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Indian Power System Indian Power System Peculiarities & SolutionsPeculiarities & Solutions
S K Soonee
Executive Director
NRLDC
Landmarks … Landmarks …
Pre – Independence PeriodPre – Independence Period– First Hydel Project (Darjeeling) – 1897First Hydel Project (Darjeeling) – 1897– First Steam Plant (1000 KW) Calcutta – 1899First Steam Plant (1000 KW) Calcutta – 1899– Survey of Hydro Power Potential – 1919-1921Survey of Hydro Power Potential – 1919-1921– Generation during World War – II – 1140Generation during World War – II – 1140– Generation at the time of Independence – 1349 Generation at the time of Independence – 1349
MWMW
Phenomenal expansion since IndependencePhenomenal expansion since Independence
Generation : 1349 MW Generation : 1349 MW 112,058 MW 112,058 MW (in 1947)(in 1947) (in 2004) (in 2004)
Grid :Grid :
Local grid – at the time of Independence.Local grid – at the time of Independence.
State Grids – emerged in 1960s.State Grids – emerged in 1960s.
Regional Grids – in 1970s.Regional Grids – in 1970s.
Five Regional Grids – Five Regional Grids – Northern, Western, Southern,Northern, Western, Southern, Eastern & North-easternEastern & North-eastern
National Grid – All Five Regions Interconnected (2002)National Grid – All Five Regions Interconnected (2002)
Formation Of Formation Of Central GridCentral Grid by Synchronizing by Synchronizing North Eastern - Eastern – Western Grids North Eastern - Eastern – Western Grids
(2003)(2003)
Indian Power Grid – its EvolutionIndian Power Grid – its Evolution
INDIAN POWER SECTORINDIAN POWER SECTOR
India is a FEDERAL countryIndia is a FEDERAL country
Electricity a concurrent subject – Both Central and Electricity a concurrent subject – Both Central and State Govts. responsible for its developmentState Govts. responsible for its development
Multiplicity of players Multiplicity of players
Roles are demarcatedRoles are demarcated
Growth of installed capacity for Growth of installed capacity for electricity in Indiaelectricity in India
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
1990
-91
1991
-92
1992
-93
1993
-94
1994
-95
1995
-96
1996
-97
1997
-98
1998
-99
1999
-200
0
2000
-200
1
2003
-200
4
in MW
Regional Grids Of India
Inter Regional LinksInter Regional Links
Present IR CapacityPresent IR Capacity= 8,500 MW= 8,500 MW
By the year 2012By the year 2012= 30,000 MW= 30,000 MW
500 MW500 MW
1000MW1000MW
2000MW2000MW
500 MW500 MW
500 MW500 MW
1200 MW1200 MW
ROURKELA
RAIPUR HIRMA
TALCHER
JAIPUR
NER
ERWR
NR
SR
B'SHARIF
ALLAHABAD
SIPAT
GAZUWAKA
JEYPORECHANDRAPUR
SINGRAULI
VINDHYA-
1000MW
500MW
LUCKNOW
CHICKEN NECK
KRISHNA
TEESTA
MISA
KATHAL-GURI
LEGEND
765 KV LINES
400 KV LINES
HVDC B/B
HVDC BIPOLE
EXISTING/ X PLAN
ZERDA
HISSAR
BONGAIGAON
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL GRID
KOLHAPUR
NARENDRA
KAIGA
MANGALORE
PONDA
IX PLAN
MARIANI
N.K.
KAHALGAON
RANGANADI
SEONI
CHEGAON
BHANDARA
DEHGAM
KARAD
LONIKAND
VAPI
GANDHAR/
TALA
BANGLA
BALLABGARH A'PUR(DELHI RING)
BANGALORE
KOZHIKODE
COCHIN
KAYAMKULAM
TRIVANDRUM
PUGALUR
KAYATHAR
KARAIKUDI
CUDDALORE
SOUTH CHENNAI
KRISHNAPATNAM
CHITTOOR
VIJAYAWADA
SINGARPET
PIPAVAV
LIMBDI
KISHENPUR
DULHASTI
WAGOORA
MOGA
URI
BHUTAN
RAMAGUNDAM
RAVI
JULLANDHAR
DESH
NAGAR
VARANASI
/UNNAO
M'BAD
PURNEA
KORBA
NAGDA
SILIGURI/BIRPARA
TEHRI
MEERUT
BHIWADI
BINA SATNA
MALANPURSHIROHI
KAWAS
PHASE - II(By 2007)
SIRSI
CHAL
JETPURAMRELI
BOISARPADGHE
DHABOL
KOYNA
/BARH
G'PUR
HOSUR
ROURKELA
RAIPUR HIRMA
TALCHER
JAIPUR
NER
ERWR
NR
SR
B'SHARIF
ALLAHABAD
SIPAT
GAZUWAKA
JEYPORECHANDRAPUR
SINGRAULI
VINDHYA-
1000MW
500MW
LUCKNOW
DIHANG
CHICKEN NECK
KRISHNA
TEESTA
TIPAIMUKH
BADARPUR
MISA
DAMWE
KATHAL-GURI
LEGEND
765 KV LINES
400 KV LINES
HVDC B/B
HVDC BIPOLE
EXISTING/ X PLAN XI PLAN
ZERDA
HISSAR
BONGAIGAON
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL GRID
KOLHAPUR
NARENDRA
KAIGA
MANGALORE
PONDA
IX PLAN
MARIANI
N.K.
KAHALGAON
RANGANADI
SEONI
CHEGAON
BHANDARA
DEHGAM
KARAD
LONIKAND
VAPI
GANDHAR/
TALAARUN
BANGLA
BALLABGARH A'PUR(DELHI RING)
BANGALORE
KOZHIKODE
COCHIN
KAYAMKULAM
TRIVANDRUM
PUGALUR
KAYATHAR
KARAIKUDI
CUDDALORE
SOUTH CHENNAI
KRISHNAPATNAM
CHITTOOR
VIJAYAWADA
SINGARPET
PIPAVAV
LIMBDI
KISHENPUR
DULHASTI
WAGOORA
MOGA
URI
BHUTAN
RAMAGUNDAM
SATLUJRAVI
JULLANDHAR
DESH
NAGAR
VARANASI
/UNNAO
M'BAD
PURNEA
KORBA
NAGDA
SILIGURI/BIRPARA
PHASE - III
TEHRI
MEERUT
BHIWADI
BINA SATNA
MALANPURSHIROHI
KAWAS
AMRAVATI
AKOLA
(By 2012)
AGRA
SIRSI
CHAL
JETPURAMRELI
BOISARTARAPUR
PADGHE
DHABOL
KOYNA
/BARH
G'PUR
HOSUR
RTU RTU RTU
SUB LDC SUB LDC SUB LDC
SLDC SLDC SLDC
ERLDC
WRLDC NRLDC SRLDC
NERLDC
NLDC
23 Nos.
51 Nos.
1160Nos.
Unified Grid OperationUnified Grid Operation
5 Nos.
NationalLevel
RegionalLevel
State HQLevel
Group / Distt Level
Plant / Sub-Station Level
Regional Grid
State - A
State - B
State - C
CS - 1 MPPCS - 2
RLDCCoordinates
Control Areas
SEB’s Grid
Discom - A
Discom - B
Discom - C
STATE IPP
CENTRALSHARE
STATE GENR.
SLDCCoordinatesDirects
Control Areas
TRADER
Trading
Consumer
Trading
HierarchyHierarchy Policy and Administrative Policy and Administrative
issuesissuesGovt. (through Ministry of Power)Govt. (through Ministry of Power)
Power Sector PlanningPower Sector Planning Central Electricity Authority (CEA)Central Electricity Authority (CEA) A Central Govt bodyA Central Govt body Responsible for coordinated planningResponsible for coordinated planning Technical Advisor to Govt.Technical Advisor to Govt.
RegulationRegulation CERC at Center and SERC at State CERC at Center and SERC at State levellevel
Operation -NLDCOperation -NLDC
-RLDC-RLDC
-SLDC-SLDC
Under Implementation by Under Implementation by POWERGRIDPOWERGRID
Responsible for Regional Grid Responsible for Regional Grid OperationOperation
Responsible for State Grid OperationResponsible for State Grid Operation
GenerationGeneration DelicensedDelicensed
TransmissionTransmission Licensed activityLicensed activity Overall development of central sector transmission from Overall development of central sector transmission from
concept to commissioning and its operation entrusted to concept to commissioning and its operation entrusted to Central Transmission Utility (CTU- a statutory body Central Transmission Utility (CTU- a statutory body under GoI) , i.e POWERGRIDunder GoI) , i.e POWERGRID
Similarly, STU (- a statutory body under State Govt.) Similarly, STU (- a statutory body under State Govt.) responsible for State sector transmissionresponsible for State sector transmission
DistributionDistribution LicensedLicensed
TradingTrading LicensedLicensed
Grid Grid ManagementManagement
Entrusted to CTU (POWERGRID)Entrusted to CTU (POWERGRID) NLDC under implementationNLDC under implementation Operation of Regional Grids by RLDCs Operation of Regional Grids by RLDCs Operation of State Power System by SLDCs in Operation of State Power System by SLDCs in
association with RLDCsassociation with RLDCs
Generation, Transmission & DistributionGeneration, Transmission & Distribution
States were generally in the form of:States were generally in the form of:
1.Vertically Integrated Utilities having1.Vertically Integrated Utilities having
-- Own GenerationOwn Generation-- Own TransmissionOwn Transmission-- Own DistributionOwn Distribution
2.Having fixed shares in the Central Sector2.Having fixed shares in the Central Sector
3.Counting on Load-Generation Balance within 3.Counting on Load-Generation Balance within the Statethe State
Pre – Reforms Scenario
1. State regulatory commissions (SERCs) constituted
2. SERCs have issued tariff orders
3. States have unbundled their SEBs
4. States are in the process of privatising distribution
5. States have signed MoUs with the Ministry of Power
6. All around emphasis to provide 100% metering
Indian Power Sector Reforms
Indian Power Sector-DistributionIndian Power Sector-Distribution
Distribution originally with the State Electricity Boards (SEBs) with licenses given out for some areas to private.
After unbundling of SEBs, separate (DISCOMS) formed at state level. Privatisation of DISCOMS already done in two states viz. Delhi and Orissa.
Emphasis on metering, loss reduction at this level with the Central Govt. acting as a
catalyst through assistance under APDRP.
Defines responsibilities between Utilities, RLDCs and REBs
Defines scheduling mechanism for day ahead scheduling of Generation and Drawal
Specified frequency bands for operation of regional grids
Frequency stabilization through free governor mode of generating units
Defines charge for Reactive Energy drawal
Indian Electricity Grid CodeIndian Electricity Grid Code
Commercial MechanismCommercial Mechanism
A B TA B T
INDIAN POWER SECTORINDIAN POWER SECTOR
Components of inter-utility tariffComponents of inter-utility tariff(Pre – ABT Mechanism)(Pre – ABT Mechanism)
Fixed chargesFixed charges Interest on loansInterest on loans DepreciationDepreciation O & M chargesO & M charges Return on equityReturn on equity Interest on Working CapitalInterest on Working Capital
Energy charges (fuel cost)Energy charges (fuel cost) IncentivesIncentives Surcharge & other leviesSurcharge & other levies No charge for reactive energyNo charge for reactive energy
AVAILABILITY BASED TARIFFAVAILABILITY BASED TARIFF
(A)(A) CAPACITY CHARGECAPACITY CHARGE
(B)(B) ENERGY CHARGEENERGY CHARGE
(C)(C) ADJUSTMENT FOR DEVIATIONS ADJUSTMENT FOR DEVIATIONS
(U I CHARGE)(U I CHARGE)
(A) = a function of the Ex-Bus MW availability of Power (A) = a function of the Ex-Bus MW availability of Power Plant for the day declared before the day starts x Plant for the day declared before the day starts x SEB’s % allocation from the plantSEB’s % allocation from the plant
(B) = MWh for the day as per Ex-Bus drawal schedule for (B) = MWh for the day as per Ex-Bus drawal schedule for the SEB finalised before the day starts x Energy the SEB finalised before the day starts x Energy charge ratecharge rate
(C) = (C) = Σ Σ (Actual energy interchange in a 15 minute time (Actual energy interchange in a 15 minute time block – scheduled energy interchange for the time block – scheduled energy interchange for the time block) x UI rate for the time block block) x UI rate for the time block
TOTAL PAYMENT FOR THE DAY = (A) + (B) TOTAL PAYMENT FOR THE DAY = (A) + (B) ± (C) ± (C)
FEATURES :FEATURES :
((A) and (B) do not depend on actual plant A) and (B) do not depend on actual plant generation / drawal. No metering required for this generation / drawal. No metering required for this as they are based on off-line figures. All deviations as they are based on off-line figures. All deviations taken care of by (C)taken care of by (C)
No complication regarding deemed generation.No complication regarding deemed generation.
Perpetual incentive for maximizing generation and Perpetual incentive for maximizing generation and reducing drawal during deficit, but no incentive to reducing drawal during deficit, but no incentive to over generate during surplus.over generate during surplus.
UNSCHEDULED INTERCHANGES (UI)UNSCHEDULED INTERCHANGES (UI)I.E. DEVIATIONS FROM SCHEDULESI.E. DEVIATIONS FROM SCHEDULES
Makes all the players in the grid self-responsive and Makes all the players in the grid self-responsive and enhances merit order.enhances merit order.
Good UI helps in improving frequency and enables Good UI helps in improving frequency and enables one constituent to help the other (for meeting more one constituent to help the other (for meeting more consumer demand i.e reducing load shedding)consumer demand i.e reducing load shedding)
UI provides the mechanism for on-line displacement UI provides the mechanism for on-line displacement of costlier generation by cheaper generation : of costlier generation by cheaper generation : ultimate optimisation.ultimate optimisation.
REACTIVE ENERGY CHARGESREACTIVE ENERGY CHARGES
Under ABT, a reactive energy charge in Under ABT, a reactive energy charge in paise/kwh is applicable.paise/kwh is applicable.
This would be applicable for reactive power This would be applicable for reactive power exchanges outside the 97-103% voltage band.exchanges outside the 97-103% voltage band.
Planning CriterionPlanning Criterion
INDIAN POWER SECTORINDIAN POWER SECTOR
Generation LevelDemandMarginsLOLP
Generation MixPeak DemandEnergy Demand
Plant SelectionEconomicsGovt. PrioritiesTransmission RequirementResource Availability
Unit SizeEconomicsGrid StabilityResources
Generation Planning
Long Term Forecast
Load PotentialGeographyRate of GrowthResources
Short Term Forecast
Current Rate of growthResourcesFive year plansSuppressed demandIndustrial growthGovt. priorities
Load Forecasting
ISTS shall be capable of withstanding and be secured against the following outages without necessitating load shedding or rescheduling of generation during steady state operation.
Outage of a 132 kV D/C lineor
Outage of a 220 kV D/C lineor
Outage of a 400 kV S/C lineor
Outage of a single ICT
PLANNING CODE FOR ISTS
Planning Criteria :-
Continued …..
PLANNING CODE FOR ISTS Planning Criteria :-
or
Outage of one pole of HVDC bipole
or
Outage of 765 kV S/C line
The aforesaid contingencies would be superimposed over a planned outage
of another 220 kV D/C line or 400 kV S/C line in another corridor and not emanating from the same sub-station.
ISTS shall be capable of withstanding the loss of most severe single system infeed without loss of stability.
PLANNING CODE FOR ISTS
Planning Criteria :-
ANY ONE OF THE AFORESAID EVENTS SHALL NOT CAUSE
o loss of supply
o abnormal frequency on sustained basis
o unacceptable high or low voltage
o system instability
o unacceptable overloading of ISTS elements
REASONS FOR GRID CONTINGENCIESREASONS FOR GRID CONTINGENCIES
EQUIPMENT FAILURE
WEAK TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
OPERATIONAL ERROR
GRID INDISCIPLINE
MULTIPLE OUTAGES DUE TO WEATHER
CASCADED TRIPPING DUE TO OVERLOAD
Regualtory Framework
ROLE OF REGULATORY AUTHORITIESROLE OF REGULATORY AUTHORITIES
Central Electricity Regulatory Authority – CERCCentral Electricity Regulatory Authority – CERC
Regulate tariff of generating companies supplying power to more Regulate tariff of generating companies supplying power to more than one statethan one state
Determine Tariff & Regulate for Inter-state transmission system of Determine Tariff & Regulate for Inter-state transmission system of electricityelectricity
Specify terms and conditions for determination of tariffSpecify terms and conditions for determination of tariff Issue of licenses for Inter-state transmission & tradingIssue of licenses for Inter-state transmission & trading Dispute adjudication of various kinds including those amongst RLDC Dispute adjudication of various kinds including those amongst RLDC
and constituents and constituents Specify Grid codeSpecify Grid code Specify regulations for “ Open Access” Specify regulations for “ Open Access” Advise Central govt. on National Electricity policy & tariff policy, and Advise Central govt. on National Electricity policy & tariff policy, and
on efficiency & economy measures including investment promotionon efficiency & economy measures including investment promotion
ROLE OF REGULATORY AUTHORITIESROLE OF REGULATORY AUTHORITIES
State Electricity Regulatory Authority – SERCState Electricity Regulatory Authority – SERC
Similar functions at State level Generating companies & Intra-State Similar functions at State level Generating companies & Intra-State transmission of electricitytransmission of electricity
Issues Of Importance
ISSUES OF IMPORTANCE
Provide adequate level of redundancy in transmission network
Generation to be augmented with load increase
Load regulatory measures by utilities in the event of shortages
Adequate reactive compensation to be provided at load end
Issues of ImportanceIssues of Importance Uneven disposition of energy resources – long transmission Uneven disposition of energy resources – long transmission lineslines
Major Hydro resources in NER & NRMajor Hydro resources in NER & NR Coal reserves mostly in Bihar/Orissa/West Bengal Coal reserves mostly in Bihar/Orissa/West Bengal
Cost of power transmission lower than cost of fuel Cost of power transmission lower than cost of fuel transportationtransportation
Some Regions are no longer Self-sufficientSome Regions are no longer Self-sufficient
Major resources in SR exhausted Major resources in SR exhausted In NR hydro resources having long gestation periodIn NR hydro resources having long gestation period
Unbalanced Growth of different RegionsUnbalanced Growth of different Regions
Some regions are surplus and some are deficit.Some regions are surplus and some are deficit.
• Optimization of generation capacity additionOptimization of generation capacity addition Utilizing time diversityUtilizing time diversity Spinning reserve optimizationSpinning reserve optimization
Development of National Grid – Major ConsiderationsDevelopment of National Grid – Major Considerations
• Development in a phased mannerDevelopment in a phased manner – commensurate with – commensurate with
generation/ load growthgeneration/ load growth
• Conservation of Right-of-WayConservation of Right-of-Way - especially in areas with - especially in areas with
scarcity of ROW ---- viz. area near hydro, chicken-neck scarcity of ROW ---- viz. area near hydro, chicken-neck
area, forest area, town etc.area, forest area, town etc.
In forest area with rich flora & fauna, construction of line with high In forest area with rich flora & fauna, construction of line with high
towers ---- no forest cutting required.towers ---- no forest cutting required.
• Minimization of transmission costMinimization of transmission cost - immediate as well as - immediate as well as long-term basis.long-term basis.
• Flexible enoughFlexible enough to accommodate change in load- to accommodate change in load-generation pattern.generation pattern.
Major ChallengesMajor ChallengesProper Load Dispatch & Communication FacilitiesProper Load Dispatch & Communication Facilities POWERGRID is implementing ULDC schemes in all five POWERGRID is implementing ULDC schemes in all five
regionsregions..
Establishment of National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC) by Establishment of National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC) by
interconnecting all the regions.interconnecting all the regions.
Integrated Grid Operation Integrated Grid Operation Strict adherence to grid discipline to maintenance of voltage Strict adherence to grid discipline to maintenance of voltage
and frequency.and frequency.
Operation of generating units in free governor mode.Operation of generating units in free governor mode.
Implementation of “Availability Tariff” having provision of Implementation of “Availability Tariff” having provision of penalties and incentives to encourage grid discipline.penalties and incentives to encourage grid discipline.
MEN EQUIPMENT
PROCEDURE
Vital Elements:Vital Elements:
Departures From Conventional Practices:Departures From Conventional Practices:
Variation in Frequency permitted
Interchanges allowed to deviate from schedule
Frequency linked generation dispatch
Frequency linked pricing of deviations
Trading could be in the form of deviations with UI Rate providing the input
signal
THANK YOU