HIMANSHU KULKARNI
Advanced Center for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM)Plot 4, Lenyadri society, Sus road, Pashan, Pune-411021. �020-25871539; Email: [email protected]; Website: www.acwadam.org
PS VIJAY SHANKAR
Samaj Pragati SahayogJatashankar village, Bagli tehsil, Dewas district, Madhya Pradesh, Pin-455227Email: [email protected]; Website: www.samprag.org
India context
NIA, surface water & groundwater
Source: Indian Agricultural Statistics, 2008
Groundwater contribution to ‘irrigation’
NET AREA IRRIGATED (MILLION HECTARES) BY SURFACE WATER AND
GROUNDWATER, 1951-2007
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
YEAR
NIA
(M
illio
n H
A)
NIA by Canal NIA from Groundwater Total NIA
Indian Agricultural Statistics, various years
Close fit between NIA
from groundwater and total NIA
Status of groundwater use: 1995 vs 2004
Level of Groundwater Development
% of Total Districts % of Total Area % of Total Population
1995 2004 1995 2004 1995 2004
0-50% (“Safe”) 82 55 89 52 80 45
50-70% (“Safe”) 10 15 7 16 13 20
70-90% (“Semi-Critical”)
4 13 2 14 3 17
90-100% (“Critical”)
1 4 1 5 1 3
>100% (“Overexploited”)
4 14 2 14 3 15
TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100
CGWB, 2006
Groundwater vulnerability
DescriptionNumber of Districts
% to Total Districts
States where these Districts are Located
Districts with High Level of Groundwater Development (GD>70%) (“Unsafe”districts) 173 30%
Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, UP, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu
Districts with at least one of the 3 most serious quality problems (Arsenic or Fluoride or Salinity) 169 29%
Assam, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
TOTAL 342 59%
Kulkarni, Shankar & Krishnan, 2009
Drawdown charts: strategies for use and recharge
Cistern effect
Quick recharge of large volumes
Quick recharge, small volumes
Slow recharge butlarge volumes
Low yield, seasonal
Annual, high yield
Moderate - low yield but annual
High yield, seasonal
Geological settings
– districts & states
Hydrogeological settings: national distributionHydrogeological setting Area (km2) States
Percentage of total area
Mountain Systems 509,686
Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal (Total: 13 States) 15.58%
Alluvial (Unconsolidated) Systems 931,765
Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Diu & Daman, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Pondicherry, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal (Total: 21 States) 28.49%
Sedimentary (Soft) Systems 85,457
Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal (Total: 8 States) 2.61%
Sedimentary (Hard) Systems 194,808
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh (Total: 9 States) 5.96%
Volcanic Systems 525,074
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Dadar & Nagar Haveli, Diu & Daman, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal (Total: 13 States) 16.06%
Crystalline (Basement) Systems 1,023,516
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Pondicherry, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal (Total: 17 States) 31.30%
Why strategise groundwater management?
Deep alluvial aquifers – quality
issues
Crystalline basement aquifers – overexploited;
fluoride
Mixed type – regions of intensive and
extensive overexploitation
Underdeveloped groundwater, forests,
tribal hinterlands
Groundwater –uncharted
terrain
Mountain aquifers and springs
Resource, supply and demand…
Estimate availability, develop supplies and manage demand..to ensure security
Depleted aquifer
Recharge (Supply Augmentation)
Regulated demand
Strategic arenas for managing groundwater
� Resource understanding� aquifers, scale
� science of hydrogeology
� Supply augmentation and management� managing recharge, water supply
� sites, location – mainly engineering
� Demand management: � regulating growing demand
� social fencing, formal legislation – socio-economics, law
Stage of GW development: spatial distribution
CGWB, 2006
Hydrogeology based typology
Typology 1
Typology 2
Typology 3Typology 4
Typology 5
Typology 6
Typology-wise protocols
PROTOCOLS TYP 1 TYP 2 TYP 3 TYP 4 TYP 5 TYP 6
Recharge Area
Protection ** ** ** ** **
Efficient Use of
Individual Wells ** ** **
Pump Capacity
Regulation ** ** **
Regulation of Depth and
Distance of Wells ** ** ** ** ** **
Optimisation of Water
Use in Agriculture ** ** ** ** ** **
Community Sharing of
Wells ** ** ** **
Conclusive summary… continued over to next slide
� Data and Knowledgebase
Aquifer-focused, village-based decision support - drinking water security
� Capacity building
Paradigm shift from ‘supply side’ to ‘demand side’ management, decision support framework based on
healthy collaborations between research, government and civil society
� Regulatory framework and legislation
Rights framework based on principles of equity and sustainability, all States equipped with legislation to
protect rural drinking water and/or collective efforts in gw management, provision for centralised governance
to protect gw during natural calamities
� Indirect instruments (discussed in detail by Shah, 2009)
Electricity rationing / metering with assured “quality” of power supply
� Nested institutions
Dovetailing processes and institutions - appropriation, provision (of water resources), monitoring, regulation,
enforcement, conflict resolution etc.
� Human resources
“Block” level and below, with interdisciplinary team of experts who will, amongst other things, help build
teams of barefoot water experts deployed by the Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSC) within
each Gram Panchayat.
