India’s Swachh Bharat Mission 20th April 2017 || Washington D.C.
Parameswaran Iyer, Secretary to Government of India
Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation
India is implementing the biggest sanitation program in the world
550million 350million
NumberofpeopleinruralIndiapracticingopendefecation
SBMlaunchedon2nd Oct2014ODFIndiatobeachievedby2nd Oct,2019
October2014 April2017
SDG-6needsIndiatoachieveaSwachh Bharat
Why sanitation is critical for India
Sanitationsaveslives• Diarrheakillsover100,000childreneveryyearinIndia
• Equivalentto2jumbojetcrashesdaily
Nutritionandproductivity• Lackofsanitationleadstophysicalandcognitivestuntinginchildren
• Potentiallylessproductivefutureworkforce
Women’ssecurityanddignity• OpenDefecationaseriousthreattosafetyanddignityofwomen
• Holdingitintillitisdarkisalsoahealthissue
ItisestimatedthatlackofsanitationcostsIndiaover6%ofourGDP
Political will is driving the SBM
1986CRSP
1999 TotalSanitationCampaign
2012Nirmal BharatAbhiyan
2014SwachhBharatMission
PMhasmadeSBMthegovernment’sflagshipprogram
Largepublicinvestment:$20billionforSBMrural
BehaviourchangeandusageattheheartofSBMstrategy
Policyshiftfromoutputtooutcome:fromnumberoftoiletsconstructedtoODFvillages
FocusalsoonSolidandLiquidWasteManagementandSwachhta (cleanliness)
Swachh Bharat Mission Progress
SanitationCoveragegoneupfrom42%to64%sincelaunchofMission
190,000villagesand131districtsareODF
Sikkim,HimachalPradeshandKeralaareOpenDefecationFree
76%- 100%
0%- 50%
51%- 75%
Complete
Coverage:64%ODFdistricts:131ODFvillages:190,000
Key SBM Issues
Scale Complexity
Financing Sustainability
Key SBM Issues
Scale Complexity
Financing Sustainability
SBM in India: How big is the challenge?
• 30states• 677districts• 650,000villages• 1.25billionpeople• 550millionpracticedopendefecationatthestartofSBM
SBMisarguablythebiggestbehaviourchangecampaignever
Scaling up through Technology and Capacity strengthening
HalfamillionSwachhagrahis
• Attemptingtocreatearmyoftrainedgrassrootsmotivators– onepervillage
SwachhBharatPreraks
• 600YPs,oneperdistrict
Virtualclassrooms
• CAStrainingconductedthroughvirtualclassrooms
Knowledgeandlearning
• SwachhSangrah– KMportalconnectingalldistricts
Nationalevents
• SwachhShakti–Over6000womenvillageheadsaddressedbyPM
Leveragingsocialmedia
• WhatsApp• Twitter• Facebook
Key SBM Issues
Scale Complexity
Financing Sustainability
Complexity of Behavior ChangeUsageChallenges Someapproachesunder SwachhBharat
Culturaldiversityofthecountry
FlexibilitytoStates fordevelopinglocalsolutionstotacklelocalculturalandmindsetissues
Scarcity ofwater PipedwatersupplyonprioritytoODFvillages,ruralpan
Toiletsaresmall,dingyandclaustrophobic
HHs freeto designtheirowntoilets,e.g.inPunjab,bathingfacilitiesbeingaddedatowncost
Stigmaassociatedwithpit-emptying
Nationalcampaignontoilettechnology,includingcommunityleadersandcelebritiesemptyingpits
Womendon’thaveasay;Mendon’tfeelaneed
Campaignscelebratingwomenaschampions,notvictims;Campaignsfocusedonmenforbehaviourchange,e.g.Darwaza Bandh
Engaging all stakeholders • ClarioncallbythePMtomakeSBMajan andolan (people’smovement)• Community,notindividual,attheforefront– collectivebehaviorchange• Inter-personalcommunicationaswellasmassmedia• Involvingcelebritiesandinter-faithleaders
SwachhBharat
Communities
IconicPlaces
AllMinistriesofGoI
Stateanddistrict
PvtsectorSOEs
Faithleaders
DevtPartners
NGOs,CivilSociety
Making Sanitation “everyone’s business”
Key SBM Issues
Scale Complexity
Financing Sustainability
Large investment in Sanitation
Indiainvesting~$40billion*over4-5yearsinsanitationthroughgovernment,privatesectorandselffinancing
PublicfundingforRuralSanitation~$20billion
PublicfundingforUrbanSanitation~$10billion
OtherGovt funds• MNREGA($2.5billion)• AllMinistriesearmarkedfunds(~$1billion)forsanitationintheirbudgets
CorporateSector• Swachh BharatKosh:Received~$100million
• Corporateinvestmentinsanitation(~$5billion)
Self-financing• User&Communityfinancing
• SanitationlendingtoHHsthroughMicrofinance
*estimated
Leveraging Public Financing
• FederalSBM-GFundsallottedtoStatesonademand,performancecumcompetitivebasis
• MostStatesallotfundstodistrictsonaperformancecumneedbasis• IncentiveofRs.12,000(~$190)offeredtoover85millioneligible
householdstobuildanduseatoilet• CentralandstatebudgetsalsousedforIECandODFsustainability• Publicfundsalsoserveas“collateral”toleverageprivateanduser
financing
Addressing HH liquidity through micro-finance
Mappingdemandtosupply• Lastmiledistribution
throughlinkagewithgovt entitieslikeIndiaPost
• Over$100millionofsanitationloansalreadydisbursed–coverslessthan1%ofaddressablemarketpresently
• Tremendousopportunityforbanks,financialinstitutionsandbeneficiaries
Source: DalbergIndia
Inspiring examples of self-financing by citizens in rural India
Sushila Khurkute (Palghar,Maharashtra)• TribalwomanfromruralMaharashtra• Decidedtobuildherowntoilet.• Shecontinuouslydugapitfor3daysinrockyterrain• HergritanddeterminationmadeherthefaceofSwachh Bharatinherdistrict
Akkamma Sharanabasava (Kalaburagi district,Karnataka)• Soldhergoldjewelry,mortgagedherLICbondsandinvestedRs.96,000toconstructtoiletsnotjustforherselfbutalsoherneighbours
• AsanSHG,alsoranaruralsanitationmarttohelpothersincommunity• Constructed325toiletsin8months• Appointedmasonsandpurchasedconstructionmaterialinbulk
Examples of private sector financing
• Swachh BharatKosh hascollectedover$100millionthroughindividualsandinstitutions
• AllPSUsadvisedtospendatleast33%oftheirCSRfundsontheSwachhBharatMission
• TataTrustssponsoring600YPs,oneforeachdistrictinIndia,estimatedtocostover$10million
• “BanegaSwachh Bharat”– NationalmediacampaignbyprivatesectormediagiantsandFMCGbrands
• 90/100topcompanieswithlargestCSRspendshavecontributedtoSanitationwithmedianspendof$1million
Key SBM Issues
Scale Complexity
Financing Sustainability
Sustainability and usage - the prime focus • SuccessmetricisODFvillagesandnottoiletsconstructed– usageoftoiletsiskey• QualityofprocessfollowedforODFthroughCommunityApproachestoSanitation(CAS)• Detailedsustainabilityprotocolinplace,withmultiplechecksandbalances
Multipleverifications• EachODFvillageverifiedbythedistrictandODFdistrictisverifiedbytheState
• Centralindependentverificationsandevaluationstudies
Incentivizingsustainability• Partofstateallocationbasedonsustainabilityperformance
• Specialsustainabilityfunds
ContinuedIECpostODF• ContinuedIECandNigrani Samitisforatleast9monthspostdeclaration
ODFtoODF+• SLWMprojectsprioritizedinODFvillages
• PrioritypipedwatersupplytoODFvillages