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INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2016
INDIGENOUS MEDICINE
Ayurveda – Dravya Guna
COMPARATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTICAL EVALUATION OF SEEDS OF MUCUNA
COCHINCHINENSIS (LOUR.) A. CHEV. (BLACK AND WHITE VARIETIES) WITH M. PRURIENS
(L.) DC.
Murthy SN*, Nirawane RB, Gurav AM, Mhase AG, Sangvikar S, Rao GB, Kulkarni YR 79–91
Ayurveda – Dravya Guna – Review
THE PHARMACOVIGILANCE CONCERN AS QUOTED IN VARIOUS CHAPTERS OF
MADANAPALA NIGHANTU
Anagha V Ranade*, Rabinarayan Acharya 92–106
Ayurveda – Rasa Shastra – Review
HARATALA SHODHANA- A REVIEW THROUGH RASA CLASSICS
Shivanand T Biradar*, Galib, Prajapati PK 107–113
Cover Page Photography: Dr. Hari Venkatesh K.R.
Plant ID: Twig of Euphorbia hypericifolia L.* of the family Euphorbiaceae
Place: Off Kanakapura Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
*Botanical Name validated from www.theplantlist.org as on 30/03/2016
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 79–91
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
COMPARATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTICAL EVALUATION OF SEEDS OF
MUCUNA COCHINCHINENSIS (LOUR.) A. CHEV. (BLACK AND WHITE
VARIETIES) WITH M. PRURIENS (L.) DC.
Murthy SN1*
, Nirawane RB2, Gurav AM
3, Mhase AG
4,
Sangvikar S5, Rao GB
6, Kulkarni YR
7
1Assistant Director Incharge, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic Sciences (NRIBAS), Kothrud,
Pune, India 411038. 2Senior Research Fellow, Department of Pharmacognosy, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic
Sciences (NRIBAS), Kothrud, Pune, India 411038. 3Research Officer (Botany), Department of Pharmacognosy, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic
Sciences (NRIBAS), Kothrud, Pune, India 411038. 4Herbarium assistant, Department of Botany, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic Sciences
(NRIBAS), Kothrud, Pune, India 411038. 5Research Officer (Ayurveda), Department of Phytochemistry, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic
Sciences (NRIBAS), Kothrud, Pune, India 411038. 6Research Officer (Botany), Department of Botany, National Research Institute of Basic Ayurvedic Sciences
(NRIBAS), Kothrud, Pune, India 411038. 7Professor PDEA College of Ayurveda and Research Center, Pune, India 411044.
*Corresponding author: Email- [email protected] Mobile: +91 9527034246
Received: 03/02/2016; Revised: 15/03/2016; Accepted: 20/03/2016
ABSTRACT
M. Pruriens (L.) DC., Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. var. black and white are
reported to contain chemical compound L-dopa, which is used in the treatment of Parkinson’s
disease. Aqueous extract of seeds of these species showed aphrodisiac properties. Many Ayurvedic
practitioners are using the seed powder to treat disease like gonorrhoea, sterility and general debility.
Seeds of these species were collected, shade dried and kept in airtight container and preserved in
FAA for microscopic evaluation. Shade dried seeds were made in to powder and sieved through #60.
Characters such as color, size, shape, weight as well as microscopic characters observed through
transverse section and powder microscopy have also been described in detailed. Result revealed that
microscopic characters such as, thickening of lumen of palisade cells of testa, number of layers of
spongy parenchyma of testa region and number of mesophyll layers of cotyledon were the main
distinguishing characters of selected Mucuna species.
KEY WORDS: Mucuna species, pharmacognosy, macroscopy, microscopy, powder microscopy,
Ayurveda
Research article
Cite this article: Murthy SN, Nirawane RB, Gurav AM, Mhase AG, Sangvikar S, Rao GB, Kulkarni YR (2016),
COMPARATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTICAL EVALUATION OF SEEDS OF MUCUNA
COCHINCHINENSIS (LOUR.) A. CHEV. (BLACK AND WHITE VARIETIES) WITH M. PRURIENS (L.)
DC. Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(3): 79–91
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 79–91
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
INTRODUCTION:
Indian system of Medicine, particularly
Ayurveda, prescribes 80% of their medicines,
which are plant origin (Anonymous, 2003).
The demand of Ayurvedic or herbal medicine
is increasing day by day in the developed
countries due to its safety and efficacy. Now a
days, there are, plenty of formulations and
preparations available in the markets in the
name of vitalisers and aphrodisiac products.
Increasing demand for aphrodisiac products in
the global market, lead the industry to prepare
neutraceuticals which does not require
approval of the drug controllers (Ramawat and
Goyal, 2008).
There are 105 species of Mucuna available
in the tropical parts of the Earth and about 15
species found in India (Anonymous, 1962).
Plants of this genus belong to family fabaceae
and are annual or perrenial twinner herb or
shrub (Mebberly, 2008). Among these species,
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. has been reported
as an aphrodisiac drug and known as
Kapikacchu in Ayurveda (Sharma et al.,
2000). Mucuna pruriens is an ingredient of
Ayurvedic formulations Shakuladi sidhmala,
Pana, Bhakshana which is used in the
treatment of rheumatism (Parmar et al., 2016).
Pharmacognostic studies on seed and root of
Mucuna pruriens have been reported by Yelne
and Sharma, (1992); Chauhan and Pillai
(2011). According to Garg (1992), other
species namely, Mucuna utilis Wall ex Wight
are being sold in the name of Kapikacchu.
A literature survey revealed that, there are
other species of Mucuna viz., Mucuna
cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. white seeded
from Northen parts and Mucuna
cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. black seeded
varieties from Southern parts of India are also
used by Ayurvedic physicians and sold in the
market in the name of Kapikacchu. Murthy et
al. (2015), reported that the M.
cochinchinensis black seed variety contains
maximum L-dopa as compared to the other
species of Mucuna.
Keeping in view, the variation in seed, leaf,
pod and plant morphology; a comparative
account of seed pharmacognosy has been
performed. This communication deals with the
macroscopic, microscopic and powder
microscopic evaluation of M. pruriens, M.
cochinchinensis black and white seed varieties.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Plant material:
Seed material of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC,
Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev.
(White seed) procured from Pune market and
Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev.
(Black seed) from Kerala market were
authenticated from Agharkar Research
Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India, with
voucher number S-162, S-161 and S-159,
respectively. Above seeds were sown at
Institute’s garden and thereafter saplings were
further cultivated. The fresh materials have
been used from these cultivated sources for
further pharmacognostical studies.
Herbarium preparation:
Herbarium specimens were prepared and
preserved in the Herbarium section of the
Institute with voucher specimen number
Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev.
(White seed)- 4476, Mucuna cochinchinensis
(Lour.) A. Chev. (black seed) – 4487 and
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.- 4475.
Preparation of wet sample:
Fresh seeds were collected from the plants
cultivated in institute garden. Seeds were
thoroughly washed and kept separately in a
glass bottle containing a mixture of Formalin:
Glacial Acetic Acid: 70% Ethyl alcohol
[10:5:85] (Johansen, 1940).
Powder preparation:
Shade dried seeds of Mucuna species were
made into powder with the help of grinding
mill. Powder was sieved through #60 mesh and
kept in a air tight container for further analysis.
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 79–91
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Morphological characters of seed:
Morphological or organoleptic characters
like shape, size, taste, odour, colour of the
three pods, seeds and powder were recorded as
seen from naked eyes (Kokate et al., 2008).
Microscopic characters of seeds:
Free hand sections (T.S.) of each material
were taken and stained with Phloroglucinol
plus Hydrochloric acid and Iodine. Micro
photographs were snapped with the help of
DenoCapture 2.0 version 1.4.2.D the versatile
digital microscope. The histological studies
were carried out as per the methods described
by Johansen, 1940.
Powder microscopy of seed:
Pinch of powder taken in watch glass and
stained with Phloroglucinol plus Hydrochloric
acid and Iodine. Micro-slides were prepared
and observed under trinocular, Biolux make.
Micro photographs were snapped with Deno
Capture 2.0 version 1.4.2.D the versetile
digital microscope.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Morphological characters of seed:
Seeds of Mucuna were ovate to oblong
with hard, glossy surface; hilum conspicuous
more or less elongated with distinct slit,
cushioned with white spongy tissue and
bordered with aril, located at one end of the
longer edge of the seed near micropylar end.
Details of comparative account of these
species have been depicted in the Table-1, 2
and Figure-1
Table-1: Comparative morphological characters of plants of Mucuna species
Morphometric
characters
M. cochinchinensis (Lour.)
A. Chev. var. Black
M. cochinchinensis (Lour.)
A. Chev. var. White
M. pruriens (L.)
DC.
Habit Annual twiner Annual twiner Annual twiner
Flower white or pale purple Dark purple purple
Pod 10–15 cm long, 1–2.5 cm
wide, green with black bristles
when young, black, wrinkled
and destitude of down when
ripe, bristles not irritant
10–15 cm long, 1–2.5 cm
wide, green with white
bristles when young, black,
wrinkled and destitude of
down when ripe, bristles not
irritant
5–10 cm long,
1.5–1.8 cm wide,
light green with
white bristles
when young, pale
brown or grey,
longitudinally
ribbed, turgid,
bristles irritant.
Seed Brown to black, 6–8 in a pod. Dull white, 6–8 in a pod. Black, 4–6 in a
pod.
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 79–91
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
FIGURE 1: Comparative morphological characters of Mucuna species
Figure 1: 1,2,3- Habit; 4,5,6- Flowers; 7,8,9- Fresh pods; 10,11,12- Mature dried pods; 13,14,15- Mature dried
seeds
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 79–91
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Table-2: Comparative morphological characters of seeds of Mucuna species
Macroscopic
characters
M. cochinchinensis (Lour.)
A. Chev. var. Black
M. cochinchinensis
(Lour.) A. Chev. var.
White
M. pruriens (L.) DC.
Shape ovate, oblong, globose ovate, oblong, globose ovate, oblong, flattened
Size length -1.25–2.19 cm,
breadth- 0.93–1.5 cm,
thickness -0.45–1.16 cm.
length -1.20–2.0 cm
breadth- 0.95–1.37 cm
thickness -0.50–1.0 cm
length -0.8–1.29 cm,
breadth- 0.6–0.9 cm,
thickness -0.3–0.63 cm
Surface hard, smooth, glossy hard, smooth, glossy hard, smooth, glossy
Colour brown to black dull white brown to black
Hilum conspicuous, 0.6–0.8 cm
long
conspicuous, 0.7–
0.9 cm long.
conspicuous 0.4–0.5 cm
long.
Weight of seed Upto 2.7 gm Upto 1.9 gm Upto 0.5 gm
Powder characters
Colour creamish gray yellowish cream creamish gray
Texture course course course
Odour odourless odourless odourless
Taste starchy - slightly bitter starchy -slightly bitter starchy - slightly bitter
Microscopy:
Detailed T. S. of seed passing through testa:
Transversed section (TS) of Mucuna
species was oval in shape. TS showed outer
most single, malpighian layer of testa,
composed of thick walled cylindrical palisade
cells covered with thin cuticle. A line of linea
lucida could easily be seen across these cells;
followed by a layer of spool shaped cells
having apical and basal ends; both ends
connected with long, vertically running narrow
strip. Underneath this lies the spongy
parenchyma layer. Major differences among
the microscopic characters of testa of seeds
have been exhibited in Table-3 and Figure-2.
Table-3: Comparative account of microscopic characters of Mucuna species
Microscopic
characters
M. cochinchinensis (Lour.)
A. Chev. var. Black
M. cochinchinensis (Lour.)
A. Chev. var. White
M. pruriens (L.) DC.
Palisade
cells of testa
Lumen narrow and broadest
at apical end
Lumen narrow and broadest
at apical end and basal end.
Lumen narrow and
broadest at basal end.
Spongy
parenchyma
of testa
No. of layers 18–20
outer 7–8 layers small with
few inter cellular spaces
Middle 8–9 layers elongated
cells with compact
arrangement
inner 3–4 collapsed layers
No. of layers 14–16
outer 7–8 layers big with
inter cellular spaces
Middle 5–6 layers with few
inter cellular spaces
inner 3–4 collapsed layers
No. of layers 9–16
outer 7–8 layers small,
compact
middle 5–6 layers
elongated, compact
inner 3–4 collapsed
layers
No. of
mesophill
layers in
cotyledon
up to 30 up to 35 up to 20
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 79–91
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
FIGURE 2: Comparative account of detailed T. S. of seed passing through testa
Figure 2: 1,2,3- Transverse section of seed passing through testa; 4,5,6- Enlarge view of palisade showing linea
lucida; 7,8,9- Enlarge view of spool shaped parenchyma; 10,11,12- Enlarge view of testa showing parenchyma
traverse with vascular bundle.
Detailed T. S. of seed passing through
cotyledon:
Transverse section exhibed outer and inner
epidermis, made up of squarish to rectangular
cells, embeded with aleurone grains. Cells of
inner epidermis observed to be bigger in size as
compared to the cells of outer epidermis. In
between, outer and inner epidermis, cells of
mesophyll present, containig starch grains and
aleurone grains and traversed with developed
and undeveloped vascular bundles. Detailed
comparative account among these species is
given in Table –3 and Figure- 3.
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 79–91
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
FIGURE 3: Comparative account of detailed T. S. of seed passing through cotyledon
Figure 3: 1,2,3- TS of cotyledon showing outer epidermis; 4,5,6- TS of cotyledon showing middle mesophyll cells;
7,8,9- TS of cotyledon showing inner epidermis.
Detailed T. S. of seed passing through hilum
region:
Section showed two layered palisade cells
containing brown content. Below this, irregular
parenchyama layers, traversed with developed
and undeveloped vascular bundles and few
layers collapsed at the lower end. Tracheidal
bar found embedded in it at narrow groove run
from the centre of two rows of palisade cells.
Arillus was lying adjacent to the palisade cells.
Details are shown in Figure -4.
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 79–91
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
FIGURE 4: Comparative account of detailed T. S. of seed passing through hilum region
Figure 4:1,2,3-Transverse section of seed passing through hilum; 4,5,6- Enlarge view showing double layered
palisade, tracheidial bar and irregular parenchyma; 7,8,9- Enlarge view showing lower parenchyma and vascular
bundle.
Powder microscopy of seeds-
Powder showed palisade cells in surface
view seen from above and below, 2 layers of
palisade cells from the hilum region, spool
shaped cells in surface view, spiral vessels,
isolated cells of arillus, isolated starch grains
from cotyledons, fragment of tracheidal bar,
isolated starch grains from radical (Figure 5
and 6).
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 79–91
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
FIGURE 5: Comparative cellular details observed in powder microscopy of seed
Figure 5: 1,2,3- Isolated cells of arrilus; 4,5,6- Isolated starch grains from cotyledon; 7,8,9- Fragment of tracheidal
bar; 10,11,12- Isolated starch grains from radical.
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 79–91
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
FIGURE 6: Comparative cellular details observed in powder microscopy of seed
Figure 6: 1,2,3- Palisade cells in surface view seen from above; 4,5,6- Palisade cells in surface view seen from
below; 7,8,9- 2 layers of palisade cells from the hilum region; 10,11,12- Spool shaped cells in surface view;
13,14,15- Spiral vessels.
Abbreviations- alg- aleurone grains, ar- arillus, cpar- collapsed parenchyma, ct- cortex, e- epidermis, ie- inner
epidermis, ipar- irregular parenchyma, ll- linea lucida, oe- outer epidermis, pal- palisade, par- parenchyma, sg-
starch grains, spar- spool shaped parenchyma, trb- tracheidal bar, uvb- undeveloped vascular bundle, vb-
vascular bundle.
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 79–91
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
DISCUSSION
Yelne and Sharma (1992) and Chauhan and
Pillai (2011) reported presence of palisade
layer columnar or spool shaped cells, tracheids
and reticulate, spiral vessels in the seed powder
of M. pruriens (L.) DC. Our findings were also
at par with them; except that Yelne and Sharma
(1992) had not reported the presence of double
layered palisade cells, palisade cells in surface
view seen from above and below; columnar
cells in surface view. Whereas isolated cells of
arillus and isolated starch grains from radical
region of seed were not reported by both the
authors, but newly found and being reported in
the present communication.
We found major differences in
morphological characters of seed of M.
cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. var. Black,
M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. var. White
and M. pruriens (L.) DC., in respect of size,
shape, color and weight as well as in
microscopic characters such as, thickening of
lumen of palisade cells of testa, number of
layers of spongy parenchyma of testa region
and number of mesophyll layers of cotyledon.
CONCLUSION
The resultant data obtained through
experimental exercise such as,
pharmacongnostic evaluation of M.
cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. var. Black,
M. cochinchinensis (Lour.) A. Chev. var. White
and M. pruriens (L.) DC. will be useful for the
identification and authentication of correct
Mucuna species. The differences in
morphological and microscopical characters
among these species would also be helpful to
detect the possible adulteration in the genuine
drugs of Kapikacchu (Mucuna species).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authers are thankful to the Director
General, Central Council for Research in
Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi, for
encouragement and facilities provided to
complete the work.
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classification and uses. 3rd edition. New
York: Cambridge University Press. p.
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Murthy SN, Malgaonkar MM, Shirolkar AR,
Pawar SD, Sangvikar S, Kulkarni YR
(2015). A comparative assessment of
pharmacologically active principles and
antioxidant activity of commonly
occuring Mucuna sps. in India.
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Pharma Research. 3(11): 8–13.
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Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 92–106
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
THE PHARMACOVIGILANCE CONCERN AS QUOTED IN VARIOUS
CHAPTERS OF MADANAPALA NIGHANTU
Anagha V Ranade1*, Rabinarayan Acharya
2
1 PhD scholar, Dept. of Dravyaguna Vijnana, IPGT&RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India, 361008
2Professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna Vijnana, IPGT&RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India, 361008
*Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected]
Received: 02/02/2016; Revised: 05/03/2016; Accepted: 15/03/2016
ABSTRACT
The safety issues regarding the medicines used in traditional systems, especially Ayurveda, are
on a rise. There is a need to upsurge the pharmaco-vigilant views of seers who have already
mentioned the possible adverse effects of medicinal plants, minerals, animal products (that possess
medicinal value), if not consumed cautiously. The best illustrations in these lines are evident in
Nighantus (lexicons) of Dravyaguna wherein possible adverse aspects of medicines as well as food
have been delineated along with their therapeutic values. Madanapala nighantu, one among them
stipulates varied undesirable actions of drugs when consumed wrongly or against regular protocol.
The present paper is an attempt to emphasize the pharmaco-vigilant aspects of certain medicinal
drugs documented in Madanapala nighantu. It was observed that the classification of drugs in this
nighantu stresses not only on different medicines but also various foodstuffs that are consumed daily.
The description of cereals, pulses, oils, cooked and prepared food items suggest that the author was
well aware about pathya kalpana and also the role of diet in etiology of lifestyle disorders.
KEYWORDS: Ayurveda, Dravyaguna, Drug safety, Madanapala nighantu, pharmacovigilance.
Review article
Cite this article: Anagha V Ranade, Rabinarayan Acharya (2016), THE PHARMACOVIGILANCE
CONCERN AS QUOTED IN VARIOUS CHAPTERS OF MADANAPALA NIGHANTU,
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(3): 92–106
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 92–106
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
INTRODUCTION:
Pharmaco-vigilance deals with assessment
of drug and safety monitoring. It is essential
that new and medically still evolving
treatments are monitored for their effectiveness
and safety under real-life conditions, post
release (Anonymous, 2004). At the same time,
the drugs available should also be monitored
throughout its life cycle. The safety issues
regarding medicines used in traditional systems
especially Ayurveda are in vogue. Physicians
should have a thorough knowledge about the
properties of medicines that are being
prescribed by them. In order to know the
adverse drug reactions, a sound knowledge of
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of
dravyas is necessary. In Ayurveda (Acharya JT,
2007), the mode of action of any drug is
attributed to its basic elements like Rasa
(perecption), Guna (properties), Virya and
Vipaka (potency of drug). Seers have quoted
the normal functions of Dosha (humors), Dhatu
(tissue) and Mala (excretory products) that help
in maintenance of body metabolism (Vidyanath
R, 2013). The pathogenesis of any disease is
solely dependent upon the disruption in
equilibrium of all of the Dosha, Dhatu and
Mala. Thus, the action of drug can be assessed
based upon the alterations occurring in these
fundamentals of human physiology through
Rasa, Virya, Vipaka, etc. Further the target
action of dravyas has been described by
mentioning three types of drug action; one in
which drug acts on doshas (Vata, Pitta &
Kapha), other wherein dravyas affect the seven
dhatus (tissues) and the third type where
dravya acts to maintain equilibrium
(Rajeshwardutta, 2011).
The pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of medicinal plants are
described in Dravyaguna in the nighantu texts.
These texts contain a documented list of
medicinal plants that includes their properties,
therapeutic action, contra-indications and their
possible adverse effects if not used judiciously.
Thus, Ayurveda way back follows the concept
of pharmacovigilance. Samhitas have portrayed
the vigilance of side effects of drug while
denoting the treatment module e.g. in case of
administration of Bhallataka (Semecarpus
anacardium Linn), prior intake or application
of ghee internally in the oral cavity is indicated
to avoid adverse effects (Shastri
Rajeshwardutta, 2011). In addition to this, the
Shodhana (detoxification procedures) in case of
poisonous plants, minerals and metals has also
been quoted in Ayurveda in the texts related to
Rasashastra (Ilanchezhian R et al., 2010).
There are works wherein validation of these
purificatory methods have been done in case of
plants from Upavisha (semi-poisonous)
category viz. Langali (Gloriosa superba L.),
Kupilu (Strychnos nux vomica) etc (Acharya
RN, 2014).
Among the lexicons, the contribution of
Dhanwantari nighantu (Ranade Anagha et al.,
2014)
and
Bhavaprakasha nighantu (Kolhe
rasika et al, 2015) towards drug safety has been
reported. Madanpala nighantu of 13th
century
(Sharma H, 2009) describes various drugs
being classified neatly into 13 vargas (groups)
and vividly described certain properties and
actions of dravyas. The first three groups are
predominantly medicinal plant-based, followed
by Suvarnadi group consisting of minerals and
metals having medicinal value. Majority of the
other groups typically focuses on diet. The
present paper is an attempt to put forth the
possible adverse drug documentation specified
in Madanapala nighantu. The observations
have been given in a tabular form consisting of
the name of the plant, part used, botanical
name, its effect on dosha, dhatu, mala and
others. For easy understanding, an attempt has
also been made to express the technical
Sanskrit terms into convenient English
language (Baghel M.S, 2011) in Table 1.
OBSERVATIONS & DISCUSSION:
The observed data in relation to the possible
side effects of drugs mentioned in Madanapala
Nighantu have been tabulated in table -1.
Dravyas:
There are 494 drugs of plant, mineral and
animal origin described in whole text of this
nighantu. Out of them, pharmacovigilant
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 92–106
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
aspects of 177 drugs have been found. Among
them, 106 are of plant origin, five of mineral
origin, properties of 14 types of water from
different resources and regions, 19 of animal
origin milk products, four of oils, nine
alcoholic preparations, eight of sugarcane
origin, ten food preparations, two are kshara
(alkali) and one lavana (salt). Among the 106
drugs of plant origin, the confirmed botanical
identity of Chosha, Kalhara, Kolashimbi,
Kanchuka, Keyura, Padmini and Renuka is not
still established.
Dosha:
In Ayurveda, Tridosha are the essential
triad influencing the health and disease
conditions. Thus, the knowledge of side effects
of drugs that affect their normal functions
becomes necessary. There are 33 dravyas out
of 177, which have been reported to vitiate
Vata dosha while 26 are reported to vitiate
Pitta dosha and two as Kapha dosha vardhaka
(vitiation of Kapha). Also eight of them are
mentioned to vitiate all the Doshas.
Dhatu:
Dhatus (tissues) are vital for basic
metabolism in body. Thus, study of
interference in their normal function by the side
effects of some medicines is a must. Among the
177 dravyas mentioned in Madanapala
nighantu, in relation to adverse effect on dhatus
(tissue system), only seven references are
available among which four cause raktadushti
(blood disorders), two cause Shukrakshaya
(oligospermia) and one mamsa dhatu dushti
(disorders of muscle tissue).
Mala:
Trimala (three types of body wastes)
namely Mala (faeces), Mutra (urine) and Sveda
(sweat) form an indispensable part of excretory
processes which maintain equilibrium in the
body by eliminating toxic waste products.
Hence, the study of consequences of different
dravyas on these processes is crucial. Effects
of 14 drugs out of 177 drugs are available on
Malas. Out of them, eight have been reported
to cause Baddha mala pravritti (decrease
quantity of faeces). Hasti dadhi (curd from
elephant milk) and Rajamasha (Vigna catiang
Walp.) have been reported to increase the
faecal output (mala vriddhikara). Four have an
effect of inducing diuresis i.e. Romaka lavana
(type of mineral salt), trapusha (Cucumis
sativus L.), Pindalu (Randia uglinosa DC.) and
Nishpava (Dolichos lablab L).
Others:
Certain properties attributed to any drug are
known for their stringent pharmacological
action and can provide adverse effects if not
administered properly taking into consideration
the Prakriti of the person in combination to his
dosha/dushya. Nine dravyas have been
mentioned to be Durjara (difficult to digest),
eight dravyas are quoted to produce ocular
disturbances. 20 dravyas have been
documented to be Vishtambhi (obstructive to
flatus). Desmodium gangeticum DC, Celastrus
panniculatus Willd. and Piper longum L. have
been reported to possess very hot potency. Four
dravyas have been reported to induce Chhardi
(vomiting). Nine dravyas are documented to
have bhedana (strong purgative action). Meat
of owl has been reported to produce vertigo.
Abhayadi varga: This group starts with a very
common drug, Abhaya (Terminalia chebula
Retz.) and includes other commonly used drugs
having varied habits. In this varga (group), the
adverse effects of 38 drugs have been
mentioned. Among 36 plants whose parts used
are quoted, 11 are fruits, 8 are roots four are
seeds, two are leaves, two are stems, two are
flowers, five are whole plants and two latex.
Five plants are from semi-poisonous group
namely Langali (Gloriosa superb L). Karvira
(Nerium oleander L), Dhattura (Datura metel
L.), Snuhi (Euphorbia neriifolia L.) and
Ahiphena (Papaver somniferum L.). Dravyas
like Parasika yavani (Hyoscymus niger L),
Bibhitaki (Terminalia bellerica Roxb.) and
Dhattura (Datura metel L.) have stupefying
properties. Most of dravyas in this varga have
been reported to be durjara (difficult to digest)
and producing flatulence. Drugs like
Snuhi(Euphorbia neriifolia L.), Eranda
(Ricinus communis L.), Kumari (Aloe vera
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 92–106
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Tourn ex. L) and tender shoots of Bamboo are
reported to cause strong purgation.
Shunthyadi varga: This group mainly includes
spices, salts and Kshara (alkalis) which are
carminative in particular. In this varga (group),
adverse effects of 12 drugs have been
mentioned wherein five are fruits, two are
whole plants, one rhizome, one exudate and
three belong to the kshara (alkali) group. Here,
major drugs are of hot potency, causing
constipation, thus pertaining to gastro-intestinal
system. Some like Tilaparni (Gynandropis
gynandra L.Briq) and Kshara (alkali) have
been reported to cause dimness in vision if not
used judiciously.
Karpuradi varga: This group incorporates all
aromatic plants. In this varga (group), adverse
effects of 12 drugs have been mentioned.
Among parts used of 10 dravyas, roots (two),
seeds (two), whole plants (two) and one each of
exudate, bark & fruit and last one of animal
origin i.e. bile of cow have been quoted.
Among these, bile is reported to be hypnotic in
nature. The rhizome of (Padmacharini) has
been typically reported to cause burning
sensation in breast. Rest of them cause
Vishtambha (obstruction to flatus) and Vidaha
(burning sensation in stomach). Many of them
vitiate Vata and Pitta dosha.
Suvarnadi varga: Herein, adverse effects of
five drugs of mineral origin are described. But
unlike Dhanwantari nighantu, the author hasn’t
quoted the harmful effects of crude mineral
intake. The first description of Kacha (glass) is
found in this Nighantu.
Vatadi varga: Herein, the properties of
medicinal trees starting with Vata (Ficus
benghalensis L) have been quoted. Collective
adverse effect of a group of five plants (Pancha
valkal) cause Vishtambha (obstruction of
flatus) whose bark is used for therapeutic
purpose, has been reported.
Phaladi varga: In this group of Phala (edible
fruits), 10 fruits have been reported to produce
side effects if not consumed cautiously. Most
of them are durjara (difficult to digest) and
cause obstruction in passage of flatus. A typical
observation in relation to immature grapes has
been mentioned to vitiate Pitta and cause
bleeding disorders which in mature condition
alleviates the same.
Shaka varga: In this group of Shaka
(vegetables), 22 have been reported to possess
adverse effects. Among 17 vegetables whose
parts used have been mentioned, 8 are fruits, 4
are roots, 1 bulb, 1 corm, 2 leaves and 1 seed.
Among them, Cucumis sativus L. has been
reported to have produce diuresis. Most of
them vitiate Vata and Pitta and causing
obstruction in passage of flatus. Moringa
oleifera Lam. has been reported to cause
raktadushti (blood related disorders).
Paniya varga: This group involves all Paniya
(liquid food items) like water, milk, oil etc.
which if not used judiciously, can lead to side
effects. These include water from different
stagnant sources like wells, reservoirs, lakes,
sea, etc. The quality of water changes
according to the region from where rivers
originate. A typical documentation of
development of Shlipada (elephantiasis) has
been documented in consumption of water of
stagnant river water. Many such reports of
disease predominance according to site of river
origin have been documented. Later on in case
of milk, it has been mentioned that
consumption of fresh milk expressed in early
morning causes flatulence. Also, the milk of the
cow whose calf is dead has been quoted to be
doshakaraka. Later, the properties of curd
obtained from milk of various animals has been
given, horse and elephant in particular.
Thereafter, an account of adverse effect due to
various oils and alcoholic preparations has also
been mentioned.
Ikshukadi varga: This group entails certain
adverse effects of sugarcane and its products
with honey. Here, honey which is purana (old),
has been reported to cause ati lekhana (severe
therapeutic scrapping action) inside the body.
Honey derived from poisonous bees is reported
to be toxic and not for internal use. The
consumption of honey subjected to heat
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directly under sun or exposed to fire has been
documented to be fatal.
Dhanyadi varga: This varga consists of
description of cereals and pulses wherein,
adverse reports of 14 such dravyas have been
quoted. Most of the symptoms like
Vishtambha, Baddha mala pravritti (decrease
in faecal output), Vidahi (producing burning
sensation) have been reported related to gastro-
intestinal disorders. Among them, Atasi (Linum
usitatissimum L.) can cause oligospermia and
also affect vision.
Dhanyakritanna varga: This group consists of
various delicacies often prepared in kitchens.
Starting with code of conduct, later on author
has reported some adverse effects; viz. taila
pachita padartha (fried items) when consumed
in excess can cause ocular disturbances. All the
vataka and laddus are reported to be
Vishtambhi.
Mamsa varga: In this group, various types of
Mamsa (meat) have been discussed. Among
them, eight types of meat have been reported to
produce adverse reactions when taken against
code of food consumption. Typically, mouse
meat has a tendency to cause a decrease in
faecal and urine output. Owl meat has been
reported to cause vertigo.
Mishraka varga: Herein mainly the adverse
effects/anomalies related to over-consumption
of madhura (sweet predominant food), amla
(sour predominant food), lavana (salty
predominant food), tikta (bitter predominant
food), katu (pungent predominant food),
kashaya rasa (astringent predominant food)
have been given.
Table 1: The adverse effects of drugs quoted in Madanapala nighantu:
Sr.
no
Dravya ( botanical
name)
Part used Effects on-
Dosha Dhatu Mala Other concern
Abhayadi varga
1.
Ahiphena
(Papaver somniferum
L.)
Seed
coating
Ruksha, grahi
Exudate,
latex
2. Amarvela (Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.)
Stem Picchhila
3. Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera L.)
Whole plant - - - Tikshna
4. Aragvadha
(Cassia fistula L.)
Flower Vatala - - -
5. Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia L.)
Seed - Vishtambhini
6. Bhudhatri
(Phyllanthus niruri
Hook.f. non Linn)
Fruit Vatakara
7. Vibhitaka (Terminalia
bellerica Roxb.)
Fruit - - - Madakari
(stupefying)
8. Bilva
(Aegle marmelos
Correa. Ex Roxb.)
Matured
fruit
Putimarutam - - Durjara
(difficult to
digest), Vidahi
(causing heart
burns),
Vishtambhi
(obstruction to
flatus)
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9. Chhikkika (Centipeda minima L.)
Whole plant Pittala
10. Chosha - - - Agnimandya,
utkledakarini
11. Danti
(Baliospermum
montanum Muell.
Arg.)
Root - - - Tikshna
12. Devadali
(Lufa echinata Roxb.)
Fruit - - - Vamani, tikshna
13. Dhattura
(Datura metel L)
Seed Madakari
(stupefying)
14. Dronapushpi
(Leucas aspera
Willd.)
Whole plant Bhedana
15. Dugdhika
(Lagenaria vulgaris
Ser.)
Fruit vatala Vishtambha
16. Eranda
(Ricinus communis L.)
Fruit - - - Bhedana
(osmotic
laxative)
17. Jyotishmati
(Celastrus
panniculatus Willd.)
Root - Ati ushna,
vamani, tikshana
18. Kakajangha
(Peristrophe
bicalyculata Nees.)
- Chhardikarini
19. Karavira
(Nerium odorum
Soland.)
Root Visha
20. Kirattikta
(Swertia chirayta
Karst.)
Whole plant Vatala - - -
21. Krishna trivrut
(Ipomoea petaloides
Choisy.)
Root - - - Tivra virechana
(drastic
purgative)
22. Kumari (Aloe vera Tour. Ex. L.)
Leaf Pulp Bhedana
(purgative)
23. Langali
(Gloriosa superba L.)
Root Pittala Tikshna, ushna,
garbhapatini
(abortifacient)
24. Meshashringi
(Gymnema sylvestre
R.Br)
Root Vatala - - -
25. Naga bala
(Grewia hirsuta Vahl.)
Fruit - Stambhana,
vibandha,
adhmana
(abdominal
distension)
26. Nimba phala
(Azadirachta indica A.
Juss.)
Fruit - - - Bhedana
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27. Parsika yavani
(Hyocymus niger L.)
Seeds Madini
28. Patala pushpa
(Stereospermum
suaveolens DC).
flower Vatala - - Grahi
(astringent)
29. Prachinamalaka
(Flacourtia
cataphracta Roxb.)
Fruit Pitta and
kapha
vardhana
30. Rakta apamarga
(Achyranthes rubra
fusca Hook.f.)
Whole plant - - - Vishtambhi
31. Rakta punarnava
( Boerhaavia diffusa
L.)
Root Vatala
32. Shalaparni
(Desmodium
gangeticum DC.)
Root - - - Ati ushna(very
hot in potency)
33. Shanapushpi
(Crotolaria juncea L.)
Seed - Chhardikarini
(induce
vomiting)
34. Snuhi
(Euphorbia neriifolia
L.)
Latex - - - Tikshna rechaka
35. Vandhyakarkoti
(Momordia dioca
Roxb.)
Fruit Tikshna
36. Vansha
(Bambusa
arundinacea Willd.)
Tender
shoot
Bhedana
37. Vasa
(Adhatoda vasica
Nees.)
Leaves Vatakara - -
38. Vatapatri
(Bergenia ligulata
Engl.)
Fruit - - - Stambhana
Shunthyadi varga
39. Ajagandha
(Gynandropis
gynandra L.)
Whole plant Shukraghna Drishti mandya
(dimness of
vision)
40. Ajamoda
(Apium graveollens
L.)
Fruit Baddha
mala
pravritti
Vidahini,tikshna
41. Dhanyaka
(Coriandrum sativum
L.)
Whole plant Baddha
mala
pravritti
42. Hingu
(Ferula narthex
Boiss.)
Exudate Pittavardha
na,
Tikshna
43. Maricha
(Piper nigrum L.)
Fruit Pittala
44. Mishreya
(Foeniculum vulgare
Mill.)
Fruit Baddha
mala
pravritti
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45. Pippali
(Piper longum L.)
Fruit Pittala Ati ushna,
rechana
46. Romaka lavana Alkali Mutrala
47. Sarvakshara Bhedana,
darana,
raktapittakara ,
drishtinashana
48. Shatapushpa
(Anethum sowa Kurz.)
Fruit Pittala Tikshna
49. Sudhakshara Alkali Kledi, vidarana
50. Vacha
Acorus calamus L.
Rhizome Vamini
Karpuradi varga
51. Bakula
(Mimusops elengi L.)
Fruit Vatala
52. Gorochana Bile of cow Vashikarana
53. Guggulu
(Commiphora mukula
Hook. Ex. Stocks.)
Exudate Purana-
atilekhana
54. Kalhara - Vishtambhi
55. Kutheraka
(Ocimum basilicum
L.)
Whole plant Pittala Vidahi
56. Padmacharini
(Nervilia aragoana
Gaudich.)
Rhizome Stana daha
karini
57. Padmini Vishtambha
58. Renuka Seed Pittala
59. Sthula Ela
(Amomum subulatum
Roxb.)
Seed Tikshna
60. Tulasi
(Ocimum sanctum L)
Whole plant Piitakrut Dahajanak
61. Tvak
(Cinnamomum
zeylanicum Blume.)
Bark Pittala Vishada
62. Ushira
(Vetiveria zizanoides
L.)
Root Stambhana
Suvarnadi varga
63. Gandhaka Sulphur Pittala
64. Kacha glass Vidaraka
65. Loha Iron Vata
prakopaka
66. Svarnamakshika Copper
pyrite
Vyavayi
67. Vanga Tin Pittala
Vatadi varga
68. Panchavalkala Fruit Vishtambhi
Phala varga
69. Draksha
(Vitis vinifera L.)
Immature
fruit
Pittala Raktapittakrit
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70. Kapittha
(Feronia limonia L.)
Mature Fruit Durjara
71. Kinkini
(Flacourtia sepiaria
Roxb.)
Fruit Vatala
72. Lakoocha
(Artocarpus lakoocha
Roxb.)
Fruit Vishtambhi
73. Lavali
(Phyllanthua distichus
Muell.Arg.)
Fruit Vishada
74. Madhuka
(Madhuka indica
Gmel.)
Fruit Ahridya
75. Mukulaka
(Pistacia vera L.)
Seed Durjara
76. Panasa
(Artocarpus
integrifolia L.)
Immature
fruit
Vishtambhi
77. Parushaka
(Grewia asiatica L.)
Mature Fruit Vishtambhi
78. Tinduka
(Diospyros
embryopteris Pers.)
Immature
fruit
Vatala
Shaka varga
79. Bimbi
(Coccinia indica
W&A.)
Fruit Stambhana
80. Chanchuda Root Shoshana
81. Chirbhata
(Cucumis melo L.)
Fruit Vishtambha
82. Dindisha
(Citrullus vulgaris
Schrad.)
Fruit Vatala
83. Grunjana
(Daucus carota L)
Root Pittala
84. Jivanti
(Leptadenis reticulate
W&A.)
Leaves Vatala
85. Kanchuka Vatala
86. Karira
(Capparis aphylla
Roth.)
Fruit Shleshma
vardhak,
pittala
87. Karvellaka
(Momordia charantia
L.)
Fruit Vatala
88. Keyura Pittala
89. Kolashimbi - Kapha
pittakar
90. Loni (Portulaca oleracea L.)
Leaves Vatala Vishtambhi
91. Mulaka
(Raphanua sativus L.)
Root Vatala
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92. Palandu
(Allium cepa L.)
Bulb Pittala,
Kapha
vardhaka
93. Patola
(Trichosanthes dioica
Roxb.)
Root Virechana
94. Pindalu
(Colocasia esculenta
L.)
Mutrala Durjara,
vishtambhi
95. Shirnavrinta Fruit Pittala
96. Shobhanjana
(Moringa oleifera
Lam.)
Seed Pittakrit Raktadushti Tikshna,
97. Surana
(Amorphophallus
campanulatusBlume
ex Decne.)
Corm Kandu (pruritus),
vishtambhi,
98. Trapusha
(Cucumis sativus L.)
Fruit Pittala Mutrala
99. Tuntuka Vatala Vishtambhi
100. Vrintaka
(Solanum melongena
L.)
Fruit Pittala
Paniya varga
101. Akshiki Alcoholic
preparation
made from
cereals
Vatala
102. Ama dugdha Fresh milk Abhishyanda
103. Anupa pradesha jala Abhishyandi
104. Ashwa dadhi Curds from
horse milk
Abhishyandi
105. Ashwa mutra Horse urine Bhedana
106. Avanti pradesha jala Causes Arsha
107. Chhachhika Curd
without fat
Vatala Vishtambhi
108. Chukra Raktapittaakrit,
bhedana
109. Darija jala River water
in valleys
Causes kushtha,
pruritus,
dyspepsia
110. Ghrita Clarified
butter
Atyabhishyandi
111. Gouda sura Alcoholic
preparation
made from
jaggery
Abhishyandi
112. Hasti dadhi Curds from
elephant
milk
Mala
vriddhikar
Agnimandya
113. Jyotishmati tail Oil from
Celastrus panniculatus
Pittala
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114. Kadambari Alcoholic
preparation
Vatakrit
115. Kakoli Alcoholic
preparation
from grains
Drishtimandya
116. Katu taila Mustard oil Tikshna,ushna
117. Kaupa jala Water from
wells
Pittala
118. Kedara jala Reservoir
water
Abhishyandi
119. Kinva Alcoholic
preparation
Durjara,ahridya
120. Mahisha dugdha Buffalo milk Mala
baddhata
Nidrakara
121. Medaka Alcoholic
preparation
Stambhana
122. Nadeya jala River water Vatala
123. Narikela tail Coconut oil Kapha
vardhaka
124. Nava madya Freshly
prepared
alcohol
Tridoshakara
125. Pakva stanya Boiled milk
from
lactating
mothers
Doshakaraka
126. Pala jala - Sarva
doshakrit
127. Paryushita jala Stale water Tridoshakara
128. Prabhatika paya Milk
expressed
early
morning
Vishtambhi
129. Samudra jala Sea water Shukrahara Drishtinashak
(ocular
disturbance)
130. Shailabhava nadeya
jala
Rivers from mountaneous region
Causes kushtha
131. Shitala jala Cold water Contra-indicated
in diseases like
flatulence,
hiccups, asthma,
diabetes etc.
132. Sidhu Alcoholic
preparation
from
sugarcane
Vata
pittakar
133. Sthira jala nadi Stagnant
water of
river
Causes shlipada
134. Tadaga jala Lake water Vatala
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135. Takrakurchika Vatala Durjara
136. Trapushadi taila - Kaphakara Abhishyanda
137. Vapya jala Water from
wells
Pittala
138. Vivatsaa, bala vatsa Milk of the
cow whose
calf is dead
Doshakaraka
Ikshukadi varga
139. Atapa, agni tapta
madhu
Honey
heated in
sun
Mrityukaraka
140. Ikshu rasa
Saccharum
officinarum L.
Stem Vishtambhi
141. Madhuka Pittala
142. Makshika madhu Honey Pittala Raktadushti Dahajanaka
143. Phanita Doshala Abhishyandi
144. Purana madhu Stored
honey
Atilekhana
145. Vishapushpokta
madhu
Honey from
poisonous
bees
Visha
146. Yavasa sharkara
(Hordeum vulgare L.)
Sugar
extracted
from
hordeum
Vatala
Dhanyadi varga
147. Atasi (Linum usitatissimum L.)
Seed Shukraghna Drishtinashaka
148. Chanaka
(Cicer arietinum L)
Seed Vatala Vishtambhi
149. Kalaya
(Lathyrus sativus L.)
Seed Ativatala
150. Makushtha
(Phaseolus
aconitifolius Jacq.)
Seed Vatala
151. Nishpava
(Dolichos lablab
Linn,)
Seed Vatala,
pittala
Mutrala Vidahi
152. Nivara
(Hygroryza aristata
Nees.)
Seed Kaphakar,
vatala
153. Rajamasha
(Vigna catja ng
Walp.)
Seed Mala
vruddhikar
154. Rajika
(Brassica juncea L.)
Seed Tivra tikshna
155. Sarshapa (Brassica campestris L.)
Seed Pittala Raktadushti Tikshna
156. Shali
(Oryza sativa L.)
Seed Mutrala,
Baddha
mala
pravrutti
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157. Shashtika
(Oryza sativa L.)
Seed Baddha
mala
pravrutti
158. Shimbi dhanya Pulses Vishtambhi,
adhamana,
drishtinashaka
159. Tila
(Sesamum indicum L.)
Seed Pittala Raktavardhaka
160. Yava
(Hordeum vulgare
Linn)
Seed Baddha
mala
pravrutti
Dhanyakrutanna varga
161. Ati ushna anna Extremely
Hot food
Balahar
162. Atiklinna Glanikar
163. Krishara Vishtambhi,
durjara
164. Kulmasha Bhinna varchas
165. Masha bhakshya Kapha-pitta
karaka
166. Masha vataka Vishtambhi,
vidahi
167. Modaka Laddu Durjara
168. Payasa Vishtambhi
169. Pinyaka fermented
fodder
Vishtambhi, drishtidushana
170. Shandak vataka Drishtinashak
171. Shita anna Cold food Durjara
172. Taila pachita padartha Fried in oil Drishtinashaka
173. Tushambu vataka Vishtambhi
Mamsadi varga
174. Ashwa mamsa Horse meat Kaphakara,
pittakara
175. Mesha mamsa Sheep meat Kaphakara,
pittakara
176. Mushaka mamsa Mouse meat Baddha
vinmutra
177. Paravat mamsa Pigeon meat Tridoshakar
178. Shyena mamsa Mamsadushti
179. Uluka mamsa Owl meat Vatala Bhrantikara
180. Ushtra Camel meat Kaphakara,
pittakara
181. Vruddha pashu
mamsa
Old animal
meat
Doshakaraka
Mishrakadi varga
182. Amla rasa atisevana
(excessive use of
sour predominant
food)
Rakpitta krit
183. Dhuma sevana Vatala,
pittala
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184. Kashaya rasa
atisevana (excessive
use of astringent
predominant food)
Adhmana,
hritpida,
akshepa
185. Katu rasa atisevana
(excessive use of
pungent predominant
food)
Bhrama,
sthaulya,
talushosha
186. Lavana rasa
atisevana (excessive
use of salty
predominant food)
Akshipaka,
raktapitta, etc.
187. Madhura rasa
atisevana (excessive
use of sweet
predominant food)
Jvara, shwasa,
galaganda
188. Pravata sevana
(exposure to winds in
early morning)
Vaivarnya,
stambha
189. Tama (darkness) Alasya,
abhishyanda
190. Tikta rasa atisevana
(excessive use of
bitter predominant
food)
Shirashula,
manyastambha,
bhrama
CONCLUSION:
After a critical analysis, it is observed that
Madanapala nighantu has a well-developed
idea about adverse effects of drug and diets if
not consumed according to classical
recommendations. The classification of drugs
stresses not only on different medicines but
also various foodstuffs that are consumed daily.
The knowledge about potable water suggests
that there was public health awareness too. The
description of cereals, pulses, oils, cooked and
prepared food items suggest that the author was
well aware about pathya kalpana and also the
role of diet in etiology of lifestyle disorders.
The adverse effects caused by inadvertent use
of foodstuffs in daily routine have an impact on
the physiology of the body. Thus, it can be
concluded that Madanapala Nighantu
encompasses a well-organised data in the
context of pharmacovigilant aspects of various
dravyas of Ayurveda.
REFERENCES:
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commentary. Sutrasthana. Chap
40.verse 14. Varanasi: Chaukhambha
orientalia, pp179.
Acharya RN (2014). Impact of Shodhana
(Detoxification procedures) on Certain
Poisonous Herbal Drugs used in
Ayurveda. In: Kumar Abhimanyu,
Padhi Madam Mohan, Srikanth
Narayanam, Dhar Vishnupriya and
Mangal Anupam. (Eds) Conservation,
Cultivation and Exploration of
Therapeutic potential of Medicinal
plants. 1stedi. New Delhi: CCRAS,
427–450.
Anonymous (2004). Pharmacovigilance:
Ensuring the Safe Use of Medicines -
WHO Policy Perspectives on
Medicines. No. 009; October 2004.
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Baghel M.S (2011). Standardization of
Ayurvedic Clinical terminologies. IPGT
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(2010) Importance of media in
shodhana (purification / processing) of
poisonous herbal drugs. Anc Sci Life.
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drug safety issue in Bhavaprakasha
nighantu – A critical review.
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editor, Sharma Hariprasad. 1stedition.
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Academy.
Rajeshwardutta (2011). Editor of Charaka
Samhita. Vidyotini Hindi Vyakhya.
Sutrasthana. Chap 1.verse 68. Varanasi:
Chaukhambha Prakashan, pp 40.
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Charaka Samhita. Vidyotini Hindi
Vyakhya. Chikitsasthana. Chap 1/2.
Verse 13. Varanasi: Chaukhambha
Prakashan, pp 28.
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Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared
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ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
HARATALA SHODHANA- A REVIEW THROUGH RASA CLASSICS
Shivanand T Biradar1*, Galib
2, Prajapati PK
3
1 PhD Scholar, Dept. of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat
2 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat
3 Professor, Dept of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Director, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat
*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]
Received: 10/01/2016; Revised: 15/03/2016; Accepted: 22/03/2016
ABSTRACT
Shodhana is a preliminary pharmaceutical procedure which deals with purification and
detoxification of raw drugs before using them therapeutically or in further pharmaceutical
procedures. As per Ayurvedic texts, all metals, minerals, poisonous herbs are to be processed
through this specific procedure. These procedures are mandatory before their administration in
therapeutics. Haratala (Arsenic trisulphide), a mineral drug mentioned in Ayurveda is a known
poisonous substance which needs to be processed to avoid untoward effects as well as to increase the
efficacy. Noting the importance of purification; shodhana processes and shodhana dravya mentioned
for Haratala shodhana are compiled and screened to facilitate the author to get data easily.
KEY WORDS: Ayurveda, Shodhana, Haratala, Kushmanda swarasa, Churnodaka, Kanji.
Review article
Cite this article: Shivanand T Biradar, Galib, Prajapati PK (2016), HARATALA SHODHANA- A REVIEW
THROUGH RASA CLASSICS, Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(3): 107–113
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 3 | March 2016 | 107–113
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
INTRODUCTION:
Ayurveda emphasizes on maintenance of
health in healthy and treatment of the diseases
in diseased. This system of medicine
recognized two major sources of medicine i.e.
Kashthaushadhi (herbal medicines) and
Rasaushadhi (herbo-mineral medicines). The
former consist of various herbs and considered
as safe. Later consist of metals and minerals in
the form of Bhasma. Recently doubt has been
raised on the safety of Rasaushadhi and
expressed in the form of Heavy metal
poisoning. Use of Ayurvedic medicine is
concurrently targeted due to the notion of
heavy metal toxicity (Saper et al., 2008). Use
of metals and minerals in therapeutics is always
questioned due lack of safety data (Sathya T et
al., 2009). Shodhana treatment removes the
soluble, evaporable and washable impurities
from metal/mineral and also adds some organic
materials which from chemical point of view
may be considered as impurities but
pharmacological point of view prove beneficial
by reducing their toxicity to the great extent
(Rajput D et al., 2013).
Before utilizing such preparations, it is
mandatory to process metals and minerals to
avoid untoward effects. Rasa classics have
stressed various pharmaceutical procedure viz.
shodhana, marana, jarana of metals, minerals
etc. before using them in formulations to
potentiate their properties and make them
suitable for absorption in body and to increase
their bio-availability. Shodhana (purification)
helps in the removal of impurities and
impregnates desired qualities into the raw drug
which can be used directly in formulations or
make them suitable for further procedures.
Arsenicals documented in Ayurveda
include Haratala (orpiment), Manahshila
(realgar) and Somala (White arsenic). As
arsenicals are known poisons, it is essential to
carry out shodhana before using them in
therapeutics. Texts have documented different
procedures regarding their shodhana like
swedana, mardana etc. Haratala, not purified
properly, shortens life and gives rise to an
abnormal excess of phlegm, air,
spermatorrhoea, gonorrhoea, inflammation,
boils and contraction of the limbs. It should
therefore be purified very carefully (Bhudeva
Mukharjee, 1998). Arsenic causes mild
vasodilatation, mild abdominal cramp,
diarrhoea, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, renal
damage, impaired memory, Parkinson’s
disease, encephalopathy and peripheral
neuropathy (Goodman and Gilman, 2012).
Haratala is highly potent mineral which is
included in the list of poisonous drugs by Drug
and Cosmetic Rule 1940 (Schedule E) because
of its highly toxic nature in its crude form
(Malik V, 2005). Haratala (orpiment) is widely
utilized in Ayurveda in reference to curing
various diseases such as Kushtha (skin
disorders), Vatarakta (Rheumatoid arthritis)
etc. (Sadanand Sharma, 2009).
Despite its vast utility in therapeutic, there
are some issues about its safety as it is an
arsenic compound (Mehta M et al., 2014).
Ayurveda recommends purification /
detoxification of such toxic materials before
either it is processed further or administered in
the body for therapeutic purpose. Shodhana is
treating the drug with various materials that
make it devoid of the toxic effects. (Murthy
PHC, 2008). So, to make use of Haratala in
therapeutics, it should be go through shodhana
processes which are described elaborately in
Ayurveda. Hence, the compilation of various
procedures and materials for shodhana is
criticized to facilitate author to get the data in
an appropriate manner.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Shodhana processes of Haratala mentioned
in about 24 Rasa classics during the period of
8th_
20th
century AD is compiled and screened.
OBSERVATIONS & DISCUSSION:
Haratala is mentioned in Uparasa (drugs
utilized in mercurial procedures) group.
Samanya shodhana mentioned for Uparasa
group could be applied to Haratala. It includes
the levigation with the juices of the plants viz.
Suryavartaka (Helianthus annuus Linn), Kadali
(Musa paradisiaca Linn.), Vandhya (Lagenaria
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vulgaris), Kosataki (Luffa acutangula Linn.),
Surdali (Luffa echinata Roxb.), Shigru
(Moringa oleifera Lam), Vajrakanda (Urginea
indica Kunth), Jala Pippali (Lipia nodiflora
Mich.) and Kakamaci (Solanum nigrum Linn.)
and various Lavana (salts) and Kshara
(alkalis). These drugs are used to triturate
intimately with raw drugs from Uparasa group
to be purified. Such mixture when intensively
heated systematically, gives out their extract
(VA Dole, 2006). By heating in Amla (sour)
and Kshara (alkalis) media, Haratala gets
purified (Siddhinandan Mishra, 2000).
Most of the Acharya have described
Vishesha Shodhana for Haratala (Table 1).
Table 1 – List of Shodhana Dravya advised for Haratala shodhana Shodhana
dravya
A.P
.
Ayu
. S
ara
.S
RT
S &
SP
S
Bh
.P.
R.C
ha.
R.J
.N.
Rasa
yan
. S
ara
R.A
.
Rase
nd
r P
ura
Rasa
pad
dh
ati
.
Rasa
rnav
R.P
.S.
R.R
.S.
R.T
.
Rasa
dh
yay
R.C
hin
t
R.R
.
R.M
an
gala
Rasm
an
jri
R.S
a.S
a
S.S
.
Y.R
.
B.R
.R.S
un
dar
Y.C
hin
t
Churnodaka + + +
0
+ + +
0
+ + + + + +
0
+ + + + + + +
Gruhadhu
majala +
Kanji + + + +
0
+ + + + 0 + + +
0 0 0 + 0
Kushmanda swarasa
+
*
+ + +
*
+ + + + + + + + + + +
*
+
0
+ + +
*
+ + +
Nimbu
swarasa + 0
+ +
Palashamula jala
+ +
Salmali
mula
kwatha
+
0 + + + +
0 +
Tilakshara
jala + + + + + + + +
Tila taila + + + + + + + + + + + + Triphala
jala + + + + + + + + + + + +
Dadhi
amla * * *
Mahishi
Mutra +
Kumari
Rasa + +
Sharapunk
ha +
Brahma
moola +
Ikshu Rasa + Godugdha + + Vadavayika + Vata
dugdha +
+- Used for fumigation, 0- Used for impregnation *- Used for dipping
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Drugs found for Haratala shodhana include
Kushmanda [Benincasa hispida (Thunb)
Cogn.] swarasa, Triphala Jala (Three
Myrobalans), Tilakshara jala (alkali of
Sesamum indicum Linn. Dissolved in water),
Churnodaka (Lime water), Kanji (Gruel),
Shalmalimula kwatha (decoction of root of
Bombax malabaricum DC) etc. amongst
Kushmanda swarasa has been given prime
importance for Shodhana of Haratala by most
of classics. Additionally Further Jambira
(Citrus limon Linn.), Palashamoola jala (juice
of the root of Butea monosperma (Lamk.)
Taub),
Rasatarangini indicated swedana
(fumigation) in Grihadhuma (Kitchen soot)
jala for one hour in Dolayantra (swinging
apparatus) (Sadanand Sharma, 2009). Further
the text indicates Shalmalimula kwatha for
swedana for one hour or bhavana (trituration)
for seven days (Sadanand Sharma, 2009). In
addition, it has suggested bhavana with
Churnodaka for seven times (Sadanand
Sharma, 2009).
Rasendra Chintamani has advised kshipta
(dipping) method for shodhana using
Kushmanda swarasa and sour curd for three or
seven days while preparing Rasamanikya
(Siddhinandan Mishra 2000). Rasa Ratnakara
has suggested swedana in Churnodaka and
kanji for one day followed by bhavana with
Kushmanda swarasa for hundred times
(Swaminath Mishra, 2003). Rasarnava has
suggested swedana in Kushmanda swarasa for
hundred times (Indradev Tripathi, 2001).
Rasavagbhata has suggested to powder
Haratala coarsely, mix with 1/10th
amount of
borax, wash with lime juice and sour gruel.
Afterwards, the mixture is to be tied in a four
folded cloth and subjected to steam heat for a
day by using sour gruel and Kushmanda
swarasa for a day (VA Dole, 2006). Godanti
Haratala is purified by swedana in juice of
Jayanti (Sesbania sesban Linn.), Jambira
(Citrus limon Linn.) or Dronapushpi (Leucas
cephalotes Roth Spreng.) for a period of three
hours (Vishwanath Dvivedi, 1997).
Rasendra Purana included Vata dugdha
(latex of Ficus benghalensis Linn.) for
shodhana of Haratala by means of swedana for
three times (Ramprasad, 2000). Further it
suggests putting Haratala inside Kushmanda
fruit by making an opening and entire fruit is
subjected to heat, fruit liquefies later; followed
by collection of Haratala from fruit. Same
procedure is conducted for two more times
(Ramprasad, 2000). Haratala should be
macerated with 16 times of lime water for 7
days or fumigated for three hours in Tilakshara
jala (Anonymous, 2001).
Haratala is rubbed with the urine of buffalo
and subjected to bhavana for three times with
the juice of root of the Brahma tree [Butea
monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze], made as dense as
honey. It is then to be confined in a crucible
and heated by means of fire made of ten pieces
of cow dung cakes; same procedure is repeated
for eleven more times. Haratala, thus purified,
may be used for all purposes (Mukharjee,
1998). Patra Haratala is broken into pieces
and wrapped up in a piece of cloth, and boiled
for six hours in the juice of lemon fruit, by
means of a Dola yantra. When cooled itself,
the bundle is again boiled in the same way in
each of the following liquid media- urine of
she-buffalo, juice of Kumari (Aloe barbadensis
Linn.), solution of lime, mixed with the juice of
Musta (Cyperus rotundus Linn.), juice of
Sharapunkha [Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.)
Pers.], juice of ripe lemon mixed with water
and juice of sugar-cane boiled steadily by using
charcoal. Thus Haratala becomes purified
(Mukharjee, 1998).
Rasayana Sara has utilized dravya that is
used for Samanya shodhana of metals for
Haratala shodhana i.e. Haratala is purified by
swedana in Tila taila, Takra (Butter milk),
Gomutra (Cows urine), Kanji and Kulattha
kwatha [decoction of Vigna unguiculata (Linn.)
Walp.] for 3 yama in each media
(Shyamsundaracharya Vaishya, 2005).
Haratala is kept inside the Kushmanda fruit
and subjected to heat, which allows fumigation
of Haratala inside the fruit
(Shyamsundaracharya Vaishya, 2005).
According to Brihat Rasa Raj Sundara,
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Kushmanda is tied in to a Pottali and placed
inside the Kushmanda fruit opened from one
side. The fruit is then kept over fire till the fruit
softens completely. Following, the pottali is
separated and kept in another fruit and same
procedure is to be repeated for two more times
(Dattaram Choube, 2000). According to
Rasaraja Mahodhadi Vaidyaka, Haratala is
boiled in Triphala kashaya, Kanji, Kushmanda
swarasa and Tila taila separately each for 3 hrs
or boiled in Churnodaka for 12 hrs.
According to Rasarnava, Haratala should
be fumigated 100 times in Kushmanda
swarasa. Rasendra Purana suggested keeping
Haratala inside the Kushmanda fruit and
allowed to heat the whole fruit. By this process,
the pulp inside the fruit gets liquefied and
results into fumigation of Haratala. Simply
Grihadhuma Jala can also be used for Haratala
shodhana. Rasajalanidhi has suggested
exceptional method for shodhana by giving
Puta to Haratala using ten cow dung cakes,
which repeated for eleven times more. The
media used in Samanya shodhana of metals is
suggested by Rasayana Sara for Haratala
shodhana.
Shodhana process is classified into two
types viz. Samanya Shodhana (common
purificatory method) and Vishesha Shodhana
(specific purificatory method). Samanya
Shodhana is mainly aimed for particular group
of the drugs. It may be applied for every dravya
or for a concerned group. Vishesha Shodhana
means a particular shodhana dravya for a
particular drug to be purified. Various drugs are
mentioned for Vishesha shodhana of drugs.
There are various drugs described for the
shodhana in the texts. Every shodhana dravya
is having a particular characteristic and
purpose. A single shodhana dravya is not
described for all the drugs and more than one
shodhana dravya is described for a single drug.
It differs depending on the Guna (nature) and
Dharma (properties) of a particular drug to be
purified. So, it is necessary to evaluate the most
suitable method for shodhana which make the
drug suitable for further pharmaceutical
procedure.
Haratala is subjected to purification by
means of three procedures viz. Swedana,
Bhavana and Kshipta among which swedana is
considered as prime process. The frequency of
indicated procedures is shown in Table 2. More
than 24 classics of Rasashastra have described
about shodhana of Haratala. The frequency of
Kushmanda swarasa mentioned for Haratala
shodhana is found nearly 21 times in Rasa
classics. More than 19 liquid media are utilized
for swedana like Kushmanda swarasa,
Churnodaka, Kanji, Tila taila, Triphala
kwatha. Haratala is processed with these media
individually or in combination of more than
one medium. The list of individual & multiple
media used for Haratala shodhana has been
documented in Table 3. Tankana treated
method for Haratala shodhana is found better,
because the Rasamanikya prepared by it is
having good quality (Srimannarayana K et al.,
2010).
Table 2- Frequency of procedures indicated for Haratala shodhana
Sr. No. Procedure Frequency
1 Swedana 24
2 Mardana 11
3 Kshipta 5
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Table 3- List of individual and multiple media used for Haratala shodhana
Sr. No. Media List of media
1 Individual 1. Kushmanda swarasa
2. Churnodaka
3. Tilakshara jala
2 Multiple 1. Nimbu swarasa, Kanji, Churnodaka, Kushmanda swarasa,
Shalmali mula kwatha
2. Nimbu swarasa, Mahishi Mutra, Kumari swarasa, Churnodaka,
Sharpunkha swarasa, Ikshu rasa
3. Brahma mula kashaya, Mahishi Mutra
4. Churnodaka, Kanji, Kushmanda swarasa, Tila taila, Triphala jala
5. Churnodaka, Kanji with Saindhava, Godugdha, Kushmanda
swarasa, Vadavayika swarasa
6. Churnodaka, Kanji, Kushmanda swarasa
7. Churnodaka, Kushmanda swarasa, Tila taila
8. Kushmanda swarasa, Palasha mula kwatha, Shalmali mula
kwatha
9. Tila taila, Takra, Gomutra, Kanji and Kulattha kwatha
CONCLUSION:
Shodhana is one of the basic pharmaceutical
processes of the drug necessitating either to use
therapeutically or for further pharmaceutical
procedures. Haratala is a derivative of arsenic,
administration in impure form give rise to
various toxic effects which could be avoided by
purifying it before utilization. Among various
dravya and procedures for shodhana,
Kushmanda and swedana process are primary
and could be applied.
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Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
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