Indian Innovation:The Changing Landscape
andEmerging Challenges
R A Mashelkar
Changing LandscapeChanging Landscape
1.1. IndiaIndia’’s 3 Freedoms!s 3 Freedoms!2.2. Indian Corporate Innovation Indian Corporate Innovation
MovementMovement3.3. Transformation of Public Transformation of Public
InstitutionsInstitutions4.4. Emergence as a Global R&D Emergence as a Global R&D
PlatformPlatform5.5. Innovative Innovative PPPsPPPs
IndiaIndia’’s 3 Freedomss 3 Freedoms
First FreedomFirst Freedom-- 19471947PoliticalPolitical
Second FreedomSecond Freedom-- 19911991Trade and EconomicTrade and Economic
Third FreedomThird Freedom-- 20082008Technological?Technological?
(Pre 1991)
Second Freedom(1991)
Second Freedom(1991)
Wheels Turns the Full Circle
• 1950• British Morris Oxford ---- Indian
Ambassador• 50 years later• Indian Indica – British Morris Rover
And Spiraling Up….
Third Freedom (2008)Third Freedom (2008)
•• 123 will open doors for access to 123 will open doors for access to dual use technology dual use technology
•• Besides Nuclear, great impact on Besides Nuclear, great impact on civilian sectorscivilian sectors
•• Just an example!Just an example!
Delayed by 2 years!No access to starter generator- just one of the 15000 component
SARAS- First indigenous civilian aircraft
Changing LandscapeChanging Landscape
1.1. IndiaIndia’’s 3 Freedoms!s 3 Freedoms!
2.2.Indian Corporate Innovation Indian Corporate Innovation MovementMovement
3.3. Transformation of Public InstitutionsTransformation of Public Institutions4.4. Emergence as a Global R&D PlatformEmergence as a Global R&D Platform5.5. Innovative Innovative PPPsPPPs
•• Did not exist 30 years agoDid not exist 30 years ago•• Number one in IndiaNumber one in India•• Doubled up every 3 yearsDoubled up every 3 years•• Basis : Scale Basis : Scale --ScopeScope-- CostCost•• Now Innovation!Now Innovation!
Growth is LifeGrowth is Life
The Reliance Innovation Movement…..
InnovationInnovation-- Way of LifeWay of Life
Innovation Led GrowthInnovation Led Growth
Reliance Innovation Council
Larry SummersEx President- Harvard
Mukesh AmbaniCMD, RIL
R A MashelkarChairman
Nobel Laureate Jean-Marie Lehn
C K PrahaladGlobal Strategy Leader
Nobel LaureateRobert Grubbs
George WhitesidesHarvard Univ
William HaseltineHaseltine Global Health
Reverse Engineering to Forward Engineering
• Drugs & pharmaceutical industry– Copying molecules to
creating molecules• Auto industry
– New indigenously designed models launched globally
Corporate Innovation Movement
Game changing innovations too!
TATA NANO
Car Year introduced in U.S.
Horsepower
Price
Model T 1908 20 19,700
Beetle 1956 24 11,333
Mini 1961 34 11,777
Tata Motors 2008 33 2,500
‘ Adjusted to 2007 U.S. dollarsSource : Tata Motors
Denial Driven Innovation!Denial Driven Innovation!
High Performance Super High Performance Super ComputersComputers
From Public R&DFrom Public R&DTo To
Private R&DPrivate R&D
“ANGRY INDIA DOES IT!”
Public R&D
Now Private R&D- TATAs showing the way!
EKA, 4th Fastest Supercomputer
Reverse Engineering to Forward Engineering
• Drugs & pharmaceutical industry– Copying molecules to
creating molecules• Auto industry
– New indigenously designed models launched globally
Corporate Innovation Movement
India can do it!!India can do it!!
Indian Tuberculosis Indian Tuberculosis BreakthroughBreakthroughDiscovery of a new drug Discovery of a new drug molecule, first in last 40 yearsmolecule, first in last 40 yearsReduces treatment duration from Reduces treatment duration from 6 months to 2 months (in 6 months to 2 months (in combination)combination)In phase II clinical trialIn phase II clinical trial
And many more in the offingAnd many more in the offing……
International Hepatitis B- $18 per dose
V ReddyIndia’s first recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine
40 Cents per dose!!
40% of UNICEF’s Hep B vaccine supply
Initial funding through ITDP of World Bank (SPREAD)
1984- USD 250 and a garage
2004 – IPO oversubscribed 33 times. Crosses USD 1 billion mark on the first day of listing.
Today she is the richest woman in India!!Among World’s 100 Most Powerful Women - Forbes 2008
Initial Funding through ITDP of World Bank (TDICI)
Changing LandscapeChanging Landscape
1.1. IndiaIndia’’s 3 Freedoms!s 3 Freedoms!2.2. Indian Corporate Innovation Indian Corporate Innovation
MovementMovement
3.3.Transformation of Public Transformation of Public InstitutionsInstitutions
4.4. Emergence as a Global R&D PlatformEmergence as a Global R&D Platform5.5. Innovative Innovative PPPsPPPs
Business India
2001
CSIR being used by as a model of institutional transformation by
World Bank
• I have recommended CSIR as a model of how countries can harness their top quality scientific research institutions to the task of industrial technology development, innovation and global competitiveness.
Dr. A WatkinsHead, ECA Region World Bank
Changing LandscapeChanging Landscape
1.1. IndiaIndia’’s 3 Freedoms!s 3 Freedoms!2.2. Indian Corporate Innovation Indian Corporate Innovation
MovementMovement3.3. Transformation of Public InstitutionsTransformation of Public Institutions
4.4.Emergence as a Global Emergence as a Global R&D PlatformR&D Platform
5.5. Innovative Innovative PPPsPPPs
Thapar lecture booklet
India is a developing country but it is a developed country as far as its
intellectual infrastructure is concerned. We get the highest
intellectual capital per dollar here.
John WelchCEO, GE
Intellectual Capital per Dollar
• SCI publications per dollar ?
• Citations per dollar ?• Patents per dollar ?
Flight of Human Capital
• Brain drain ?• Brain bank ?• Brain Circulation ?
The Tide beginning to turn….
Challenge
• 1% of population carries 90% of intellectual property
• Loose 1% - you loose 90% !
Lotka’s Inverse Square Productivity Law
A Flight to a land of opportunity
• “ A scientist is like a painter. Michael Angelo became a great artist because he had been give a wall to paint. My wall was given to me by the United States”
• Riardo Giacconi, Nobel Laureate(Physic)
Ricardo Giaconni Nobel Laureate
Emerging TrendsEmerging Trends
•• Approx 30,000 R&D Approx 30,000 R&D professionals returned to professionals returned to India in the last 3 yearsIndia in the last 3 years
•• IIT graduates migrating IIT graduates migrating abroadabroad–– ~70% (ten years ago)~70% (ten years ago)–– ~30% (today)~30% (today)
NASSCOM Study (2005)Recent NASSCOM Study
• IT specialists are coming to India because frontline development work is being done here.
• Executives, managers and supervisors are coming in at all levels because India is no longer hardship country
• Even interns coming to companies like Infosys, Biocon, and Mahyco to learn first hand about a real happening place
Changing LandscapeChanging Landscape
1.1. IndiaIndia’’s 3 Freedoms!s 3 Freedoms!2.2. Indian Corporate Innovation Indian Corporate Innovation
MovementMovement3.3. Transformation of Public Transformation of Public
InstitutionsInstitutions4.4. Emergence as a Global R&D Emergence as a Global R&D
PlatformPlatform
5.5.Innovative Innovative PPPsPPPs
India so far operated here
NMITLI
High Low
Low
Market Certainty
Tech
nolo
gy C
erta
inty
POSITIONING NMITLI : PROJECTS
TALENTTALENT
TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
TOLERANCETOLERANCE
NMITLI NMITLI FOUNDATIONFOUNDATION
NMITLI HIGHLIGHTSNMITLI HIGHLIGHTS
Grand Challenges Grand Challenges Igniting and networking the Igniting and networking the best mindsbest minds
Largest PPP in IndiaLargest PPP in IndiaOver 100 Private Sector Over 100 Private Sector EnterprisesEnterprisesOver 250 InstitutionsOver 250 Institutions
Emerging ChallengesEmerging Challenges1.1. STI continuum through conducive STI continuum through conducive
policiespolicies2.2. Building Innovation EcosystemBuilding Innovation Ecosystem3.3. Talent Supply (Quality and Talent Supply (Quality and
Quantity)Quantity)4.4. Inclusive InnovationInclusive Innovation5.5. Creating more Creating more TatasTatas!!
STI Continuum through STI Continuum through conducive Policiesconducive Policies……..
Science PolicyScience Policy-- (1958)(1958)Technology PolicyTechnology Policy-- (1983)(1983)Science and Technology PolicyScience and Technology Policy--(2003)(2003)Needed NowNeeded Now--Science, Technology and Science, Technology and Innovation PolicyInnovation Policy--??
Emerging ChallengesEmerging Challenges1.1. STI continuum through conducive STI continuum through conducive
policiespolicies
2.2.Building Innovation Building Innovation EcosystemEcosystem
3.3. Talent Supply (Quality and Quantity)Talent Supply (Quality and Quantity)4.4. Inclusive InnovationInclusive Innovation5.5. Creating more Creating more TatasTatas!!
The Innovation Ecosystem
Engineering
BRIDGE
Technology
Creativity with “constraints”: Cost, boundary-conditions..Reality-Check
2004 Pentium
Science
Creativity withoutany “constraint”:Pure Science
1st transistor!
Decades of investment
NSF
DoD
Universities
Research Labs.
Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship v/sv/s
TechnoprenuershipTechnoprenuershipGood newsGood news-- 18% of the workforce is 18% of the workforce is engaged in entrepreneurial activitiesengaged in entrepreneurial activities
Bad newsBad news-- Less than 3% of its workforce Less than 3% of its workforce is in modern private sector while 90% is in is in modern private sector while 90% is in informal sectorinformal sector-- mostly in low productivity mostly in low productivity and low skill activities.and low skill activities.
Patent IlliteracyPatent Illiteracy
Publish or PerishPublish or PerishV/SV/S
Patent, Publish and ProsperPatent, Publish and Prosper
Bose (1898) to Basmati (1998)Bose (1898) to Basmati (1998)The journey continuesThe journey continues……..
Emerging ChallengesEmerging Challenges1.1. STI continuum through conducive STI continuum through conducive
policiespolicies2.2. Building Innovation EcosystemBuilding Innovation Ecosystem
3.3.Talent Supply (Quality and Talent Supply (Quality and Quantity)Quantity)
4.4. Inclusive InnovationInclusive Innovation5.5. Creating more Creating more TatasTatas!!
Talent SupplyTalent Supply……....
BalancingBalancingExpansionExpansionInclusionInclusionExcellenceExcellence
Expansion!
• 30 Central Universities• 5 Indian Institutes of Science Education
and Research• 8 Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)• 7 Indian Institute of Management (IIM)• 20 Indian Institute of Information
Technology• 1600 Polytechnics• 10000 Vocational Schools• 50000 Skills Development Centres
Talent SupplyTalent Supply……..
Only 17% of youth in mid 20s Only 17% of youth in mid 20s and older have secondary and older have secondary educationeducationGross enrolment in higher Gross enrolment in higher education is only 12% compared education is only 12% compared with 90% in South Korea and with 90% in South Korea and 68% in Russia68% in Russia< 7000 PhDs a year in STE< 7000 PhDs a year in STE
Talent supplyTalent supply……..
UnderinvestmentUnderinvestmentTeaching without ResearchTeaching without ResearchOutdated CurriculaOutdated CurriculaCrisisCrisis-- Teachers: Both, Quality Teachers: Both, Quality and Quantityand QuantityRole of private sector and foreign Role of private sector and foreign universitiesuniversities
INSPIRE- Just one initiative by DST
Innovation in Pursuit for Inspired Research
• Science and Innovation scholarship to 1 million youngsters
• Provide mentorship- even through Nobel Laureates
• Scholarship for doctoral research including research career opportunity
Emerging ChallengesEmerging Challenges1.1. STI continuum through conducive STI continuum through conducive
policiespolicies2.2. Building Innovation EcosystemBuilding Innovation Ecosystem3.3. Talent Supply (Quality and Quantity)Talent Supply (Quality and Quantity)
4.4.Inclusive InnovationInclusive Innovation5.5. Creating more Creating more TatasTatas!!
Inclusive Innovation Inclusive Innovation NeedsNeeds
GandhianGandhian Engineering:Engineering:
Getting MoreGetting Morefrom Less from Less for Morefor More
Medicines:Medicines:Including the ExcludedIncluding the Excluded
Technologies to be
• Available• Affordable• Accessible• Appropriate
Medicines for the poor need to be:
PSORIASIS
Psoriasis TreatmentPsoriasis Treatment
•• Leading US Bio pharmaceutical firmLeading US Bio pharmaceutical firm
•• Antibody injection under the skin Antibody injection under the skin
•• Cost of treatment: $20000!Cost of treatment: $20000!•• Time for Development: 10 years!Time for Development: 10 years!•• Cost of Development: Few hundred million Cost of Development: Few hundred million
dollars!dollars!
Psoriasis TreatmentPsoriasis Treatment
Cost of treatment: $20000!Cost of treatment: $20000!Time for Development: 10 years!Time for Development: 10 years!Cost of Development: Few hundred million Cost of Development: Few hundred million
dollars!dollars!
X $50?
X 5 years?X
< $10 mn?
“When you want to achieve resultswhich you have not achieved before,
it is an unwise fancy to thinkthat they can be achieved
by using methods that havenot been used before”
- Sir Francis Bacon
Reverse Pharmacology Approach(CSIR Innovations)
Drug Clinical Indication
Industrial Partners
AP9CD Breast Cancer Indigene
RRLJ-CD-SFE Psoriasis Genova Biotech
NMITLI-OA-JP Osteo-arthritis Cadilla Pharma
NMITLI-DM-FN Type II Diabetes SreeDhootpapeswar
RRLJ0125-F09 HepatocellularCarcinoma
Indigene
RJM0035 Hypertension
Inclusive Technology
Haves
Have - Nots
Price
Per
form
ance
Have - Nots Haves
Price
Per
form
ance
ThroughHigh Science
and Technology
Cost $ 12000 to $18000
4 billion people
Income- Less than $2 a day
Will take 15 years income to buy this foot alone!!
Including the ExcludedIncluding the ExcludedYet another challengeYet another challengeMaking India LiterateMaking India Literate
Can Technology Help?Can Technology Help?
Constraints
• 200 hours of instructions –high dropouts
• 600,000 trained teachers for 600,000 villages?
Present Methodology & its constraints
Achievements so far
• 100,000+ persons made literate
• Software installed in 100,000 Village Knowledge Kiosks
• 8 Languages also Sotho of South Africa
• Cost less than $ 2.5 per person
Technology thus CAN Transform lives of 800 million
illiterates in 5 years !
Transformational Innovation
“Very soon, your chauffeur will drive to your house in a Nano.You will need to make space in your driveway for your chauffeur's car, but more importantly, you will need to make space in your minds for this transformation.”
- R A Mashelkar
Emerging ChallengesEmerging Challenges1.1. STI continuum through conducive STI continuum through conducive
policiespolicies2.2. Building Innovation EcosystemBuilding Innovation Ecosystem3.3. Talent Supply (Quality and Quantity)Talent Supply (Quality and Quantity)4.4. Inclusive InnovationInclusive Innovation
5.5.Creating more Creating more TatasTatas-- not by not by size but driven by Innovation, size but driven by Innovation, Compassion and PassionCompassion and Passion
More of Tatas…
EKA
NANO
Computer BasedFunctional Literacy(CBFL)
INDICAINDIGO