visited N.Z. 1881, 200

Knox, Sir Edward Ritchie joint trustee for C.S.R. Employees

Provident Fund, 277 Knox, E. W.

a capitalist innovator, 333 attitude to capital and value, 290 biographical, 20, 24-53, app. 4 financial leadership of C.S.R., 289, 294,

3 0 2 - 3on drainage of cane lands, 127 paper on chemical control, 1890, 39, 106,

293> aPP- 5remarks on C.S.R. staff 1892, app. 6 remarks on C.S.R. staff 1905, 232-33, 293 responsible for many C.S.R. traditions, xi,

xii. 343-53Knox, George

English lawyer, son of Edward, 20Knox, T. F.

managing director of Dalgety and Co. Ltd, son of Edward, 21

Kottmann, Dr Gustav engaged by C.S.R. 1883, 36 established cane nurseries, 40 evolved P.O.C.S. formula 1885-88, 37, 38,

app. 4, app. 23experiments with soil analysis, green

manuring, artificial fertilisers, 40

496

labour relationsC.S.R. policies and practice, 257-70, 296,

342, 346-47in C.S.R. refineries, 184-85 in Fiji, 85-88, 269-70

Lamb, Walteroriginal shareholder in C.S.R., 13, app.

28Lambasa Mill

opened 1894, 32, 80, app. 4 23 miles of sea-wall built at, 127

Lautoka Mill capacity of, 123 opened 1903, 32, 79, app. 4 would cost £7,000,000 to replace, 80

Macknade Millbought by C.S.R. i8q6, app. 4

McCarthy, M. E.chairman Sugar Inquiry Committee 1952,

app. 9management

and organization in C.S.R., 231-55 group method of, 53, 236-37, 347-48 relations with employees, 257-70 responsibilities of in productivity, 326 responsive to incentives, 331-33

mapleas source of sugar, 3

marketingpool for raw sugar, Aust., 189-91 raw and refined sugars, 147-66

marketsthe structure of world sugar, 55-66

Masonite Corporationsales arrangement with C.S.R., 212, 219

mass productionC.S.R.’s “know-how” extended to new

ventures, 208techniques in C.S.R. factories, 288, 293-

94Maxwell, Dr Walter

his reports on Q_ld sugar industry, app. 9 work with cane in Q.ld, 42

Meares, Richardoperates steam-driven mill in N.S.W.

1868, app. 4megass

explanation of, app. 2use as fuel, 107, 208use for making wall boards, 209

Millaquin Sugar Co. Ltdrefinery opened at Bundaberg Q_ld 1882,

44> app 4shares Aust. refined market with C.S.R.,

45) 151. 19°) J94) 299

I N D E X

mills, raw sugar, 119-45are giant-sized tools, 120 Aust. mills and owners 1955, app. 17 central see central mill system cost of, 121C.S.R.’s investment in, 124 manufacturing process, 80-81, 106-9, 136-

42numbers in Aust. at various times, 25, 105

molassesas raw material for distilleries, 220-21 carried in C.S.R. ships, 220 product of raw sugar mill, 108, 138, 209

monopolyapplied to C.S.R., 46, 112, 349 discussion of, 193-95 of Aust. sugar industry, 187 power of sectional, 338 public opinion regarding, 195-98

Muir, Jamesengineer, built Pyrmont and Chelsea

refineries, 43Mullens, James

uncle of Edward Knox, 16

nationalizationof sugar refining proposed 1912, 291 public opinion regarding, 196-97, 337

Nausori Millopened 1882, 27, 32, 79, app. 4 operates currently at loss, 83

net titreexplanation, app. 2

New Farm Refinery opened 1893, 44, ap p .4

New Zealand, 199-206components of N.Z. retail price of refined

sugar, 205consumption of sugar in N.Z., 96, 161 C.S.R. shareholders in N.Z., 271-83,

app. 29excise tax on sugar in N.Z., 204, 205, 342 Dr R. W. Harman, general manager of

C.S.R., a New Zealander, 231 inflation in N.Z., 357 labour relations in N.Z., 184, 206, 245,

259, 261, 262, 265market for refined sugar in N.Z., 56, 66,

148, 169members of N.Z. board of advice to

C.S.R., 201, app. 7 mixed economy in N.Z., 312, 335 national income per head in N.Z., 313 N.Z. participation in B.C.S.A., 64, 203-4 N.Z. refuses tariff preference to Empire

sugars, 59

New Zealand— continuedprice control in N.Z., 388-92 sugar rationing in N.Z., 59 sugar refining industry in N.Z., 22, 27,

43-44, 148, 157, 159, 168, 184, 200-6, 235, 242, 292, 298-301, app. 4

raw sugar imports for N.Z., 148, 150, 151, 152, 156, 168, 201-4, 299, app. 25

productivity discussed in N.Z., 328 New Zealand Sugar Company Ltd

amalgamated with C.S.R. 1888, 44, 201, app. 4

formed in 1883, 200, app. 4 partner with C.S.R. in Fiji, 27

North Eton Millone of first co-operative mills in Aust 1888,

30, app. 4N.S.W. Cane Growers’ Association

a voluntary association, 192

objectivesof C.S.R., xii, 233, 260, 352 social, xii, 333-36

opinionpolitics and, 45-51 public, of C.S.R., 195-98

optimismby C.S.R. for future, xvi requisite for progress, xiii

Pacific Islanders Actpassed 1885, prohibited importation of

Kanakas, 30, app. 4prohibiting clauses repealed 1892,30, app. 9

peak year schemeadministration of, 114, 188 introduced in Qld 1930, app. 4 Royal Commission on 1939, app. 9

Penang Millbought by C.S.R. 1926, 32, 79, app. 4

photosynthesisof sugar in leaves of plants, 3

pineapplesventure by C.S.R. in Fiji, xv, 341

plantations, canegave way to small farms in Aust., 23-24,

29-3L 49» !04> ” 7with own mills, system in most of world, 9,

14P.O.C.S. formula

details of, app. 23 devised by Dr Kottmann, 37-38 embodied in Qld legislation, 50 encourages growing of sugar-rich canes,

I3 0 - 3 1explanation, app. 2

497

I N D E X

P.O.C.S. formula— continueduse as basis of payment for cane, 131

polarizationexplanation, app. 2

political hostilityto C.S.R., 45-51, 288, 294-97, 349

Poolman familytheir refineries bought by C.S.R., 45

Powell, C. W. R.chief architect of C.S.R.’s expansion into

building materials, xviproductivity

a responsibility of the corporation, 340 advancement of material standards, 321-24 basis of leisure, education etc., xiii importance of co-operation for, 325-27 in sugar refining, 45 no index of, to guide wage-fixing, 262 trends in various countries, app. 33 various benefits of, 324-25

profits, companyand national income, Aust., 381-85 double taxation of, 372-75 inflation affects taxation of, 377-78 of a sample of Aust. companies, 385-87 of C.S.R. 1887-1955, app. 31 their little-known low level, 381-87

progress, economicgeneral discussion of, 312-42 in Aust. 1947-55, aPP- 33 not mere mathematical process, xiii responsibility of the corporation for, 340 role of large industrial corporations in,

313, 350Proprietary Sugar Millers’ Association

formed in Qld 1927, 192, app. 4Provident Fund, C.S.R. Employees’ see

C.S.R. Employees’ Provident Fund Pyrmont Refinery

capacity, stocks etc., 168, 175 opened 1878, 43-44, app. 4

Queensland Acclimatization Society raised seedling canes 1888, app. 4

Queensland Bureau of Sugar Experi­ment Stations

conducts research on cane-growing, 109-10 C.S.R.’s Qld mills contribute to cost of, 127 established 1901, 42, app. 4

Queensland Cane Growers’ Association established 1926, 192, app. 4

Queensland Sugar Board composition of, 192 controls marketing pool, 151, 190 C.S.R. contracts with, 150 relations with C.S.R., 151, 190

498

Queensland Sugar Cane Technologists’ Association

formed 1929, app. 4

Racecourse Millone of first co-operative mills in Aust.

1888, 30, app 4Rarawai Mill

opened 1886, 27, 32, 79, app. 4 would cost £4 million to replace, 121

ratoona second crop of sugar cane, 6, app. 2

rebate see excise and rebate refining, sugar see sugar refining Regulation of Sugar Cane Prices Act

opposed by E. W. Knox, 344 passed by Qld Govt 1915, app. 4

researchand development in C.S.R., app. 27

Robert Corbett Pty Ltdassociation with C.S.R., 221-24

Robey, Jamesdismissed as C.S.R. technical manager, 19 original shareholder in C.S.R., 13, app. 28

Ross, J. GraftonC.S.R.’s first manager, 18, 2x, 26

Rothe, C. W.general manager of C.S.R., xv, xvi

Rothe, W. H.financial assistant to E. W. Knox, 53

Royal Commissions and Inquiries on Sugar

1912 Commission, 47, 48, 51, 291, 295-96 regularly examine industry, 188-89 Sugar Inquiry Committee 1952, 152 various, 30, app. 9

Rutledge, Marthamarried to Edward Knox, 20

saccharina coal tar derivative, 3

Sandridge Refinerybuilt by Vic. Sugar Co., burnt 1875, 43,

app. 4saving

and investment, 327-31 C.S.R.’s policy of, 22 effect of inflation on, 364-65 level of national, 370-71 result of prolonged, 306-7

Schweitzer, Alberton material requirements of civilization,

322Scott, T. A.

made raw sugar at Port Macquarie, 14, app. 4

I N D E X

Scott, T. A.— continuedpioneered raw sugar industry, 24 said to have brought canes to Aust., 2, 14,

app. 4shareholders of C.S.R.

analysis of in 1954, 271-83 by country of residence 1954, app. 29 E. W. Knox’s views on, 303 occupation of individual men 1954, app.

3°original, 13, app. 28 their position in 1925, 301

shares“ bonus” issues by G.S.R., 307-8 the meaning of, 304-6

Shephard, Prof. C. Y.report on Fiji sugar industry, 78, 90

slaveryin Puerto Rico and Cuba, 14, 15

small-farm system of cane growing see farming, cane

socialism, statecontrary to Western tradition, 334

Southgate Millerected 1869, closed 1879, 23, 25, 290,

app. 4staff of C.S.R.

building up of, 39, 288, 292 character of, 296, 346-47 in 1890s, app. 6organization and composition of, 231-55 responsible for company’s well-being, xvi

stool, sugar caneexplanation, app. 2

sucrosecane sugar, 2-6, 169, app. 2 chemical nature of, 120

Sugar Acquisition Actapplication, 189passed by Qld Govt 1915, 187, app. 4

Sugar and Coffee Regulationsencouraged tropical agriculture in Qld,

14, app. 4Sugar Bounty Act 1902

to encourage “white-grown” sugar, 50 sugar, brown

manufacture of, 180 marketing of, 160

sugar industry of Australia see Aus­tralian sugar industry

sugar industry of Fiji, 67-90 see also Fiji sugar, raw

by-products of manufacture of, 208 chemical composition of, 120, 171 destination of Aust. exports of 1923-54,

ap p .21

sugar, raw—continueddistribution of Aust. production of 1925-54,

app. 20marketing Fiji’s production of, 83-85 marketing of, 147-66 marketing pool in Aust., 189-91 mineral matter in, 171 packages for, 157-58prices on world “free” market, 58, app.

13production by G.S.R., 119-45, aPP- 11 sources of imports to N.Z., 201-4, app.

2 5sugar of international commerce, 12,

56tariff preferences for, 59, 152 transport of, 104, 154-55 world markets for, 55-66 world production 1839-1954, app. 12 see also bulk handling of raw sugar,

and mills, raw sugar sugar, refined

Australian internal market for, 65 bulk handling of, 166 components of price in Aust., 102, 104 components of price in N.Z., 205 consumption of in various countries, 96,

161control of price of, 116, 187 C.S.R. sales to Aust. manufacturers 1931-

55, app. 22 demand for, 182-83 economy in distribution of, 165-66 marketing of in Aust. and N.Z., 147-66 markets predominantly internal, 56 packages for, 157price in Aust. compared with all foods,

99price in Aust. 1923-55, app. 18, app.

19prices in various countries, 96, 98 subject to excise duty in N.Z., 204, 205

sugar refining by C.S.R., 167-85 principles of, 169-72 process, 173-75

Sugar Research Ltdconducts research into milling, 109 formed by Qld millers 1949, 109, app. 4

Sugar Works Guarantee Actpassed in Qld 1893 to promote co-op.

mills, app. 4, app. 9 Sydney Chamber of Commerce

Edward Knox a founder member, 21 Sydney Railway Company

Edward Knox a director, 21

499

I N D E X

taxationcould be eased by high productivity, 325 makes government a “sleeping partner”,

298of companies a cost of production, 375-76 of companies—general, 379-81 of government and co-operative businesses,

378some effects of high taxation of companies, 372-80

technical field service, C.S.R.’s, 124-30origins in Dr Kottmann’s early work, 40-43 in Australia, 109-11 in Fiji, 75-77

tel quelexplanation, app. 2

tenant-farming system in Fijiintroduced by C.S.R. 1924, 34, 71, app. 4 success of system, 72, 73

The Colonial Sugar Refining Company Limited see Colonial Sugar Refining Company

Timbrock hardboard manufacture by C.S.R., 218-19

tooth decayits relation to sugar consumption, 161-62,

ap p .24Tooth, Edwin

original shareholder in C.S.R., 13, app. 28 Towns, Capt Robert

used Kanakas on Qld cotton plantation 1863, 15, app. 4

traditionits influence in C.S.R., xi, 343 of group sentiment in C.S.R., 267

treaclea refined syrup, 181

Tryon, H.collected Badila cane in New Guinea 1896,

131, app. 4

unions, labourin Fiji, 85-88influence of in Aust. and N.Z., 259-61

Venetiansas sugar refiners, 2set pattern of trade in sugar, 12

Victoria Millcapacity of, 123cost £240,000 when built in 1880s, 28

Victoria Mill—continued duplication of 1953, 94, 144 estate cut up into small farms 1891, app. 4 opened 1883, 27, app. 4 steam ploughs used at 1886, 27-28 suggested move to Fiji, 291

Victoria Sugar Companyamalgamated with C.S.R. 1887, 44, 201,

app. 4financial difficulties, 44 formed in Melbourne 1857, 18, 43, app. 4 lost £400,000 in 1884, 294 partner with C.S.R. in Qld, Fiji and

N.Z., 27, 43, 200refinery destroyed by fire 1875, 43> aPP-

4vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

a product of C.S.R. Chemicals Pty Ltd, 226-27

wagesarbitration system has no sound economic

data to guide in fixing, 262 can be avenue for development of statism,

338determination of, 257-70 fixation of, 371-72

Walker, Archibaldoriginal shareholder in C.S.R., 13, app. 28

Walker, Williamoriginal shareholder in C.S.R., 13, app. 28

Walton, T. U.Scots sugar chemist engaged by C.S.R.

1881, 36, app. 4 trained C.S.R. staff, 39

Ward, Barbaraon capital investment, 327, 329

white men in tropicscane first cultivated by white men at

C.S.R. mills in N.S.W., 28 “world price” of raw sugar

applies to minor part of world trade, 93,97-98

foundation of other prices, 149-50 often a “dump” price, 64 1885-1954, 58 1728-1954, app. 13

Yarraville Refinerybought by Vic. Sugar Co. 1875, 43, 44,

app. 4

500