Indian Premier League From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is written like an advertisement. Please help rewrite this article from a neutral point of view. For blatant advertising that would require a fundamental rewrite to become encyclopedic, use {{db-spam}} to mark for speedy deletion. (August 2010) The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (April 2010) Indian Premier League Logo of the Indian Premier League Countries India Administrator BCCI
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Indian Premier League
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is written like an advertisement. Please help rewrite this article from a neutral point of view. For blatant advertising that would require a fundamental rewrite to become encyclopedic, use {{db-spam}} to mark for speedy deletion. (August 2010)
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (April 2010)
The Indian Premier League (often abbreviated as IPL), is a domestic professional Twenty20 cricket competition in India. It was initiated by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) headquartered in Mumbai[3][4] and supervised by BCCI Vice President Chirayu Amin, chairman & commissioner for IPL, and CEO, Sundar Raman. It presently includes 10 teams (franchises) consisting of players from different countries. It was started after an altercation between the BCCI and the Indian Cricket League.[5]
In 2010, IPL became the first sporting event ever to be broadcast live on the popular video sharing website YouTube.[6] Its brand value was estimated to be around $4.13 billion (over 18,000 crore (US$ 4.09 billion)) the same year.[7][8] According to global sports salaries review, IPL is the second highest-paid league, based on first-team salaries on a pro rata basis, second only to the NBA. It is estimated that the average salary of an IPL player over a year would be £2.5 million.[9]
A Chennai vs Kolkata match in progress at the M.A. Chidambaram Cricket Stadium
The inaugural season of the tournament started on 18 April 2008 and lasted for 46 days with 59 matches scheduled, out of which 58 took place and 1 was washed out due to rain. The final was played in DY Patil Stadium, Nerul, Navi Mumbai. Every team played each other both at home and away in a round robin system. The top four ranking sides progressed to the knockout stage of semi-finals followed by a final. Rajasthan Royals defeated Chennai Super Kings in a last ball thriller and emerged as the inaugural IPL champions.
[edit] Second season
Main article: 2009 Indian Premier League
The 2009 season coincided with the general elections in India. Owing to concerns regarding players' security, the venue was shifted to South Africa. The format of the tournament remained same as the inaugural one. Deccan Chargers, who finished last in the first season, came out as eventual winners defeating the Royal Challengers Bangalore in the final.
[edit] Third season
Main article: 2010 Indian Premier League
The third season opened in January 2010 with the auction for players. 66 players were on offer but only 11 players were sold. In this season, Deccan Chargers did not play at their preferred home location of Hyderabad, India due to the ongoing political crisis in the Telangana region . The new bases for the champions this season were Nagpur, Navi Mumbai and Cuttack. Four teams qualified for the semi-finals. The first semi-final was won by Mumbai Indians who defeated Bangalore Royal Challengers by 35 runs. Chennai Super Kings defeated Deccan Chargers in the second semi-final. The final was played between Chennai Super Kings and Mumbai Indians. Chennai Super Kings won by a margin of 22 runs.
On 21 March 2010, it was announced at Chennai that 2 new teams from Pune and Kochi will be added to the IPL for the coming season. However, the bid around the Kochi franchisee turned controversial resulting in the resignation of minister, Shashi Tharoor from the Central Government and investigations by various departments of the Government of India into the financial dealings of IPL and the other existing franchisees. Later, Lalit Modi was also removed from IPL chairmanship by BCCI.
In October 2010, the Rajasthan Royals and Kings XI Punjab had their franchises terminated for breaching ownership rules. The new Kochi franchise was also issued a warning to resolve all their ownership disputes.[10]
The addition of teams representing Pune and Kochi was to have increased the number of franchises from 8 to 10. The BCCI originally considered extending the tournament format used in previous season to ten teams, which would increase the number of matches from 60 to 94. Instead, the round-robin stage of the tournament was to have been replaced by a group stage with two groups of five, limiting the number of matches to 74.[11] However, with the expulsion of the Rajasthan royals and Kings XI Punjab teams, the format of the fourth season of the IPL remains in flux.
[edit] League organization
[edit] Franchises
The winning bidders for the eight franchises were announced on 24 January 2008.[12] While the total base price for auction was US $400 million, the auction fetched US $723.59 million.[13]
On 21 March 2010, Pune and Kochi were unveiled as the two new franchises for the fourth edition of the Indian Premier League. The base price was $225 million. While Pune was bought by Sahara Adventure Sports Group for $370 million, the Kochi franchise was bought by Rendezvous Sports World Limited for $333.3 million. The process was to have been completed on March 7 but was postponed by two weeks after many bidders and the BCCI objected to stiff financial clauses.[14] The second franchise auction fetched total $703 million.
There are five ways that a franchise can acquire a player. In the annual auction, buying domestic players, signing uncapped players, through trading and buying replacements.[15][16] In the trading window the player can only be traded with his consent. The franchise will have to pay the difference between the old contract price and the new contract price. If the new contract is worth more than the older one then the difference will be shared between the player and the franchise selling the player.[17]
Some of the Team composition rules are:
Minimum squad strength of 16 players plus one physio and a coach.
No more than 8 foreign players in the squad and at most 4 in the playing XI.For the 2009 edition franchises are allowed 10 foreign players in the squad. The number allowed in the playing XI remains unchanged at 4.
As this is domestic cricket so minimum of 8 local players must be included in each squad.
A minimum of 2 players from the BCCI under-22 pool in each squad.
Some of the differences to international Twenty20 cricket:
A difference to international cricket is a timeout. It gives the players an opportunity to strategise and take a drink during the strict 2 minutes, 30 seconds time limit. Each team is awarded two timeouts per innings totalling to four timeouts for the whole game. The teams can take the timeout when instructed, but is necessary to take it at the end of 9th and 16th over.
IPL is also known for having commercials during the game, hence there is no time limit for teams to complete their innings. However, there may be a penalty if the umpires find teams misusing this privilege at their own choice.
The total spending cap for a franchisee in the first player auction was US $5 million. Under-22 players are to be remunerated with a minimum annual salary of US $20,000 while for others it is US $50,000. The most expensive players in the IPL to date are Andrew Flintoff and Kevin Pietersen at US $1.55 million each.
[edit] Statistics and records
Main article: List of statistics and records of Indian Premier League
[edit] Winners
Season Winners Runners-up Teams
2008 Rajasthan Royals Chennai Super Kings 8
2009 Deccan Chargers Royal Challengers Bangalore 8
Main articles: 2008 Indian Premier League#Player auctions, 2009 Indian Premier League#Pre-season trades and signings, and 2010 IPL Player Auction
The first players' auctions were held on 2008. The IPL placed icon status on a select few marquee Indian players. These players were Rahul Dravid, Sachin Tendulkar, Saurav Ganguly, Yuvraj Singh, and Virender Sehwag. VVS Laxman initially named an icon player, later voluntarily opted out of his icon status to give his team (Deccan Chargers) more money to bid for players.[18] For the second season, auctions were also held, but free signings taking place in the off-season by franchises led to calls for a draft-like system where the lowest ranked teams would be given a first opportunity to sign players.
[edit] Television rights and sponsorships
The IPL is predicted to bring the BCCI income of approximately US$1.6 billion, over a period of five to ten years. All of these revenues are directed to a central pool, 40% of which will go to IPL itself, 54% to franchisees and 6% as prize money. The money will be distributed in these proportions until 2017, after which the share of IPL will be 50%, franchisees 45% and prize money 5%. The IPL signed up Kingfisher Airlines as the official umpire partner for the series in a 106 crore (US$ 24.06 million) (approximately £15 million) deal. This deal sees the Kingfisher Airlines brand on all umpires' uniforms and also on the giant screens during third umpire decisions.[19]
[edit] Television rights
On 15 January 2008 it was announced that a consortium consisting of India's Sony Entertainment Television network and Singapore-based World Sport Group secured the global broadcasting rights of the Indian Premier League.[20] The record deal has a duration of ten years at a cost of US $1.026 billion. As part of the deal, the consortium will pay the BCCI US $918 million for the television broadcast rights and US $108 million for the promotion of the tournament.[21] This deal was challenged in the Bombay High Court by IPL, and got the ruling on its side. After losing the battle in court, Sony Entertainment Television signed a new contract with BCCI with Sony Entertainment Television paying 8,700 crore (US$ 1.97 billion) for 10 years. One of the reasons for payment of this huge amount is seen as the money required to subsidize IPL's move to South Africa which will be substantially more than the previous IPL. IPL had agreed to subsidize the difference in operating cost between India and South Africa as it decided to move to the African nation after the security concerns raised because of its coincidence with India's general elections.
20% of these proceeds would go to IPL, 8% as prize money and 72% would be distributed to the franchisees. The money would be distributed in these proportions until 2012, after which the IPL would go public and list its shares (But recently in March 2010, IPL decided not to go public).[22]
Sony-WSG then re-sold parts of the broadcasting rights geographically to other companies. Below is a summary of the broadcasting rights around the world.
On 4 March 2010 ITV announced it had secured the United Kingdom television rights for the 2010 Indian Premier League. ITV will televise 59 of the 60 IPL matches on its ITV4 free to air channel.[23]
Winning Bidder Regional Broadcast Rights Terms of Deal
Sony/World Sport Group
India10 years at 8,700 crore (US$ 1.97 billion) (revised)[20]
ONE HD Australia: Free-to-air HD and SD television. Owned by
Network TEN.5 years at AUD 10-15 Million.[24]
Sky Network Television
New Zealand Terms not released
PCCW Hong Kong: Broadcast on Now Sports.2 years, terms not released.
StarHub Singapore: Broadcast on Cricket Extra. Terms not released
Astro Malaysia: Broadcast Astro Box Office Sport. Terms not released
SuperSportCentral Africa
South Africa NigerTerms not released
Arab Digital Distribution
United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan,
Libya, Nigeria
Broadcast rights on ADD's CricOne
10 Years, terms not released.[25]
GEO Super Pakistan Terms not released
Willow TVRights to distribute on television, radio, broadband and Internet, for the IPL in North America.
DirecTV United States: Exclusive broadcast rights on
CricketTicket.Terms not released
Asian Television Network
Canada: Aired on Pay-per-view channel. Aired on XM Radio's ATN-Asian Radio as well.
5 years, terms not released.[27]
SportsMax Caribbean Terms not released
ITV United Kingdom: Broadcast on ITV4. Terms not released
[edit] Sponsorships
India's biggest property developer DLF Group paid US$50 million to be the title sponsor of the tournament for 5 years from 2008 to 2013.[28]
Other five-year sponsorship agreements include a deal with motorcycle maker Hero Honda worth $22.5-million, one with PepsiCo worth $12.5-million, and a deal with beer and airline conglomerate Kingfisher at $26.5-million.[29]
[edit] Revenue and Profits
The UK-based brand consultancy, Brand Finance, has valued the IPL at 18,500 crore (US$ 4.2 billion) in 2010.[30] It was valued at U$2.01 billion in 2009 by the same consultancy.[31]
There are disputed figures for the profitability of the teams. One analyst said that four teams out of the eight made a profit in 2009.[32] While the London Times said that all but Kings XI Punjab made a profit.[33]
In 2010, the IPL expects to have 80 official merchandising deals. It has signed a deal with Swiss watchmaker Bandelier to make official watches for the IPL.[34]
According to a recent study by a UK-based brand valuation consultancy, the brand value of the IPL has more than doubled to USD 4.13 billion (over 18 crore (US$ 4.09 million)) from USD 2.01 billion in 2009.[35]
The franchises have been a part of this growth. Chennai Super Kings, who were ranked fourth last year, has emerged the most valued franchise in 2010. The CSK franchise has moved up the ladder to number one with a valuation of USD 48.4 million. The Kolkata Knight Riders co-owned by Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan comes in second with a valuation of USD 46 million and the Rajasthan Royals, co-owned by Bollywood actress Shilpa Shetty comes in third with USD 45.2 million. The Royal Challengers Bangalore, owned by Vijay Mallya, is ranked fourth with a valuation of USD 41.9 million and is followed by the Mumbai Indians (USD 40.8 million), Delhi Daredevils (USD 40.5 million) and Kings XI Punjab ( USD 36.1 million). The Deccan Chargers are at the base with a valuation of USD 34.4 million.[36]
DCI Mobile Studios (A division of Dot Com Infoway Limited), in conjunction with Sigma Ventures of Singapore, have jointly acquired the rights to be the exclusive Mobile Application partner and rights holder for the Indian Premier League cricket matches worldwide for the next 8 years (including the 2017 season). Recently, they have released the IPL T20 Mobile applications for iPhone, Nokia Smartphones and Blackberry devices. Soon it will be made available across all other major Mobile platforms including the Android, Windows Mobile, Palm & others.[37]
[edit] Official website
This section needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010)
The IPL negotiated a contract with the Canadian company Live Current Media Inc. to run and operate its portals and the minimum guarantee has been negotiated at US $50 million over the next 10 years.[38] The official website of the tournament is www.iplt20.com.
Incorporating popular forms of social media into the third season of the IPL, the website now contains a more holistic presence across all online mediums. The website apart from featuring new additions to empower user interaction, has encouraged a wider range of websites around IPL like IPL Tracker [1] and IPL Mag [2] amongst other more traditional reporting websites.
This section needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010)
In India, the IPL has become one of the most popular events of the year[39]. In the first season, games were played every night (including weekdays) during Indian prime-time and were broadcast live. The IPL was the most watched TV program in India.
IPL drew positive reactions from the rest of the world also. In Pakistan, the reception was described as "massive". The matches were telecast live in GEO Super. The matches also generated interest in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, despite only one Bangladeshi player being involved. The following in the subcontinental nations was aided by the prime time telecast of the matches as they belong to adjacent time zones.
The IPL became a big hit in South Africa due to a large composition of South Asians in their population.Another reason for the success is that the second edition of IPL was hosted at South Africa drawing massive crowds from the country as well as the other countries in the subcontinent.
The IPL did not garner much interest in Australia and New Zealand due to time differences. However, in recent times the IPL has gained a much larger fan-base in these two countries.
Snap polls indicated that more than 48 million people watched the telecast of the IPL 2008 final between Rajasthan Royals and Chennai Super Kings, more than 40 million people saw the Rajasthan Royals vs Delhi Daredevils match, whereas the second semi-final between Chennai Super Kings and Kings XI Punjab attracted an audience of 29 million.[40]
The third season of IPL saw interest rise dramatically in the United Kingdom. This was, in part, due to TV coverage switching to free to view channel ITV4. Previous editions of IPL were aired on the now defunct channel Setanta (pay to view channel), which entered administration in 2009. James Macleod stated, "We are delighted with the viewing figures for the IPL so far. The ratings for ITV4s coverage have been around seven or eight times those achieved by Setanta last year, and we're delighted to be bringing the competition to a wider audience". Lalit Modi, former Chairman and Commissioner of IPL, also expressed immense satisfaction on the way IPL has been accepted by the British audience. "ITV beats Sky Sports over the weekend in number of viewers. This is great going. The ITV numbers are double that of rugby league. This is huge by all imaginations. UK figures for viewership on ITV already 10 times that of last year. This is just fantastic news," he said.[41][42]
[edit] See also
List of controversies involving the Indian Premier League
^ "Indian Premier League / Records / Most wickets". Cricinfo. http://stats.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=117;type=trophy.
^ Income Tax team visits IPL headquarter in Mumbai. in.com
^ I-T Raids at IPL Headquarter at BCCI in Mumbai, reports NDTV
^ "BCCI asks players, officials to steer clear of ICL". The Hindu. June 25, 2007. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200706250324.htm. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
^ "IPL matches to be broadcast live on Youtube". Cricinfo. January 20, 2010. http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/content/story/445173.html. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
^ "Indian Premier League brand value $4.13bn". Times of India. 22 March 2010. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/iplarticleshow/5713042.cms. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
^ "Indian Premier League". Edinburgh Middle East Report (EMER). http://www.emerglobal.com/sport/ipl. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
^ "IPL 2nd highest-paid league, edges out EPL". Times of India. 29 March 2010. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/iplarticleshow/5736736.cms. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
^ Indian Premier League expels two teams in ownership row BBC Sport, published: 10 October 2010, accessed: 11 October 2010
^ IPL to have 74 matches for next three seasons, Times of India
^ The great IPL auction winners declared - News - News - Indiatimes Cricket
^ Cricinfo - Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL
^ Pune and Kochi unveiled as new IPL franchises
^ Slow trading with all eyes on auction, Brief discussion of IPL rules on acquiring players.
^ IPL lays down guidelines for replacements, Discusses IPL rules on buying replacement players players.
^ IPL rules when trading players. Cricinfo.com
^ "IPL players' auction to be held on 20 February". Cricinfo. http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/335706.html.
^ "Kingfisher Airlines named IPL's umpire partner". The Economic Times. 20 March 2008. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Transportation/Airlines__Aviation/Kingfisher_Airlines_named_IPLs_umpire_partner/articleshow/2884409.cms. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
^ a b "Sony and World Sports Group bag IPL television rights". Cricinfo. 2008-01-14. http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ipl/content/current/story/330881.html. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
^ "Billion dollar rights deal for IPL". The Australian. 2008-01-15. http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23054747-2722,00.html. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
^ IndranilBasu (2008-01-27). "Does the IPL model make sense?". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2734443,prtpage-1.cms. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
^ "ITV to screen IPL in 2010". ITV. 2010-03-04. http://www.itv.com/sport/ipl/default.html.
^ "Cricinfo - Australia to get live coverage of IPL". 2008-02-02. http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ipl/content/current/story/335886.html. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
^ ADD secures IPL telecast rights for Middle East and North Africa
^ IPL: Willow TV gets TV rights for the Americas: Cricket Next
^ Asian Television Network International Limited (2008-04-15). "THEY GAVE YOU NHL & NFL Now ATN Gives You IPL" (PDF). Press release. http://asiantelevision.com/pr/ATN-IPL%202008.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
^ "Kushal Pal Singh". Forbes.com. 03-11-09. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/10/billionaires-2009-richest-people_Kushal-Pal-Singh_0UU7.html. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
^ "Five-year sponsorship agreements". The Globe and Mail. 23-03-10. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/investing-at-fever-pitch-in-indias-cricket-bonanza/article1508779. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
^ "Stiff clauses leave only 4 in race for IPL teams". The Economic Times. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/Stiff-clauses-leave-only-4-in-race-for-IPL-teams/articleshow/5648934.cms. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
^ Brand IPL touches the sky. Iplt20.com
^ IPL teams become hot commodity LiveMint article
^ Lalit Modi ambition could create problems for IPL franchises
^ IPL targets 80 licensing and merchandising deals this year
^ DCI Mobile studios and; Sigma Ventures acquire global mobile Applications rights for IPL T20
^ "Live Current Media Inc. and DLF Indian Premier League To Launch IPLT20.com as Official IPL Online Destination". livecurrent.com. 18 April 2008. http://www.livecurrent.com/live-current-media-inc.-and-368.html.
^ "All about the Indian Premier League (IPL)". NDTV. 2009-02-05. http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtvcricket/showstory.aspx?id=SPOEN20090082651. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
^ About 24 Million Watched IPL Final
^ IPL devours British TV ratings
^ Record ratings for IPL in the UK. Iplt20.com
[edit] External links
IPL Official Website
IPL channel at YouTube
[show]
v • d • e
Indian Premier League
Seasons 2008 · 2009 · 2010 · 2011
Participating teamsChennai Super Kings · Deccan Chargers · Delhi Daredevils · Kings XI Punjab · Kolkata Knight Riders · Mumbai Indians · Rajasthan Royals · Royal Challengers Bangalore · Sahara Pune Warriors · Kochi IPL Team
IPL Venues 2008 · 2009 · 2010
Statistics and Records
Team records · Series records · Batting records · Bowling records · Wicketkeeping & fielding records · Partnership records · Miscellaneous records
Related topics Controversies · Fake IPL Player · Franchise earnings · Icon player
[show]
v • d • e
Twenty20 Cricket Leagues
International Champions League Twenty20
Domestic Leagues
KFC Twenty20 Big Bash · Scotiabank National T20 Championship · Friends Provident T20 · Indian Premier League · National Elite League Twenty20 · HRV Twenty20 Cup · Standard Bank Pro20 Series · RBS T20 League · Inter-Provincial Twenty20 · Caribbean Twenty20 · Metropolitan Bank Twenty20 · Bangladesh NCL (National Cricket League) Twenty20
Private Leagues American Premier League · Port City Cricket League
Proposed Leagues
Southern Hemisphere T20 Tournament (Australia, New Zealand, South Africa) · Pakistan Super League (Pakistan)
Defunct
Indian Cricket League (India) · Inter-State T20 Championship (India) · Twenty20 Tournament (Sri Lanka) · P20 (England) · Pro Cricket (United States) · Stanford 20/20 (W.Indies) · Stanford Super Series (W.Indies/England) · Twenty20 Cup (England)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Premier_League"
Categories: Indian Premier League | Indian domestic cricket competitions | Professional sports leagues | 2007 establishments | Sports leagues | Twenty20 cricket leagues
Hidden categories: Articles with a promotional tone from August 2010 | All articles with a promotional tone | NPOV disputes from April 2010 | All NPOV disputes | Articles needing additional references from April 2010 | All articles needing additional references | Articles needing additional references from March 2010
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Indian Premier League
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is written like an advertisement. Please help rewrite this article from a neutral point of view. For blatant advertising that would require a fundamental rewrite to become encyclopedic, use {{db-spam}} to mark for speedy deletion. (August 2010)
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (April 2010)
The Indian Premier League (often abbreviated as IPL), is a domestic professional Twenty20 cricket competition in India. It was initiated by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) headquartered in Mumbai[3][4] and supervised by BCCI Vice President Chirayu Amin, chairman & commissioner for IPL, and CEO, Sundar Raman. It presently includes 10 teams (franchises) consisting of players from different countries. It was started after an altercation between the BCCI and the Indian Cricket League.[5]
In 2010, IPL became the first sporting event ever to be broadcast live on the popular video sharing website YouTube.[6] Its brand value was estimated to be around $4.13 billion (over 18,000 crore (US$ 4.09 billion)) the same year.[7][8] According to global sports salaries review, IPL is the second highest-paid league, based on first-team salaries on a pro rata basis, second only to the NBA. It is estimated that the average salary of an IPL player over a year would be £2.5 million.[9]
A Chennai vs Kolkata match in progress at the M.A. Chidambaram Cricket Stadium
The inaugural season of the tournament started on 18 April 2008 and lasted for 46 days with 59 matches scheduled, out of which 58 took place and 1 was washed out due to rain. The final was played in DY Patil Stadium, Nerul, Navi Mumbai. Every team played each other both at home and away in a round robin system. The top four ranking sides progressed to the knockout stage of semi-finals followed by a final. Rajasthan Royals defeated Chennai Super Kings in a last ball thriller and emerged as the inaugural IPL champions.
The 2009 season coincided with the general elections in India. Owing to concerns regarding players' security, the venue was shifted to South Africa. The format of the tournament remained same as the inaugural one. Deccan Chargers, who finished last in the first season, came out as eventual winners defeating the Royal Challengers Bangalore in the final.
[edit] Third season
Main article: 2010 Indian Premier League
The third season opened in January 2010 with the auction for players. 66 players were on offer but only 11 players were sold. In this season, Deccan Chargers did not play at their preferred home location of Hyderabad, India due to the ongoing political crisis in the Telangana region . The new bases for the champions this season were Nagpur, Navi Mumbai and Cuttack. Four teams qualified for the semi-finals. The first semi-final was won by Mumbai Indians who defeated Bangalore Royal Challengers by 35 runs. Chennai Super Kings defeated Deccan Chargers in the second semi-final. The final was played between Chennai Super Kings and Mumbai Indians. Chennai Super Kings won by a margin of 22 runs.
[edit] Fourth season
Main article: 2011 Indian Premier League
On 21 March 2010, it was announced at Chennai that 2 new teams from Pune and Kochi will be added to the IPL for the coming season. However, the bid around the Kochi franchisee turned controversial resulting in the resignation of minister, Shashi Tharoor from the Central Government and investigations by various departments of the Government of India into the financial dealings of IPL and the other existing franchisees. Later, Lalit Modi was also removed from IPL chairmanship by BCCI.
In October 2010, the Rajasthan Royals and Kings XI Punjab had their franchises terminated for breaching ownership rules. The new Kochi franchise was also issued a warning to resolve all their ownership disputes.[10]
The addition of teams representing Pune and Kochi was to have increased the number of franchises from 8 to 10. The BCCI originally considered extending the tournament format used in previous season to ten teams, which would increase the number of matches from 60 to 94. Instead, the round-robin stage of the tournament was to have been replaced by a group stage with two groups of five, limiting the number of matches to 74.[11] However, with the expulsion of the Rajasthan royals and Kings XI Punjab teams, the format of the fourth season of the IPL remains in flux.
[edit] League organization
[edit] Franchises
The winning bidders for the eight franchises were announced on 24 January 2008.[12] While the total base price for auction was US $400 million, the auction fetched US $723.59 million.[13]
On 21 March 2010, Pune and Kochi were unveiled as the two new franchises for the fourth edition of the Indian Premier League. The base price was $225 million. While Pune was bought by Sahara Adventure Sports Group for $370 million, the Kochi franchise was bought by Rendezvous Sports World Limited for $333.3 million. The process was to have been completed on March 7 but was postponed by two weeks after many bidders and the BCCI objected to stiff financial clauses.[14] The second franchise auction fetched total $703 million.
There are five ways that a franchise can acquire a player. In the annual auction, buying domestic players, signing uncapped players, through trading and buying replacements.[15][16] In the trading window the player can only be traded with his consent. The franchise will have to pay the difference between the old contract price and the new contract price. If the new contract is worth more than the older one then the difference will be shared between the player and the franchise selling the player.[17]
Some of the Team composition rules are:
Minimum squad strength of 16 players plus one physio and a coach.
No more than 8 foreign players in the squad and at most 4 in the playing XI.For the 2009 edition franchises are allowed 10 foreign players in the squad. The number allowed in the playing XI remains unchanged at 4.
As this is domestic cricket so minimum of 8 local players must be included in each squad.
A minimum of 2 players from the BCCI under-22 pool in each squad.
Some of the differences to international Twenty20 cricket:
A difference to international cricket is a timeout. It gives the players an opportunity to strategise and take a drink during the strict 2 minutes, 30 seconds time limit. Each team is awarded two timeouts per innings totalling to four timeouts for the whole game. The teams can take the timeout when instructed, but is necessary to take it at the end of 9th and 16th over.
IPL is also known for having commercials during the game, hence there is no time limit for teams to complete their innings. However, there may be a penalty if the umpires find teams misusing this privilege at their own choice.
The total spending cap for a franchisee in the first player auction was US $5 million. Under-22 players are to be remunerated with a minimum annual salary of US $20,000 while for others it is US $50,000. The most expensive players in the IPL to date are Andrew Flintoff and Kevin Pietersen at US $1.55 million each.
[edit] Statistics and records
Main article: List of statistics and records of Indian Premier League
[edit] Winners
Season Winners Runners-up Teams
2008 Rajasthan Royals Chennai Super Kings 8
2009 Deccan Chargers Royal Challengers Bangalore 8
Main articles: 2008 Indian Premier League#Player auctions, 2009 Indian Premier League#Pre-season trades and signings, and 2010 IPL Player Auction
The first players' auctions were held on 2008. The IPL placed icon status on a select few marquee Indian players. These players were Rahul Dravid, Sachin Tendulkar, Saurav Ganguly, Yuvraj Singh, and Virender Sehwag. VVS Laxman initially named an icon player, later voluntarily opted out of his icon status to give his team (Deccan Chargers) more money to bid for players.[18] For the second season, auctions were
also held, but free signings taking place in the off-season by franchises led to calls for a draft-like system where the lowest ranked teams would be given a first opportunity to sign players.
[edit] Television rights and sponsorships
The IPL is predicted to bring the BCCI income of approximately US$1.6 billion, over a period of five to ten years. All of these revenues are directed to a central pool, 40% of which will go to IPL itself, 54% to franchisees and 6% as prize money. The money will be distributed in these proportions until 2017, after which the share of IPL will be 50%, franchisees 45% and prize money 5%. The IPL signed up Kingfisher Airlines as the official umpire partner for the series in a 106 crore (US$ 24.06 million) (approximately £15 million) deal. This deal sees the Kingfisher Airlines brand on all umpires' uniforms and also on the giant screens during third umpire decisions.[19]
[edit] Television rights
On 15 January 2008 it was announced that a consortium consisting of India's Sony Entertainment Television network and Singapore-based World Sport Group secured the global broadcasting rights of the Indian Premier League.[20] The record deal has a duration of ten years at a cost of US $1.026 billion. As part of the deal, the consortium will pay the BCCI US $918 million for the television broadcast rights and US $108 million for the promotion of the tournament.[21] This deal was challenged in the Bombay High Court by IPL, and got the ruling on its side. After losing the battle in court, Sony Entertainment Television signed a new contract with BCCI with Sony Entertainment Television paying 8,700 crore (US$ 1.97 billion) for 10 years. One of the reasons for payment of this huge amount is seen as the money required to subsidize IPL's move to South Africa which will be substantially more than the previous IPL. IPL had agreed to subsidize the difference in operating cost between India and South Africa as it decided to move to the African nation after the security concerns raised because of its coincidence with India's general elections.
20% of these proceeds would go to IPL, 8% as prize money and 72% would be distributed to the franchisees. The money would be distributed in these proportions until 2012, after which the IPL would go public and list its shares (But recently in March 2010, IPL decided not to go public).[22]
Sony-WSG then re-sold parts of the broadcasting rights geographically to other companies. Below is a summary of the broadcasting rights around the world.
On 4 March 2010 ITV announced it had secured the United Kingdom television rights for the 2010 Indian Premier League. ITV will televise 59 of the 60 IPL matches on its ITV4 free to air channel.[23]
Winning Bidder Regional Broadcast Rights Terms of Deal
Sony/World Sport Group
India10 years at 8,700 crore (US$ 1.97 billion) (revised)[20]
ONE HD Australia: Free-to-air HD and SD television. Owned by 5 years at AUD 10-
Other five-year sponsorship agreements include a deal with motorcycle maker Hero Honda worth $22.5-million, one with PepsiCo worth $12.5-million, and a deal with beer and airline conglomerate Kingfisher at $26.5-million.[29]
[edit] Revenue and Profits
The UK-based brand consultancy, Brand Finance, has valued the IPL at 18,500 crore (US$ 4.2 billion) in 2010.[30] It was valued at U$2.01 billion in 2009 by the same consultancy.[31]
There are disputed figures for the profitability of the teams. One analyst said that four teams out of the eight made a profit in 2009.[32] While the London Times said that all but Kings XI Punjab made a profit.[33]
In 2010, the IPL expects to have 80 official merchandising deals. It has signed a deal with Swiss watchmaker Bandelier to make official watches for the IPL.[34]
According to a recent study by a UK-based brand valuation consultancy, the brand value of the IPL has more than doubled to USD 4.13 billion (over 18 crore (US$ 4.09 million)) from USD 2.01 billion in 2009.[35]
The franchises have been a part of this growth. Chennai Super Kings, who were ranked fourth last year, has emerged the most valued franchise in 2010. The CSK franchise has moved up the ladder to number one with a valuation of USD 48.4 million. The Kolkata Knight Riders co-owned by Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan comes in second with a valuation of USD 46 million and the Rajasthan Royals, co-owned by Bollywood actress Shilpa Shetty comes in third with USD 45.2 million. The Royal Challengers Bangalore, owned by Vijay Mallya, is ranked fourth with a valuation of USD 41.9 million and is followed by the Mumbai Indians (USD 40.8 million), Delhi Daredevils (USD 40.5 million) and Kings XI Punjab ( USD 36.1 million). The Deccan Chargers are at the base with a valuation of USD 34.4 million.[36]
DCI Mobile Studios (A division of Dot Com Infoway Limited), in conjunction with Sigma Ventures of Singapore, have jointly acquired the rights to be the exclusive Mobile Application partner and rights holder for the Indian Premier League cricket matches worldwide for the next 8 years (including the 2017 season). Recently, they have released the IPL T20 Mobile applications for iPhone, Nokia Smartphones and Blackberry devices. Soon it will be made available across all other major Mobile platforms including the Android, Windows Mobile, Palm & others.[37]
[edit] Official website
This section needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010)
The IPL negotiated a contract with the Canadian company Live Current Media Inc. to run and operate its portals and the minimum guarantee has been negotiated at US $50 million over the next 10 years.[38] The official website of the tournament is www.iplt20.com.
Incorporating popular forms of social media into the third season of the IPL, the website now contains a more holistic presence across all online mediums. The website apart from featuring new additions to empower user interaction, has encouraged a wider range of websites around IPL like IPL Tracker [1] and IPL Mag [2] amongst other more traditional reporting websites.
[edit] Global following
This section needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010)
In India, the IPL has become one of the most popular events of the year[39]. In the first season, games were played every night (including weekdays) during Indian prime-time and were broadcast live. The IPL was the most watched TV program in India.
IPL drew positive reactions from the rest of the world also. In Pakistan, the reception was described as "massive". The matches were telecast live in GEO Super. The matches also generated interest in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, despite only one Bangladeshi player being involved. The following in the subcontinental nations was aided by the prime time telecast of the matches as they belong to adjacent time zones.
The IPL became a big hit in South Africa due to a large composition of South Asians in their population.Another reason for the success is that the second edition of IPL was hosted at South Africa drawing massive crowds from the country as well as the other countries in the subcontinent.
The IPL did not garner much interest in Australia and New Zealand due to time differences. However, in recent times the IPL has gained a much larger fan-base in these two countries.
Snap polls indicated that more than 48 million people watched the telecast of the IPL 2008 final between Rajasthan Royals and Chennai Super Kings, more than 40 million people saw the Rajasthan Royals vs Delhi Daredevils match, whereas the second semi-final between Chennai Super Kings and Kings XI Punjab attracted an audience of 29 million.[40]
The third season of IPL saw interest rise dramatically in the United Kingdom. This was, in part, due to TV coverage switching to free to view channel ITV4. Previous editions of IPL were aired on the now defunct channel Setanta (pay to view channel), which entered administration in 2009. James Macleod stated, "We are delighted with the viewing figures for the IPL so far. The ratings for ITV4s coverage have been around seven or eight times those achieved by Setanta last year, and we're delighted to be bringing the competition to a wider audience". Lalit Modi, former Chairman and Commissioner of IPL, also expressed immense satisfaction on the way IPL has been accepted by the British audience. "ITV beats Sky Sports over the weekend in number of viewers. This is great going. The ITV numbers are double that of rugby league. This is huge by all imaginations. UK figures for viewership on ITV already 10 times that of last year. This is just fantastic news," he said.[41][42]
[edit] See also
List of controversies involving the Indian Premier League
^ "Indian Premier League / Records / Most wickets". Cricinfo. http://stats.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=117;type=trophy.
^ Income Tax team visits IPL headquarter in Mumbai. in.com
^ I-T Raids at IPL Headquarter at BCCI in Mumbai, reports NDTV
^ "BCCI asks players, officials to steer clear of ICL". The Hindu. June 25, 2007. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200706250324.htm. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
^ "IPL matches to be broadcast live on Youtube". Cricinfo. January 20, 2010. http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/content/story/445173.html. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
^ "Indian Premier League brand value $4.13bn". Times of India. 22 March 2010. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/iplarticleshow/5713042.cms. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
^ "Indian Premier League". Edinburgh Middle East Report (EMER). http://www.emerglobal.com/sport/ipl. Retrieved 2010-03-25.
^ "IPL 2nd highest-paid league, edges out EPL". Times of India. 29 March 2010. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/iplarticleshow/5736736.cms. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
^ Indian Premier League expels two teams in ownership row BBC Sport, published: 10 October 2010, accessed: 11 October 2010
^ IPL to have 74 matches for next three seasons, Times of India
^ The great IPL auction winners declared - News - News - Indiatimes Cricket
^ Cricinfo - Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL
^ Pune and Kochi unveiled as new IPL franchises
^ Slow trading with all eyes on auction, Brief discussion of IPL rules on acquiring players.
^ IPL lays down guidelines for replacements, Discusses IPL rules on buying replacement players players.
^ IPL rules when trading players. Cricinfo.com
^ "IPL players' auction to be held on 20 February". Cricinfo. http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/335706.html.
^ "Kingfisher Airlines named IPL's umpire partner". The Economic Times. 20 March 2008. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Transportation/Airlines__Aviation/Kingfisher_Airlines_named_IPLs_umpire_partner/articleshow/2884409.cms. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
^ a b "Sony and World Sports Group bag IPL television rights". Cricinfo. 2008-01-14. http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ipl/content/current/story/330881.html. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
^ "Billion dollar rights deal for IPL". The Australian. 2008-01-15. http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23054747-2722,00.html. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
^ IndranilBasu (2008-01-27). "Does the IPL model make sense?". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2734443,prtpage-1.cms. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
^ "ITV to screen IPL in 2010". ITV. 2010-03-04. http://www.itv.com/sport/ipl/default.html.
^ "Cricinfo - Australia to get live coverage of IPL". 2008-02-02. http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ipl/content/current/story/335886.html. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
^ ADD secures IPL telecast rights for Middle East and North Africa
^ IPL: Willow TV gets TV rights for the Americas: Cricket Next
^ Asian Television Network International Limited (2008-04-15). "THEY GAVE YOU NHL & NFL Now ATN Gives You IPL" (PDF). Press release. http://asiantelevision.com/pr/ATN-IPL%202008.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
^ "Kushal Pal Singh". Forbes.com. 03-11-09. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/10/billionaires-2009-richest-people_Kushal-Pal-Singh_0UU7.html. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
^ "Five-year sponsorship agreements". The Globe and Mail. 23-03-10. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/investing-at-fever-pitch-in-indias-cricket-bonanza/article1508779. Retrieved 23 March 2010.
^ "Stiff clauses leave only 4 in race for IPL teams". The Economic Times. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/Stiff-clauses-leave-only-4-in-race-for-IPL-teams/articleshow/5648934.cms. Retrieved 9 March 2010.
^ Brand IPL touches the sky. Iplt20.com
^ IPL teams become hot commodity LiveMint article
^ Lalit Modi ambition could create problems for IPL franchises
^ IPL targets 80 licensing and merchandising deals this year
^ DCI Mobile studios and; Sigma Ventures acquire global mobile Applications rights for IPL T20
^ "Live Current Media Inc. and DLF Indian Premier League To Launch IPLT20.com as Official IPL Online Destination". livecurrent.com. 18 April 2008. http://www.livecurrent.com/live-current-media-inc.-and-368.html.
^ "All about the Indian Premier League (IPL)". NDTV. 2009-02-05. http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtvcricket/showstory.aspx?id=SPOEN20090082651. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
^ About 24 Million Watched IPL Final
^ IPL devours British TV ratings
^ Record ratings for IPL in the UK. Iplt20.com
[edit] External links
IPL Official Website
IPL channel at YouTube
[show]
v • d • e
Indian Premier League
Seasons 2008 · 2009 · 2010 · 2011
Participating teamsChennai Super Kings · Deccan Chargers · Delhi Daredevils · Kings XI Punjab · Kolkata Knight Riders · Mumbai Indians · Rajasthan Royals · Royal Challengers Bangalore · Sahara Pune Warriors · Kochi IPL Team
IPL Venues 2008 · 2009 · 2010
Statistics and Records
Team records · Series records · Batting records · Bowling records · Wicketkeeping & fielding records · Partnership records · Miscellaneous records
Related topics Controversies · Fake IPL Player · Franchise earnings · Icon player
[show]
v • d • e
Twenty20 Cricket Leagues
International Champions League Twenty20
Domestic Leagues
KFC Twenty20 Big Bash · Scotiabank National T20 Championship · Friends Provident T20 · Indian Premier League · National Elite League Twenty20 · HRV Twenty20 Cup · Standard Bank Pro20 Series · RBS T20 League · Inter-Provincial Twenty20 · Caribbean Twenty20 · Metropolitan Bank Twenty20 · Bangladesh NCL (National Cricket League) Twenty20
Private Leagues American Premier League · Port City Cricket League
Proposed Leagues
Southern Hemisphere T20 Tournament (Australia, New Zealand, South Africa) · Pakistan Super League (Pakistan)
Defunct Indian Cricket League (India) · Inter-State T20 Championship (India) · Twenty20 Tournament (Sri Lanka) · P20 (England) · Pro Cricket (United States) · Stanford
20/20 (W.Indies) · Stanford Super Series (W.Indies/England) · Twenty20 Cup (England)
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o Cadbury UK , the company's UK subsidiary o Cadbury Ireland , the company's Irish subsidiary o Cadbury Adams , the company's North American subsidiary
[edit] People Cadbury family Richard Tapper Cadbury (1768–1860) John Cadbury (1801–1889), family patriarch, founder of Cadbury plc
o Richard Cadbury (1835–1899), manufacturer and philanthropist o George Cadbury (1839–1922), younger brother, developed the firm and perfected
the recipe for Dairy Milk Egbert Cadbury (1893–1967), First World War flying ace and later
managing director of the family firm Peter Cadbury (1918–2006), an entrepreneur who made his own
career outside the family firm (George) Adrian Cadbury (b. 1929), businessman and
commentator on corporate governance Dominic Cadbury (b. 1940), businessman and Chancellor of the
University of Birmingham Joel Cadbury (b. 1971), entrepreneur
[edit] Places Cadbury, Devon , England North Cadbury , Somerset, England South Cadbury , Somerset, England Cadbury Camp , North Somerset, England Cadbury Castle, Somerset , England Cadbury Castle, Devon , England Cadbury Hill , Somerset, England
[edit] Other GWR 4073 Class 7028 Cadbury Castle , Great Western Railway locomotive Cadbury Report , British report on corporate governance Cadbury, fictional character from the Richie Rich comics series "Cadbury, The Beaver who Lacked", a short story by Philip K. Dick
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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Cadbury Gems goes live with its interesting and humorous new TVC
In the last four decades, Cadbury Gems, the much loved coated chocolate brand has become synonymous with fun, joy and unquestionably colors. This week colored chocolate buttons- Cadbury Gems went live with its distinct, new TVC starring Pandas in the leading role!
Unrivalled in all these years, Gems hold a special position in the consumer's mind. A willing accomplice to most pranks, Cadbury Gems has always had Masti as the key proposition in all its communication. The new TVC further builds on this thought, using a refreshing new perspective.
The new campaign of Cadbury Gems is based on research that pointed out an interesting insight on children’s perception of colors. As kids grow older, they associate colors with emotions. Color being Gems' closely held USP, the decision was taken to leverage this
aspect and position the colors of Gems as the element that introduces fun and masti in an otherwise mundane life. The lovable pandas with their quintessential black and white coloring therefore became the perfect protagonists to add color to!
Commenting on the campaign, Sanjay Purohit, Executive Director – Marketing, Cadbury said, “The new Gems campaign seeks to marry a consumer insight with the product USP in a fun & humorous manner. The TVC will play a momentous role in enhancing the brand connect with both brand loyalists and inquisitive potential customers.”
Ogilvy & Mather Advertising has created the TV commercial. The TVC opens with a wildlife expert trying to unearth the mystery behind the multi-colored Panda. While the TVC has been shot from a very realistic, documentary-like perspective, a humorous and very Indian narration adds an extra dose of fun and energy. Many improbable reasons are explored for the multiple fun colors on the panda, before the narrator finally discovers the mystery potion- Cadbury Gems. Cadbury Gems thus adds colors of fun, merriment, joy and cheer to the life of these Pandas.
This unique treatment has been chosen with the intent of increasing the brand appeal amongst elder kids by attributing an identifiable role to the colors of Cadbury Gems.
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Cadbury India is a fully owned subsidy of Kraft Foods Inc. The combination of Kraft Foods and Cadbury creates a global powerhouse in snacks, confectionery and quick meals.
With annual revenues of approximately $50 billion, the combined company is the world's second largest food company, making delicious products for billions of consumers in more than 160 countries. We employ approximately 140,000 people and have operations in more than 70 countries.
In India, Cadbury began its operations in 1948 by importing chocolates. After 60 years of existence, it today has five company-owned manufacturing facilities at Thane, Induri (Pune) and Malanpur (Gwalior), Bangalore and Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) and 4 sales offices (New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkota and Chennai). The corporate office is in Mumbai.
Our core purpose "make today delicious" captures the spirit of what we are trying to achieve as a business. We make delicious foods you can feel good about. Whether watching your weight or preparing to celebrate, grabbing a quick bite or sitting down to family night, we pour our hearts into creating foods that are wholesome and delicious.
Currently, Cadbury India operates in four categories viz. Chocolate Confectionery, Milk Food Drinks, Candy and Gum category. In the Chocolate Confectionery business, Cadbury has maintained its undisputed leadership over the years. Some of the key brands in India are Cadbury Dairy Milk, 5 Star, Perk, Éclairs and Celebrations.
Cadbury enjoys a value market share of over 70% - the highest Cadbury brand share in the world! Our billion-dollar brand Cadbury Dairy Milk is considered the "gold standard" for chocolates in India. The pure taste of CDM defines the chocolate taste for the Indian consumer.
In the Milk Food drinks segment our main product is Bournvita - the leading Malted Food Drink (MFD) in the country. Similarly in the medicated candy category Halls is the undisputed leader. We recently entered the gums category with the launch of our worldwide dominant bubble gum brand Bubbaloo. Bubbaloo is sold in 25 countries worldwide.
Since 1965 Cadbury has also pioneered the development of cocoa cultivation in India. For over two decades, we have worked with the Kerala Agriculture University to undertake cocoa research and released clones, hybrids that improve the cocoa yield. Our Cocoa team visits farmers and advise them on the cultivation aspects from planting to harvesting. We also conduct farmers meetings & seminars to educate them on Cocoa cultivation aspects. Our efforts have increased cocoa productivity and touched the lives of thousands of farmers. Hardly surprising then that the Cocoa tree is called the Cadbury tree!
Today, as a combined company with an unmatched portfolio in confectionery, snacking and quick meals, we are poised in our leap towards quantum growth. We are the world's No.1 Confectionery Company. And we will continue to “make today delicious”!
The cocoa-bean -- the heart of the sweetest delicacy in the world -- is bitter! This is why, up to the 18th century some native tribes ate only the sweetish flesh of the cocoa fruit. They regarded the precious bean as waste or used it, as was the case among the Aztecs, as a form of currency.
The VarietiesThere are two quite different basic classifications of cocoa, under which practically all varieties can be categorised: Criollo and Forastero cocoas. The pure variety of the Criollo tree is found mainly in its native Equador and Venezuela. The seeds are of finer quality than those of the Forastero variety.
They have a particularly fine, mild aroma and are, therefore, used only in the production of high-quality chocolate and for blending. However, Criollo cocoa accounts for only 10% of the world crop. The remaining 90% is harvested from trees of the Forastero family, with its many hybrids and varieties. The main growing area is West Africa. The cocoa tree can flourish only in the hottest regions of the world.
The HarvestImmediately after harvesting, the fruit is treated to prevent it from rotting. At fermentation sites either in the plantation or at, collecting points, the fruit is opened.
FermentationThe fermentation process is decisive in the production of high quality raw cocoa. The technique varies depending on the growing region.
DryingAfter fermentation, the raw cocoa still contains far too much water; in fact about 60%. Most of this has to be removed.
What could be more natural than to spread the beans out to dry on the sun-soaked ground or on mats? After a week or so, all but a small percentage of the water has evaporated.
CleaningBefore the real processing begins, the raw cocoa is thoroughly cleaned by passing through sieves, and by brushing. Finally, the last vestiges of wood, jute fibres, sand and even the finest dust are extracted by powerful vacuum equipment.
RoastingThe subsequent roasting process is primarily designed to develop the aroma. The entire roasting process, during which the air in the nearly 10 feet high furnaces reaches a temperature of 130 °C, is carried out automatically.
Crushing and shellingThe roasted beans are now broken into medium sized pieces in the crushing machine.
BlendingBefore grinding, the crushed beans are weighed and blended according to special recipes. The secret of every chocolate factory lies in the special mixing ratios which it has developed for different types of cocoa.
GrindingThe crushed cocoa beans, which are still fairly coarse are now pre-ground by special milling equipment and then fed on to rollers where they are ground into a fine paste. The heat generated by the resulting pressure and friction causes the cocoa butter (approximately 50% of the bean) contained in the beans to melt, producing a thick, liquid mixture.
This is dark brown in colour with a characteristic, strong odour. During cooling it gradually sets: this is the cocoa paste.
At this point the production process divides into two paths, but which soon join again. A part of the cocoa paste is taken to large presses, which extract the cocoa butter. The other part passes through various blending and refining processes, during which some of the cocoa butter is added to it. The two paths have rejoined.
Cocoa ButterThe cocoa butter has important functions. It not only forms part of every recipe, but it also later gives the chocolate its fine structure, beautiful lustre and delicate, attractive glaze.
Cocoa PowderAfter the cocoa butter has left the press, cocoa cakes are left which still contain a 10 to 20% proportion of fat depending on the intensity of compression.
These cakes are crushed again, ground to powder and finely sifted in several stages and we obtain a dark, strongly aromatic powder which is excellent for the preparation of delicious drinks - cocoa. Cocoa paste, cocoa butter, sugar and milk are the four basic ingredients for making chocolate. By blending them in accordance with specific recipes the three types of chocolate are obtained which form
the basis of ever product assortment, namely:
KneadingIn the case of milk chocolate for example, the cocoa paste, cocoa butter, powdered or condensed milk, sugar and flavouring - maybe vanilla - go into the mixer, where they are pulverized and kneaded.
RollingDepending on the design of the rolling mills, three or five vertically mounted steel rollers rotate in opposite directions. Under heavy pressure they pulverise the tiny particles of cocoa and sugar down to a size of approx. 30 microns. (One micron is a thousandth part of a millimetre.)
ConchingBut still the chocolate paste is not smooth enough to satisfy our palates. But within two or three days all that will have been put right. For during this period the chocolate paste will be refined to such an extent in the conches that it will flatter even the most discriminating palate.
Conches (from the Spanish word "concha", meaning a shell) is the name given to the troughs in which 100 to 1000 kilograms of chocolate paste at a time can be heated up to 80 °C and, while being constantly stirred, is given a velvet smoothness by the addition of certain amounts of cocoa butter. A kind of aeration of the liquid chocolate paste then takes place in the conches: its bitter taste gradually disappears and the flavour is fully developed. The chocolate no longer seems sandy, but dissolves meltingly on the tongue. It has attained the outstanding purity which gives it its reputation.
Cadbury BytesCadbury's strengths in the confectionery market posed as weaknesses in the packaged snacking market. Here's how Cadbury Bytes changed all of that.
Cadbury 5 Star CrunchyCadbury's Five Star was under threat from new entrants and other offerings in the market. Here's how Five Star Arrey brought with it a little surprise!
Pappu Pass Ho Gaya on RworldHere's how Cadbury's Dairy Milk increased its consumer franchise and got itself a Cannes Media Lion!
Vodafone
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Vodafone Group plc
TypePublic limited company (LSE: VOD, NASDAQ: VOD)
Vodafone IrelandVodafone ItalyVodafone MaltaVodafone NetherlandsVodafone New ZealandVodafone PortugalVodafone RomaniaVodafone SpainVodafone SwedenVodafone TurkeyVodafone QatarVodafone United Kingdom
Website Vodafone.com
Vodafone's original logo, used until the introduction of the speechmark logo in 1997
Vodafone Group plc (LSE: VOD, NASDAQ: VOD) is a global telecommunications company headquartered in Newbury, United Kingdom. It is the world's largest mobile telecommunications company measured by revenues and the world's second-largest measured by subscribers (behind China Mobile), with around 332 million proportionate subscribers as at 30 September 2010.[2][3] It operates networks in over 30 countries and has partner networks in over 40 additional countries.[4] It owns 45% of Verizon Wireless, the largest mobile telecommunications company in the United States measured by subscribers.[5][6]
The name Vodafone comes from voice data fone, chosen by the company to "reflect the provision of voice and data services over mobile phones".[7][non-primary source needed]
Its primary listing is on the London Stock Exchange and it is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It had a market capitalisation of approximately £92 billion as of November 2010, making it the third largest company on the London Stock Exchange.[8] It has a secondary listing on NASDAQ.
Newbury: New Vodafone Headquarters. This HQ is situated in the north western section of the grid square and the picture was taken from the west side of the building. Most of this square is residential with some farmland and some commercial activity.
In 1980, Sir Ernest Harrison OBE, chairman of Racal Electronics plc's, the UK's largest maker of military radio technology, agreed a deal with Lord Weinstock of General Electric Company plc to allow Racal to access some of GEC's tactical battlefield radio technology. Briefing the head of Racal's military radio division Gerry Whent to drive the company into commercial mobile radio, Whent visited GE's factory in Virginia, USA in 1980.[9]
In 1982, Racal's newly formed subsidiary Racal Strategic Radio Ltd under CEO Whent, won one of two UK cellular telephone network licences; the other going to British Telecom[10][11] The network, known as Racal Vodafone was 80% owned by Racal, Millicom with 15% and Hambros Technology Trust 5% respectively. Vodafone was launched on 1 January 1985.[12] Racal Strategic Radio was renamed Racal Telecommunications Group Limited in 1985.[11] On 29 December 1986, Racal Electronics bought out the minority shareholders of Vodafone for GB£110 million.[13]
Under stock market pressure to realise full value for shareholders (the mobile unit was being valued at the same amount as the whole Racal group), in September 1988, the company was again renamed Racal Telecom, and on 26 October 1988, Racal Electronics floated 20% of the company. The flotation valued Racal Telecom at GB£1.7 billion.[14] On 16 September 1991, Racal Telecom was demerged from Racal Electronics as Vodafone Group.[15]
In July 1996, Vodafone acquired the two thirds of Talkland it did not already own for £30.6 million.[16] On 19 November 1996, in a defensive move, Vodafone purchased Peoples Phone for £77 million, a 181 store chain whose customers were overwhelmingly using Vodafone's network.[17] In a similar move the company acquired the 80% of Astec Communications that it did not own, a service provider with 21 stores.[18]
In 1997, Vodafone introduced its Speechmark logo, as it is a quotation mark in a circle; the O's in the Vodafone logotype are opening and closing quotation marks, suggesting conversation.
On 29 June 1999, Vodafone completed its purchase of AirTouch Communications, Inc. and changed its name to Vodafone Airtouch plc. Trading of the new company commenced on 30 June 1999.[19] To approve the merger, Vodafone sold its 17.2% stake in E-Plus Mobilfunk.[20] The acquisition gave Vodafone a 35% share of Mannesmann, owner of the largest German mobile network.
On 21 September 1999, Vodafone agreed to merge its U.S. wireless assets with those of Bell Atlantic Corp to form Verizon Wireless.[21] The merger was completed on 4 April 2000.
In November 1999, Vodafone made an unsolicited bid for Mannesmann, which was rejected. Vodafone's interest in Mannesmann had been increased by the latter purchase of Orange, the UK mobile operator.[22] Chris Gent would later say Mannesmann's move into the UK broke a "gentleman's agreement" not to compete in each other's home territory.[23] The hostile takeover provoked strong protest in Germany, and a "titanic struggle" which saw Mannesmann resist Vodafone's efforts. However, on 3 February 2000, the Mannesmann board agreed to an increased offer of £112bn, then the largest corporate merger ever.[23] The EU approved the merger in April 2000. The conglomerate was subsequently broken up and all manufacturing related operations sold off.
On 28 July 2000, the Company reverted to its former name, Vodafone Group plc. In April 2001, the first 3G voice call was made on Vodafone United Kingdom's 3G network.
Vodafone in Iaşi, Romania
A map showing Vodafone Global Enterprise' footprint. Vodafone Operating Countries Vodafone's partners and affiliates
In 2001, the Company acquired Eircell, the largest wireless communications company in the Republic of Ireland, from eircom. Eircell was subsequently rebranded as Vodafone Ireland. Vodafone then went on to acquire Japan's third-largest mobile operator J-Phone, which had introduced camera phones first in Japan.
On 17 December 2001, Vodafone introduced the concept of "Partner Networks", by signing TDC Mobil of Denmark. The new concept involved the introduction of Vodafone international services to the local market, without the need of investment by Vodafone. The concept would be used to extend the Vodafone brand and services into markets where it does not have stakes in local operators. Vodafone services would be marketed under the dual-brand scheme, where the Vodafone brand is added at the end of the local brand. (i.e., TDC Mobil-Vodafone etc.)
In February 2002, Finland was added into the mobile community, as Radiolinja is signed as a Partner Network. Radiolinja later changed its named to Elisa. Later that year, the Company rebranded Japan's J-sky mobile internet service as Vodafone live!, and on 3 December 2002, the Vodafone brand was introduced in the Estonian market with signing of a Partner Network Agreement with Radiolinja (Eesti). Radiolinja (Eesti) later changed its name to Elisa.
On 7 January 2003, the Company signed a group-wide Partner agreement with mobilkom Austria. As a result, Austria, Croatia, and Slovenia were added to the community. In April 2003, Og Vodafone was introduced in the Icelandic market, and in May 2003, Omnitel (Omnitel Pronto-Italia) was rebranded Vodafone Italy. On 21 July 2003, Lithuania was added to the community, with the signing of a Partner Network agreement with Bitė.
In February 2004, Vodafone signed a Partner Network Agreement with Luxembourg's LuxGSM, and a Partner Network Agreement with Cyta of Cyprus. Cyta agreed to rename its mobile phone operations to Cytamobile-Vodafone. In April 2004, the Company purchased Singlepoint airtime provider from John Caudwell (Caudwell Group), and approx 1.5 million customers onto its base for £405million, adding sites in Stoke on Trent (England), to existing sites in Newbury (HQ), Birmingham, Warrington and Banbury. In November 2004, Vodafone introduced 3G services into Europe.
In June 2005, the Company increased its participation in Romania's Connex to 99%, and also bought the Czech mobile operator Oskar. On 1 July 2005, Oskar of the Czech Republic was rebranded as Oskar-Vodafone. Later that year, on 17 October 2005, Vodafone Portugal launched a revised logo, using new text designed by Dalton Maag, and a 3D version of the Speechmark logo, but still retaining a red background and white writing (or vice versa). Also, various operating companies started to drop the use of the SIM card pattern in the company logo. (The rebranding of Oskar-Vodafone and Connex-Vodafone also does not use the SIM card pattern.) A custom typeface by Dalton Maag (based on their font family InterFace) formed part of the new identity.
On 28 October 2005, Connex in Romania was rebranded as Connex-Vodafone, and on 31 October 2005, the Company reached an agreement to sell Vodafone Sweden to Telenor for approximately €1 billion. After the sale, Vodafone Sweden became a Partner Network. In December 2005, Vodafone won an auction to buy Turkey's second-largest mobile phone company, Telsim, for US$4.5 billion.[24] In December 2005, Vodafone Spain became the second member of the Group to adopt the revised logo: it was phased in over the following six months in other countries.
In 2006, the Company rebranded its Stoke-on-Trent site as Stoke Premier Centre, a centre of expertise for the company dealing with Customer Care for its higher value customers, technical support, sales and credit control. All cancellations and upgrades started to be dealt with by this call centre. On 5 January 2006, Vodafone announced the completion of the sale of Vodafone Sweden to Telenor. On February 2006, the Company closed its Birmingham Call Centre. On 1 February 2006, Oskar Vodafone became Vodafone Czech Republic, adopting the revised logo, and on 22 February 2006, the Company announced that it was extending its footprint to Bulgaria with the signing of Partner Network Agreement with Mobiltel, which is part of mobilkom Austria group.
Vodafone HQ in Ireland at Central Park, Leopardstown Rd.
On 12 March 2006, former chief, Sir Christopher Gent, who was appointed the honorary post Chairman for Life in 2003, quit following rumours of boardroom rifts.[citation needed] In April 2006, the Company announced that it had signed an extension to its Partner Network Agreement with BITE Group, enabling its Latvian subsidiary "BITE Latvija" to become the latest member of Vodafone's global partner community. Also in April 2006, Vodafone Sweden changed its name to Telenor Sverige AB, and Connex-Vodafone became Vodafone Romania, also adopting the new logo. On 30 May 2006, Vodafone announced the then biggest loss in British corporate history (£14.9 billion), and plans to cut 400 jobs; it reported one-off costs of £23.5 billion due to the revaluation of its Mannesmann subsidiary. On 24 July 2006, the respected head of Vodafone Europe, Bill Morrow, quit unexpectedly,[25] and on 25 August 2006, the Company announced the sale of its 25% stake in Belgium's Proximus for €2 billion. After the deal, Proximus was still part of the community as a Partner Network. On 5 October 2006, Vodafone announced the first single brand partnership with Og Vodafone which would operate under the name Vodafone Iceland, and on 19 December 2006, the Company announced the sale of its 25% stake in Switzerland's Swisscom for CHF4.25 billion (£1.8 billion)., After the deal, Swisscom would still be part of the community as a Partner Network. Finally in December 2006, the Company completed the acquisition of Aspective, an enterprise applications systems integrator in the UK, signalling Vodafone's intent to grow a significant presence and revenues in the information and communication technologies (ICT) marketplace.
Early in January 2007, Telsim in Turkey adopted Vodafone dual branding as Telsim Vodafone, and on 1 April 2007, Telsim Vodafone Turkey dropped its original brand and became Vodafone Turkey. In addition, Vodafone Turkey also gives service in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. On 1 May 2007, Vodafone added Jersey and Guernsey to the community, as Airtel was signed as Partner Network in both crown dependencies. In June 2007, the Vodafone live! mobile internet portal in the UK was relaunched. Front page was now charged for, and previously "bundled" data allowance was removed from existing contract terms.[26] All users were given access to the "full" web rather than a 'Walled Garden', and Vodafone became the first mobile network to focus an entire media campaign on its newly launched mobile internet portal in the UK.[27] On 1 August 2007, Vodafone Portugal launched Vodafone Messenger, a service with Windows Live Messenger and Yahoo! Messenger.
Vodafone Lion of Munich's Löwenparade
At the end of 2007, Vodafone Germany was ranked 6th in Europe by subscriber numbers, whilst its Italian operation was listed as 10th. Vodafone UK was ranked 13th, whilst Spain was listed in 16th place.[28]
On 17 April 2008, Vodafone extended its footprint to Serbia as Vip mobile was added to the community as a Partner Network, and on 20 May 2008, the Company added VIP Operator as a Partner Network, thereby extending the global footprint to the Republic of Macedonia. In May 2008, Kall of the Faroe Islands rebranded as Vodafone Faroe Islands.
On 30 October 2008, the company announced a strategic, non-equity partnership with Mobile TeleSystems (MTS) group of Russia. The agreement adds Russia, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan to the group footprint.[29]
On 20 March 2009, it was announced that the group's Luxembourg partner has been changed to Tango: the agreement with LuxGSM was not renewed in favour of Tango, the Luxembourg unit of another partner network, Belgacom of Belgium.[30]
On December 2009, Vodafone Spain created a fake entry on Wikipedia to promote a mobile phone plan called "Feliz Borabó"[31]
In July 1993, BellSouth New Zealand's network went live, and October 1993 Vodafone Australia's network also went live. This was followed in July 1994 by Vodafone Fiji's network going live.
The Vodafone building on Fanshawe Street, corner Halsey street, looking northeast, Auckland City, New Zealand.
In November 1998, Vodafone purchased BellSouth New Zealand, which later became Vodafone New Zealand. In 1999, J-Phone launched the J-sky mobile internet service in response to DoCoMo's i-Mode service. In December, 2002 J-Phone's 3G network went live.
On 1 October 2003, J-Phone became 'Vodafone', and J-Phone's mobile internet service J-Sky became Vodafone Live!. On 3 November 2003, Singapore became a part of the community as M1 was signed as partner network.
In December 2004, Vodafone Australia agreed to deploy high-speed MPLS backbone network built by Lucent Worldwide Services using Juniper hardware.[32]
Then in April 2005, SmarTone changed the name of its brand to 'SmarTone-Vodafone', after both companies signed a Partner Network Agreement. In August 2005, Vodafone launched 3G technology in
New Zealand, and in October 2005, it began launching 3G technology in Australia. On 28 October 2005, the Company announced the acquisition of a 10 per cent stake in India's Bharti Televentures, which operates the largest mobile phone network in India under the brand name AirTel. On 22 December 2005, the Company announced the completion of the acquisition of the 10% stake in Bharti Televentures of India.
In January 2006, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka were added to the Vodafone footprint as Vodafone Group signed a partner network agreement with Telekom Malaysia. On 17 March 2006, Vodafone announced an agreement to sell all its interest in Vodafone Japan to SoftBank for £8.9 billion, of which £6.8 billion will be received in cash on closing of deal. Vodafone Japan later changed its name to SoftBank Mobile. On 9 October 2006, Vodafone New Zealand bought New Zealand's 3rd largest internet service provider, iHug, and on 1 November 2006, Vodafone Australia signed the Australian Football League (AFL)'s biggest individual club sponsorship deal with the Brisbane Lions for seasons 2007, 2008 and 2009.
On 6 February 2007, along with the partnership with Digicel Caribbean (see below), Samoa was added as a Partner Market. Then on 11 February 2007, the Company agreed to acquire a controlling interest of 67% in Hutchison Essar Limited for US$11.1 billion. At the same time, it agreed to sell back 5.6% of its AirTel stake back to the Mittals. Vodafone would retain a 4.4% stake in AirTel. On 21 September 2007, Hutch was rebranded to Vodafone in India.
On 6 February 2007, Vodafone Group signed a three-year partnership agreement with Digicel Group. The agreement, which includes Digicel's sister operation in Samoa, will result to the offering of new roaming capabilities. The two groups will also become preferred roaming partners of each other. Along with Digicel's markets, the Vodafone brand is now present in 81 countries, regions, and territories. What is interesting to note, is that as well as being partners, Digicel and Vodafone are also rival operators in Fiji, where Digicel Fiji recently launched, and Vodafone owns a minority (49%) stake in Vodafone Fiji.
On 10 February 2008, Vodafone announced the launching of M-Paisa mobile money transfer service on Roshan's (Afghanistan's largest GSM operator) network: Afghanistan was added to the Vodafone footprint.
On 5 September 2008, Vodafone purchased Australia's largest bricks and mortar mobile phone retailer Crazy John's adding 115 retail stores to its local operations.[33]
On 9 February 2009, Vodafone announced a merger with 3/Hutchison via a joint venture company VHA Pty Ltd, which would offer products under the Vodafone brand. dtac in Thailand is signed as a partner network of the Group on 25 March 2009.
On 19 June 2009, Vodafone-Hutchison Australia (VHA) announced the end of its outsourcing of retail operations. VHA committed to buying back and managing its entire retail operation, including 208 Vodafone-branded retail outlets Australia-wide. This project was slated to be completed by 1 September 2009.
On 31 August 2009, Vodafone enabled an extended 900mhz 3G UMTS network which functions outside their 2100mhz 3G network, boosting Vodafone's 3G population coverage from around 8% to around 94% on dual-band 900/2100mhz 3G UMTS devices.
Nar Mobile in Azerbaijan was signed as a Partner Network on 22 July 2009, while Chunghwa Telecom of Taiwan was signed on 12 November 2009.
[edit] Africa and the Middle East
Networks in the Middle East and Africa
Majority-owned Minority-owned No Ownership
DR Congo1 Egypt Kenya Kuwait
Ghana Lesotho1 Bahrain
Mozambique1 Qatar2 Libya
Tanzania1 South Africa1 UAE
1Majority stakes held through majority-owned Vodacom Group2Effective ownership is not majority, but full control exercised by the group.
Egypt
In November 1998, Vodafone Egypt network went live under the name ClickGSM.
On 8 November 2006, the Company announced a deal with Telecom Egypt, resulting in further co-operation in the Egyptian market, and increasing its stake in Vodafone Egypt. After the deal, Vodafone Egypt was 55% owned by the group, while the remaining 45% was owned by Telecom Egypt.
Kuwait
On 18 September 2002, Vodafone signed a Partner Network Agreement with MTC group of Kuwait. The agreement involved the rebranding of MTC to MTC-Vodafone. On 29 December 2003, Vodafone signed another Partner Network Agreement with Kuwait's MTC group. The second agreement involved co-operation in Bahrain and the branding of the network as MTC-Vodafone.
South Africa (Vodacom)
On 3 November 2004, the Company announced that its South African affiliate Vodacom had agreed to introduce Vodafone's international services, such as Vodafone live! and partner agreements, to its local market.
In November 2005, Vodafone announced that it was in exclusive talks to buy a 15% stake of VenFin in Vodacom Group, reaching agreement the following day. Vodafone and Telkom then had a 50% stake each in Vodacom. Vodafone now owns 65% of Vodacom after purchasing a 15% stake from Telkom.[34]
On 9 October 2008, the company offered to acquire an additional 15 per cent stake in Vodacom group from Telkom. The finalised details of the agreement were announced on 6 November 2008. The agreement called for Telkom to sell 15 per cent of its 50 per cent stake in Vodacom to the group, and demerge the other 35 per cent to its shareholder. Meanwhile, Vodafone has agreed to make Vodacom its exclusive sub-Saharan Africa investment vehicle, as well as continuing to maintain the visibility of the Vodacom brand. The transaction is closed in May/June 2009.
On 18 May 2009, Vodacom entered the JSE Limited stock exchange in South Africa after Vodafone increased its stake by 15% to 65% to take a majority holding, despite disputes by local trade unions.
Ghana
In December 2007, a Vodafone Group-led consortium was awarded the second mobile phone licence in Qatar, and on 3 July 2008, Vodafone agreed to acquire a 70% stake in Ghana Telecom for $900 million. The acquisition was consummated on 17 August 2008. The same group-led consortium won the second fixed-line licence in Qatar on 15 September 2008.
On 15 April 2009, Ghana Telecom, along with its mobile subsidiary onetouch, was rebranded as Vodafone Ghana.
U.A.E.
On 28 January 2009, the group announced a partner network agreement with Du, the second-largest operator of the United Arab Emirates. The agreement involved co-operation on international clients, handset procurement, mobile broadband etc.
Libya
On 24 February 2010, the group signed a partner network agreement with the second-largest operator in Libya, al Madar.
[edit] The Americas
Networks in the Americas
Minority-owned
No Ownership
USA1 Anguilla2 Antigua & Barbuda2
Aruba2 Barbados2
Bermuda2 Bonaire2 Canada3 Cayman Islands2
Chile4 Curaçao2 Dominica2French West Indies2
Grenada2 Guyana2 Haiti2 Honduras2
Jamaica2 Panama2St. Kitts & Nevis2
St. Lucia2
St. Vincent & the Grenadines2
Trinidad & Tobago2
Turk & Caicos2
1 – Verizon Wireless
2 – Digicel (Partner)
3 – America Movil (Partner in some countries)
4 – Entel PCS (Partner)
For more information, see Verizon Wireless.
In the United States, Vodafone owns 45% of Verizon Wireless, the country's largest mobile carrier after their merger with Alltel. The percentage of the customer base, and revenues of Verizon Wireless that Vodafone consolidates is slightly lower, since some Verizon Wireless subsidiaries have minority investors. (Hence the exact percentages that Vodafone and Verizon report vary from period to period: in June 2006 Vodafone reported that Verizon Wireless owned 98.6% of its customers at that date.) Before this joint venture was formed, Vodafone merged with AirTouch Communications of the U.S. in June 1999, and changed its name to Vodafone Airtouch plc. In September 1999, Vodafone Airtouch announced a $70-billion joint venture with Bell Atlantic Corp. Verizon Wireless was composed of Bell Atlantic's and Vodafone AirTouch's U.S. wireless assets, and began operations on 4 April 2000. However, Verizon Communications - the company formed when Bell Atlantic and GTE merged on 30 June 2000 - owns a majority of Verizon Wireless, and Vodafone's branding is not used, nor is the CDMA network compatible with GSM phones. This relationship has been quite profitable for Vodafone, but there have historically been three problems with it. The first is the above-mentioned incompatibility with the GSM 900/1800 MHz standard used by Vodafone's other networks, and the consequent difficulty of offering roaming between Vodafone's U.S. and other networks. The other two stem from the fact that Vodafone does not have management control over Verizon Wireless. Vodafone is thus unable to use the Vodafone brand for its U.S. operations, and (perhaps more importantly) has no control of dividend policy at Verizon Wireless, and is therefore entirely at the mercy of Verizon management with respect to cash flow from Verizon Wireless.
Perhaps as a consequence of these reasons, Vodafone made a bid for the entirety of AT&T Wireless when that company was for sale in 2004. Had this bid been successful, Vodafone would presumably have sold its stake in Verizon Wireless, and then rebranded the resultant business as Vodafone. However, Cingular Wireless, at the time a joint venture of SBC Communications and BellSouth (both now part of AT&T), ultimately outbid Vodafone and took control of AT&T Wireless (the combined wireless carrier is now AT&T Mobility), and Vodafone's relationship with Verizon has continued.
Early in 2006, Verizon re-iterated their desire to buy out the remaining 45% of stock of Verizon Wireless from Vodafone Group. Vodafone has also repeatedly indicated that it would be willing to buy out Verizon's stake.
Verizon has announced that its 4G data network will be LTE, which is considered part of the GSM path and not the CDMA2000 path Verizon has been using; it has been suggested[who?] this is to appease Vodafone, which uses GSM on its own networks.
On 11 May 2008, Vodafone sealed a trade agreement with the Chilean Entel PCS Chile, in which Entel PCS has access to the equipment and international services of Vodafone, and Vodafone will be one of the trademarks of Entel for the wireless business. This step will give the Vodafone brand access to a market of over 15 million people, currently divided among three companies: Telefonica Movistar, Claro, and Entel PCS.
[edit] Mobile Money Transfer Service
In March 2007, Safaricom, which is part owned by Vodafone and the leading mobile communication provider in Kenya, launched a mobile payment solution developed by Vodafone.[35] M-PESA is aimed at mobile customers who do not have a bank account, typically because they do not have access to a bank or their income is insufficient to justify a bank account. The M-PESA system allows customers to deposit and withdraw cash via local agents, and transfer money to other mobile phone users via SMS.
By February 2008, the M-PESA money transfer system in Kenya had gained 1.6 million customers[36] and Vodafone announced that it was to extend the service to Afghanistan.[37] The service here was launched on the Roshan network under the brand M-Paisa with a different focus to the Kenyan service. M-Paisa was targeted as a vehicle for microfinance institutions' (MFI) loan disbursements and repayments, alongside business to business applications such as salary disbursement.
The Afghanistan launch was followed in April 2008 by the announcement of further a further launch of M-PESA in Tanzania. As an operator of money transmission services, Vodafone became subject to anti-money laundering regulation and in July 2008, it was revealed that it had deployed a sanctions and PEP (Politically Exposed Persons) screening solution from Datanomic for weekly screening of 2.5 million customers in Tanzania.[38] The screening service was to be rolled out to Afghanistan, Kenya, India and Datanomic disclosed that the solution might be used to screen all of Vodafone's 300 million customers globally.
[edit] Chief Executives
Name Between
Sir Gerald Whent October 1988 – December 1996
Sir Christopher Gent January 1997 – July 2003
Arun Sarin July 2003 – July 2008
Vittorio Colao July 2008 – present
In a period just short of twenty years from its initial public offering, the Company had had just three Chief Executives. The fourth CEO, Vittorio Colao, stepped up from Deputy Chief Executive in July 2008. Each of his predecessors made a personal contribution to the development of the Company.
Sir Gerald Whent, at that time an Executive with Racal Electronics plc, was responsible for the bid for a UK Cellular Network licence. The Mobile Telecoms division was de-merged, and was floated on the London Stock Exchange in October 1988 and Sir Gerald became Chief Executive of Racal Telecom plc. Over the next few years the company grew to become the UK's Market Leader, changing its name to Vodafone Group plc in the process.
Sir Christopher Gent took over as Chief Executive in January 1997, after Sir Gerald's retirement. Sir Christopher was responsible for transforming Vodafone from a small UK operator into the global behemoth that it is today, through the merger with the American AirTouch and the takeover of Germany's Mannesmann.
Arun Sarin was the driving force behind the Company's move into emerging markets such as Asia and Africa, through the purchases such as that of Turkish operator Telsim, and a majority stake in Hutchison Essar in India. Faced with increased competition, and penetration rates above 100% in the more mature European markets, he saw it necessary to diversify from being a mobile-only business into a company which provided all telecommunications services. This has seen Vodafone launch DSL and other fixed-line services in markets such as Germany and the UK.
[edit] Financial results
Vodafone reportes its results in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
Vodafone has some large minority stakes, which are not included in its consolidated turnover. In order to provide additional information on the overall scale and growth trends of its business, it publishes "proportionate turnover" figures, and these are included in the tables below. For example, if a business in which it owns a 45% stake has turnover of £10 billion, that equals £4.5 billion of proportionate turnover for Vodafone. Proportionate turnover is not an official accounting measure, and Vodafone's proportionate turnover should be compared with other companies' statutory turnover.
Vodafone also produces proportionate customer number figures on a similar basis, e.g. if an operator in which it has a 30% stake has 10 million customers that equals 3 million proportionate Vodafone customers. This is a common practice in the mobile telecommunications industry.
Year ended 31 March
Turnover £m
Profit before tax £m
Profit for the year £m
Basic eps (pence)
Proportionate customers (m)
2009 41,017 4,189 3,080 5.81 302.6
2008 35,478 9,001 6,756 12.56 260
2007 31,104 (2,383) (5,297) (8.94) 206.4
2006* 29,350 (14,835) (21,821) (35.01) 170.6
2005 34,073 7,951 6,518 9.68 154.8
2004 36,492 9,013 6,112 8.70 133.4
*Losses for year to 31 March 2006 reflect write downs of assets, principally in relation to the Mannesmann acquisition. Proportionate turnover includes £7,100 million from discontinued operations.
The group's recent first quarter trading update (24 July 2009) saw management reiterating its profit guidance for the full year. Whilst revenues across Europe had been relatively weak, mirroring general economic conditions, there had been a positive showing from South Africa, with the company's Indian purchase of Hutchison Essar continuing to generate returns. Meanwhile, its joint venture with Verizon in the US had strengthened further, with Vodafone's overall customer base now standing at 315 million - 8 million having been added during the first quarter. In addition, management noted that its cost reduction programme, targeted to save £1bn in operating costs by the end of the 2011 financial year, would reach 65pc of its target by the end of the current financial year.[39] The Group admitted in August 2010 that £1.25 billion in tax that should have been paid in Britain was actually paid in Luxembourg and elsewhere.[40]
[edit] Criticisms
In September 2010, an investigation by Private Eye magazine revealed certain details of Vodafone's tax avoidance activities. It was reported that Vodafone routed the acquisition of Mannesmann through a Luxembourg subsiduary, set up to avoid paying tax on the deal, and continued to place its profits in Luxembourg. Following a long legal struggle with HMRC (during which a senior HMRC official, John Connors, switched sides to become head of tax at Vodafone), it was eventually agreed that Vodafone would pay £1.25bn related to the acquisition. Based on Vodafone's accounts, experts have estimated the potential tax bill written off as a result of the negotiations was over £6bn.[41]
The news of this legal tax avoidance sparked angry protests in October and November 2010 outside Vodafone shops across the UK, which caused the closure of over a dozen stores, including the flagship Oxford St. branch.[41]
[edit] Products
Motorola "T2288" (Talkabout) mobile phone, branded "Vodafone"
Products promoted by the Group include Vodafone live!, Vodafone Mobile Connect USB Modem, Vodafone Connect to Friends, Vodafone Passport, Vodafone Freedom Packs, Vodafone at Home, Vodafone 710 and Amobee Media Systems. Between June and August 2009, Vodafone suspended roaming charges within 35 different countries, allowing their customers to take their standard UK price plan abroad.
In October 2009, it launched Vodafone 360 [1], a new internet service for the mobile, PC and Mac. On February 15, 2010 Vodafone launched world's cheapest mobile phone known as Vodafone 150, will sell for below $15 (£10) and is aimed at the developing world. It will initially be launched in India, Turkey and eight African countries including Lesotho, Kenya and Ghana.[42]
[edit] Corporate sponsorship
This section is written like an advertisement. Please help rewrite this section from a neutral point of view. (November 2010)
Vodafone sponsors the following teams and events:
Spring Fest, Annual Socio-Cultural Festival of IIT Kharagpur, as a Title Sponsor 2008
Techniche 09, Annual Techno-Management Festival of IIT Guwahati, INDIA as the Title Sponsor
Kshitij, Annual Techno-management festival of IIT Kharagpur, Strategic Partner 2008
Albania national football team, 2008 sponsor
Australian cricket team, official sponsor of the Australian test team and home test series from the 2010-11 Ashes, taking over from 3 mobile following the two parenting companies merger.
Indian Premier League (Cricket), Associate sponsor
A parade during 2005 showing Vodafone as team sponsor of England Cricket Team.
Bucharest Ring – Vodafone Bucharest Challenge 07, primary sponsor
Clare Gaelic Athletic Association
Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM - German Touring Car Masters) series (2002–2007) (formerly D2).
Vodafone Oaks and Vodafone Derby horse races
Gaelic Athletic Association - Vodafone is one of the main sponsors of Ireland's GAA
All-Ireland Senior Football Championship for the 2009 Summer.
Dublin GAA - Gaelic Football team, beginning in 2010 until 2016.
Vodafone McLaren Mercedes Formula One team, title sponsor (since 2007)
Home-Start International worldwide family support charity
Al Ahly, Egyptian Club football team
UCD Ents, the Entertainments Division of UCD Students' Union – primary sponsor (since 2007)
Penske Racing - Primary sponsorship of the #12 NASCAR Nationwide Series, Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series, and Indy Racing League IndyCar Series cars entries. A Associate sponsorship of the #3 and #6 Dallara-Honda IndyCar Series. All are through the Cellco Partners venture with Verizon. This sponsorship was moved from the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series because their purchase of Alltel broke NASCAR's grandfather clause prohibiting wireless telephone companies from advertising in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, and was split among all other racing efforts.
Previous sponsorships by Vodafone include those of S.L. Benfica, Manchester United, Ferrari and the Benetton (now known as Renault F1) Formula One constructors, the England cricket team, AFL sides Port Adelaide, the Brisbane Lions, North Melbourne and St Kilda, the Egypt national football team under the name of ClickGSM, and the Australia national rugby union team.
^ a b c d e f "Annual Report 2009". Vodafone Group Plc. http://www.vodafone.com/static/annual_report09/downloads/VF_Annual_Report_2009.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
^ "News Release". Vodafone Group Plc. http://www.vodafone.com/content/dam/vodafone/investors/financial_results_feeds/half_year_30september2010/dl_halfyear2010.pdf. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
^ Krishna, R. Jai; Mukherjee, Arpan (30 July 2010). "Vodafone Says No Tax Due in India, Mulls IPO for Local Unit". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703578104575397062856340680.html. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "About us". Vodafone Group Plc. http://www.vodafone.com/content/index/about/about_us.html. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
^ "Facts-at-a-Glance". Verizon Wireless. http://aboutus.vzw.com/ataglance.html. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "Verizon Wireless Said to Start Offering IPhone in January". Bloomberg. 30 June 2010. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-06-29/verizon-wireless-said-to-start-offering-iphone-ending-at-t-s-exclusivity.html. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
^ UK - About Vodafone UK - About Us - History
^ "FTSE All-Share Index Ranking". stockchallenge.co.uk. http://www.stockchallenge.co.uk/ftse.php. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
^ Richard Wilson (2009-02-19). "Obituary: Sir Ernest Harrison". electronicsweekly.com. http://www.electronicsweekly.com/Articles/2009/02/19/45500/obituary-sir-ernest-harrison.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
^ "A Profile Of World Leader Vodafone". 2006-11-02. http://www.321mobile.com/category/mobile-phone-profiles/. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
^ a b "Vodafone Group Public Ltd Co". http://www.secinfo.com/d139r2.21Pc.b.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
^ "The rapid rise of Vodafone". BBC News. 4 February 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/business/527754.stm. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
^ Eadie, Alison (1986-12-30). "Racal pays £110 million to own Vodafone". The Times (Times Newspapers).
^ "Shares in Racal Telecom". The Guardian (Guardian Newspapers). 1988-10-27.
^ Wise, Deborah (1991-09-16). "Vodafone's solo debut could boost share price". The Guardian (Guardian Newspapers).
^ Cane, Alan (1996-07-10). "Companies and Finance: UK: Vodafone acquires Talkland in Pounds 60m deal". Financial Times. p. 22.
^ Reguly, Eric (1996-11-20). "Vodafone pockets Peoples Phone". The Times (Times Newspapers).
^ "News Digest: Vodafone snaps up Astec". Investors Chronicle: p. 55. 1997-02-07.
^ Hasell, Nick (1999-06-30). "Scramble for Vodafone as blue chips retreat". The Times (Times Newspapers).
^ Krause, Reinhardt (1999-06-08). "Vodafone's Quest Begins With AirTouch Alliance". Investor's Business Daily. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927031357/http://investors.com/IBDArchives/ArtShow.asp?atn=324329775205550&sy=&kw=&ps=440&ac=WBM. Retrieved 2007-04-04.
^ a b "BRITAIN’S £6BN VODAFONE BILL". Private Eye. http://www.private-eye.co.uk/sections.php?section_link=in_the_back&issue=1273. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
Vodafone Group Plc SEC filings at the Securities and Exchange Commission
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v • d • e
Vodafone Group
Corporate directors
Sir John Bond (Chairman) · Vittorio Colao (CEO) · John Buchanan · Andy Halford · Michel Combes · Alan Jebson · Samuel Jonah · Nick Land · Anne Lauvergeon · Simon Murray · Steve Pusey · Luc Vandevelde · Tony Watson · Philip Yea
Subsidiaries
Albania · Australia · Czech Republic · Egypt · Germany · Ghana · Greece · Hungary · India · Ireland · Italy · Malta · Netherlands · New Zealand · Northern Cyprus · Portugal · Qatar · Romania · Spain · South Africa (Includes DR Congo · Lesotho · Mozambique · Tanzania) · Turkey · United Kingdom
Joint ventures, affiliates, and investmentsChina (Mainland) · Fiji · France · Kenya · India · Poland · United States
Partners Afghanistan · Armenia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Bahrain · Belgium · Bermuda · Bulgaria · Caribbean · Chile · China (Hong Kong) · Croatia · Cyprus · Denmark · Estonia · Faroe Islands · Finland · Guernsey · Honduras · Iceland · Japan · Jersey · Latvia · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Macedonia · Malaysia · Norway · Panama · Russia · Samoa ·
Serbia · Singapore · Slovenia · Sri Lanka · Sweden · Switzerland · Taiwan · Thailand · Turkmenistan · Ukraine · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan
Fixed, Broadband Networks and Trademarks
Arcor · Neuf Cegetel · ihug · Vodafone at Home/Vodafone Casa
Products and servicesVodafone live! · Vodafone Mobile Connect USB Modem · Vodafone 716 · M-Pesa · Wayfinder · Betavine · Vodafone Directo (Portugal only) ·
Broadband Stakeholder Group · Dstl · European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations · International Telecommunication Union · Ofcom · PhonepayPlus
Industry bodiesGSM Association · Internet Service Providers Association · LONAP · London Internet Exchange · UK Competitive Telecommunications Association
Infrastructure providersArqiva · BT Wholesale · Earth stations in the United Kingdom · Interxion · Openreach · TelecityGroup · Telehouse Europe · VT Communications
Retailers The Carphone Warehouse · Phones4U (Dial-a-Phone)
Service providers Asda Mobile · BT Group (BT Global Services · BT Mobile · BT Retail · BT
Vision) · Claranet · COLT Group · Cable & Wireless Communications · Cable & Wireless Worldwide · Everything Everywhere (Orange U.K. · T-Mobile (UK)) · Family Mobile · Giffgaff · Hutchison 3G · Inmarsat · KCOM Group (Eclipse Internet) · Lebara Mobile · LycaMobile · Sky Broadband · Talkmobile · TalkTalk (AOL Broadband · TalkTalk TV) · Telecom Plus · Telefónica Europe (Be Unlimited · O2 (United Kingdom)) · Tesco Mobile · UK01 · Vectone Mobile · Virgin Media (Virgin Mobile) · Vodafone (Vodafone U.K.) · Zen Internet
Other
Adastral Park · British Approvals Board for Telecommunications · British telephone sockets · BT Research · BT site engineering code · Communications Act 2003 · Hull Colour Pages · Internet in the United Kingdom · Spirent · Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom · Yell Group
Category:Telecommunications in the United Kingdom
[show]
v • d • e
Open Handset Alliance
Mobile OperatorsBouygues Telecom · China Mobile · China Telecom · China Unicom · KDDI · NTT DoCoMo · SoftBank Mobile · Sprint Nextel · T-Mobile · Telecom Italia · Telefónica · TELUS · Vodafone
AKM Semiconductor · ARM · Audience · Atheros · Broadcom · CSR Plc. (joined as SiRF) · Cypress Semiconductor Corporation · Freescale Semiconductor · Gemalto · Intel · Marvell Technology Group · MediaTek, Inc. · MIPS Technologies · Nvidia · Qualcomm · Renesas Electronics Corporation · ST-Ericsson (joined as Ericsson Mobile Platforms) · Synaptics · Texas Instruments · Via Telecom
Handset Manufacturers Acer Inc. · Alcatel mobile phones · Asus · CCI · Dell · Foxconn · Garmin · Haier Telecom (Qingdao) Co., Ltd. · HTC · Huawei ·
Kyocera · Lenovo Mobile Communication Technology Ltd. · LG · Motorola · NEC Corporation · Samsung Electronics · Sharp Corporation · Sony Ericsson · Toshiba · ZTE Corporation
Commercialization companies
Aplix · Borqs · L&T Infotech · Noser Engineering · Sasken Communication Technologies · SQLStar International Inc. · Teleca · The Astonishing Tribe · Wind River Systems
· Wipro Technologies
See also Android · Dalvik virtual machine · T-Mobile G1
[show]
v • d • e
FTSE 100 companies of the United Kingdom
As of 24 September 2010.
3i · Admiral Group · African Barrick Gold · Aggreko · Alliance Trust · AMEC · Anglo American · Antofagasta · ARM Holdings · Associated British Foods · AstraZeneca · Autonomy Corporation · Aviva · BAE Systems · BG Group · BHP Billiton · BP · BT Group · Barclays · British Airways · British American Tobacco · British Land Company · British Sky Broadcasting · Bunzl · Burberry Group · Cairn Energy · Capita Group · Capital Shopping Centres Group · Carnival · Centrica · Cobham · Compass Group · Diageo · Essar Energy · Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation · Experian · Fresnillo · G4S · GKN · GlaxoSmithKline · HSBC · Hammerson · ICAP · Imperial Tobacco · Inmarsat · InterContinental Hotels Group · International Power · Intertek Group · Invensys · Investec · Johnson Matthey · Kazakhmys · Kingfisher · Land Securities Group · Legal & General · Lloyds Banking Group · Lonmin · Man Group · Marks & Spencer · Wm Morrison Supermarkets · National Grid · Next · Old Mutual · Pearson · Petrofac · Prudential · RSA Insurance Group · Randgold Resources · Reckitt Benckiser · Reed Elsevier · Resolution · Rexam · Rio Tinto Group · Rolls-Royce Group · Royal Bank of Scotland Group · Royal Dutch Shell · SABMiller · Sage Group · J Sainsbury · Schroders · Scottish and Southern Energy · Serco Group · Severn Trent · Shire · Smith & Nephew · Smiths Group · Standard Chartered Bank · Standard Life · Tesco · TUI Travel · Tullow Oil · Unilever · United Utilities · Vedanta Resources · Vodafone · WPP Group · Weir Group · Whitbread · Wolseley · Xstrata
Activision Blizzard · Adobe · Airy · Akamai · Altera · Amazon.com · Amgen · Apollo Group · Apple · Applied Materials · Autodesk · ADP · Baidu · Bed Bath & Beyond · Biogen Idec · BMC Software · Broadcom · C.H. Robinson · CA · Celgene · Cephalon · Cerner · Check Point · Cintas · Cisco · Citrix · Cognizant · Comcast · Costco · Dell · Dentsply · DirecTV · Dish Network · eBay · Electronic Arts · Expedia · Expeditors International · Express Scripts · Fastenal · First Solar · Fiserv · Flextronics · FLIR Systems · Foster Wheeler · Garmin · Genzyme · Gilead Sciences · Google · Henry Schein · Hologic · Illumina · Infosys · Intel · Intuit · Intuitive Surgical · J. B. Hunt · Joy Global · KLA Tencor · Lam Research · Liberty Media · Life Technologies · Linear Technology · Logitech · Marvell · Mattel · Maxim Integrated Products · Microchip Technology · Microsoft · Millicom · Mylan · NetApp · News Corporation · NII · Nvidia · O'Reilly Automotive · Oracle · Paccar · Patterson Companies · Paychex · Priceline.com · Qiagen · Qualcomm · Research In Motion · Ross Stores · SanDisk · Seagate · Sears · Sigma-Aldrich · Staples · Starbucks · Stericycle · Symantec · Teva Pharmaceutical · Urban Outfitters · VeriSign · Vertex Pharmaceuticals · Virgin Media · Vodafone · Warner Chilcott · Wynn Resorts · Xilinx · Yahoo!
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone"
Categories: Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange | Companies listed on NASDAQ | Vodafone | Companies in the NASDAQ-100 Index | Companies based in Berkshire | Companies established in 1983 | British brands | Mobile phone companies of the United Kingdom | Racal
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