Index
AAcellular approaches, artificial bone,
918–920Acrylic bone cements, 569–588
biological properties, 582chemistry, 570–574
composition, 570–571molecular weight, 574reactions and setting process, 571–574
historical perspective, 569–570inflammatory response, to polymeric
materials, assessment of, 715–716mechanical properties, 574–578
fatigue, 576–578fracture toughness, 576strength and elastic modulus, 575viscoelastic behavior, 575–576
microstructure-mechanical propertiesrelationship, 578–582
additives, 580–582porosity, 579in vivo environment, 579–580
modification of, 582–584Acrylic polymers, membrane materials, assist
devices, 967Acute inflammatory response. See
Inflammatory response (to metals andceramics)
ADA deficiency, gene delivery applications,881–882
Addition polymerization, polymer synthesis,29–30
Adhesion prevention materials, biologicalmaterials, 16
Adhesive glycoproteins, tissue engineering,ECM composition, 891–892
Adhesives, biological materials, 14–16. Seealso Acrylic bone cements
Agar gel, polysaccharides, 11Agarose, polysaccharides, 11
Albumin, protein-based biodegradablepolymers, 138
Alginates, polysaccharide-basedbiodegradable natural polymers,136–137
Alginate, polysaccharides, 11Aliphatic polymers, biodegradable synthetic
polymers, 145–150Allogenic bone grafts, 919. See also Artificial
boneAllograft materials, dental implants, 633. See
also Dental implant materials; Dentalmaterials
Alloying, strengthening of metallic materials,278
Alloys, dental materials, 625–629. See alsoDental implant materials; Dentalmaterials
Alumina, inert bioceramics, 210Alumina fibers, polymeric composite
materials, 73Alveolar bone, 605Angiogenesis model, protein adsorption, in
vivo models, 683Animal models, protein adsorption, cells/
tissue interactions, 682–685Anisotropy, polymer surfaces organization,
biomaterial characterization,331–332
Annealing, thermal treatments, metallicmaterials, 276
Annulus fibrosusanatomy, 405–406material properties, 408–411
Antibiotics, acrylic bone cement additives,580–582
Antibody regulated release, drug deliverysystems (DDS), 856–857
Anticoagulants, biospecific, polymeric materials,chemical modifications, 51–55
1015
1016 Index
Apatitic family, bioceramics, calciumphosphate chemistry, 227–228
Apoptosis, inflammatory response, to metalsand ceramics, 742, 767–769
Articular cartilage, 381–402. See alsoArtificial cartilage
composition, 382–383electromechanical transduction, 394–396mechanical properties, 386–394
compression behavior, 391–393confined compression, 393–394hydraulic conductivity, 390–391static, 386–388time-dependent, 388viscoelastic compression, 389–390viscoelastic shear, 388–389
overview, 381–382remodeling and repair, 396–398structure, 383–385tissue engineering, 899 (See also Artificial
cartilage)Articular prostheses, inflammatory response,
to polymeric materials, assessmentof, 715–716
Articular resistances, shoulder prosthesis, 566Articular surfaces, shoulder prosthesis,
564–565Artificial bone, 916–925. See also Bone tissue
acellular approaches, 918–920bone histology and physiology, 917–918cellular approaches, 920–922clinical considerations, 923–924future prospects, 924–925overview, 916–917
Artificial cartilage, 907–916cartilage-like tissue constructs, 911–914cartilage properties, 908–909chondrocyte cultures in vitro, 909–910current status, 907–908mesenchymal stem cells, 914–916in vitro and in vivo studies (cell therapy),
910–911Artificial devices, assist devices, 950–975. See
also Assist devicesArtificial skin, 900–907
dermis, 902–906epidermis, 901–902generally, 900–901progress in, 907soft tissue replacement, 444
Artificial teeth, porcelain, inert bioceramics,214–215. See also Dental implantmaterials; Dental materials
Artificial urinary sphincters, 446Assist devices, 947–984
artificial devices, 950–975biocompatibility issues, 968–969blood coagulation activation, 969–971cell activation, 973–975complement activation, 971–973generally, 950–951materials in, 960–961membrane materials, 964–968membrane preparation, 961–964membranes and membrane properties,
951–956therapeutic membrane processes,
956–960available devices, summary table, 950bioartificial devices, 976–983
biocompatibility issues, 983generally, 976, 978immunoisolation materials, 982–983materials in, 980–981matrices and scaffolds, 981–982proposed, 976, 977–980
defined, 947extracorporal blood processing,
biomaterials in, 949–950overview, 947–949
Atellocollagen, 3Atomic force microscope (AFM), proteins,
measurement on surfaces, 672–673Atomic structure, metallic materials,
255–256. See also Metallic materialsAustenitic stainless steel, metallic biomaterial
applications, 290–291Autogenous grafts, dental implants,
632–633Autoimmune response, inflammatory
response (to metals and ceramics),specific immune response, 776
Autologous bone grafts, 920. See alsoArtificial bone
Autologous materials, hemocompatibility,vascular grafts, 431
BBacterial adherence, infection/sterilization,
817–822
Index 1017
Bacterial degradation, biodegradablepolymers, 126
Bacterial endophthalmitis, intraoculardevices, 440
Bacterial plaque, 606Bag molding, thermosetting polymer
composite manufacture, 109–110Bearing materials, inert bioceramics, 215–216Bending stiffness matrix, 96Binary phase diagrams, graphic
representation of, metallic materials,264–265
Bioactive bioceramics, 217–240. See alsoBioceramics
Bioactive species, bioartificial assist devices,980
Bioartificial devices, assist devices, 976–983See also Assist devices
Biobrane membrane, dental implants, 635Bioceramics, 189–253. See also Biological
glassesartificial bone, 922biological glasses, 244–249bone tissue adhesion, 249–252definitions, 190–191dental implants, 637–638design and duration, 207–208drawbacks of, 192–193inflammatory response (to metals and
ceramics), 738–741, 744, 746, 749,759–760, 773 (See also Inflammatoryresponse [to metals and ceramics])
processing, 200–202powder treatment, 200shaping methods, 200–202
properties of, 191–192sintering, 202–207structural properties, 193–199
grains and grain boundaries, 196–199mechanical performance, 194–195tribological performance, 199Young’s modulus and porosity, 196
surface dynamics and surface analysis,biomaterial characterization, 328–329
surgical implants, 208–252surgical implants (bioactive), 217– 240
calcium phosphate ceramics, 217– 218calcium phosphate chemistry, 218– 228hydroxyapatite powder impurities,
228–231
hydroxyapatite synthesis methods,232–240
plasma spray (high temperature), 232surgical implants (coatings), 249–252surgical implants (inert), 209–216surgical implants (polymeric carbons),
240–244applications, 243–244carbon-coated, 242graphite, 242–243pyrolytic carbons, 242vitreous carbons, 240–241
terminology, 189thermal process, 202
Biocompatibilityassist devices
artificial, 968–969bioartificial, 983
vascular grafts, 427–429Biocompatibility tests, 793–813
biofunctionality tests, 810–812carcinogenicity, 802–803cytotoxicity, 795–802
flow cytometry (FCM), 798–800molecular biological techniques,
800–801reverse transcription polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR), 801–802definitions, 793–794degradation, 807–810genotoxicity, 802hemocompatibility, 807irritation and sensitization, 803local implantation tests, 803–804, 805–806philosophy of, 794–795reproductive toxicity, 803rules of, 795–796systemic toxicity, 804, 806
Biodegradable matrices, drug deliverysystems (DDS), 869–870
Biodegradable polymers, 119–187classification of, 119–120defined, 120–121drug delivery systems (DDS), 836–849 (See
also Drug delivery systems (DDS))factors affecting degradation, 165–170historical perspective, 119mechanisms, 121–126medical applications, 40–41natural polymers, 129–145
1018 Index
Biodegradable polymers (Cont.)microbial polyesters, 143–145polysaccharide-based, 129–137 (See also
Polysaccharide-based biodegradablenatural polymers)
protein-based, 137–143 (See alsoProtein-based biodegradablepolymers)
properties and applications, 126–129synthetic polymers, 145–165
aliphatic, 145–150poly(alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate), 155–156polyamides, 161–162polyanhydrides, 154–155poly(ester-amides), 150–151polyethyleneterephthalate, 159–161polyimino carbonates, 156–157polyorthoesters, 152–154polyphosphazenes, 157–159polyurethanes, 163–165vascular stent coatings, 432–433
Biofunctionality tests, biocompatibility tests,810–812
Biological environment. See also Extracellularmatrix (ECM)
acrylic bone cements, 579–580corrosion, metallic surface degradation
processes, 308metallic surface degradation processes,
297–298Biological glasses. See also Bioceramics
biomedical applications, 246–249terminology, 189, 244–246
Biological interaction, polymeric materials,63–66
Biomaterial(s), 1–23categories of, 1components of, summary table, 2composites, 12–13inorganic materials, 12medical applications (diseased tissue
replacement), 16–19medical applications (drug delivery systems
(DDS)), 19–20medical applications (general surgery),
14–16adhesion prevention materials, 16hemostats, sealants, and adhesives,
14–16sutures, 14
medical applications (tissue engineering),20–22
polyesters, 11–12polypeptides, 2–5
collagen and gelatin, 2–5, 6plasma proteins (serum albumin and
fibrinogen), 2polysaccharides, 5, 7–11
cellulose, 5chitin and chitosan, 9–11dextran, 7hyaluronate, 7, 9miscellaneous, 11starch, 7
Biomaterial characterization, 325–337materials structure, 327–328polymer surfaces organization, 330–336
anisotropy, 331–332microphase heterogeneous surfaces,
332–336requirements of, 325–327surface dynamics and surface analysis,
328–330metal and ceramic surfaces, 328–329polymer surfaces, 329–330
Biomaterial patents, 1003–1013European patent convention, 1006–1007historical perspective, 1003–1006invention definition, 1009–1012patentability issue, 1012–1013Patent Cooperation Treaty, 1007–1009
Biomaterial standards, 985–1002European system, 992–1002
conformity assessment and CE mark,994–1002
EC Directive on Medical Devices,992–994
historical perspective, 985ISO, 989–991need for, 985–986quality system, 987–989standardization bodies, 986–987
Biomaterial testing, tissue engineering,895–897. See also Biocompatibilitytests; Tests and testing
Biopolymers, biodegradable polymers,129–145. See also Biodegradablepolymers
Bioprosthetic substitute heart valves,435
Index 1019
Bioresorbable polymers, medicalapplications, 40–41
Biospecific anticoagulants, polymericmaterials, chemical modifications,51–55
Blood coagulation activation, assist devices,969–971
Blood contact, inflammatory response, topolymeric materials, assessment of,706–713
Blood oxygenation, assist devices, 959–960Blood processing. See also Assist devices
assist devices, membranes, 955extracorporal, biomaterials in, assist
devices, 949–950Bonding, metallic materials, working
technologies, 288Bone cements. See Acrylic bone cementsBone mechanics, 459–489
experimental methods, 462–469mechanical testing, 462–468ultrasound analysis, 468–469
functional adaptation, 476–482mechanistic models, 481–482phenomenological models, 478–481
material properties, 469–471, 472numerical approach, 482–485overview, 459–462physiology, 475–476structural properties, 471, 473–475
Bone tissue. See also Artificial bonebioceramic adhesion, 249–252biological glasses, 248dental implants, 637–639generally, 342–344inflammatory response, to polymeric
materials, assessment of, 715–716Boron fibers, polymeric composite materials, 73Boronic acid derivatives, drug delivery
systems (DDS), 856Bravais lattice, metallic materials, 256Bulk properties, polymeric materials,
requirements/evaluation, 43–50
CCalcium carbonate, inorganic materials, 12Calcium phosphate
bioceramics, 217–218chemistry of, bioceramics, 218–228inorganic materials, 12
Cancellous uniaxial test specimens, bonemechanics, 467–468
Carbides, inert bioceramics, 213–214Carbon-coated implants, bioceramics, 242Carbon (graphite) fibers, polymeric
composite materials, 73, 76, 77Carcinogenicity, biocompatibility tests,
802–803Cardiovascular devices, 426–436
substitute heart valves, 434–436 (See alsoSubstitute heart valves)
vascular grafts, 427–431 (See also Vasculargrafts)
vascular stents, 431–433 (See also Vascularstents)
Carious pathology, 606–607Cartilage. See Articular cartilage; Artificial
cartilageCartilage-like tissue constructs, artificial
cartilage, 911–914Casein, protein-based biodegradable
polymers, 143Catheters, urological devices, soft tissue
replacement, 445–446Cell activation, assist devices, 973–975Cell adhesion molecules (CAM), cell-
extracellular matrix interactions, 656Cell culture, in vitro tissue development and,
tissue engineering, 888–899. See alsoTissue engineering
Cell-mediated response, inflammatoryresponse (to metals and ceramics),testing methods, 777–780
Cellular approaches, artificial bone,920–922
Cellulosecarbon (graphite) fibers, 76membrane materials, assist devices,
965–966polysaccharide-based biodegradable
natural polymers, 131–133polysaccharides, 5
Cellulose acetate, drug delivery systems(DDS), 848
Cemented hip joint prosthesis, 498–505. Seealso Hip joint prosthesis
Cementum, tooth structure properties,589–591, 604. See also Dental implantmaterials; Dental materials; Toothstructure properties
1020 Index
CENELEC organization, 986–987Ceramics. See BioceramicsChemical sterilization agents, sterilization
techniques, 824–825Chemotaxis, acute inflammatory response, to
metals and ceramics, 755–757Chitin, polysaccharides, 9–11Chitin/chitosan, polysaccharide-based
biodegradable natural polymers,133–134
Chitosan, polysaccharides, 9–11Chondrocyte cultures, in vitro, artificial
cartilage, 909–910Chronic inflammatory response. See
Inflammatory response (to metals andceramics)
Coagulative cascade, polymeric materials,64–65
Coatingsbioceramics, 249–252vascular stents, 432–433
Cobalt alloys, metallic biomaterialapplications, 291–292
Coculture models, liver cell function, 929–936Cold plastic deformation, metallic materials,
working technologies, 281–285Collagen
dental implants, 635–636polypeptides, 2–5, 6protein-based biodegradable polymers,
138–141tissue engineering, ECM composition, 889
Collagen sponge, biological materials,medical applications (general surgery),14, 16
Complement activation, assist devices,971–973
Complement system, acute inflammatoryresponse, to metals and ceramics,743–744
Composite materials, biological materials,12–13. See also Polymeric compositematerials
Composite resins, dental materials, 613–616Compression, confined, articular cartilage,
393–394Compression behavior, articular cartilage,
391–393Compression molding, thermosetting polymer
composite manufacture, 112–113
Condensation polymerization, polymersynthesis, 29–30
Confined compression, articular cartilage,393–394
Continuous-fiber-reinforced compositemechanics, 88–99
laminate elastic properties, 94–96unidirectional lamina elastic properties,
88–94unidirectional lamina failure, 97–99
Copper amalgams, dental materials, 612Cornea, described, 368–372Corneal decompensation, intraocular devices,
438–439Corn zein, protein-based biodegradable
polymers, 143Corrosion, metallic surface degradation
processes, 298–308. See also Metallicsurface degradation processes
Cortical bone, 917, 918Cortical tensile tests, bone mechanics,
462–467Cotyle
hip joint prosthesiscemented, 503–505noncemented, 512–517
materials for, friction and wear,519–520
Coupling stiffness matrix, 96Creep, polymers, 36Crevice corrosion, metallic surface
degradation processes, 312, 314–315Critical surface tension, polymeric materials,
inflammatory response to, 699–700Crystalline structure, metallic materials,
255–256Crystallinity
polymers, 33–35of surfaces, polymeric materials,
inflammatory response to,700–703
Cultured epithelial autograft (CEA), artificialskin, 901–902
Cytokinesacute inflammatory response, to metals and
ceramics, 746–749chronic inflammatory response, to metals
and ceramics, 765–767Cytotoxicity, biocompatibility tests, 795–802.
See also Biocompatibility tests
Index 1021
DDeacetylation, chitin and chitosan, 10–11Deep drawing, plastic deformation, metallic
materials, 285Degradation. See also Biodegradable
polymers; Metallic surface degradationprocesses
biocompatibility tests, 807–810of materials, inflammatory response (to
metals and ceramics), 735–741polyethylene, knee joint replacement,
543–544Dental amalgam, dental materials, 611–612Dental gold alloys. See also Dental implant
materials; Dental materialsmaterials, 611, 626metallic biomaterial applications, 294–295metallic materials, phase diagrams,
271–272Dental implant materials, 629–647. See also
Dental materials; Tooth structureproperties
biomechanics, 639–647generally, 639–640implant mechanics and loading, 642–643implant-tissue interaction, numerical
formulation of, 643–647tissue mechanics, 640–641
considerations, 629–631osseous grafting, 631periodontal regeneration, 631regenerative materials, 631–639
autogenous grafts, 632–633bone defect filling, 637–639heterografts or xenografts, 634membranes for periodontal defects,
634–637Dental materials, 601–629. See also Dental
implant materials; Tooth structureproperties
complex reconstructions, 621–622overview, 601–602prosthetic therapy materials, 622–629
alloys for (precious and nonprecious),625–629
fixed, 623–624moving partial or total, 624
restorative treatment, 609–621composite resins, 613–616filling, inlay, and onlay, 609–610
glass ionomers, 616–621metal materials, 610–613
somatognatic apparatus, 602–609Dental porcelain, inert bioceramics, 214–215Dentine, tooth structure properties, 589–591,
603–604. See also Dental implantmaterials; Dental materials; Toothstructure properties
Dermis, artificial skin, 902–906Dextran, polysaccharides, 7Die casting, molding, metallic materials, 287Direct tests, fiber/matrix adhesion, 85Discontinuous-fiber-reinforced composite
mechanics, 99–106elastic properties, 101–104fiber/matrix stress transfer, 99–101ultimate properties of, 105–106
Diseased tissue replacement, biologicalmaterials, medical applications, 16–19
DNA, therapeutic nucleic acids, 876. See alsoGene delivery
DNA staining, flow cytometry (FCM),cytotoxicity tests, 799–800
Drug delivery systems (DDS), 833–873biodegradable polymers, 128biological materials, medical applications,
19–20drug release mechanisms, 864–870
biodegradable matrices, 869–870reservoir systems, 868–869undegradable and swellable matrices,
867–868undegradable and unswellable devices,
864–867external control, 857–859internal control, 853–859
pH control, 853–854self-modulated devices, 855–857
novel systems, 849–853microcapsules and nanocapsules,
852–853microspheres and nanospheres, 851–852monolithic matrices, 850
overview, 833–834polymers, 836–849
biodegradable and nonbiodegradable,836–837
cellulose acetate, 848jaluronic acid, 849lactic/glycolic acid polymers, 840–842
1022 Index
Drug delivery systems (Cont.)nylon, 848polyacroleine, 849polyacrylate hydrogels, 846–848polyalkyl acrylates, 845–846polyanhydrides, 844–845
842–844polyphosphazenes, 839–840polysiloxanes, 837–839
problem overview, 870–872programmable release versus slow/
sustained release, 834–835transdermal systems, 859–864
Dry corrosion, metallic surface degradationprocesses, 298–299
Dry heat, sterilization techniques, 824
EEicosanoids, acute inflammatory response, to
metals and ceramics, 750Elastic cartilage, 908. See also Artificial
cartilageElastic fibers, tissue engineering, ECM
composition, 892Elastic properties
discontinuous-fiber-reinforced compositemechanics, 101–104
laminate, continuous-fiber-reinforcedcomposite mechanics, 94–96
unidirectional lamina, continuous-fiber-reinforced composite mechanics,88–94
Elbow prosthesis, 555–559design, 556–557historical perspective, 555indications for, 558
Electrically modulated erosion devices, drugdelivery systems (DDS), 858
Electromechanical transduction, articularcartilage, 394–396
Electron beam (E-beam) radiation,sterilization techniques, 827–829
Embedded single fiber test, fiber/matrixadhesion, 84
Enamel, tooth structure properties, 589–591,603. See also Dental implant materials;Dental materials; Tooth structureproperties
Endophthalmitis, bacterial, intraoculardevices, 440
Endothelium, leukocyte exudation, acuteinflammatory response, to metals andceramics, 751–753
Endothelium-scaffolding materials,hemocompatibility, vascular grafts,430
End plateanatomy, 406material properties, 411
Enzymatically catalyzed hydrolysis,biodegradable polymers, 123, 125
Epidermis, artificial skin, 901–902Epoxy resins, thermoset matrices, matrix
resins, polymeric composite materials,80–81
Escherichia coli, 819, 820, 821Ethylene oxide, sterilization techniques,
824–825Europe, biomaterial standards, 985–988. See
also Biomaterial standardsEuropean Committee of Regulations (CEN),
986–987European patent convention, 1006–1007. See
also Biomaterial patentsExtensional stiffness matrix, 96Extracellular matrix (ECM), 655–668. See
also Biological environmentbioartificial assist devices, 908biomaterial interactions, 659–665
fibroblast cell activation, 660–663mechano/transduction, 663–665tissue fibrosis regulation, 659–660
cell interactions, 656–658future prospects, 665–667growth factor interactions, 658–659liver, 927, 928, 931–932 (See also Liver)overview, 655–656tissue engineering, 886–888 (See also
Tissue engineering)Extracorporal blood processing, biomaterials
in, assist devices, 949–950Extracorporeal enzymatic detoxification,
polymeric materials, medicalapplications, 41–43
Extraoral autogenous grafts, dental implants,632
Extrinsic pathway, coagulative cascade,polymeric materials, 64–65
Extrusion, plastic deformation, metallicmaterials, 284–285
Index 1023
Eye, 367–379cornea, 368–372intraocular devices, 436–444 (See also
Intraocular devices)overview, 367–368sclera, 373–375vitreous, 375–379
FFailure criterion, unidirectional lamina
failure, continuous-fiber-reinforcedcomposite mechanics, 97–99
Fatigue corrosion, metallic surfacedegradation processes, 316, 318
Fatigue failure, acrylic bone cements,576–578
Femoral headdimensions of, hip joint prosthesis, friction
and wear, 519materials for, hip joint prosthesis, friction
and wear, 518–519Femoral stem (hip joint prosthesis)
cemented, 498–503, 504noncemented, 505–512
Fiber/matrix adhesion, polymeric compositematerials, 84–87
Fiber/matrix stress transfer, discontinuous-fiber-reinforced composite mechanics,99–101
Fiber reinforcement (polymeric compositematerials), 71–78
carbon (graphite) fibers, 73, 76inorganic fibers, 72–73, 74–75polymeric fibers, 76, 78
Fibrin glue, biological materials, medicalapplications (general surgery), 14
Fibrinogenpolymeric materials, 65polypeptides, 2
Fibroblast cell activation, extracellularmatrix/biomaterial interactions,660–663
Fibrocartilage, 908. See also Artificialcartilage
Fibronectin, tissue engineering, ECMcomposition, 891
Filament winding, thermosetting polymercomposite manufacture, 110–111
Filling, dental materials and implants,609–610
Fixation, knee joint replacement, 546–547Flow cytometry (FCM), cytotoxicity tests,
798–800Forging, plastic deformation, metallic
materials, 282, 283Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,
proteins, measurement on surfaces, 672Fragmentation test, fiber/matrix adhesion, 84Friction and wear
acrylic bone cement, 582hip joint prosthesis, 517–520 (See also Hip
joint prosthesis)knee joint replacement, 543–545
Full annealing, thermal treatments, metallicmaterials, 276
GGallium alloys, dental materials, 612–613Galvanic corrosion, metallic surface
degradation processes, 316, 319–320Gelatin
polypeptides, 2–5, 6protein-based biodegradable polymers, 141
Gene delivery, 875–883clinical applications, 881–882overview, 875–876synthetic vectors, 877–881
lipoplexes, 879–880lipopolyplexes, 881polyplexes, 877–879
therapeutic nucleic acids, types of, 876viral vectors, 877
Generalized corrosion, metallic surfacedegradation processes, 309
Gene therapy, tissue engineering and,897–899
Genotoxicity, biocompatibility tests, 802Gingiva, 605Glandular parenchyma. See LiverGlass fibers, polymeric composite materials,
72–73Glass-ionomer cements (GICs), dental
materials, 616–621Glycolide, aliphatic polymers, biodegradable
synthetic polymers, 147Glycosaminoglycans
polysaccharide-based biodegradablenatural polymers, 134–136
tissue engineering, ECM composition,889–890
1024 Index
Grafting, of anticoagulants,hemocompatibility, vascular grafts,429
Grains and grain boundariesbioceramics, 196–199metallic materials, surface defects and,
260–261Granulation tissue formation, wound healing
process, protein adsorption, 681–682Graphite, bioceramics, 242–243Graphite fibers. See Carbon (graphite) fibersGriffith’s theory, bioceramics, 194–195Growth factors
extracellular matrix interactions, 658–659liver cell function, 929protein adsorption, in vivo models,
683–685tissue engineering, 887, 899
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR), dentalimplants, 634–637
HHand lay-up, thermosetting polymer
composite manufacture, 108–109Hard tissue, generally, 342–344. See also
Bone tissueHard tissue mechanics. See Bone mechanicsHeart valves. See Substitute heart valvesHemocompatibility
biocompatibility tests, 807strategies for producing, vascular grafts,
429–430Hemocompatibility enhancers, polymeric
materials, requirements/evaluation,55–56
Hemodialysisassist devices, 956–958inflammatory response, to polymeric
materials, assessment of, 707–710Hemofiltration, assist devices, 958Hemostasis, polymeric materials, 64Hemostats, biological materials, medical
applications (general surgery), 14–16Heparin
albumin, protein-based biodegradablepolymers, 138
biospecific anticoagulants, polymericmaterials, chemical modifications,53–55
polysaccharides, 11
Hepatocyte density, liver cell function,930–931
Hernia repair, soft tissue replacement, 445Heterografts, dental implants, 634Hinged knee arthroplasty, historical
perspective, 532–534. See also Kneejoint replacement
Hip joint prosthesis, 491–526cemented, 498–505
cotyle, 503–505femoral stem, 498–503, 504
friction and wear, 517–520cotyle materials, 519–520femoral head dimensions, 519femoral head materials, 518–519
historical perspective, 492–498noncemented, 505–517
cotyle, 512–517femoral stem, 505–512
overview, 491–492Histamine, acute inflammatory response, to
metals and ceramics, 750Hot plastic deformation, metallic materials,
working technologies, 281–285Humoral response, inflammatory response
(to metals and ceramics), testingmethods, 777
Hyaline cartilage, 908. See also Artificialcartilage
Hyaluronanartificial bone, 922artificial cartilage, 912–913
Hyaluronate, polysaccharides, 7, 9Hydophilicity/hydrophobicity, polymeric
materials, inflammatory response to,699–700
Hydraulic conductivity, articular cartilage,390–391
Hydrogels, polyacrylate, drug deliverysystems (DDS), 846–848
Hydrogen reduction, corrosion, metallicsurface degradation processes, 303
Hydrolysis, biodegradable polymers,123–125, 147
Hydrophilic materials, hemocompatibility,strategies for producing, vasculargrafts, 429
Hydroxyapatitedental implants, 638–639impurities, bioceramics, 228–231
Index 1025
inorganic materials, 12plasma spray (high temperature),
bioceramics, 232synthesis methods, bioceramics, 232–240thermal transformation, 225–227
Hypocrellin A, albumin, protein-basedbiodegradable polymers, 138
IImmune reaction, inflammatory response (to
metals and ceramics), specific immuneresponse, 773–776
Immunofluorescent staining, flow cytometry(FCM), cytotoxicity tests, 799
Immunogenicity, inflammatory response (tometals and ceramics), specific immuneresponse, 771–773
Immunoisolation materials, bioartificial assistdevices, 982–983
Immunostimulation interaction,inflammatory response (to metals andceramics), specific immune response,773–776
Impaired healing models, protein adsorption,in vivo models, 683
Implants. See Dental implant materialsIndirect tests, fiber/matrix adhesion, 85–86Inert bioceramics, surgical implants, 209–216Inert materials, hemocompatibility, vascular
grafts, 430Infection/sterilization, 815–832
bacterial adherence, 817–822microorganism protection, 816–817neutrophil impairment, 816overview, 815sterilization techniques, 822–829
advantages and disadvantages, 823electron beam (E-beam) radiation, 827–
829ethylene oxide and chemical agents,
824–825irradiation, 825–827steam and dry heat, 824
tissue reactivity, 816Inflammation
biodegradable polymers, 126wound healing process, protein adsorption,
679–681Inflammatory response (to metals and
ceramics), 735–791
acute inflammatory response, 741–760chemotaxis, 755–757generally, 741–742leukocyte exudation, 751–753mast cells, 755mediators, 741–751monocytes/macrophages, 754neutrophils, 753–754phagocytosis, 757–760
chronic inflammatory response, 760–767cytokines, 765–767generally, 760–765
material degradation, 735–741ceramics, 738–741metals and alloys, 736–738
specific immune response, 770–780immune reaction, 773–776immunogenicity, 771–773testing methods, 776–780
toxicity, 767–770Inflammatory response (to polymeric
materials), 691–734assessment of, 705–719
blood contact, 706–713generally, 705–706intraocular implants, 713
living tissue contact, 692–696materials, 695–696specifications for choice, 692–695
materials characteristics, 696–705physiochemical parameters, 698–705size, surface area, and surface
morphology, 697–698overview, 691–692, 719–723
Injectable thermosensitive polymers, drugdelivery systems (DDS), 859
Inlay, dental materials and implants, 609–610Inorganic fibers, polymeric composite
materials, 72–73, 74–75Inorganic materials, biological materials, 12Integrins, tissue engineering, ECM receptors,
893–894Intergranular coordination number,
bioceramics, 196Intergranular corrosion, metallic surface
degradation processes, 311–312, 313Intermetallic phases, metallic alloy structures,
263Interstitial solid solutions, metallic alloy
structures, 262
1026 Index
Intervertebral disc, 403–424anatomy, 404–406
annulus fibrosus, 405–406end plate, 406nucleus pulposus, 404–405
degeneration effects, 405–416material properties, 406–411
annulus fibrosus, 408–411end plate, 411nucleus pulposus, 406–408
mechanical behavior, 411–415overview, 403prostheses, 416–419
soft tissue replacement, 447–448Intraocular devices, 436–444
generally, 436–437inflammatory response, to polymeric
materials, assessment of, 713keratoprostheses, 441–444lenses, 437–441
bacterial endophthalmitis, 440corneal decompensation, 438–439posterior capsule opacification,
440–441postoperative inflammation, 439
Intraoral autogenous grafts, dental implants,632–633
Intrinsic pathway, coagulative cascade,polymeric materials, 64–65
Invention, definition of, biomaterial patents,1009–1012
In vitro studies. See also Biocompatibilitytests
cell therapy, artificial cartilage, 910–911chondrocyte cultures, artificial cartilage,
909–910inflammatory response, to polymeric
materials, assessment of, 711–713In vitro tissue development, cell culture and,
tissue engineering, 888–899. See alsoTissue engineering
In vivo studies. See also Biocompatibility testscell therapy, artificial cartilage, 910–911inflammatory response, to polymeric
materials, assessment of, 716–719Ionic impurities, hydroxyapatite powder,
bioceramics, 228–231Ionization, biodegradable polymers, 122–123Iron-carbon phase diagram, metallic
materials, 268–269
Iron-chromium phase diagrams, metallicmaterials, 269
Iron-nickel phase diagram, metallic materials,269
Irradiation, sterilization techniques, 825–827Irritation, biocompatibility tests, 803ISO, biomaterial standards, 989–991Isomerism, polymers, 32–33Isotacticity, polymers, 33Italian Electrotechnical Committee (CEI),
986
JJaluronic acid, drug delivery systems (DDS),
849Joint prosthesis, inflammatory response,
assessment of, 715–716. See alsoElbow prosthesis; Hip joint prosthesis;Knee joint replacement; Shoulderprosthesis
KKeratoprostheses, intraocular devices,
441–444Kinetics, corrosion, metallic surface
degradation processes, 302–307Kinin-forming system, acute inflammatory
response, to metals and ceramics,749–750
Knee joint replacement, 527–554alignment, 545–546fixation, 546–547historical perspective
hinged knee arthroplasty, 532–534total knee arthroplasty (TKA),
529–532unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,
534–536knee anatomy, function, and structure,
536–537overview, 527–528patellofemoral joint, 547–550polyethylene, 537–545
contract stress, congruency, andconformity, 537–540
debris, 544–545degradation, 543–544metal backing, 541–542strength, 542–543thickness, 540–541
Index 1027
LLactic/glycolic acid polymers, drug delivery
systems (DDS), 840–842Laminate(s), continuous-fiber-reinforced
composite mechanics, 88. See alsoContinuous-fiber-reinforced compositemechanics
Laminate constitutive equation, 96Laminate elastic properties, continuous-fiber-
reinforced composite mechanics,94–96
Laminin, tissue engineering, ECMcomposition, 891
Lattice. See also Metallic materialsdefects in, metallic materials, 256–261metallic materials, 255–256
Lenses, intraocular devices, 437–441Leukocyte exudation, acute inflammatory
response, to metals and ceramics,751–753
Leukotrienes, acute inflammatory response,to metals and ceramics, 750–751
Lever rule, two phases and, metallic materials,phase diagrams, 266–267
Ligaments. See Tendons and ligamentsLinear defects, in lattice, metallic materials,
257–260Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM),
tooth structure properties, 595–597Lipophobicity, polymeric materials,
inflammatory response to, 699–700Lipoplexes, synthetic vectors, 879–880Lipopolyplexes, synthetic vectors, 881Liver, 925–936
anatomy, 926bioartificial assist devices, 976, 977extracellular matrix, 927liver cell function, 928–936microarchitecture, 926overview, 925–926, 936parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells,
927Local implantation tests, biocompatibility
tests, 803–804, 805–806Localized corrosion, metallic surface
degradation processes, 309–316
MMacrophages, acute inflammatory response,
to metals and ceramics, 754
Magnetically modulated devices, drugdelivery systems (DDS), 856–858
Mast cells, acute inflammatory response, tometals and ceramics, 755
Matrixpolymeric composite materials, 70scaffold and, bioartificial assist devices,
981–982Matrix formation, wound healing process,
protein adsorption, 682Matrix resins, polymeric composite materials,
78–83thermoplastic matrices, 81–83thermoset matrices, 79–81
Maximum stress/strain criterion,unidirectional lamina failure,continuous-fiber-reinforced compositemechanics, 97–98
Mechanical behavior, intervertebral disc,411–415
Mechanical propertiesarticular cartilage, 386–394 (See also
Articular cartilage)polymers, 35–36skin, 356–357soft tissue, 349–352tendons and ligaments, 359–363
Mechanical substitute heart valves, 434–435.See also Substitute heart valves
Mechanical testing, bone mechanics, 462–468Mechanistic models, bone, functional
adaptation, 481–482Mechanochemical preparation,
hydroxyapatite synthesis, 239–240Mechano/transduction, extracellular matrix/
biomaterial interactions, 663–665Medical applications
bioceramics, 208–252 (See alsoBioceramies)
biodegradable polymers, 119–120, 126–129biological glasses, 246–249diseased tissue replacement, biological
materials, 16–19drug delivery systems (DDS), biological
materials, 19–20general surgery, biological materials, 14–16
adhesion prevention materials, 16hemostats, sealants, and adhesives,
14–16sutures, 14
1028 Index
Medical applications (Cont.)metallic materials, 289–295 (See also
Metallic materials)polymeric materials, 36–43
biodegradable and bioresorbablepolymers, 40–41
extracorporeal enzymatic detoxification,41–43
generally, 36–37synthetic polymers, 37–40
tissue engineering, biological materials,20–22
Membranesassist devices, 951–956materials for, assist devices, 964–968preparation of assist devices, 961–964therapeutic, assist devices, artificial devices,
956–960Mercury amalgam, dental materials, 612Mesenchymal stem cells, artificial cartilage,
914–916Mesophase pitch, carbon (graphite) fibers, 76Metallic alloy structures, metallic materials,
262–263Metallic materials, 255–295
biomaterial applications, 289–295austenitic stainless steel, 290–291cobalt alloys, 291–292precious metal alloys, 294–295titanium and titanium alloys, 292–294
crystalline structure, 255–256dental materials, 610–613 (See also Dental
implant materials; Dental materials)inflammatory response (to metals and
ceramics), 736–738, 744, 745–746,748–749, 758–759, 771, 773 (See alsoInflammatory response (to metalsand ceramics))
lattice defects, 256–261linear defects, 257–260plastic deformation temperature effects,
261point defects, 257surface defects and grain boundaries,
260–261metallic alloy structures, 262–263phase diagrams, 263–272
binary phase diagrams, graphicrepresentation of, 264–265
dental gold alloys, 271–272
iron-carbon, 268–269iron-nickel and iron-chromium
diagrams, 269one phase, 265phase definition, 263three phases, 267titanium-aluminum and titanium-
vanadium diagrams, 269–271two phases, Lever rule and, 266–267variance and phase rule, 264
strengthening, 277–280surface dynamics and surface analysis,
biomaterial characterization, 328–329thermal treatments, 272–277working technologies, 280–289
bonding, 288molding, 285–287plastic deformation (hot or cold),
281–285powder metallurgy, 287–288surface finishing, 289tool machining, 288
Metallic surface(s), biomaterialcharacterization, surface dynamics andsurface analysis, 328–329
Metallic surface degradation processes,297–323
biological environment, 297–298, 308corrosion, 298–308
biological environment, 308dry, 298–299kinetics, 302–307wet, 299–302
corrosion forms, 308–320galvanic, 316, 319–320generalized, 309localized, 309–316selective, 320, 321wear, 320, 322
corrosion prevention, 320, 323Metal oxidation reaction, corrosion, metallic
surface degradation processes,304–307
Methylvinylether-maleic anhydridecopolymer, pH control, drug deliverysystems (DDS), 853–854
Microbial polyesters, biodegradablepolymers, 143–145
Microcapsules, nanocapsules and, drugdelivery systems (DDS), 852–853
Index 1029
Microdebonding test, fiber/matrix adhesion,84–85
Microorganism protection, infection/sterilization, 816–817
Microphase heterogeneous surfaces, polymersurfaces organization, biomaterialcharacterization, 332–336
Microporous membranes, drug deliverysystems (DDS), 855–856
Microspheres, nanospheres and, drug deliverysystems (DDS), 851–852
Microstructure-mechanical propertiesrelationship, acrylic bone cements,578–582. See also Acrylic bonecements
Molding, metallic materials, workingtechnologies, 285–287
Molecular biological techniques, cytotoxicitytests, 800–801
Molecular weight, polymers, 30, 32Monocytes, acute inflammatory response, to
metals and ceramics, 754Monolithic devices, drug delivery systems
(DDS), 860–861Monolithic matrices, drug delivery systems
(DDS), 850Multiple phases, metallic alloy structures,
263
NNaltroxone, drug delivery systems (DDS),
856–857Nanocapsules, microcapsules and, drug
delivery systems (DDS), 852–853Nanospheres, microspheres and, drug
delivery systems (DDS), 851–852National Body of Unification (UNI, Italy),
986Natural polymers. See also Polymers;
Synthetic polymersbiodegradable polymers, 129–145 (See also
Biodegradable polymers)vascular stent coatings, 433
Neutrophil impairment, infection/sterilization, 816
Neutrophils, acute inflammatory response, tometals and ceramics, 753–754
Nitrides, inert bioceramics, 213–214Noncemented hip joint prosthesis, 505–517.
See also Hip joint prosthesis
Nonintegrin receptors, tissue engineering,ECM receptors, 893
Nonparenchymal cells, liver, 927. See alsoLiver
Normalization, thermal treatments, metallicmaterials, 277
Nucelopore/millipore filters, dental implants,635
Nucleic acids, therapeutic, types of, 876. Seealso Gene therapy
Nucleus pulposusanatomy, 404–405material properties, 406–408
Numerical approach, bone mechanics,482–485
Nylon, drug delivery systems (DDS), 848
OOctacalcium phosphate, thermal
transformation, 225Odontoblasts, 603–604Oligoelements, additions of, strengthening of
metallic materials, 278One phase, metallic materials, phase
diagrams, 265Onlay, dental materials and implants,
609–610Oral surgery. See Dental implant materials;
Dental materialsOrder-disorder transformations,
strengthening of metallic materials,279–280
Orthotropic lamina, unidirectional laminaelastic properties, 88–90
Osseous grafting, dental implants, 631Oxidation reaction, corrosion, metallic surface
degradation processes, 304–307Oxygenation, liver cell function, 928–929Oxygen reduction, corrosion, metallic surface
degradation processes, 303–304
PPancreas, bioartificial assist devices, 977–980Parenchymal cells, liver, 927. See also LiverParkinson’s disease, tissue engineering, 899Particulate composites, properties of,
polymeric composite materials,106–108
Patellofemoral joint, knee joint replacement,547–550
1030 Index
Patent Cooperation Treaty, 1007–1009. Seealso Biomaterial patents
Patents. See Biomaterial patentsPEG polymers, lipoplexes, 880Penile implants, 446Periarticular muscles, role of, shoulder
prosthesis, 566–568Periarticular resistances, shoulder prosthesis,
566Perichondrium, cartilage, 909Periodontal regeneration, dental implants,
631Permanent-mold casting, molding, metallic
materials, 287pH
carious pathology, 606–607control of, drug delivery systems (DDS),
853–854metallic surface degradation processes, 298
Phagocytosis, acute inflammatory response,to metals and ceramics, 757–760
Phase diagrams, metallic materials, 263–272.See also Metallic materials
Phase inversion technique, membranepreparation, assist devices, 962–963
Phase rule, variance and, metallic materials,264
Phenomenological models, bone, functionaladaptation, 478–481
Physiochemical parameters, polymericmaterials, inflammatory response to,698–705
Pitting corrosion, metallic surfacedegradation processes, 309–311
Plaque, bacterial, 606Plasma fractionation, assist devices, 959Plasmapheresis, assist devices, 958–959Plasma proteins (serum albumin and
fibrinogen), polypeptides, 2Plasma spray (high temperature),
bioceramics, 232Plastic deformation
hot or cold, metallic materials, workingtechnologies, 281–285
linear defects and, in lattice, metallicmaterials, 257–260
Plastic deformation temperatureeffect on dislocations, metallic materials,
260effect on grain size, metallic materials, 261
Platelet-activating factor (PAF), acuteinflammatory response, to metals andceramics, 751
Platelet aggregation, polymeric materials, 64Point defects, in lattice, metallic materials, 257Polyacroleine, drug delivery systems (DDS),
849Polyacrylate hydrogels, drug delivery systems
(DDS), 846–848Poly(acrylic) polymers, drug delivery systems
(DDS), 855Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), carbon (graphite)
fibers, 76Polyaddition, polymer synthesis, 30Polyalkyl acrylates, drug delivery systems
(DDS), 845–846Poly(alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate), synthetic
biodegradable polymers, 155–156Polyamide, membrane materials, assist
devices, 967–968Polyanhydrides
drug delivery systems (DDS), 844–845synthetic biodegradable polymers, 154–155
Polycarbonate, membrane materials, assistdevices, 968
Poly(ester-amides), synthetic biodegradablepolymers, 150–151
Polyester resins, thermoset matrices, matrixresins, polymeric composite materials,79–80
Polyesters, 11–12Polyethylene, knee joint replacement,
537–545. See also Knee jointreplacement
Polyethyleneterephthalate, syntheticbiodegradable polymers, 159–161
drug delivery systems(DDS), 842–844
Polyimino carbonates, syntheticbiodegradable polymers, 156–157
Polylactic acidaliphatic polymers, biodegradable synthetic
polymers, 147dental implants, 636–637
Polymeric carbonscarbon-coated implants, bioceramics, 242graphite, bioceramics, 242–243pyrolytic carbons, bioceramics, 242vitreous, bioceramics, 240–241
Polymeric composite materials, 69–117
Index 1031
carbon (graphite) fibers, 76classification of, summary chart, 71continuous-fiber-reinforced composite
mechanics, 88–99laminate elastic properties, 94–96unidirectional lamina elastic properties,
88–94unidirectional lamina failure, 97–99
discontinuous-fiber-reinforced compositemechanics, 99–106
elastic properties, 101–104fiber/matrix stress transfer, 99–101ultimate properties of, 105–106
fiber/matrix adhesion, 84–87fiber reinforcement, 71–78
carbon (graphite) fibers, 73, 76, 77inorganic fibers, 72–73, 74–75polymeric fibers, 76, 78
manufacture, 108–114thermoplastic polymer composites,
113–114thermosetting polymer composites,
108–113matrix resins, 78–83
thermoplastic matrices, 81–83thermoset matrices, 79–81
overview, 69–71particulate composite properties, 106–108volume and weight fractions, 87
Polymeric fibers, polymeric compositematerials, 76, 78
Polymeric materials, 25–68biological interaction, 63–66inflammatory response to, 691–734 (See
also Inflammatory response (topolymeric materials))
medical applications, 36–43biodegradable and bioresorbable
polymers, 40–41extracorporeal enzymatic detoxification,
41–43generally, 36–37synthetic polymers, 37–40
overview, 25–26polymers, 27–36
crystallinity, 33–35generally, 27–29isomerism, 32–33mechanical properties, 35–36molecular weight, 30, 32
synthesis, 29–30, 31production, 56–63
classes, 58–63generally, 56–57
requirements/evaluation, 43–66bulk and surface properties, 43–50chemical modifications, 50–56
biospecific anticoagulants, 51–55hemocompatibility enhancers, 55–56
surface dynamics and surface analysis,biomaterial characterization, 329–330
surfaces organization, biomaterialcharacterization, 330–336
Polymers. See also Biodegradable polymers;Natural polymers
assist devices, 960–961, 967–968 (See alsoAssist devices)
drug delivery systems (DDS), 836–849 (Seealso Drug delivery systems (DDS))
tissue engineering, 896–897vascular stent coatings, 432–433
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), 569, 595,715. See also Acrylic bone cements
Polyolefins, membrane materials, assistdevices, 968
PolyorthoesterspH control, drug delivery systems (DDS), 854synthetic biodegradable polymers, 152–154
Polypeptides, 2–5collagen and gelatin, 2–5, 6plasma proteins (serum albumin and
fibrinogen), 2Polyphosphazenes
drug delivery systems (DDS), 839–840synthetic biodegradable polymers, 157–159
Polyplexes, synthetic vectors, 877–879Polysaccharide-based biodegradable natural
polymers, 129–137alginates, 136–137cellulose, 131–133chitin/chitosan, 133–134glycosaminoglycans, 134–136starch, 130–131
Polysaccharides, 5, 7–11cellulose, 5chitin and chitosan, 9–11dextran, 7hyaluronate, 7, 9miscellaneous, 11starch, 7
1032 Index
Polysiloxanes, drug delivery systems (DDS),837–839
Polysulfone, membrane materials, assistdevices, 967
Polyurethaneshemocompatibility, vascular grafts, 431synthetic biodegradable polymers, 163–165
Porcelain, inert bioceramics, 214–215Porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) restoration,
dental materials, 626–627Porosity
acrylic bone cements, 579Young’s modulus and, bioceramics, 196
Posterior capsule opacification, intraoculardevices, 440–441
Postoperative inflammation, intraoculardevices, 439
Powder metallurgy, metallic materials,working technologies, 287–288
Powder treatment, bioceramic processing, 200Precious metal alloys, metallic biomaterial
applications, 294–295Prefiring, bioceramics, 202Programmable release, slow/sustained release
versus, drug delivery systems (DDS),834–835. See also Drug deliverysystems (DDS)
Propionibacterium acnes, 820Prostaglandins, acute inflammatory response,
to metals and ceramics, 744–746Prosthesis. See also Dental implant materials;
Dental materials; Elbow prosthesis;Hip joint prosthesis; Knee jointreplacement; Shoulder prosthesis
dental materials, 622–629intervertebral disc, 416–419
Protein adsorption, 669–689cells/tissue interactions, 678–685
in vivo models, 682–685wound healing process, 678–682
definitions, 670importance of, 677–678measurement on surfaces, 671–673overview, 669structure in solution and on surfaces,
670–671to surfaces, principles, 674–677
Protein-based biodegradable polymers,137–143
albumin, 138
casein, 143collagen, 138–141corn zein, 143gelatin, 141generally, 137–138silk proteins, 141–143soy protein isolate, 143wheat gluten, 143
Proteoglycans, tissue engineering, ECMcomposition, 889–890
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 819, 820Pull-out test, fiber/matrix adhesion, 84–85Pulp, tooth structure properties, 589–591,
604. See also Dental implant materials;Dental materials; Tooth structureproperties
Pultrusion, thermosetting polymer compositemanufacture, 111–112
Pyrolytic carbons, bioceramics, 242
QQuenching, thermal treatments, metallic
materials, 277
RRadioactive labeling, proteins, measurement
on surfaces, 671–672Radiopacifier particles, acrylic bone cement
additives, 580–582Rearrangement polymerization, polymer
synthesis, 29–30Recrystallization, linear defects, in lattice,
metallic materials, 259–260Re-epithelialization, wound healing process,
protein adsorption, 682Reinforcing agents, polymeric composite
materials, 70Remodeling
articular cartilage, 396–398wound healing process, protein adsorption,
682Repair, articular cartilage, 396–398Reproductive toxicity, biocompatibility tests,
803Reservoir devices, drug delivery systems
(DDS), 861–862Reservoir systems, drug delivery systems
(DDS), 868–869Resin transfer molding (RTM), thermosetting
polymer composite manufacture, 112
Index 1033
Reverse transcription polymerase chainreaction (RT-PCR), cytotoxicity tests,801–802
RNA, therapeutic nucleic acids, 876. See alsoGene delivery
Rolling, plastic deformation, metallicmaterials, 282, 283
SSaliva, 605–606Sand casting, molding, metallic materials,
285–287Scaffold, matrix and, bioartificial assist
devices, 981–982Sclera, described, 373–375Sealants, biological materials, medical
applications (general surgery), 14–16Selective corrosion, metallic surface
degradation processes, 320, 321Self-modulated devices, drug delivery systems
(DDS), 855–857Sensitization, biocompatibility tests, 803Sepsis. See Infection/sterilizationSequence isomerisms, polymers, 32–33Serum albumin, polypeptides, 2Shaping methods, bioceramic processing,
200–202Shoulder prosthesis, 561–568
articular and periarticular resistances, 566articular surfaces and design, conforming
of, 564–565design, 562–563historical perspective, 561implantation, 563periarticular muscles, role of, 566–568
Signal transduction, tissue engineering, 894Silicon carbide fibers, polymeric composite
materials, 73Silk proteins, protein-based biodegradable
polymers, 141–143Silver amalgam, dental materials, 612Silver-tin-mercury alloy, dental materials, 611Single-fiber methods, fiber/matrix adhesion,
85Sintering, bioceramics, 202–207Skeleton, inorganic materials, 12Skin, 353–357. See also Artificial skin
artificial, soft tissue replacement, 444composition and structure, 354–355mechanical properties, 356–357
Skin permeability enhancers, drug deliverysystems (DDS), 862–864
Slow release, programmable release versus,drug delivery systems (DDS),834–835. See also Drug deliverysystems (DDS)
Soft tissue, 347–365generally, 340–342skin, 353–357
composition and structure, 354–355mechanical properties, 356–357
structure-property relationship, 347–353mechanical properties, 349–352transport properties, 352–353
tendons and ligaments, 357–363composition and structure, 358–359functions of, 357mechanical properties, 359–363
Soft tissue replacement, 425–458cardiovascular devices, 426–436
substitute heart valves, 434–436 (See alsoSubstitute heart valves)
vascular grafts, 427–431 (See alsoVascular grafts)
vascular stents, 431–433 (See alsoVascular stents)
hernia repair, 445intervertebral disc prostheses, 447–448intraocular devices, 436–444 (See also
Intraocular devices)overview, 425–426skin (artificial), 444tendon and ligament prostheses, 446–447urological devices, 445–446
Sol-gel preparation, hydroxyapatite synthesis,235–239
Solid state diffusion, point defects and, inlattice, metallic materials, 257
Solubilization, biodegradable polymers,121–122
Somatognatic apparatus, dental materialsand implants, 602–609
Soy protein isolate, protein-basedbiodegradable polymers, 143
Specific immune response, 770–780immune reaction, 773–776immunogenicity, 771–773
Sponge-type collagen, biological materials,medical applications (general surgery),14, 16
1034 Index
Stable synthetic polymers, vascular stentcoatings, 432
Stainless steel, austenitic, metallic biomaterialapplications, 290–291
Standards. See Biomaterial standardsStaphylococcus aureus, 819, 820, 821Staphylococcus epidermidis, 817–822Staphylococcus pyogenes, 815Starch
polysaccharide-based biodegradablenatural polymers, 130–131
polysaccharides, 7Static mechanical properties, articular
cartilage, 386–388Steam and dry heat, sterilization techniques,
824Stem cells
artificial bone, 920–921mesenchymal, artificial cartilage, 914–916
Stentsurological devices, soft tissue replacement,
445–446vascular, 431–433
coatings for, 432–433inflammatory response, to polymeric
materials, assessment of, 710–711metals for, 431–432
Stereoisomerisms, polymers, 32–33Sterilization. See Infection/sterilizationStrain, polymers, 35–36Strengthening, of metallic materials, 277–280Streptococcus mutans, 606Stress, polymers, 35–36Stress corrosion cracking, metallic surface
degradation processes, 315–316, 317Stress-strain relationship
articular cartilage, 386–388cornea, 371–372sclera, 373–375soft tissue, 349–350
Stretching, plastic deformation, metallicmaterials, 285
Structural isomerisms, polymers, 32–33Structure-property relationship, soft tissue,
347–353. See also Soft tissueSubcutaneous implants, protein adsorption,
in vivo models, 682–683Substitute heart valves, 434–436
bioprosthetic, 435developmental guidelines, 435–436
mechanical, 434–435Substitutional solid solutions, metallic alloy
structures, 262–263Sucrose, carious pathology, 607Surface chemistry, polymeric materials,
inflammatory response to, 703–705Surface defects, grain boundaries and, lattice
defects, metallic materials, 260–261Surface degradation processes. See Metallic
surface degradation processesSurface dynamics/analysis, biomaterial
characterization, 328–330. See alsoBiomaterial characterization
Surface finishing, metallic materials, workingtechnologies, 289
Surface properties, polymeric materials,requirements/evaluation, 43–50
Surface-related phenomenon, polymericmaterials, 697–698. See alsoInflammatory response (to polymericmaterials)
Surface tension, critical, polymeric materials,inflammatory response to, 699–700
Sustained release, programmable releaseversus, drug delivery systems (DDS),834–835. See also Drug deliverysystems (DDS)
Suturesbiological materials, medical applications
(general surgery), 14inflammatory response, to polymeric
materials, assessment of, 713–714Swellable matrices, undegradable matrices
and, drug delivery systems (DDS),drug release mechanisms, 867–868
Syndiotacticity, polymers, 33Synthetic biodegradable polymers, 145–165
aliphatic, 145–150poly(alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate), 155–156polyamides, 161–162polyanhydrides, 154–155poly(ester-amides), 150–151polyethyleneterephthalate, 159–161polyimino carbonates, 156–157polyorthoesters, 152–154polyphosphazenes, 157–159polyurethanes, 163–165
Synthetic polymersmedical applications, 37–40membrane materials, assist devices, 967
Index 1035
tissue engineering, 896–897vascular stent coatings, 432–433
Synthetic vectors, 877–881. See also Genedelivery
lipoplexes, 879–880lipopolyplexes, 881polyplexes, 877–879
Systemic toxicity, biocompatibility tests, 804,806
TTacticity, polymers, 32–33Targeted delivery, drug delivery systems
(DDS), 835Teeth. See Dental implant materials; Dental
materials; Tooth structure propertiesTeflon/PTFE membranes, dental implants,
635Temperature-triggered polymers, drug
delivery systems (DDS), 858–859Tempering, thermal treatments, metallic
materials, 277Tendons and ligaments, 357–363
composition and structure, 358–359functions of, 357prostheses, soft tissue replacement,
446–447Tensile properties, tendons and ligaments,
360–361Testicular implants, 446Tests and testing. See also Biocompatibility
testsbiomaterials, tissue engineering, 895–897bone mechanics
cancellous uniaxial test specimens,467–468
cortical tensile tests, 462–467mechanical testing, 462–468
cytotoxicity testsDNA staining, flow cytometry (FCM),
799–800flow cytometry (FCM), 798–800molecular biological techniques,
800–801reverse transcription polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR), 801–802embedded single fiber test, fiber/matrix
adhesion, 84fiber/matrix adhesion
direct tests, 85
fragmentation test, 84indirect tests, 85–86pull-out test, 84–85
humoral response, inflammatory response,testing methods, 777
inflammatory response, specific immuneresponse, 776–780
microdebonding test, fiber/matrixadhesion, 84–85
tissue engineering, testing of biomaterialsand new strategies, 895–897
Therapeutic nucleic acids, types of, 876. Seealso Gene delivery
Thermal process, bioceramics, 202Thermal transformation
calcium phosphate chemistry, 223–224hydroxyapatite chemistry, 225–227octacalcium phosphate chemistry, 225tricalcium phosphate chemistry, 224–225
Thermal treatmentsmetallic materials, 272–277strengthening of metallic materials, 279
Thermoplastic matrices, matrix resins,polymeric composite materials,81–83
Thermoplastic polymer composites,manufacture of, 113–114
Thermoset matrices, matrix resins, polymericcomposite materials, 79–81
Thermosetting polymer composites,manufacture of, 108–113
Three phases, metallic materials, phasediagrams, 267
Thrombogenicity, assist devices, 969–971Thrombospondin, tissue engineering, ECM
composition, 891–892Time-dependent properties, articular
cartilage, 388Tissue engineering, 885–946
artificial bone, 916–925acellular approaches, 918–920bone histology and physiology, 917–918cellular approaches, 920–922clinical considerations, 923–924future prospects, 924–925overview, 916–917
artificial cartilage, 907–916cartilage-like tissue constructs, 911–914cartilage properties, 908–909chondrocyte cultures in vitro, 909–910
1036 Index
Tissue engineering (Cont.)current status, 907–908mesenchymal stem cells, 914–916in vitro and in vivo studies (cell
therapy), 910–911artificial skin
dermis, 902–906epidermis, 901–902generally, 900–901progress in, 907
biological materials, medical applications,20–22
cell culture and in vitro tissue development,888–899
ECM composition, 889–892ECM receptors, 892–894gene therapy and, 897–899signal transduction, 894testing of biomaterials and new
strategies, 895–897definitions, 885extracellular matrix (ECM), 886–888goals of, 885–886liver, 925–936
anatomy, 926extracellular matrix, 927liver cell function, 928–936microarchitecture, 926overview, 925–926, 936parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells,
927Tissue factor, coagulative cascade, polymeric
materials, 64–65Tissue fibrosis regulation, extracellular
matrix/biomaterial interactions,659–660
Tissue reactivity, infection/sterilization, 816Tissues, 339–345. See also Bone tissue; Soft
tissuehard tissue, 342–344overview, 339–340soft tissue, 340–342
Titanium, metallic biomaterial applications,292–294
Titanium alloys, metallic biomaterialapplications, 292–294
Titanium-aluminum phase diagram, metallicmaterials, 269–271
Titanium-vanadium phase diagram, metallicmaterials, 269–271
Tool machining, metallic materials, workingtechnologies, 288
Tooth structure properties, 589–599. See alsoDental implant materials; Dentalmaterials
mechanical properties, 592–597fracture toughness, 595–597hardness, 595static, 592–594
overview, 589–591physical properties, 591–592
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA), 527–532. Seealso Knee joint replacement
Toxicity, inflammatory response (to metalsand ceramics), 767–770
Trabecular bone, 917–918Transdermal systems (drug delivery systems
(DDS)), 859–864. See also Drugdelivery systems (DDS)
monolithic devices, 860–861reservoir devices, 861–862skin permeability enhancers, 862–864
Transport properties, soft tissue, 352–353Tribological performance, bioceramics, 199Tricalcium phosphate, thermal
transformation, 224–225Tsai-Hill (maximum work) criterion,
unidirectional lamina failure,continuous-fiber-reinforced compositemechanics, 98–99
Two phasesLever rule and, metallic materials, phase
diagrams, 266–267metallic alloy structures, 263
UUltrasonic modulated devices, drug delivery
systems (DDS), 856Ultrasound analysis, bone mechanics,
468–469Undegradable devices, unswellable devices
and, drug delivery systems (DDS),864–867
Undegradable matrices, swellable matricesand, drug delivery systems (DDS),drug release mechanisms, 867–868
Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,historical perspective, 534–536. Seealso Knee joint replacement
Index 1037
Unidirectional lamina elastic properties,continuous-fiber-reinforced compositemechanics, 88–94
Unidirectional lamina failure, continuous-fiber-reinforced composite mechanics,97–99
United States, biomaterial patents, 1013Unswellable devices, undegradable devices
and, drug delivery systems (DDS),864–867
Urinary sphincters, artificial, 446Urological devices, soft tissue replacement,
445–446
VVariance, phase rule and, metallic materials,
264Vascular grafts, 427–431
biocompatibility, 427–429hemocompatibility, strategies for
producing, 429–430Vascular prostheses, inflammatory response,
to polymeric materials, assessmentof, 710–711
Vascular stents, 431–433coatings for, 432–433inflammatory response, to polymeric
materials, assessment of, 710–711metals for, 431–432
Vinyl ester resins, thermoset matrices, matrixresins, polymeric composite materials,79–80
Viral vectors, gene delivery, 877. See alsoGene delivery
Viscoelastic propertiesacrylic bone cements, 575–576articular cartilage, 389–390soft tissue, 350–352tendons and ligaments, 361–363
Viscoelastic shear properties, articularcartilage, 388–389
Vitreous, described, 375–379
Vitreous carbons, bioceramics, 240–241Vitronectin, tissue engineering, ECM
composition, 892Volume and weight fractions, polymeric
composite materials, 87Vulcanization, polymers, 28
WWear. See Friction and wearWear corrosion, metallic surface degradation
processes, 320, 322Weight and volume fractions, polymeric
composite materials, 87Wet corrosion, metallic surface degradation
processes, 299–302Wet preparation, hydroxyapatite synthesis,
232–235Wheat gluten, protein-based biodegradable
polymers, 143Wire drawing, plastic deformation, metallic
materials, 282, 283Wolff’s law, bone mechanics, 476–477Work hardening
linear defects, in lattice, metallic materials,258–259
strengthening of metallic materials, 278Working technologies, metallic materials,
280–289. See also Metallic materialsWound healing process
protein adsorption, 678–682in vivo models, 682–685
XXenografts, dental implants, 634
YYoung’s modulus, porosity and, bioceramics,
196
ZZirconia, inert bioceramics, 210–213