Ashoka 272-232 BCEAshoka 272-232 BCE
Last of the great Last of the great Mauryan EmperorsMauryan Emperors
Aggressive, cruel Aggressive, cruel conqueror in early conqueror in early lifelife
After the bloody After the bloody conquest of Kalinga, conquest of Kalinga, Ashoka converted Ashoka converted to Buddhismto Buddhism
What might account for the emergence of human images of the Buddha?
The elongated earlobes remind the viewers that, earlier in his life the prince Siddhartha had worn heavy and luxurious earrings. What does their absence suggest about his transformation as the Buddha?
How does this Buddha image differ from the other Buddhas?Why might this image be appealing to some Buddhists, and why might others take exception to it?
B. The Vedic Age, 1500 – 500 B. The Vedic Age, 1500 – 500 BCEBCE
Brahmin (mouth)
Kshatriya (arms)
Vaishya (thighs)
Shudra (feet)
Untouchables
Comparison: The classical empires formed between 500 b.c.e. and 500 c.e. differed from earlier First Civilizations in all EXCEPT which of the following ways?a. Classical empires were in general larger than First
Civilizations.b. Classical empires possessed professionally organized
armies, which allowed them to rule in part through coercion of conquered peoples.
c. Classical empires were rarely ruled by monarchs.d. Classical empires in general possessed more elaborate
means of administering the empire than First Civilizations.
Comparison: Which of the following is a reason why classical empires did not prosper to the same extent in India as elsewhere?
a. The chronic economic underdevelopment of India
b. India’s lack of cultural diversity
c. The lack of political leaders intent on conquest
d. The social structure of India
I. Foundations of Indian I. Foundations of Indian CivilizationCivilization
A.A. The Indian The Indian SubcontinentSubcontinent
Monsoon – Indian Monsoon – Indian OceanOcean
Multiple harvests per Multiple harvests per yearyear
Indus Valley – arid, Indus Valley – arid, needs irrigationneeds irrigation
Trade with Arabia – Trade with Arabia – IndonesiaIndonesia
Indus River Valley Indus River Valley Civilization fell 1900 Civilization fell 1900 BCE, writing, cause BCE, writing, cause of fall?of fall?
What impact did the What impact did the Aryan invasions Aryan invasions starting in the starting in the 1600s have on the 1600s have on the Indian Indian subcontinent?subcontinent?
Compare and Compare and contrast the Indian contrast the Indian caste system with caste system with the use of slavery in the use of slavery in Greece and Rome. Greece and Rome.
C. Challenges to the Old Order: C. Challenges to the Old Order: Jainism and BuddhismJainism and Buddhism
700 BCE – spiritual 700 BCE – spiritual oppositionopposition
Moksha, UpanishadsMoksha, Upanishads Jainism (Mahavira)Jainism (Mahavira) Siddhartha Guatama (563 – Siddhartha Guatama (563 –
483 BCE)483 BCE) Four Noble TruthsFour Noble Truths Eightfold PathEightfold Path LIVE IN MODERATIONLIVE IN MODERATION Nirvana – releaseNirvana – release Later – hierarchy, Later – hierarchy,
institutionsinstitutions Buddha/BodhisatvasBuddha/Bodhisatvas Influence of Greeks on Influence of Greeks on
depictionsdepictions Mahayana (Great Vehicle)Mahayana (Great Vehicle) Theravada (Teachings of Theravada (Teachings of
the Elders)the Elders)
D. The Rise of HinduismD. The Rise of Hinduism 44thth c. CE - Vedic tradition c. CE - Vedic tradition
adjusted (north and adjusted (north and south)south)
Gods/worshippersGods/worshippers VishnuVishnu ShivaShiva DeviDevi Diversity – unityDiversity – unity Temples, puja, Temples, puja,
pilgrimage, festivalspilgrimage, festivals Impact of class on Impact of class on
worshipworship New expectations of New expectations of
life/dutieslife/duties Inclusion of Inclusion of
Buddhism/JainismBuddhism/Jainism
Compare and contrast the impact that Compare and contrast the impact that Buddhism and Hinduism had on the Buddhism and Hinduism had on the individual worshipper. individual worshipper.
II. Imperial Expansion and II. Imperial Expansion and Collapse, 324 BCE – 650 CECollapse, 324 BCE – 650 CE
Difficulty in obtaining Difficulty in obtaining POLITICAL unityPOLITICAL unity
A.A. The Mauryan Empire, 324 The Mauryan Empire, 324 – 184 BCE– 184 BCE
600 BCE - Many 600 BCE - Many kingdomskingdoms
Magadha most powerful, Magadha most powerful, Ganges plainGanges plain
ChandraguptaChandragupta ArthashastraArthashastra Administration (taxes, Administration (taxes,
governors, army, mines, governors, army, mines, urban committees) urban committees)
PataliputraPataliputra Ashoka – Buddhism, Ashoka – Buddhism,
nonviolence, religious nonviolence, religious tolerancetolerance
Why was the Mauryan Empire the Why was the Mauryan Empire the first to achieve political unity in first to achieve political unity in India?India?
B. Commerce and Culture in an B. Commerce and Culture in an Era of Political FragmentationEra of Political Fragmentation
Foreign powers: Greco – Foreign powers: Greco – Bacrian, Shakas, KushansBacrian, Shakas, Kushans
Political fragmentation BUT Political fragmentation BUT active commerce/tradeactive commerce/trade
RamayanaRamayana and and Mahabharata (Bhagavad – Mahabharata (Bhagavad – Gita) Gita)
Tension: duty to society vs. Tension: duty to society vs. soulsoul
Disciplined action – service Disciplined action – service – release from – release from reincarnationreincarnation
Indian doctorsIndian doctors Linguistics – SanskritLinguistics – Sanskrit Andhra Dynasty/Three Andhra Dynasty/Three
Tamil KingdomsTamil Kingdoms Classical Period (arts)Classical Period (arts)
How does the How does the Bhagavad – Gita Bhagavad – Gita demonstrate the impact that demonstrate the impact that Buddhism had on Vedic traditions?Buddhism had on Vedic traditions?
C. The Gupta Empire, 320 – 550 CEC. The Gupta Empire, 320 – 550 CE Modeled on MauryansModeled on Mauryans Chandra Gupta (r. 320 – Chandra Gupta (r. 320 –
325) – control over 325) – control over commerce, resources, commerce, resources, monopoliesmonopolies
Subjects – laborSubjects – labor Bureaucracy in CORE, Bureaucracy in CORE,
governors exploited governors exploited periphery, army ensured periphery, army ensured tributetribute
““Theater – state” – benefits Theater – state” – benefits of empireof empire
Mathematics, sciencesMathematics, sciences Women: property, Women: property,
education, marriage, satieducation, marriage, sati Options: nun or courtesanOptions: nun or courtesan Monarchs: HindusMonarchs: Hindus Resurgence: Vedic Resurgence: Vedic
practices, Brahmin priests, practices, Brahmin priests, class and caste, templesclass and caste, temples
CommerceCommerce Collapse - HunsCollapse - Huns
Does the “theater – state” model entirely Does the “theater – state” model entirely explain how the Gupta Empire was able to explain how the Gupta Empire was able to control a vast array of kingdoms under its control a vast array of kingdoms under its rule? Explain why or why not.rule? Explain why or why not.
III. Southeast Asia, 50 – 600 III. Southeast Asia, 50 – 600 CECE Geographical AreasGeographical Areas
Climate, agricultural Climate, agricultural practices, productspractices, products
Malay peoples (3000 BCE) Malay peoples (3000 BCE) – migration, navigational – migration, navigational skillsskills
Rainforests, bronze, water Rainforests, bronze, water (councils)(councils)
Chinese control: N. Chinese control: N. IndochinaIndochina
Commerce and Hindu – Commerce and Hindu – Buddhist CultureBuddhist Culture
New trade route – silkNew trade route – silk Route: South China Sea – Route: South China Sea –
Malay Peninsula – Bay of Malay Peninsula – Bay of Bengal - IndiaBengal - India
Later goods: woods, Later goods: woods, spices, etc.spices, etc.
II. Continued…II. Continued… Commerce brought Commerce brought
cultureculture Missionaries, pilgrimsMissionaries, pilgrims Indian knowledge/artsIndian knowledge/arts Funan (1Funan (1stst – 6 – 6thth c. CE) c. CE) Economic center: Economic center:
agriculture and tradeagriculture and trade Strategic locationStrategic location DeclineDecline