India Gains Independence

Chapter 34 Section 1

So… now what?

Suppose you emerge as the first leader of a newly independent nation- a former colony of the British Empire.

1. What are the first steps you would take to lead your nation to peace and prosperity?

2. What do you think would be your greatest challenges?

Why Nations Earned Independence

• Cost and commitments of holding a colony

• Questioning the practice of holding colonies

• The colonized people began to press for their freedoms and independence.

1920’s

• Mohandas Gandhi- first nonviolent campaign for independence

• Civil Disobedience: non- cooperation, boycotts, strikes, demonstrations, the Salt March.

1940- Muslim League• There were two parties:

Muslim League and Congress (Hindu)

• Muhammad Ali Jinnah- encouraged all Muslims to resign from Congress party.

• Major Concern= That the congress party would mainly protect Hindu interests.

• The only thing in common was slavery to the British.

1947- Independence!

• The British turned over rule to India and Pakistan

• Major issue: who would have the power AND how to divide the people- Muslims & Hindus

• Partitian- India divided into three regions.

What’s up

with th

is?

1947- Violence

• Assassinated trying to urge tolerance of Muslim refugees

• In all 1 million died in the summer of 1947 while moving to the

partitioned areas.

The Nation Mourns Gandhi’s Death

Conflict in Kashmir• Located in North Eastern

India• Ruler was Hindu, but most

of the people were Muslim• Conflict between India and

Pakistan for control 1948-1949

• UN cease fire- 1/3 under Pakistan’s control, the rest under India’s

Yep, that’s

us!

Nehru- the First Prime Minister

• Modernization of the newly independent India- ruled for 17 years

• Industrialization• Social reforms• Elevate status of lower castes• Improved women’s rights

Problems following Nehru’s death

• Bangladesh- 1971- became a new nation after a civil war between East and West Pakistan broke out.

• 1 million + died in the war

• India supported Bangladesh (East Pakistan)

Indira Gandhi

• Prime Minister following Nehru’s death 1966-1975 then from 1980 – 1984.

• Sikh extremists wanted independence.

• India’s army attacked their temple and she was assassinated in retaliation

1987- Sri Lanka• Gained independence

from Britain in1948

• Ethnic conflicts between the Tamil (Hindus) and Buddhists

• The civil war still continues today even after India has tried to help

Israel and the Middle East

Formation of IsraelArab-Israeli Conflicts

Arab-Israeli Conflict- Cause and EffectThe Balfour Declaration

• Cause- Jewish Diaspora (2nd century) Britain gained control of Palestine after WWII- Jews began moving to the region there was much sympathy for the Jews- the UN recommended partitioning Palestine

• Effect- the declaration supported a Jewish state, but the creation failed and hostility between Jews and Palestinians grew. * Outbreak of a full-scale Arab-Israeli War

Arab-Israeli Conflict- Cause and EffectFormation of an Independent Israel

• Cause- After WWII the UN addressed the matter- the UN decided to partition Palestine.

• Effect- Islamic countries voted against it- Israel got a hostile welcome from their neighbors.

The UN plan to Partition Palestine

Arab-Israeli Conflict- Cause and Effect1956 Arab-Israeli War (2 Conflicts)War #1• Cause- Six Arab states invaded Israel • Effect- Israel won and the state of Palestine

did not come to being. War #2 • Cause Egypt was upset because the British and

US withdrew financial support for the Aswan Dam and Seized the Suez Canal

• Effect- British and French air support helped Israel win, Israel withdrew from Egypt

Arab-Israeli Conflict- Cause and Effect1967 Six Day War

• Cause- Arab states made hostile statements, Israel believed they would attack after they closed of Israel’s access to the Red Sea

• Effects- Israel lost 8,000 troops- Arabs lost over 15,000- Israel expanded its border including Jerusalem, West Bank, Golan Heights and Sinai Peninsula.

Arab-Israeli Conflict- Cause and Effect1973 Yom Kippur War

• Cause- Joint Arab forces (led by Egypt) attacked Israel and caught them off guard and regained much of their territory. Yom Kippur is the holiest Jewish holiday

• Effects- Israel's counter attack, regained the territory and a truce was agreed to.

Arab-Israeli Conflict- Cause and EffectCamp David Accords- Sadat and Begin-

• Cause- Egypt (Sadat)extended an offer of peace and recognition to Israel

• Effects- trip to D.C where agreement was signed- Egypt became the first Arab state to recognize Israel’s right to exist in exchange for the Sinai Peninsula- Ended 30 years of hostility! BUT, Sadat was assassinated!

Arab-Israeli Conflict- Cause and EffectDeclaration of Principles- Rabin and Arafat

• Cause- Ongoing conflict over Israel’s occupied territories that led to peace talks.

• Effects- allow Palestinians to have their own self rule in Gaza and West Bank- BUT a Jewish extremist assassinated the Jewish Prime Minister (Rabin)

• This ignited even more conflict that continues today.

Golda Meir• Prime Minister 1969-1974• Born in Kiev, Ukraine and

lived in Milwaukee• Zionists- part of the

movement to form Israel• Various government

positions• One of the world’s first

female prime ministers• Yom Kippur War

Terrorism (36.4)

A New WarfareImpacts on Our Lives

http://www.jihadunspun.com/articles/09112002-911Tribute/Islam.Remembers.html (VIDEO)

Islam Remembers 9-11

http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/2104.htm

Islamic Summit Resolution• Terrorism is an act carried out to achieve an inhuman and

corrupt (mufsid) objective, and involving threat to security of any kind, and violation of rights acknowledged by religion and mankind.

• does not apply to the following: a. acts of national resistance exercised against occupying forces, colonizers and usurpers; b. resistance of peoples against cliques imposed on them by the force of arms; c. rejection of dictatorships and other forms of despotism and efforts to undermine their institutions; d. resistance against racial discrimination and attacks on the latter's strongholds; e. retaliation against any aggression if there is no other alternative.

Resolution 2 0/5-P (1.5) of the Fifth Islamic Summit

The US Stated Department’s Definition

• Premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant (includes both civilians and military personnel who are unarmed or off duty at the time) targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.

• International terrorism= terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country

• The term "terrorist group" means any group practicing, or that has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism

The Dictionary

• Terrorist- [n] a radical who employs terror as a political weapon or [adj] characteristic of someone who employs terrorism (especially as a political weapon); -terrorist activity-

• Freedom fighter- [n] a person who takes part in an armed rebellion against the constituted authority (especially in the hope of improving conditions)

Your Turn:

• Work with your group to draft a clear, concise definition of terrorism….

• Be sure to discuss the information found on the definition sheet provided by the teacher.

• You will be assigned one of eight organizations to investigate for acts of terrorism to determine if they were terrorists or freedom fighters

The Fall of Communism in Central and Eastern Europe

Chapter 35 Sections 3 and 4Workbook page- guided notes

The halt to Soviet Society

• Society wasn’t growing due to policies that discouraged political discussion and disagreement- censored writers, restricted freedom of speech and worship.

The Beginning of Change

• Mikhail Gorbachev instituted glasnost policy that encouraged the free flow of ideas- churches opened, released dissidents from prison, book publication by banned authors, some freedoms of the press

Inefficient and Unproductive Economy

• Consumers protested standing in line, prices, and inferior products – effects of central planning

• 1985 Peristroika (economic restructuring) to restructure the economy- allowed small private businesses and local managers control over farms and factories

Expense of the Arms Race

• Ronald Regan- HUGE military expansion ($2 trillion in the US)

• NO WAY the Soviets could keep up

• 1987- Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty- banned nuclear missiles with ranges of 300 to 3,400 miles

Coup against Gorby

• Democratization party- demands for more democracy

• Hard-line Communists demanded his resignation- sent military to Moscow.

• Boris Yeltsin (mayor) turned against the government and military troops did not follow their orders

• Gorbachev returned to Moscow and continued with the reforms.

The End of the USSR

• Due to the collapse of the coup the communist party collapsed

• Estonia and Latvia declared independence- others followed.

• Yeltsin- meeting with the republics to create the CIS

Economic Problems… AGAIN?!

• 1992- Shock Therapy- abrupt shift to free market economics

• Lowered trade barriers, removed priced controls and ended subsidies to state industries

• Initial 800% inflation! Still struggling economically

Chechnya

• Large population of Muslims- declared independence in 19991-

• Yeltsin denied their right to secede, dent troops and destroyed the capital

• Cease fire (Yeltsin reelected) fighting broke out again

The winds of change… Eastern Europe

• Soviet reforms of the 80’s and the consequences led others in the bloc to shift away from communism.

• Most began with political and social reforms

Poland 1980-1995• Solidarity- union led by Lech

Walesa- protested to be recognized.

• The economy was bad… real bad!

• Communism wasn’t working, so they voted in Walesa as president

• His reforms didn’t work either.

Poland 1995 - Today• Poland elected a former

communist to leadership. Alexander Kwasniewsk

• He continued with free market economy and democratic reforms-

• The economy is still not great, but Poland is now a full member of NATO

Hungarian Reforms• Inspired by changes in Poland

• Small stock market, free enterprise, multi-party, free elections

• Democratic reforms followed

• Economic down-turn in the late 90s

• Full member of NATO

German Reunification• East Germans were inspired by Hungary’s reforms

• Many East Germans visited Hungary

• East German Government shut the borders

• Protests for free travel(later added free elections) broke out- communist leaders lost their power

• Eventually led to the reunification of Germany

Mr. Gorbechez… Tear Down This Wall!

Call for Reunification

Celebration of the Fall of the Berlin Wall

Escape Video

Czechoslovakia

• Inspired by the reforms of their neighbors and the fall of Berlin Wall protesters demanded free elections

• Government squashed the protest… making it worse

• 11/25/1989 500,000 protesters demanded and end to communist rule… it happened

Czech Republic and Slovakia

• Shock therapy reforms hurt the Slovaks more than the Czechs

• Soon they began to drift apart- the people wanted two nations

• 1993 it split into the two countries

Romania

• Nicolae Ceausescu- brutal, ruthless dictator kept a secret police that crushed any call for reform or change

• Still, the people saw what was going on with their neighbors and protested at Timisoara

• Ordered brutal attack- that led to a popular uprising… the army sided with the people

• Ceausescu and his wife tried to escape, but were caught, tried and executed

Is the world a better place?

Human RightsEthnic Conflict

Genocide

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations 12/10/1948)

After reading the declaration, re-write each article in your own words…

Example: Article 1: All people are free and equal. All people have

common sense and should treat others kindly

The Break-up of Yugoslavia

• Created after WWI• Plagued with ethnic conflicts- there were 8

different groups in the region• After WWII Became a federation of 6

republics- all with mixed ethnic groups.• Held together by Josip Tito from 1945-1980

Changes in Yugoslavia

• With Slobodan Milosevic’s rise to power

• Slovenia and Croatia declared independence in 1991

• Bloody war-(Serbian Army) they remained independent

Nationalism Spreads

• After the Slovenes and Croats got independence, others followed.

• Bosnia-Herzegovenia declared independence- backed by the Croats and Muslims opposed by the Serbs

• Serbian forces used violence and forced immigration- Ethnic Cleansing to rid the Muslims

http://search.discoveryeducation.com/

Rwanda- Ethnic Cleansing

• What caused it?– Fighting between Hutus and Tutsis as they fought for control

of the government– Hutus massacred about 500,000 Tutsis

• Genocide- systematic execution of a group based on race

• What did the USA do about this?• Keepers of the memory (video)

Attempts to Unite the World

New Nationalisms

Global Economy

Interdependence

Impacts of Science and TechnologySpace Exploration

• Space shuttles, satellites, International Space Station

• Impact- faster communication, shared cultures (commercial satellites), security concerns

• Hubble Telescope

• Pathfinder on Mars

• Impact- greater understanding of the world beyond ours

• Possible energy sources

Impacts of Science and TechnologyAstronomy

Impacts of Science and TechnologyCommunication

• Smaller computer chips- cell phones, fax machines, internet, personal computers, etc

• Impact- the world is becoming “smaller” What happens in other areas impact us immediately

Impacts of Science and TechnologyHealth and Medicine

• Laser surgery, ultra sounds, MRI’s etc

• Early detection and treatment of illnesses

• Impact- longer life span

Impacts of Science and TechnologyGenetics• Isolation of individual

genes, genetic engineering, cloning.

• Impact- global debate on ethics

• Can be used to alter society in a negative way

Impacts of Science and TechnologyAgriculture

• Increased crop yields (fertilizers and pesticides) genetic engineering of plants

• Impacts- more food, BUT increased cancers , birth defects and pollutions to the environment

Nationalism and the Pan-African Movement

What do the colors stand for?

What is it?

• Movement organized by Kwame Nakruma (Ghana) to enable Africa to compete with the world economically

• Individually they have little power- together they can do great things.

Pan-Arabism

• Movement (started during Ottoman Empire) to politically unite all Arabs into one organization

• Arab League- an organization (1945) to give political voice/power to Arab Nations.

• Fractured due to defeats to Israel and coalitions who opposed Iraq in Gulf Wars

Global Economic Development Cause and Effects

• Why have manufacturing jobs moved overseas?

• Emerging nations have workers that have the skills for manufacturing jobs and work for lower wages

• Developed nation workers are more educated and work in information industries.

Multinational Corporations

• Computer technologies made such corporations possible due to faster business transactions.

• Created the Global Economy

NAFTA

• North American Free Trade Agreement

• Elimination of trade barriers (tarrifs) on goods traded between member nations

• North American nations responded to the European Economic Community (now the European Union) that was successful

Demand for Energy Increases

• Industry and trade require a lot of resources (such as oil)

• When OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) varies production of petroleum and oil exports prices increase

• Also, the pollution caused by industry has led to acid rain and global warming.

Release of Chlorofluorocarbons

• By-Product (pollution) caused by manufacturing

• Leads to erosion of the ozone layer causing Ultraviolet radiation to increase this leads to skin cancer

Destruction of the Environment

• Deforestation, pollution, over development is destroying natural habitats

• Many plant and animal species are becoming extinct.