India – Carbon Imports (approx)
Commodity Import, MMT/yr % C Imported C, MMT/yr
Crude Oil 220 85% 190
Coal 200 75% 150
Natural Gas 15 77% 11.6
We need to find about 350 MMT of domestic carbon (on
current basis) to fully replace our carbon imports
Anthropogenic Carbon
Khatiwala, Primeau and Hall, 2009
Domestic Carbon Sources (estimates)• India – Second most populous nation ~18% of World population
• Population growth and rapid urbanization drive increased MSW
• Land limitations in India constrain availability of landfill space and supply-demand economics of urban land planning
• In rural areas, fallow / mono-cropped / under-irrigated land offers upsides on carbon capture through farm activity
Commodity Scope, MMT/yr % C, approx Potential C, MT/yr
Agri-residue (surplus) 120 40% 48
Forest residue 150 42% 63
Bio-gas excl landfill 800 45% 360
MSW 40 25% 10
UCO 5 85% 4
485 MMT of carbon excluding CO/CO2/landfill CH4 !
All the carbon we need is available within our borders
THE CSIR IIP APPROACHSOURCE TECHNOLOGY FUEL HIGHLIGHTS
Inedible oils Esterification Biodiesel Room temperature process for distributed production
Inedible oils Hydroprocessing Green Diesel (HVO), Bio-jet
Drop-in fuel
Agri-residues
Fermentation 2G ethanol Single yeast strain fermentation
Agri- and forest residues
Pyrolysis and variants
Furnace oil substitute;Green gasoline
Economical at modest scales due to high value co-products
Liquid waste Biomethanationand upgradation
Bio-PNG/CNG High recovery, low energy, modular
Stranded gas
Nano-catalysis Bio-methanol / Bio-DME
3-D printed reactor, being scaled up for field demonstration
Quercus leucotrichophora
Melia azedarach
Robinia pseudoacacia
Crambe abyssinica
Bauhinia semla seeds
Prunus Amygladus(wild apricot)
Screening of unexploited tree borne oil seeds of forest origin for edible and non-edible applications
India: Unity in Diversity
Feedstock
LigniteSewage
sludge
Simulated
lignocellulosi
c mixtures
Agricultural
waste
Aquatic
biomass
Woods
&
grassesPlastic
waste
Mixed
solid
wasteAzolla
Corn cob
Rice straw
Rice husk
Coir pithSorghum straw
Rose petal waste
Sargassum T.Polystyrene
Polypropylene
Polyethylene
Brominated plastics
E-waste
DeodarCheed
Lemon grass
Microalgae
Sea weed
Pine
Citronella
Biomass with plastic
Municipal solid waste
Mobile Pyroformer
• Pyrolysis of agriculture waste for production of bio oil for stationary applications
• Aston University, UK sponsored Joint project between EBRI & CSIR-IIP
Schematic of the pyrolysis process
H2O, 280-320 °C
Conversion= 78%
Rice Straw Major Compounds
Co-processing of Vacuum Gas Oil with JatrophaCurcas Cake (JCC) - derived fast pyrolysis oil (FPO)
& HDO oil
[RSC Advances, 5, 398-409, 2015]
Advanced cracking evaluation (ACE-R) assembly
Salient features:
Capacity: 1.2 g/min
Catalyst: Equilibrium FCC cat.
C/O ratio: 3-9
Reactor: Fixed fluidized bed
Temperature: 470-550°C
Pressure: 1 atmosphere
Kayser Technology Inc,
US Patent No.6069012
JCC : Ultimate and structural analysis
Ultimate analysis (wt.%, Dry basis) Structural analysis (wt.%, Dry &
Extractive)
JCC FP Char
Carbon 45.50 88.20 Holocellulose content 45.55
Hydrogen 06.70 04.10 Total lignin content 16.16
Nitrogen 02.47 01.50 Ash content 09.42
Oxygen (by
difference)
45.33 06.20 Pentosan content 07.70
Calorific value,
MJ/Kg
17.00 30.00 Moisture, % 07.20
Physical properties of JCC-derived FPO Tar
Physical properties Fast pyrolysis oil JCC-derived FPO
(Tar fraction)
Heavy fuel oil
Moisture content, % 15-35 2.5 0.1
pH 2.2-3.5 3.4 -
Specific gravity 1.2 1.18 0.94
Elemental composition, wt.%
C 54-58 56.1 85
H 5.5-7.0 7.1 11
N 0-0.2 4.3 0.3
O 30-40 32 1.0
Ash 0-0.2 0.1
HHV, MJ/kg 16-19 32.2 40
Viscosity (50°C,
cP)
20-100 95 180
Solids, wt.% 0.01-1 0.3 1
FPO : Separation of char particles
Ethanol + Tar fraction of fast pyrolysis oil
Membrane filter
Centrifuge
Vacuum distillation
Char free fast pyrolysis oil
Char 1 (> 200 nm)
Char
Ethanol
FPO: Hydrodeoxygenation over Pd/Al2O3
Sample name C, wt.% H, wt.% O, wt.% H/C O/C
JCC 45.50 6.70 45.33 1.767 0.747
Fast pyrolysis oil 56.50 7.10 32.0 1.507 0.424
HDO oil at
250 °C
64.98 8.0 22.0 1.500 0.257
HDO oil at
300 °C
76.18 8.8 10.0 1.404 0.099
HDO of tar-cleaned FPO proceeds without much difficulty
A possible pathway to decentralized-centralized processing
Effect of blending ratioCo-processing of FPO/HDO with VGO
Feedstock VGO:FPO VGO:HDO VGO
Blending ratio 95:5 90:10 85:15 80:20 95:5 100
FCC conversion 75.68 74.69 69.35 64.39 66.96 66.89
Yield, wt.%
Dry gas 2.182 2.05 1.43 1.41 1.507 1.798
LPG 38.876 35.70 28.69 23.77 28.78 15.5
Gasoline 29.038 31.14 35.11 35.04 32.50 44.02
LCO 14.885 15.43 17.99 20.49 18.98 19.84
HCO 8.054 8.48 10.67 14.08 13.27 12.4
Coke 5.48 5.21 4.23 4.16 4.17 5.58
JCC-FPO without tar reduces coke formation!HDO not essential if FCC co-processing route is adopted
Thank you