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Index

S

Acacius (patriarch), 40Ad ecclesiam (Salvian of Marseilles),

312Adid the Arab, 135administrative bureaucracy, imperial,

33–35, 51, 378–379, 390, 392Adomnan, 400Adrianople, battle of (378), 7, 16, 19, 23,

58, 128, 137, 196, 209, 213–214,241, 243, 304, 321

adscript colonate, 52Aegidius (Roman general in Gaul), 39,

136, 164Aelia Eudoxia (wife of Emperor

Valentinian III), 28, 102, 103, 105,109, 115, 141

Aeneas of Gaza, 385Aeneid (Virgil), 355Aetius (Flavius Aetius; general)

assassination of, 31, 38Burgundians settled in Gaul by, 261Catalaunian Fields, Attila’s defeat at

(451), 193–194, 254dynastic principle and, 103, 109, 112,

115, 121followers of, 258governance of Roman empire and,

26–43Huns, alliance with, 8, 17, 198invasion of Italy and, 328politics of Roman military and, 135,

136tax burdens triggered by barbarian

push-back of, 315Age of Attila, 3–25

barbarians in. See barbarians; northernEurope; specific groups, e.g. Huns

change and transformation in,247–263. See also change andtransformation in Age of Attila

chronology of, xv–xvidefined, xiiieconomies in, 44–60. See also

economies in age of Attilaeducation in, 376–393. See also

educationgeographical awareness and

imagination in, 394–413. See alsogeographical awareness andimagination

geopolitical zones of, 4–5. See alsoEurasian steppe; North Africa;northern Europe; Roman empire;Sasanian Persia

mobility in, 97religion in. See Christianity; Jews and

Judaism; pagans and paganism;religion

“self ” and “other,” Late Antique driveto define, 358

agricultural/rural areas. See countrysideAgrippinus (minister), 39Ailia of Gaza, 72Akatzirs, 256Alamanni, 221Alans

contact with Romans prior tomigration/invasion, 253

Gaul, settlement in, 38, 40Huns, confederative associations

with/dominance by, 221, 222Huns, effects of arrival of, 8, 215–221Huns, origins of, 177land grabs by, 58

469

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Index

Alans (cont.)in North Africa, 247, 252, 260Rhine boundary, collapse of, 16in Spain, 247, 251, 260

Alaric the Gothchange and transformation in age of

Attila and, 253, 258governance of Roman empire and, 28,

36, 42Huns in barbarian Europe and,

215papacy and, 335Roman military establishment and, 15,

132, 135, 136Rome, Visigothic sack of (410), 61,

86, 137, 347, 352–357Stilicho and, 17

Alaric II (Visigothic ruler)Breviary of (Lex romana visigothorum),

140, 143, 149, 151, 152title on seal ring of, 262

Albertini Tablets, 153Alexander (Constantinopolitan ascetic),

323–324Alexander Romance, 412Alexander the Great, 405Alexandria

architecture and public monuments in,73

bishops of, 89–92Constantinople’s dependence on grain

shipments from, 81, 89–92as educational center, 376–378, 382,

385, 387, 389, 390–392grain supply for, 89–92Jews, expulsion of, 372–373, 374as Mediterranean city, 61as megalopolis, 47, 90pagan sites, destruction of, 71

Alizadeh, Karim, 294Alkhons (“red Huns”), 184, 186, 190,

286Altava inscription, 275–276Alypius (friend of Augustine), 62Amalfrida (Ostrogothic wife of Vandal

Thrasamund), 269Amals, 222, 225, 226

Ambrose of Milan, 23, 41, 212, 243,370–372, 374

Amida, siege of (503), 127, 183Ammianus Marcellinus, 414

on economies of Roman empire, 53,55

on Huns, 177, 183, 196, 212, 213, 215on military, 125on Sasanian Persia, 289on urban communities, 79

Ammonius (Alexandrian teacher ofphilosophy), 382, 387

Ammonius (Egyptian ascetic), 323Ammonius Saccas (Platonic

philosopher), 383Anastasius (emperor), 32, 40, 45, 99, 109,

171, 172Anatolius (bishop of Constantinople),

341Angles and Saxons, 14, 247, 253Anicia Demetrias (Roman ascetic

noblewoman), 317, 320Anicia Juliana (daughter of Olybrius and

Placidia), 109Anicius Olybrius, 105–106, 109Anonymous Prolegomena to Platonic

Philosophy, 387Antae, 236Anthemius (emperor), 106, 135Anthemius (praetorian prefect), 28, 30anthropology, theological understanding

of, 337Antioch


famines in, 321as imperial capital, 47Jewish-Christian relations in, 366law school in, 389looted by Persians, 95as Mediterranean city, 61as megalopolis, 47, 93rigging of grain market in, 51

Antonine Constitution, 158, 165Antonine plague, 82, 93Antony the Great (hermit), 322Apamea, 71, 73, 95, 383

470






Index

Apiones (Egyptian aristocratic family),37, 52

apostasy, 168Appion of Syene, 40, 143Arabs and Arabia

“India,” concepts of, 409–412pastoralist peoples, captive-taking and

slaveholding by, 240Roman empire and, 21Sasanian Persia and, 10, 11, 291

Aratus, Phaenomena, 405Arbogast (general), 27, 254Arcadius (emperor), 16, 27, 29, 71, 100,

132, 136, 141, 197, 349, 363archaeological evidence

of Balkan destruction anddepopulation, 235

cauldrons and Hun origins, 187Djedars in North Africa, 278–281migration models, historiography of,

218–221of monasticism and asceticism in

Rome versus Constantinople,323

Moorish inscriptions in North Africa,275, 278

new or processual archaeology, 219post-processual archaeology, 219Sasanian, 284, 285–286, 287, 288, 292,

293–296archimandrites, 321–326Ardashir I (Sasanian ruler), 288Ardashir II (Sasanian ruler), 290, 291Areobindus (Gothic leader), 110,

112Areobindus (grandson of Areobindus the

Goth and Aspar the Alan), 110Ariadne (daughter of Emperor Leo I),

99, 109, 110Arianism, 18, 40, 134, 169–170, 263,

266, 272–274, 303, 333, 338, 341aristocracy, 98–124. See also dynastic

principleArmenian cavalry enlisted by Sasanian

Persia, 295–296Attila and, 98, 119–123barbarian land grabs affecting, 59

child-emperor reigns increasinginfluence of generals andbureaucrats, 117

Christianity and, 117–118church matters, involvement in, 41consulship and, 118, 119, 123diversification, ethnic and social,

117–118Djedars in North Africa, 280in eastern empire, 116, 118loyalty, imperial loss of, 15monasticism and asceticism, 304,

306–308, 311, 313, 316–320,322–323

in northern Europe, 55–57patronage, elite anxiety concerning

use of, 146–147Romanness, elite sense of, 159rural estates of, 50–54in Sasanian Persia, 11, 55, 290–293,

298senatorial class, 35–37, 116, 117urban elites, 61, 63, 64–69, 71–73,

76–77, 79, 117in Vandal North Africa, 270, 272in western empire, 116

Aristotle, 46, 377, 384, 385, 386, 392, 408Arles, 81, 83–86Armenians, 283, 295–296Armoricans, 40Artemisia (Jewish convert on Minorca),

369Arvandus (praetorian prefect of Gaul), 37asceticism. See monasticism and

asceticismAsemus, 161Aspar (Arian barbarian leader and

Roman general), 40, 106, 110, 111,112, 119, 120, 136

Asterius of Amaseia, 347astronomy and geography, 408Athanasius of Alexandria, 90, 91, 332,

335, 341, 410Athaulf (Gothic ruler), 42, 100, 112, 114,

115, 144, 145, 171, 172, 258Athens, as educational center, 376–378,

380, 381, 383–387, 390, 392

471






Index

Attalus (Priscus Attalus; emperor), 42,158

Attila, 3. See also age of Attila; entries atHun

aristocracy and dynastic principle,failure to fully engage with, 3, 98,112–116, 119–123

assassination attempts, 202, 206, 236barbarian powerbrokers at court of,

259Bleda, rulership of Hun empire with,

198–200, 221Catalaunian Fields, defeat at (451), 17,

193–195, 201, 254death of (453), 17, 20, 202, 227disappearance of, 128Frankish succession dispute, attempt to

interfere in, 221Gaul, invasion of (451), 17Greek merchant’s preference for life at

court of, 38, 162, 223, 224, 225,227, 241

imperial envoys and, 119–123law and legal culture, 145, 154Metz attacked by (451), 78migration of individual Huns into

Roman empire, efforts to stop, 254as military enemy, 128painting commissioned after capture of

Milan (452), 3Pope Leo I, meeting with, 327–328return of Roman prisoners to, 39, 161,

254as Roman general, 114, 119, 171as ruler, 8, 9, 200–202

Augustine of Hippo, 414Against the Academics, 65Arians and, 169on barbarians in Roman empire, 251City of God, 24, 61–64, 65, 70, 414civitas, concept of, 61–64, 356Confessions, 77, 414on councilmen, 65criticism of Roman society by, 163,

360, 361on Dea Caelestis festival in Carthage,

70on dining culture, 77

education of, 390on enslavement of citizens, 162on Incarnation, 332Minorcan Jews, conversion of, 368Moorish kingdoms in North Africa

and, 275sack of Rome by Visigoths (410),

sermons on, 347, 352–357Sermon against the Pagans (on New Year

rites), 347, 348–352Augustus (emperor), 80Aurelian (consul), 123Ausonius (teacher), 391autopragia, 36Avar Huns (Varkhon), 191Avars, 9, 58, 185, 186, 188, 189, 191,

236, 257Avesta, 181, 283, 284, 288–290, 297, 414Avienus (translator), 404Avitus (emperor), 112, 135Avitus of Vienne, 170

Babik of Syunik, 184Bacaudae, 38, 312, 321Bachrach, Bernard, 78, 374Bactria, 10, 190, 285–286Bacurius (Iberian prince and Roman

general), 135Bailey, H., 181barbarians. See also captives of barbarians;

change and transformation in age ofAttila; migration; northern Europe;specific barbarian groups, e.g. Huns

Arianism and, 169–170, 263concept of “Barbaricum,” 11contact with Romans prior to

migration/invasion, 252–253criticism of Roman society and, 162as executors of God’s judgment, 314“fall” of Roman empire and invasions

of, 248kingdoms, emergence of, 247,

258–263law and legal culture, 144–146,

149–151, 263as military enemies, 126–127new cultural identities emerging for,

167

472






Index

“people,” historiographic concept ofgroup identity of, 223–226, 227

populousness and strength of invadingarmies, 251

Roman citizenship distinguishingRomans from, 159

in Roman military, 130, 131–133,134–135, 137, 250, 254

Romanness following collapse ofempire and, 163–165, 170–172

Romans’ differentiated knowledge of,256

settlement within empire, 136–137Barth, Fredrik, 257Basiliscus (usurper), 31, 40, 99, 110Bauto the Frank, 100, 109, 119Bede, 400, 409Beishi, 415Belisarius (Byzantine general), 252Benjamin, Walter, 140Bento, Lauren, 155Beth Shean (Scythopolis), 73, 74biblical texts

Christian consultations of Jewsregarding, 366

Gog and Magog, steppe peoplesidentified with, 23

letter of Synesius of Cyrene parodying,396

pagan criticism of Christianity basedon, 356

bishops. See also individual bishopsAlexandria and Constantinople, rivalry

of, 89–92connections between eastern and

western bishops, 310households of, 316–320increasing power of, 40Jews and Judaism, acting against, 368,

370–373, 374bishops of Rome. See papacy in age of

Leo Ix; individual popesBleda (Hun leader and brother of Attila),

8, 120, 198–200, 221, 233Boethius, 164, 391, 392, 409Boniface III (pope), 327Boniface (Roman governor of North

Africa), 260, 334

Bonifatius (comes), 258Book of Constitutions (Burgundian

lawbook), 145, 151, 154Book of Kings (Sasanian Persia), 289, 294,

415Bordeaux Pilgrim, 398, 401, 402, 413Boustan, Ra‘anan, 358Bradbury, Scott, 368Breviarus of Jerusalem, 400Breviary of Alaric II (Lex romana

visigothorum), 140, 143, 149, 151,152

BritainAngles and Saxons in, 14, 247, 253disintegration of Roman control of,

84–85Londinium, 78removal of Roman military from, 251urban communities in, brit- 3

Brodersen, Kai, 403Brown, Peter, 13, 329Buddhism, 10bureaucracy, imperial, 33–35, 51,

378–379, 390, 392Burgundians

Book of Constitutions, 145, 151, 154contact with Romans prior to

migration/invasion, 253Gaul, settlement in, 247, 261Hun-Roman alliance against, 198Huns, confederative associations

with/dominance by, 221kingdom of, 261land grabs by, 58, 59Lex romana burgundionum, 149Majorian (emperor) and, 17Rhine boundary, collapse of, 16

Caecilianus of Magona, 369Caelestine (pope), 334, 340, 341Caesarius of Arles, 347, 351Caius Marius, 234Callinicum, destruction of synagogue of,

370–372, 374Callinicus (monk), 233Cameron, Alan, 345, 351Candidianus (comes domesticorum), 41Caner, Daniel, 321, 324

473






Index

captives of barbarians, 230–246. See alsoslaves and slavery

assimilation into barbarian society, 241Attila, return of Roman prisoners to,

39, 161, 254Balkans, depopulation of, 231, 232Church involvement in ransoming,

230–234, 242–243as combatants, 240economic impact of, 235–238fates of, 238–241as herders and farm laborers, 239impact of, 231, 244–246increasing numbers of, 231pastoralist peoples, captive-taking and

slaveholding by, 240peoples subject to Hun empire,

224–225private donations and funds for

ransoming, 243as professional workers, 240ransom costs, 235–238, 243returnees, treatment of, 161–162, 241

Roman governmental response toproblem of, 241–242

Romanness of, 159, 161–162as servants, 239

Caracalla (emperor), 158, 165Carpo-Dacai, 221Carthage

Dea Caelestis festival, 70law school in, 389as urban community, 61, 70, 81, 87–88Vandal conquest of, 78, 137, 199, 247,

265, 267, 275, 335Carthage, Council of (418), 334, 349Cassiodorus (court official and associate

of Aetius), 121Cassiodorus (minister of Theoderic the

Ostrogoth), 29, 115, 255, 409Catalaunian Fields, Attila’s defeat at

(451), 17, 193–195, 201, 254cauldrons, Hunnic, 187Cecconi, Giovanni, 34, 42Chalcedon, Council of (451), 21, 24, 40,

41, 92, 118, 169, 325, 339–340,341–343

Chalcedonian controversy, 341–343, 361Chalcidius (translator), 408change and transformation in age of

Attila, 247–263ethnic and group identity of specific

barbarian groups, 223–226, 227,255–258

ethnic labels for new barbariankingdoms, 261–263

“fall of Roman empire” and, 248–249migration, 249–255. See also migrationmodern interpretation and

mythmaking based on, 248, 249new kingdoms, emergence of, 247,

258–263Chanock, Martin, 150Childeric (Frankish leader and Roman

governor at Tournai), 253Chilperic I (Burgundian ruler), 261Chilperic II (Burgundian ruler), 165China, 6, 7. See also Xiongnu empire,

Huns’ connection toChionite Huns

in Central Asia, 182, 183–184establishment of kingdom, 7,

190Sasanian Persia and, 6, 10, 289

Chosroes (see Husraw)Christian sermons against pagans,

344–357by Caesarius of Arles, 347, 351by Maximus of Turin, 347, 350on New Year’s rites, 347, 348–352non-Christian adaptations to Christian

society, illustrating, 345by Peter Chrysologus of Ravenna,

347, 351reasons for preaching, 344–347rhetorical exaggeration in, 345sack of Rome by Visigoths (410),

Augustine’s sermons on, 347,352–357

Sermon against the Pagans (on NewYear’s rites), by Augustine, 347,348–352

Christian Topography (CosmasIndicopleustes), 405

474






Index

Christianity, 21–24. See also Christiansermons against pagans; conversionto Christianity; heresy; monasticismand asceticism; papacy in age ofLeo I

anthropology, theologicalunderstanding of, 337

apostasy, 168Arian/Catholic struggle, 18, 40aristocracy and, 117–118biblical texts, pagan criticism of

Christianity based on, 356captives, involvement in ransoming,

230–234, 242–243church and empire, relationship

between, 359–362Crucifixion, theological

understanding of, 330Djedars in North Africa, 280east-west schism in, 171, 172education and, 380, 382emperor, divine sanctioning of, 31geographical awareness and

imagination serving, 394, 412governance of Roman empire and,

40–41Huns’ failure to adopt, 208“India,” missions to, 409–412Jewish community influenced by, 358,

359, 364law and legal culture, 148, 149North Africa, tradition of sectarian

conflict in, 273as official religion of empire, 166orthodoxy, concept of, 168Romanness and, 160, 167–170Vandal North Africa, Arian-Nicene

tensions in, 272–274Christology

Chalcedonian controversy regarding,341–343, 361

papal doctrines in context ofsocio-political change, 329–332,341–343

Chronicon Paschale, 415Chronographia (Theophanes the

Confessor), 40, 236, 422

chronology of age of Attila, xv–xviChrysanthius (philosopher), 385Chrysaphius (eunuch and minister), 30Church of the East (Nestorians), 10, 21Cicero, 405, 406cities. See urban communitiescitizenship, Roman, 156–159, 242civitas, Augustine’s concept of, 61–64, 356Clement of Alexandria, 410climate hypothesis for Hunnic movement

out of Altai region, 189–190Clovis (Frankish ruler), 18, 85, 247, 253,

254Collationes ( John Cassian), 310Commentary on the Dream of Scipio

(Macrobius), 406, 408, 409communicatio idiomatum, 329Conant, Jonathan P., 156consistorium, 31Constantine I the Great (emperor), 28,

45, 50, 80, 83, 148, 303, 339, 344,379, 398, 401

Constantine III (usurper), 128, 251Constantinople

Alexandrian grain shipments,dependence on, 81, 89–92

barbarian attacks on eastern provinces(395), 321

Christianization of, 22countryside, connection to, 45, 47as educational center, 377, 380–382,

385, 386, 389, 390famines in, 321Hun attack on (447), 129, 200, 204as Mediterranean city, 61as megalopolis, 47monasticism and asceticism in,

321–326as new hub of Roman empire, 13,

322, 339papacy and, 339–341patriarchal primacy of, 89, 339–340political influence of populace of, 39,

40population explosion in, 19, 80, 89public ritual and ceremonial,

aristocratic involvement in, 118

475






Index

Constantinople, Council of (381),339–340

Constantius II (emperor), 91, 94, 100,114, 135, 392

Constantius (secretary of Attila), 121,122, 243

consulship and aristocracy, 118, 119, 123conversion of Christians to paganism,

168conversion to Christianity, 23

Frankish conversion to CatholicChristianity, 18

Gaza, conversion of populace toChristianity in, 71

laws restricting Jewish conversion andproselytization, 363

Minorca, coerced conversion of Jewsof, 72–73, 368–370, 374

in urban communities, 69–73Corippus (Flavius Cresconius Corippus),

Iohannis, 275, 415Cornelius Romanianus, 62, 65, 67, 69,

76Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian

Topography, 405cosmology and geography in Late

Antique, 405councilmen in Mediterranean cities,

64–69, 71–73, 79Councils of the Church

Carthage (418), 334, 349Chalcedon (451), 21, 24, 40, 41, 92,

118, 169, 325, 339–340, 341–343Constantinople (381), 339–340Ephesus I (431), 21, 22, 41, 118, 169,

330, 341Ephesus II (449), 21Nicaea (325), 335, 394Sardica (343/344), 335table of major councils, 331under Theodosius II, 21

countrysidebarbarian invasions and, 57–60in eastern versus western empires, 49,

53, 54economies of Roman empire and,

49–54estates, 50–54

imperial bureaucracy, landownershipby, 51

monetization of economy, 48, 50sufficiency and famine, knife edge

between, 49–51urban communities and, 45, 47–48,

63, 82“villa boom,” 53village settlements, 49villages and village life, 53

cranial deformation, as cultural practice,57, 185

Cribb, Joe, 282Croke, Brian, 98Crucifixion, theological understanding

of, 330Ctesiphon, 94culture and letters, Romanness associated

with, 165–167culture, law as determined by and

determinative of, 147–152Cyril of Alexandria, 31, 41, 305, 325,

340, 341, 372–373, 374Cyrus (city prefect), 31, 118

Dalmatius (Constantinopolitan ascetic),304, 323, 324

Damascius (Athenian teacher ofphilosophy), 384, 385, 386, 391

Daniel the Stylite, 40, 118De gubernatione Dei (Salvian of

Marseilles), 313De re militari (Vegetius), 126, 160De republica (Cicero), 406Dea Caelestis festival, Carthage, 70Demetrias (Anicia Demetrias; Roman

ascetic noblewoman), 317, 320Dharmaraks.a (Zhu Fahu), 178–180, 181,

422Digesta Justiniani, 154dining culture in Mediterranean cities,

76–77Diocletian (emperor), 12, 35, 51, 148,

333, 378Dionysius Periegetes, Periegesis, 404Dioscorus of Alexandria, 91, 340, 341Djedars in North Africa, 278–281Docetism, 330, 338, 342

476






Index

Dodds, Eric R., 329Donatists, 333, 361Dossey, Lesley, 160Dracontius of Carthage, 164, 165Drinkwater, John F., 216dynastic principle, 98, 99

Attiila’s failure to engage with, 3, 98,112–116

barbarian dynasties, connectionsbetween, 112

defined, 99intermarriage between barbarian

leaders and imperial families, 100,103, 105, 106, 109, 112

Leo I, house of, 106–112Theodosius I, house of, 99–102Valentinian III, house of, 103–106in Vandal North Africa, 103, 105, 112,

114, 268, 269women and, 99

East Syrian Church in Sasanian Persia,297

eastern empire, 19–25aristocracy in, 116, 118bishops, eastern and western,

connection between, 310Christianity, east-west schism in, 171,

172countryside in, 49, 53, 54emperor’s strengthened importance in,

42Italy’s political, cultural, and

intellectual separation from, 391monastic establishments, eastern and

western, connections between, 310Romanness in, 157, 163–165urban communities in, 46, 49

economies in age of Attila, 44–60. Seealso taxation

barbarian invasions and breakdown of,57–60

captive-taking, economic impact of,235–238

monetization of, 48, 50, 59–60North Africa, grain and olive oil from,

264northern Europe, 55–57, 226

in Roman countryside, 49–54Sasanian Persia, 55transformation of social and economic

conditions of Roman world, 44urban economies, 44–48, 80–81, 82,

85Edekon (Edica; father of Odoacer), 256,

259Edessa, conversion of synagogue to

church in, 370Edica (Edekon; father of Odoacer), 256,

259Edict of Theodoric, 150education, 376–393

bureaucratic and administrative needsdriving, 378–379, 390, 392

centralized education system, creationand collapse of, 377–378

cosmology and geography, connectionbetween, 405

disruption of socio-political edificesupporting, 389–393

in grammar and rhetoric, 381imperial investment in and scrutiny of,

377, 378–383infrastructure, centralizing and

improving, 377, 380–382, 390in law, 378, 388–389in medicine, 378, 387–388paideia, concept of, 389philosophical instruction, 377, 381,

383–387religion and, 380, 382, 384teachers, registration and regulation

of, 380, 381of women, 377

Egeria (pilgrim), 397, 398, 400, 401, 402Egypt

captives, ransom of, 244legal papyri from, 154monasticism and asceticism in,

304–309, 342papacy and, 341–343rural estates in, 52, 54urban communities, connections to

agricultural lands in, 45elites. See aristocracyElm, Susanna, 303

477






Index

Elton, Hugh, 125Emmel, Stephen, 308emperor. See also dynastic principle;

specific emperorsaristocratic loyalty, imperial loss of,

15bureaucracy, imperial, 33–35, 51,

378–379, 390, 392child-emperor reigns increasing

influence of generals andbureaucrats, 117

divine sanctioning of, 31eastern empire, strengthened

importance in, 42education, imperial investment in and

scrutiny of, 377, 378–383governance of Roman empire and,

29–33Romanness associated with, 157

enemies, military, 126–127Ennodius (historian), 225Ephesus


teaching of philosophy in, 383Ephesus, first Council of (431), 21, 22,

41, 118, 169, 330, 341Ephesus, second Council of (449), 21Ephrem the Syrian, 167, 394, 413Epistula Severi, 72–73, 368–370Epitedeuma (Practices; Urbicius), 126Esmonde Cleary, Simon, 12, 15ethnicity

barbarian groups, group identity of,223–226, 227, 255–258

new barbarian kingdoms, ethnic labelsfor, 261–263

“self ” and “other,” Late Antique driveto define, 358

of Vandals in North Africa, 269–270Eucherius of Lyon, 400Eudocia (daughter of Valentinian III),

103, 105, 106, 114, 268Eudocia (wife of Emperor Theodosius

II), 102, 109, 118, 119Eudoxia (Aelia Eudoxia; wife of

Emperor Valentinian III), 28, 102,103, 105, 109, 115, 141

Eudoxia (wife of Emperor Arcadius), 71,75, 100, 141

Eugenius, 132, 138, 254Eugippius (abbot and author of Life of

Severinus), 138, 164Eunapius of Sardis, 212, 213, 215,

387Eurasian steppe, 5–10

breakdown of Roman economy and,57–60

Gog and Magog, steppe peoplesidentified with, 23

Huns, arrival of, 6–10, 185–186nomadism on, 6steppe empire model, 258–259

Euric (Visigothic ruler), 37Eusebius of Caesarea, 360, 400, 410,

411Eustochium (Roman ascetic

noblewoman), 317, 395, 396–398Eutropius (minister), 28Eutyches and Eutychianism, 330, 342Evagrius Scholasticus, 415Evodius (friend of Augustine), 62Expositio totius mundi et gentium, 47, 404

“fall of Roman empire,” concepts of,248–249

family and household involvement inmonasticism, 307, 313, 316–320

Faustus, letter of Eucherius to, 400Faustus of Byzantium, 183, 416Felix III (pope), 316Firdawsi, Shahnameh, 289, 415Flavian (patriarch of Constantinople),

330, 340, 341Flavius Aetius. See AetiusFlavius Cresconius Corippus, Iohannis,

275, 415Flavius Josephus, 400Flavius Theodorus (Egyptian benefactor

of White Monastery), 244Franks

Attila attempting to interfere insuccession dispute of, 221

Catholic Christianity, conversion to,18

coalition against Huns, 17

478






Index

land grabs by, 58, 59pretender Eugenius and, 254Rhine boundary, collapse of, 16in Roman Gaul, 85, 247Vandals, resistance to invasion of, 218western empire, collapse of, 14

Fravitta the Goth, 100, 119, 132Fredegar (Burgundian chronicler), 194Fredericksen, Paula, 367Friedman, Lawrence M., 147Frigidus, battle of the (394), 132, 135,

254Frumentius (Indian missionary), 410Fulgentius of Ruspe, 273, 409

Gaınas (Gothic leader), 39, 118, 132Gaiseric. See GeisericGaius, Institutes, 151Gaius Apollinaris Sidonius, 122, 145,

151, 159, 164, 165, 166, 170, 172,251, 287, 420

Galanter, Marc, 153, 154Galen (physician), 49, 387Galla Placidia (mother of Valentinian III),

30, 99, 100, 114–115, 171Gallecians, 339Gallic Chronicle of 452, 233, 416Gaul. See also Franks

Attila’s invasion of, 17Bacaudae uprisings in, 38barbarian incursions into and

settlements within, 38, 40, 58, 85,87, 136, 164, 247, 261, 335–336

Catalaunian Fields, Hun defeat at(451), 17, 193–195, 201, 259

disintegration of Roman control of, 37monasticism and asceticism in,

309–315papacy and, 22, 335–337Romanness of, 164urban communities in, 47, 49, 78, 79,

83–86Gaza, 71, 75, 321Geiseric (Gaiseric; Vandal ruler)

dynastic principle and, 103, 105, 112,114, 268

as king of Vandal North Africa, 260,265–272

Leo I (pope) on need for asceticdiscipline and, 320

migrations of Vandals and, 252, 253Moorish kingdoms in North Africa

and, 275religious tensions in North Africa

under, 333Roman military and, 138urban communities and, 87

Gelasius I (pope), 41, 171, 172, 316, 326,328

Gelasius of Cyzicus (historian), 410Gelimer (Vandal ruler), 265Generidus (magister militum), 135genetics and migration, 250Gennadius Avienus, 122geographical awareness and imagination,

394–413. See also pilgrimage textsastronomy and, 408Christian vision of cosmos and, 394,

412cosmology and, 405geometry and, 407–408India, concepts of, 409–412in letters, 395–398, 400literary interest in geography, 405–409mathematics and, 408–409in topographical registers of holy sites

and relics, 398–404translations of Greek works, 400, 404

geometry and geography, 407–408geopolitical zones of age of Attila, 4–5.

See also Eurasian steppe; NorthAfrica; northern Europe; Romanempire; Sasanian Persia

Georgian rebellion of 482, 283Gepids, 20, 221, 222, 226, 227, 239,

247Germanic peoples, concept of, 255Germanicus, 405Germanus of Auxerre, 40, 251Gessius (physician), 385Ghassanids, 11Gibbon, Edward, 248Glycerius (emperor), 106Goffart, Walter, 218, 219Gog and Magog, steppe peoples

identified with, 23

479






Index

Goths. See also Ostrogoths; VisigothsAdrianople, battle of (378), 7, 16, 19,

23, 58, 128, 137, 196, 209, 213–214,241, 243, 304, 321

assimilation into Roman empire, 15breakdown of Roman economy and,

57–60Catalaunian Fields, at battle of (451),

254crossing of Danube (378), 16, 19Hun-Roman alliance against, 198Huns, confederative associations

with/dominance by, 221, 222, 239Huns, cultural influence of, 57–58Huns, effects of arrival of, 7, 203,

212–215Illyricum affected by invasions of, 232Italian kingdom of, 18, 20, 28in Roman military, 254–255society and economy of, 55–57

governance of Roman empire, 26–28captives of barbarians, governmental

response to, 241–242church and state, 40–41divine sanctioning of emperor, 31eastern empire, strengthened

importance of emperor in, 42emperor and advisors, 29–33imperial bureaucracy, 33–35, 51,

378–379, 390, 392legislative, 142–144. See also law and

legal culturemilitary and, 135–136people of capitals and provinces, 37–40senatorial aristocracy, 35–37urban communities as centers of,

45–46in Vandal North Africa, 270, 272western empire, collapse of, 27–29, 42,

106Graecus of Marseille, 171grammar and rhetoric, education in, 381Great Wall of Gurgan, 293–295Greater Syria. See Syria and PalestineGreatrex, Geoffrey, 26Greek language, 24, 166Greeks and Hellenistic kingdoms, urban

culture inherited from, 46

Gregorian Code, 149Gregorius of Alexandria, 91Gregory I the Great (pope), 326Gregory of Tours, 409, 416Grenet, Frantz, 282Greuthungi, 212, 213, 214, 303group identity of specific barbarian

groups, 223–226, 227, 255–258Grumbates (Hunnic ruler), 183Guignes, Joseph de, 175Gundobad/Gundobaudes (Burgundian

general), 106, 112, 135, 145, 261,262

Gunthamund (Vandal ruler), 164, 265,266, 273

Gupta empire, northern India, 6, 10Gurgan, Great Wall of (Sasanian Persia),

293–295

Haas, Christopher, 373Halsall, Guy, 78, 218, 219Heather, Peter, 12, 203, 209, 322Hegesippus, 400Hellenic world, urban culture inherited

from, 46Hendy, Michael, 237Henning, W., 180Hephthalite Huns

in Altai region, 187in Central Asia, 182, 184–185establishment of kingdom, 7, 190in Eurasian steppe, 185Gupta empire and, 6Sasanian Persia and, 6, 10, 283,

285–288, 291, 299as “White Huns,” 182, 185

heresy, concept of, 168. See also specifictypes

Hermogenes, 385Hermogenian Code, 149Hermopolis, 67Heruli, 20, 221, 222, 225, 226, 239, 247Hilary (pope), 337Hilary of Arles, 336–337Hilderic (Vandal ruler), 105, 265, 273,

275Hillner, Julia, 317Hippocrates, 387

480






Index

Hispania. See SpainHistory against the Pagans (Orosius), 144History of Zarer, 289Holum, Kenneth G., 61Homer, Odyssey, 396Honoratus (founder of monastery of

Lerins), 310, 311Honoria (Justa Grata Honoria; sister of

Valentinian III), 112–116Honorius (emperor), 16

as child-emperor, 17dynastic principle and, 100Goths settled in Gaul by, 136governance of Roman empire and, 27,

29, 32Jews, laws regarding, 363military and, 128, 135, 136urban communities and, 72, 85

Horapollon (philosopher), 385House of Bacchus, Cuicul, 75, 76, 78household and family involvement in

monasticism, 307, 313, 316–320human nature, theological understanding

of, 337Humfress, Caroline, 140Huns. See also Attila; captives of

barbarians; Chionite Huns;Hephthalite Huns; Huns, empire of;Huns in barbarian Europe; Huns,origin and rise of; Kidarite Huns

Aetius and, 17Alkhons (“red Huns”), 184, 186, 190,

286bows of, 214breakdown of Roman economy and,

57–60Central Asian Hun states, 282consistent retention of name across

time and space, 176, 181, 190, 257contact with Romans prior to

migration/invasion, 252Georgian and Armenian rebellions,

role in, 283Illyricum depopulated by, 233Latin, familiarity with, 166as military enemy, 128Oghlar, 184, 190as pastoralist society, 239–241

Roman empire, effects on, 7–9, 13,19–20, 195, 203–208

Roman military, alliances with, 197,198

Sasanian Persia, effects on, 6, 10–11,19, 183–184, 282, 284–288,289–290, 298

Varkhon/Warkhon (Avar Huns), 186,188, 191

Warkhon/Varkhon (Avar Huns), 186,188, 191

White Huns, 182, 185, 321as xyonan (Avestan enemies of

Wishtap), 289–290, 295, 298Huns, origin and rise of, 175–192. See

also Xiongnu empire, Huns’connection to

in Altai Mountains and MinusinskBasin, 186–189

cauldrons, archaeological evidence of,187

in Central Asia, 182–185climate hypothesis for move out of

Altai region, 189–190entry into Eurasian steppe, 185–186,

196–197historiography of, 175–177Volga, arrival of Huns from beyond, in

Late Antiquity, 177–178Huns, empire of, 193–208

under Bleda and Attila, 198–200, 221,233

Catalaunian Fields, defeat at (451), 17,193–195, 201, 259

Christianity, failure to adopt, 208collapse of, 202, 228consolidation on Eurasian steppe,

196–197Constantinople, attack on (447), 129,

200, 204Italy, invasion of (452), 3, 201, 259,

327–328objectives and nature of, 195, 203–208payments to, 129, 197, 199, 200, 201,

202, 205, 235–238raids against Roman empire, 197–202under Rua, 197steppe empire, on model of, 258–260

481






Index

Huns in barbarian Europe, 209–229Adrianople, as Gothic mercenaries at,

214, 221barbarian movements into imperial

territory in early fifth century and,215–221

Carpathians, effects of large numbersof Huns west of, 217–221

changes in northern Europe afterarrival of Huns, 211–212

changes in northern Europe aftercollapse of Hun power, 228

confederative/dominating tendenciesof Huns and patterns of populationdisplacement, 221–228, 239

cultural influence on other barbarianpeoples, 57–58, 203, 223

Gothic movement into imperialterritory in late fourth century and,7, 203, 212–215

migration models, historiography of,218–221

“people,” historiographic concept ofgroup identity of, 223–226, 227

slaves and subject peoples, 224–225societies, cultures, and economies of

northern Europe prior to Huns,209–211

Huneric (Vandal ruler), 105, 112, 261,262, 265, 268, 272, 274, 275, 277,333

Husraw (Chosroes) I (Sasanian ruler), 299Husraw (Chosroes) II (Sasanian ruler),

291Hydatius Lemicensis, Chronicon, 58, 79,

163, 416Hypatia (Alexandrian teacher and

philosopher), 387Hypatius (consul), 123

Iamblichus (Platonist), 383, 386, 387iatrosophism, 388Iazyges, 241Illyricum, 115, 231, 232imperial power. See emperorIncarnation theology, 332India, 6, 10, 409–412Innes, Matthew, 167

Institutes (Gaius), 151Institutes ( John Cassian), 310Institutes ( Justinian), 390intellectual life. See education;

geographical awareness andimagination

Iohannidos (Corippus), 275, 415Iran. See Sasanian PersiaIrene (niece of Emperor Anastasius), 110Isaac the Syrian, 323Isidore of Seville, 208Italy

Hun invasion of (452), 3, 201, 259,327–328

Lombards in, 221, 222, 226, 227, 248as Ostrogothic kingdom, 18, 20, 28,

88, 138, 145, 247, 254, 269political, cultural, and intellectual

separation from eastern empire, 391

Jerome (bishop), 417on Jews, 366letter recalling pilgrimage to Holy

Land with Paula, 395, 396–398letter surveying Judaean landscape, 400Liber locorum, 400on migration, 251military and, 136on missions to India, 410, 411on monasticism and asceticism, 317,

320, 321on Romanness, 167, 168

Jerusalem. See Syria and PalestineJews and Judaism, 358–375

Alexandria, expulsion from, 372–373,374

bishops acting against, 368, 370–373,374

Callinicum, destruction of synagogueof, 370–372, 374

church and empire, at nexus ofrelationship between, 23, 359–362

continuity as part of Mediterraneansociety, 359

conversion and proselytization, lawsrestricting, 363

cooperative relationships betweenChristians and, 366–367

482






Index

Edessa, conversion of synagogue tochurch in, 370

exclusion from public service, 168formative impact of Christianization

of empire on, 358, 359, 364imperial protection of, 362–366, 374legal restrictions on, 364local and global effects on, 366, 370,

371, 373Minorca, coerced conversion of Jews

on, 72–73, 368–370, 374as sailors in letter of Synesius of

Cyrene, 396“self ” and “other,” Late Antique drive

to define, 358synagogues, 364–365, 367, 370–372violent encounters between Christians

and, 367–374John (comes sacrarum largitionum), 41John of Antioch, 26, 30John Cassian, 304, 309–315, 341John Chrysostom, 53, 90, 347, 366,

369John Malalas, 418John Philoponus (philosopher), 385,

405–409Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald, 394–413Jordanes (historian), 177, 193, 194, 202,

205, 214, 225, 255, 417Josephus, 400Jovian (emperor), 394Julian (emperor), 94, 303, 380, 385, 387,

394Julianus (Athenian rhetorician), 380Julius (pope), 341Julius Nepos (emperor), 106, 165Justa Grata Honoria (sister of Valentinian

III), 112–116Justinian (emperor)

Digesta Justiniani, 154dynastic principle and, 115education and, 378, 389, 390,

392governance of empire and, 36Institutes, 390Jews and, 361law and legal culture, role in, 154migrations and, 254

military developments and, 130monasticism and asceticism, 326Spain and North Africa, reconquests

in, 21, 266, 275, 281Justinianic Code

on general law, 147military, as source for, 125Theodosian Code and, 142, 143on use of church vessels for

redemption of captives, 243

Kahlos, Maijastina, 344Kavad/Kawad (Sasanian ruler), 11, 298Kayanian dynasty of Avesta, identification

of Sasanian rulers with, 288–290,292–293

Kelly, Christopher, 193, 238Khusro (Persian ruler), 95Kidarite Huns

in Central Asia, 182, 184establishment of kingdom, 7, 190in Eurasian steppe, 185, 186remnants of Xiongnu in Altai region

and, 188Sasanian Persia and, 6, 10, 283,

284–287Kraemer, Ross, 368Krautheimer, Richard, 322

la Vaissiere, Etienne de, 175, 257Lactantius (author), 405Lakhmids, 11language, 24, 165

Gothic language, Vandal dialect of, 269Greek, 24, 166Latin, 24, 165Romanness and, 165

Lapin, Hayim, 365Latin language, 24, 165Latour, Bruno, 152law and legal culture, 140–155. See also

Theodosian Code, Justinianic Code,and other specific legal texts

barbarians and, 144–146, 149–151, 263Christianity and, 148, 149citizenship, Roman, 156–159, 242culture, law as determined by and

determinative of, 147–152

483






Index

law and legal culture (cont.)education, legal, 378, 388–389governance, legislative, 142–144Jewish community, imperial

protection of, 362–366, 374Jewish community, restrictions on, 364manuscript culture and, 151–152microlaw or law-in-practice, 152–155papal decisions, force of law of, 41patronage, elite anxiety concerning

use of, 146–147postliminium, 242in Sasanian Persia, 148, 152

Law of Citations (Valentinian III), 147Lenski, Noel, 230Leo I (emperor), 27, 28, 106–112, 135,

138, 148, 298Leo I (pope), 22, 122, 202, 241, 304, 319,

320, 417. See also papacy in age ofLeo I

Leontia (daughter of Emperor Leo I), 109Leontius (usurper), 99Leontius of Arles, 337Lerins, monastery of, 309–315Letter of Severus, 72–73, 368–370letters, geographical awareness and

imagination in, 395–398, 400Levy, Ernst, 149–150Lex romana burgundiomum, 149Lex romana visigothorum (Breviary of Alaric

II), 140, 143, 149, 151, 152Liangshu, 418Libanius of Antioch (rhetorician), 53, 68,

350, 352, 379, 380, 389, 391, 418Liber locorum ( Jerome’s translation of

Eusebius’s Onomasticon), 400Liber Pontificalis, 328, 418Libius Severus (emperor), 39, 106Licentius (patron on Augustine), 62Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G., 77Liebs, Detlef, 152Life of Augustine (Possidius), 78Life of Porphyry (Mark the Deacon), 71,

75, 140, 143, 146Life of Severinus (Eugippius), 138Lim, Richard, 169Litorius ( Jewish comes on Minorca), 369Litorius (Roman military leader), 198

Lives of the Jura Fathers, 261Lombards, 221, 222, 226, 227, 248Londinium, 78Longinus (Athenian teacher of

philosophy), 383Lupicinus (abbot), 261

Maas, Michael, 3, 314Macrobius, Commentary on the Dream of

Scipio, 406, 408, 409Macrobius of Oxyrhynchus, 68Maenchen-Helfen, O., 175–176, 182,

237magister officiorum, 30magistri militum, 129Magnus Maximus, 129, 130, 138Magnus of Nisibis, 387Magona, coerced conversion of Jews of,

72–73, 368–370, 374Majorian (emperor)

barbarians, campaigns against, 17dynastic principle and, 103, 105, 112governance of empire and, 38, 39military and, 135, 136, 137urban communities and, 64, 68, 86

Malchus of Philadelphia, 418Manichaeans, 168, 338manuscript culture and legal culture,

151–152Marcella (Roman ascetic noblewoman),

317Marcellinus Comes, 233, 419Marcellus of Apamea, 71Marcian (emperor)

Attila and, 121, 201dynastic principle and, 99, 100, 102,

106, 107, 112, 114, 115economy of Roman empire and, 41governance of Roman empire and, 26,

27, 28, 37, 38, 40Huns, refusal to pay, 129, 202military experience of, 135urban communities and, 92

Marcus Aurelius (emperor), 241, 381Marinus (philosopher), 385Mark the Deacon, Life of Porphyry, 71,

75, 140, 143, 146Markus, Robert, 360

484






Index

marriageascetic, 304, 309, 316–320dynastic. See dynastic principle

Marriage of Philology and Mercury(Martianus Capella), 406, 407, 408,409

Marseilles, 310, 389Martianus Capella, 406, 407, 408,

409Martin of Tours, 70Marutha of Maipherqat, 297Maskarinec, Maya, 414Masties inscription, 277–278Masuna (King of the Moors and

Romans), 275–276, 278mathematics and geography, 408–409Matthews, John, 142Mauricius, Strategikon (Generalship), 130Maxentius (emperor), 316Maximus of Turin, 347, 350medical education, 378, 387–388Mediterranean

barbarian kingdoms, division amongst,88–89, 96

cities of. See urban communitiesJews as part of Mediterranean society,

359Roman empire centered on, 80

Melania the Younger, 53, 64, 317, 402Merovingians, landholdings of, 59Merrills, Andy, 216, 264Metz, sack of, 78Miaphysitism, 342, 343microlaw or law-in-practice, 152–155migration, 249–255. See also specific

barbarian groupsconfederative/dominating tendencies

of Huns and patterns of populationdisplacement, 221–228

contact with Romans prior to,252–253

genetics and, 250historiographic models of, 218–221impacts of, 250modern interpretation and

mythmaking based on, 248, 249populousness and strength of invading

armies, 251

Roman military, barbarians serving in,250, 254

war and conflict accompanying, 253Mihr Narseh, 292, 293Milan, 3, 39Miles, Richard, 216military, 125–139

after collapse of western empire,138–139

barbarians, use of, 130, 131–133,134–135, 137, 250, 254

Britain, removal from, 251captives of barbarians used as

combatants, 240cavalry, 130enemies, 126–127equipment and infrastructure, 130–131financing and loss of territory, 137–138Huns, bows of, 214imperial involvement in, 135–136leadership, 129, 131–133loss of control of, 14–15naval forces, 130politics and, 135–136recruitment of rank-and-file soldiers,

133–135Romanness and, 160in Sasanian Persia, 293–296settlement of barbarians within empire

and, 136–137sources for, 125–126strategy used by, 128–129structure of, 129–130of Vandal North Africa, 267, 268

militia, 33Minorca, coerced conversion of Jews on,

72–73, 368–370, 374mobility in age of Attila, 97monasticism and asceticism, 22, 303–326.

See also specific asceticsaristocracy and, 304, 306–308, 311,

313, 316–320, 322–323connections between eastern and

western establishments, 310in Constantinople, 321–326defined, 305in Egypt and Syria, 304–309,

342

485






Index

monasticism and asceticism (cont.)emulation by all Christians, 304, 309,

313–315, 320family and household involvement in,

307, 313, 316–320in Gaul, 309–315gender and, 306–308, 313, 317as intrinsic part of Roman social

fabric, 304marriage, ascetic, 304, 309, 316–320Priscillianism, extreme asceticism of,

337–339regional differences in, 304in Rome, 316–320in urban environments, 321wealth, disposal of, 313, 315, 319–320

Monza diptych, 29Moorish kingdoms in North Africa,

274–278Mosig-Walburg, Karin, 291

Nainaivande (Sogdian merchant), 180,181

Naissus, Hunnic capture of (441/442),127

Neoplatonism, 377, 383–387Nestorians (Church of the East), 10, 21Nestorius and Nestorianism, 22, 31, 304,

305, 324, 330, 340, 341new or processual archaeology, 219New Year’s rites, pagan, Christian

sermons against, 347, 348–352Nicaea, Council of (325), 335, 394Nicomedes (Alexandrian official),

382nobility. See aristocracyNoldeke, Theodor, 293North Africa, 264–281. See also

Carthage; Vandals in North AfricaAlans in, 247, 252, 260Albertini Tablets, 153Byzantine reconquests in, 21, 266,

275, 281continuing legacy of Roman empire

in, 281Djedars, 278–281grain and olive oil from, 264Moorish kingdoms in, 274–278

papacy and church in, 333–335ransom paid for barbarian captives

compared to tax revenue of, 237Romanness of, 164tradition of religious sectarian conflict

in, 273northern Europe, 11–12. See also

barbarians; Huns in barbarianEurope

“Barbaricum,” concept of, 11boundaries of, 209, 210changes in, after Hun arrival, 211–212changes in, after Hun collapse, 228societies, cultures, and economies of,

55–57, 209–211, 226urban communities in, 83–86

Notitia dignitatum (Register ofDignitaries), 125

NovellaeBreviary of Alaric II and, 149case law material in, 154defined, 31imperial bureaucracy and, 34

Octar (father of Attila), 198Odoacer (Odovacer; Ostrogothic ruler),

18, 20, 29, 138, 158, 163, 254, 256,258, 269

Odotheus (Gothic leader), 214Odovcar (Sciri leader), 222Odyssey (Homer), 396Oghlar, 184, 190Olybrius (Anicius Olybrius), 105–106,

109Olympias (ascetic noblewoman), 322Olympiodorus of Thebes, 37, 54, 171,

215, 217, 387, 419On the Peoples of India and the Brahmans

(Palladius of Helenopolis), 411Onoguri, 186, 190Onomasticon (Eusebius of Caesarea), 400Ora maritima, 404Orestes (augustal prefect of Alexandria),

372–373Orestes (father of Emperor Romulus

Augustulus/secretary of Attila), 106,121, 122, 156, 242, 256

Organon (Aristotle), 385, 386

486






Index

Oribasius of Pergamum, 387Orosius (historian), 144, 160, 253, 254,

355orthodoxy, concept of, 168Ostrogoths

Arianism and, 18Italian kingdom of, 18, 20, 28, 88,

138, 145, 247, 254, 269lawmaking and legal culture, 145western empire, collapse of, 14

“other,” Late Antique drive to define,358

Oxyrhynchus, 52, 68

Pachomius, 307, 308pagans and paganism. See also Christian

sermons against pagansbiblical texts, pagan criticism of

Christianity based on, 356Christian converts to paganism, 168Christian society, adaptation to, 345communal events, pagan rites as, 346continuity of, 69–70Dea Caelestis festival, Carthage, 70demise of, 23different Christian perspectives on, 346education and, 380, 382, 384New Year’s rites, 347, 348–352outlawed rites, 344pulling down of temples and other

sites, 70–71, 75Romanness and, 167sack of Rome by Visigoths (410),

pagan reactions to, 352–357scapulimancy, 199soothsayers, last Roman military

consultation of, 198unified religion, paganism not

functioning as, 344paideia, concept of, 389Palestine. See Syria and PalestinePalladius of Helenopolis, On the Peoples

of India and the Brahmans, 411Pannonian Goths, 222, 225, 226, 227Pantaenus (teacher of Clement of

Alexandria), 410, 411papacy in age of Leo I, 327–343. See also

individual popes

anthropology, theologicalunderstanding of, 337

Christological doctrines in context ofsocio-political change, 329–332,341–343

Constantinople and, 339–341Egypt and, 341–343Gaul and, 335–337meeting between Attila and Leo I,

327–328North Africa and, 333–335provincial churches, relationship with,

332–343self-understanding as center of

Christendom, 328Spain and, 22, 337–339Syria and, 342–343title of pope, 327

Parlato, S., 181Passion of Saint Saba, 56pastoralist peoples, captive-taking and

slaveholding by, 240Patricius (father of Augustine), 65, 66,

67, 69Patricius (Phrygian and consul at

Constantinople), 123Patroclus of Arles, 336patronage, elite anxiety concerning use

of, 146–147Patterson, Orlando, 239Paul of Samosata, 338Paula (Roman ascetic noblewoman),

317, 395, 396–398Paulinus of Pella, 54Payne, Richard, 282Pelagius and Pelagianism, 315, 317, 320,

334, 341people, capture and movement of,

94–95, 97“peoples,” historiographic concept of

group identity of, 223–226, 227,255–258

Periegesis (Dionysius Periegetes), 404Peroz (Sasanian ruler), 10, 285, 287, 291,

293, 298, 299Persia. See Sasanian PersiaPeter Chrysologus of Ravenna, 347, 351Petra, legal papyri from, 154

487






Index

Petronius Maximus (emperor), 39, 103,112

Peutinger Table, 402, 403, 405Phaenomena (Aratus), 405philosophy, education in, 377, 381,

383–387Philostorgius (historian), 410Photinus (bishop and heresiarch), 338Piacenza Pilgrim, 399, 400, 401, 402pilgrimage texts

4th-century boom in, 3985th-century absence of, 395Bordeaux Pilgrim, 398, 401, 402, 413Egeria, 397, 398, 400, 401, 402Jerome’s letter recalling pilgrimage to

Holy Land, 395, 396–398Piacenza Pilgrim, 399, 400, 401, 402topographical registers of holy sites

and relics, 398–404Pizarras, 153Placidia (daughter of Valentinian III),

103, 105, 109plague, 82, 93, 198Plato and Platonism, 377, 383–387,

408Pliny the Elder, 408Plotinus, 383, 386Plutarch (Athenian teacher of

philosophy), 383Pohl, Walter, 247Pomponius Mela, 401Porphyrius of Gaza, 71, 72, 140Porphyry

education in Late Antique and, 386Mark the Deacon’s Life of, 71, 75, 140,

143, 146Possidius, Life of Augustine, 78post-processual archaeology, 219postliminium, 242Pourshariati, Parveneh, 291praepositus sacri cubiculi, 31Praetextus (Roman senator and prefect),

391Priscillian and Priscillianists, 337–339Priscus Attalus (emperor), 42, 158Priscus Caesariensis, 404Priscus of Panium, 419

on aristocracy, 120, 121

barbarians, differentiated knowledgeof, 256

on captives of barbarians, 230, 236, 239on Eurasian steppe tribes, 185, 186,

189on governance of Roman empire, 26,

30, 37, 38, 39on Greek merchant’s preference for

life at Attila’s court, 38, 162, 223,224, 225, 227, 241

on Huns, 199, 201, 205–207, 257, 287Jordanes as reader of, 202on law and legal culture, 144, 145,

154, 155on Romanness, 156, 159, 161, 162,

166, 171on ruling clans of steppe empires, 259

processual or new archaeology, 219Proclus (Athenian teacher of

philosophy), 384–385, 386Procopius of Caesarea, 419

on barbarian migrations, 225, 252on captives of barbarians, 234, 236economies in age of Attila and, 48military and, 125on North Africa, 78, 273, 275, 276,

277on White Huns, 182

Prohaeresius (Athenian rhetorician), 380Prosper of Aquitaine, 320, 327–328,

420Proterius of Alexandria, 41, 341Ptolemy, 405, 408Pulcheria (sister of Theodosius II), 30,

99, 102, 103, 114Punic Wars, 265

quaestor sacri palatti, 31Quodvultdeus of Carthage, De tempore

barbarico, 264, 420

Rabbula of Edessa, 370Radagaisus (Gothic leader), 134, 136,

197, 203, 215–221, 253, 355Rag-i Bibi rock relief, Bactria, 284ransom costs for barbarian captives,

235–238, 243Ravenna, 13, 20, 39, 47, 86, 88, 153

488






Index

“red Huns” (Alkhons), 184, 186, 190,286

religion. See also Christianity; Jews andJudaism; pagans and paganism

Buddhism, 10education and, 380, 382Zoroastrianism, 11, 182, 283, 289, 290

rhetoric and grammar, education in, 381Ricimer (barbarian general), 17, 42, 106,

112, 119, 135, 136Roman empire, 12–25. See also

aristocracy; change andtransformation in age of Attila;countryside; eastern empire;economies in age of Attila;education; governance of Romanempire; military; religion;Romanness; urban communities;western empire

before age of Attila, 12–13army, loss of control of, 14–15assimilation of newcomers by, 15changes epitomized by Attila for, 3–4church and empire, relationship

between, 359–362collapse in fifth century, overview of,

16collapse of western empire, 13–14,

17–19, 20, 27–29, 42, 96, 106Danube boundary, collapse of, 16“fall” of, 248–249Huns’ effect on, 7–9, 13, 19–20, 195Jewish community, imperial

protection of, 362–366, 374new Israel, identified as, 314North Africa, continuing legacy in,

281Rhine boundary, collapse of, 16Sasanian Persia and, 10, 11, 19,

296–298, 299as urban culture, 44–48

Romanianus (Cornelius Romanianus),62, 65, 67, 69, 76

Romanness, 156–172captives of barbarians and, 159,

161–162, 242Christianity and, 160, 167–170citizenship status and 156–159

collapse of empire and, 163–165,170–172

criticism of Roman society and, 162as cultural, 165–167in eastern versus western empire, 157,

163–165elite sense of, 159emperor, association with, 157language and, 165military and, 160nonelite sense of, 160as political stance, 163–165, 170

RomeAugustine’s City of God and concept of

civitas, 62countryside, connection to, 47decline of, 80, 86–89“eternal Rome,” concept of, 355ideological significance of, 158law school in, 389as Mediterranean city, 61as megalopolis, 47monasticism and asceticism in,

316–320political influence of populace of,

39population of, 80, 87supplying commodities to, 83, 86,

88–89Valentinian III’s imperial residence at,

87, 316Vandal sack of (455), 20, 39, 88, 137,

252, 261, 266Visigothic sack of (410), 61, 86, 137,

347, 352–357Rome, bishops of. See papacy in age of

Leo I; individual popesRomulus (Hippo landowner), 63Romulus Augustulus (last emperor in the

west), 29, 106, 121, 138, 157, 256Rourans, 186, 188, 189, 191Rua (Hun leader), 8, 122, 197, 204Rubin, Zeev, 291Rufinus (praetorian prefect), 28, 118Rufinus of Aquileia, 317, 410, 411Rugi, 20, 221, 222, 225, 227, 239, 247,

254rural areas. See countryside

489






Index

Saba (Gothic saint), 56Sabiri, 186, 189Salvian of Marseilles, 420

Ad ecclesiam, 312on barbarian invasions, 18De gubernatione Dei, 313governance of empire and, 38on migration, 251on monasticism and asceticism, 304,

309–315, 320on Romanness, 163, 169on urban communities, 69, 78, 79

Salway, Benet, 403Salzman, Michele Renee, 344Samaritans, 168Sanzo, Joseph E., 358Saraguri, 186, 190Sardica, Council of (343/344), 335Sardinia, Catholic bishops from Vandal

North Africa exiled to, 273Sarmatians, 221, 222, 247Sarris, Peter, 37, 44Sasanian lawbook (Book of a Thousand

Legal Decisions), 148, 152Sasanian Persia, 10–11, 282–299

aristocratic clans of, 11, 55, 290–293,298

Armenian cavalry enlisted by, 295–296Book of Kings, 289, 294, 415Ctesiphon, 94deficiency of resources in, 93–95Great Wall of Gurgan, 293–295Huns affecting, 6, 10–11, 19, 183–184,

282, 284–288, 289–290, 298ideology of, 283–284, 288–290,

292–293, 294–296, 297, 298Kayanian dynasty of Avesta,

identification of Sasanian rulerswith, 288–290, 292–293

as military enemy, 127military in, 293–296people, capture and movement of,

94–95population of, 94, 96Roman empire and, 10, 11, 19,

296–298society and economy of, 55survival and endurance of, 283

tribute payments, Roman subsidiesviewed as, 297, 298

Turan, concept of, 284, 287, 294, 298Zoroastrianism, 11, 182, 283, 289, 290

Saxons and Angles, 14, 247, 253scapulimancy, 199Scheid, John, 350, 351schools. See educationSchroeder, Caroline, 306Sciri, 20, 221, 222, 227, 239Scythians, 255Scythopolis (Beth Shean), 73, 74“self ” and “other,” Late Antique drive to

define, 358senatorial aristocracy, 35–37, 116, 117Sentences of Paul, 148Sententiae Syricae (Laws of the Christian

and Just Kings), 148Serena (wife of Stilicho and niece of

Theodosius I), 29, 100, 114Sergius of Reshaina, 392Sessa, Kristina, 346Severinus of Noricum, 251Severus of Antioch, 332Severus of Minorca, 72–73, 368–370, 374Shahnameh (Firdawsi), 289, 415Shapur I (Persian ruler), 284Shapur II (Persian ruler), 95, 183, 289Shapur III (Persian ruler), 290Shenoute of Atripe, 244, 304–309,

311–315, 325Sibley, Susan, 153Sidonius (Gaius Apollinaris Sidonius),

122, 145, 151, 159, 164, 165, 166,170, 172, 251, 287, 420

Silk Road, 10Simplicius (pope), 316Sirmium, prisoners from, 230–234Sixtus I (pope), 319Skaveni, 236skull-binding, as cultural practice, 57, 185slaves and slavery. See also captives of

barbarianscaptive returnees as slaves, 161–162Hun slaves and subject peoples,

224–225pastoralist peoples, captive-taking and

slaveholding by, 240

490






Index

Roman citizenship distinguishing freeRomans from, 159

Slavic peoples in northern Europe, 12Socrates Scholasticus, 27, 37, 212, 303,

372, 410, 421Sogdia

exclusion from Sasanian Persia asxyonan, 295

Hephthalite Huns, seizure by, 10, 185,190, 286–287

Silk Road shifting into, 10Sozomen Scholasticus, 197, 322,

421Spain

barbarian incursions into andsettlements in, 14, 17, 58, 59, 87,164, 247, 254, 260

Justinianic reconquests in, 21papacy and, 22, 337–339Pizarras from, 153Priscillianists in, 337–339Romanness of, 164

Stephanos Orbelian, 421Stephen of Herakleopolis Magna, 361St. Stephen protomartyr, relics of, 72–73,

368–370, 400steppe world. See Eurasian steppeStilicho (Vandal and Roman general), 17

followers of, 258governance of Roman empire and, 28,

29, 42Huns in barbarian Europe and, 218imperial dynasty, marriage into, 100,

109, 114, 119, 123as military leader, 132, 134, 135,

136political involvement of, 135, 136

Stoicism, 377Strategikon (Generalship; Mauricius), 130strategy, military, 128–129Suevi/Suebi, 16, 58, 215–221, 222, 247,

251, 253, 260, 339suffragium, 34Sukhra (Sasanian hero), 293, 299Symeon Stylites, 363Symmachus (pope), 316, 391Symmachus (city prefect), 83, 167synagogues, 364–365, 367, 370–372

Synesius of Cyrene, 58, 131, 134, 143,160, 395–396, 421

Syria and Palestineeducation in, 392famines in, 321Gaza, 71, 75, 321Jerome’s letter recalling pilgrimage to

Holy Land, 395, 396–398monasticism and asceticism in, 342papacy and, 342–343population of, 93, 96relative prosperity of, 92–96rural estates, spread of, 52Scythopolis (Beth Shean), 73, 74topographical registers of holy sites

and relics in, 398–404Syriac Chronicle to 724, 234Syrianus (Athenian teacher of

philosophy), 384, 385Syro-Roman Lawbook, 148

al-T. abarı, 293Tacitus, 401Taisho Tripitaka, 179, 422Talbert, Richard, 403taxation

army, Roman loss of control of,14–15

barbarian push-backs, tax burdentriggered by, 315

monastic disposal of wealth and, 315in monetized economy, 48ransom paid for barbarian captives as

percentage of tax revenue, 237rural estates, mercantile profits of, 54senatorial aristocracy and, 36, 37urban communities and, 45in Vandal North Africa, 272

teaching. See educationTervingi, 196, 212, 213, 214, 303Thamugadi, councilmen of, 64–67Themistius (rhetorician and official at

Constantinople), 387, 391, 422Theoderic the Great (Theodoric the

Amal; Ostrogothic ruler), 18, 20Arianism of, 273dynastic principle and, 109, 112, 113,

123

491






Index

Theoderic the Great (Theodoric theAmal; Ostrogothic ruler) (cont.)

familiarity with Roman culture, 253governance in Roman empire and, 28,

30, 39Hunnic confederation/domination

and, 222, 225Italian invasion force of, 225on law and legal culture, 150military and, 133Odoacer, defeat of, 254pretender Eugenius defeated by, 254Romanness and, 164urban communities and, 88

Theodoret of Cyrrhus, 40, 160, 162, 342,422

Theodoric I (Visigothic ruler), 112,193–194, 336

Theodoric II (Visigothic ruler), 145Theodorus of Magona, 72–73, 369, 370Theodosian Code, 141–143, 422

on acclamations of the people, 29Breviary of Alaric II and, 149citation from imperial law required to

be from, 142on city councilmen, 69incorporation of edicts into, 31on Jews, 363Justinianic Code and, 142, 143Latin language, publication in, 24military, a source for, 125, 133on New Year celebrations, 349patronage, elite anxiety concerning

use of, 146–147on priestly marriage, 318prudentes commissioned to make, 152purpose of, 151on taxation of mercantile profits of

rural estates, 54western empire, presentation to, 28,

42, 141, 146Theodosius I (emperor)

Callinicum, destruction of synagogueof, 370–372

Catholic Christianity as officialreligion of empire under, 166, 303

dynastic house of, 99–102

Gothic incursions under, 16Huns, nonaggression pact with, 199land gifts to Goths by, 58military strategy of, 128, 129, 130,

132, 138on New Year celebrations, 349penance for massacre at Thessalonica,

41public ritual and ceremonial under,

118split of imperial courts after death of,

86Theodosius II (emperor)

Attila made Roman general by, 114,119, 171

Attila, return of Roman prisoners to,39, 161

on Attila’s marriage to Honoria (sisterof Valentinian III), 114, 115

baptism of, 140, 146church councils under, 21dynastic principle and, 100, 102on generosity and benevolence, 32historical reputation of, 37Jews and, 363as lawmaker, 140–144. See also

Theodosian Codemilitary strategy of, 128, 129, 135,

136Nestorius and, 325placid nature of, 27prayers reputed to defeat Persians

(421), 32revolt against, 8Sasanians, refusal to make payments to,

298tribute paid to Huns, 129western empire and, 20, 28youth at accession, 30, 197

Theodosius, Topography of the Holy Land,401

Theophanes the Confessor,Chronographia, 40, 236, 422

Theophilus of Alexandria, 71, 90Theophylact Simocatta, 186Thiudimer (father of Theoderic the

Great), 225, 259

492






Index

Thorismund (Visigothic prince), 193,194

Thracian Goths, 225Thrasamund (Vandal ruler), 265, 269,

273, 275Thuringians, 221Tiberius (emperor), 388Timaeus (Plato), 408timeline of age of Attila, xv–xviTimothy II Salophaciolus (Chalcedonian

bishop of Alexandria), 342Tongdian, 183, 184, 185, 186topographical registers of holy sites and

relics, 398–404towns. See urban communitiestribute payments

to Huns, 129, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202,205, 235–238

subsidies paid by Romans to Sasaniansviewed as, 297, 298

Trier, 47, 61, 78, 79, 81, 83–86, 309Tripolitania, Jewish-Christian relations

in, 366Turan, 284, 287, 294, 298Turks, 9, 58, 287Twelve Tables, 388

Uldin (Hun leader), 197, 204, 215–221Ulpian (jurist), 154, 165Ur, Jason, 294urban communities, 61–79, 80–97

See also specific urban centers, e.g.Constantinople

architecture and public monumentsassociated with, 46, 63, 73–78

big cities, 47, 81–83changes endured by, 61churches, siting of, 75civitas, Augustine of Hippos; concept

of, 61–64, 356conversion to Christianity in, 69–73,

75councilmen of, 64–69, 71–73, 79countryside, connection to, 45, 47–48,

63, 82demise of, 78–79dining culture in, 76–77

dynamics of, 80–81in eastern versus western empires, 46,

49economies of, 44–48, 80–81, 82, 85elites of, 61, 63, 64–69, 71–73, 76–77,

79, 117as governance centers, 45–46mansions in, 75monasticism and asceticism in, 321as monetized economies, 48populations of, 82rising population levels in, 49, 73Roman empire as urban culture, 44–48size diversity, 47

supplying commodities to, 82–83taxation and, 45

Urbicius (cubicularius to emperor), 126,402

Urogi, 186, 190

Valens (emperor), 16, 128, 196, 213–214,303, 304, 379

Valentinian II (emperor), 27, 167, 379Valentinian III (emperor)

assassination of, 38, 261, 268Catalaunian Fields, Attila’s defeat at

(451), 193, 194church and, 41dynastic principle and, 100, 102,

103–106, 112–116Galla Placidia (mother) and, 30, 99,

102governance of Roman empire, 26–28,

30, 33imperial bureaucracy and, 34invasion of Italy and, 328Law of Citations, 147as military commander, 38on New Year celebrations, 349Rome as imperial residence for, 87,

316senatorial aristocracy and, 35, 36, 37Sirmian prisoners, negotiations for,

230Vandal North Africa and, 261, 266

Van Dam, Raymond, 80, 336“Vandalism,” as term, 251

493






Index

Vandals. See also Vandals in North AfricaAlbertini Tablets, 153Arianism and, 18, 266arming of Italian populace against, 39contact with Romans prior to

migration/invasion, 253Huns, effects of arrival of, 203,

215–221land grabs by, 58, 59lawmaking and legal culture, 145Majorian (emperor) and, 17Metz sacked by (407), 78military strategy against, 128, 129Rhine boundary, collapse of, 16in Roman Gaul, 85Rome sacked by (455), 20, 39, 88,

137, 252, 261, 266in Spain, 247, 251, 254, 260western empire, collapse of, 14

Vandals in North Africa, 265–274appropriation and redistribution of

land by, 15, 267–268Arian-Nicene tensions, 272–274, 333aristocracy in, 270, 272Byzantine reconquests, 21, 266, 275,

281Carthage, capture of, 78, 137, 199,

247, 265, 267, 335collaboration with Roman

administration, 260Donatists and, 333dynastic principle and Vandal royal

family (Hasdings), 103, 105, 112,114, 268, 269

under Geiseric, 265–272. See alsoGeiseric

Gothic language, Vandal dialect of, 269governance of, 270, 272Hun empire and, 199integration with Roman society in

Africa, 269–270law and legal culture, 145migration in 5th century and, 247, 251military organization and campaigns,

267, 268rise and fall of Vandal kingdom,

265–266Romanness and, 164

success of Vandal kingdom, 266treaty of 442, 266–268urban communities and, 81, 87–88

Varkhon/Warkhon (Avar Huns), 186,188, 191

Vegetius, De re militari (On MilitaryAffairs), 126, 160

Verina (empress), 99, 106, 110Victor of Vita, 171, 172, 252, 270, 274,

423Vienne, 47Vigilas (Roman agent), 234, 243, 256“villa boom,” 53Virgil, 355, 356Visigoths

Breviary of Alaric II (Lex romanavisigothorum), 140, 143, 149, 151,152

coalition against Huns, 17contact with Romans prior to

migration/invasion, 253kingdom of, 260Majorian (emperor) and, 17Pizarras, 153in Roman Gaul and Aquitaine, 14, 85,

136, 247, 254, 260, 335–336Rome, sack of (410), 61, 86, 137, 347,

352–357senatorial aristocracy and, 37in Spain, 254western empire, collapse of, 14

Wahram IV (Sasanian ruler), 290Wahram V Gor (Sasanian ruler), 284,

286, 291, 292, 295, 298Wahram VI Chobin (Sasanian ruler),

291Warkhon/Varkhon (Avar Huns), 186,

188, 191, 192, 195Watts, Edward, 376Weishu, 183, 187, 188–189, 423Wessel, Susan, 327western empire

aristocracy in, 116bishops, eastern and western,

connection between, 310Christianity, east-west schism in, 171,

172

494






Index

collapse of, 13–14, 17–19, 20, 27–29,42, 96, 106

countryside in, 49, 53, 54Franks and collapse of, 14Italy’s political, cultural, and

intellectual separation from easternempire, 391

military after collapse of, 138–139monastic establishments, eastern and

western, connections between, 310Ostrogoths and collapse of, 14Romanness in, 157, 163–165Theodosian Code presented to, 28, 42,

141, 146Theodosius II and, 20, 28urban communities in, 46, 49Vandals and collapse of, 14Visigoths and collapse of, 14

White Huns, 182, 185, 321White Monastery of Atripe, Egypt, 244,

304–309Wilken, Robert, 373Wishtap (mythical Sasanian ruler), 288,

289, 294women

ascetic marriage, 304, 309, 316–320dynastic principle and, 99education of, 377monasticism and asceticism,

experience of, 306–308, 313, 317Wormald, Patrick, 150

Xianbei, 175, 189, 191Xiongnu empire, Huns’ connection to,

7, 257arguments against, 181–182Central Asian evidence for, 178–181historiography of, 175, 176precise relationship between

2nd-century Xiongnu and4th-century Huns, 190–191, 257

Weishu on remnants of Xiongnu inAltai region, 188–189

xyonan, 289–290, 295, 298

Yazdgird I (Sasanian ruler), 288, 289,290, 292

Yazdgird II (Sasanian ruler), 285, 286,287, 288, 291, 292, 295–296,298

Yazdgird III (Sasanian ruler), 289

Zacharius Scholasticus, 382, 385Zamyad Yast, 289Zeno (emperor), 18, 38, 43, 108, 109,

110, 130, 135, 163, 298Zeno of Cyprus, 387Zhu Fahu (Dharmaraks.a), 178–180, 181,

422Zoroastrianism, 11, 182, 283, 289,

290Zosimus (historian), 32, 135, 212, 215,

423

495






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