Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century by Dharampal

8/13/2019 Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century by Dharampal

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0. Oràhn‘s Loscrv`tlry `t Ocn`rcs ???. _ca`ris ln tfc @strlnlay le tfc Or`fahns ?5;. Fhnts Klnkcrnhnb tfc Loscrv`tlry `t Ocn`rcs 3;4. Ln Tfc [hxtf [`tcmmhtc le [`turn 5:3. @ Zrlle Tf`t tfc Fhndlls F`d tfc Ohnlah`m Tfclrca 5;5. Fhndu @mbcor` 52

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2. Lpcr`thln le Hnlkum`thln le tfc [a`mmplx `s Zcrelracd Hn Ocnb`m 6;6. @n @kklunt le tfc A`nncr le Hnlkum`thnb Elr tfc [a`mmplx hn tfc C`st Hndhcs 648. Tfc Actfld le Aìhnb tfc Ocst Alrt`r `t A`dr`ss hn C`st Hndh` 8;0:. Tfc Zrlkcss le Aìhnb Hkc hn tfc C`st Hndhcs 8300. Sscs le tfc [ln `nd A`nue`kturhnb le Fhndlst`n Z`pcr 820?. Hndh`n @brhkumturc 0:0

0;. Ln Tfc Drhmm Fuso`ndry le [lutfcrn Hndh` 00404. Hrln Rlris @t _à`nì`pctt`f 00203. Tfc Aldc le A`nue`kturhnb Hrln hn Kcntr`m Hndh` 00805. A`nue`kturc Le O`r Hrln hn [lutfcrn Hndh` 0;302. @spckts le Tckfnlmlby hn Rcstcrn Hndh` 04?

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Ay cnkluntcr whtf tfc à`zhnb fhstlrhk`m wlri le Df`ràp`m kàc òlut hn 0825 hn ` alstuncxpcktcd pm`kc7 ` mhor`ry hn Flmm`nd. H w`s `t tf`t thac hnvcsthb`thnb a`tcrh`m elr ` Zf.Ddhsscrt`thln, p`rt le wfhkf dc`mt whtf tfc fhstlry le Hndh`n nd Kfhncsc skhcnkc nd tckfnlmlby.

Rfhmc tfcrc w`s kcrt`hnmy nl dc`rtf le fhstlrhk`m a`tcrh`m `nd skflm`rmy ollis `s e`r `sKfhncsc skhcnkc `nd tckfnlmlby wcrc klnkcrncd—m`rbcmy duc tl tfc wlri le Dr GlscpfNccdfà, rcemcktcd hn fhs aumth-vlmuacd [khcnkc `nd Khvhmhs`thln hn Kfhn` —hn klntr`st,skflm`rmy wlri ln Hndh`n skhcnkc nd tckfnlmlby sccacd tl oc malst nln-cxhstcnt. Rf`t w`s`v`hmòmc sccacd rudhacnt`ry, pllr, unha`bhn`thvc, wlldcn, alrc ehmmcd whtf pfhmlslpfy ndmcbcnd tf`n e`kt.

Dcspcr`tc `nd dcprcsscd, H w`ndcrcd tfrlubf tfc plrt`ms le cvcry plsshomc mhor`ry hnFlmm`nd tryhnb tl m`y ay f`nds ln `nytfhnb H klumd ehnd. Tfc hrlny le mllihnb elr a`tcrh`m lnHndh`n skhcnkc nd tckfnlmlby hn Flmm`nd sflumd nlt oc ahsscd. Flwcvcr, H w`s dlhnb Zf.D.tfcrc `nd f`d vcry mhttmc kflhkc.

Tfcn lnc alrnhnb, H w`micd hntl tfc [lutf C`st @sh` Hnsthtutc ln `n @astcrdà strcct`nd elund ` olli k`mmcd Hndh`n [khcnkc `nd Tckfnlmlby hn tfc Chbftccntf Kcntury ln tfcsfcme. H tlli ht dlwn, kurhlus. Ht w`s oy ` pcrsln nàcd Df`ràp`m wfla H f`d nlt fc`rd le ocelrc s ` pcrsln lr skflm`r `kthvc hn tf`t rc` le rcsc`rkf. H tlli tfc olli flac `nd dcvlurcdht tfc sàc d`y. Ht `mtcrcd ay pcrkcpthln le Hndh` elrcvcr.

Nlw, alrc tf`n twcnty yc`rs m`tcr, H inlw tf`t tfc olli `ppc`rs tl f`vc f`d ` shahm`rmycmcktrheyhnb ceeckt ln tflus`nds le ltfcrs wfl wcrc elrtun`tc tl bct ` klpy le ht. Ht sp`wncd `bcncr`thln le Hndh`ns wfhkf w`s f`ppy tl scc Hndh` tfcrcètcr quhtc dheecrcntmy erla tfcha`bcs whtf wfhkf ht f`d occn orlubft up hn skfllm, p`rthkum`rmy Cnbmhsf acdhua skfllm.

Tfc olli `msl prlvhdcd ` ehra `nkflr elr tfc sckthln le ay dhsscrt`thln dc`mhnb whtfHndh`n skhcnkc `nd tckfnlmlby. Tfc dhsscrt`thln w`s cvcntu`mmy puomhsfcd hn 0828 whtf tfcr`tfcr `k`dcahk thtmc7 Flal Eòcr7 Tckfnlmlby `nd Kumturc hn Hndh`, Kfhn` `nd tfc Rcst703:: tl tfc Zrcscnt D`y . (*_chssucd `s Dcklmlnhshnb Fhstlry7 Tckfnlmlby `nd Kumturc hn Hndh`,Kfhn` `nd tfc Rcst7 03:: tl tfc Zrcscnt D`y , Ltfcr Hndh` Zrcss, 0882.)

Tfc sàc yc`r (0825), ` erhcnd le ahnc erla Lrhss` drlppcd hn `t lur em`t hn @astcrdà.H acnthlncd Df`ràp`m tl fha. @stlnhsfhnb tl rcm`tc, fc turncd lut tl oc ` erhcnd leDf`ràp`m `nd cvcn tlmd ac wfcrc fc mhvcd. Ncxt dllr, fc s`hd, hn Mlndln. Fc `msl f`d

Df`ràp`m‘s tcmcpflnc nuaocr. Tfc elmmlwhnb wcci, wc tlli ` emhbft tl Mlndln `nd H actDf`ràp`m elr tfc ehrst thac hn ay mhec. Fhs eàhmy w`s whtf fha `t tfc thac7 fhs whec, Zfymmhs,fhs twl dùbftcrs, Bht` `nd _lswht`, `nd fhs sln, D`vhd.

Tfc accthnb hnhth`tcd ` rcm`thlnsfhp tf`t f`s pcrshstcd thmm tfc prcscnt alacnt. Tld`y Hà f`ppy tl fc`d ` puomhsfhnb flusc tf`t hs orhnbhnb lut fhs Klmmcktcd Rrhthnbs.

H ayscme rcturncd tl Hndh` hn 0822. [tr`nbcr cvcnts elmmlwcd tfcrcètcr.Hn 086:, H w`s k`mmcd tl Kfcnn`h tl glhn khvhm mhocrthcs tcà prlohnb tfc ihmmhnb le plmhthk`m

`kthvhsts hn eìc plmhkc cnkluntcrs hn Nlrtf @rklt dhstrhkt hn Tàhmn`du. Zrcdhktòmy, lur tcà w`s oc`tcn up oy ` alo sct up oy tfc plmhkc. Ln lur rcturn tl Kfcnn`h, wfcrc wc dckhdcd tlflmd prcss klnecrcnkc, wc wcrc put up t tfc AM@ flstcm. Rfhmc p`sshnb oy lnc le tfc rllas, wfla sflumd H scc shtthnb tfcrc out Df`ràp`m fhascme! H f`d tl rusf tl tfc prcss accthnb

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Ocelrc tfc prcss klumd `rrhvc, flwcvcr, twl lr tfrcc ylunb str`nbcrs `rrhvcd tl acct ac.Tfcy s`hd tfcy wcrc erla tfc Z`trhlthk `nd Zclpmc-Lrhcntcd [khcnkc `nd Tckfnlmlby (ZZ[T)brlup wfhkf f`d acaocrs `nd syap`tfhscrs hn oltf I`npur `nd A`dr`s HHTs. Tfcy w`ntcdtl sht whtf ac `nd dhskuss ay olli, Flal Eòcr (tfc Hndh`n cdhthln f`d gust occn orlubftlut oy @mmhcd Zuomhsfcrs tfcn). Tfcy `msl w`ntcd alrc hnelra`thln òlut Df`ràp`m, wflsc wlri tfcy wcrc klahnb `krlss elr tfc ehrst thac hn Flal Eòcr . Rfy dl ylu w`nt tl t`mi tlac, H `sicd tfca, wfcn ylu k`n vcry wcmm acct Df`ràp`m fhascme! Tfcy wcrc `stlnhsfcd.Df`ràp`m< Fcrc hn A`dr`s< Rfcn H tlmd tfca wfcrc H f`d elund fha, tfcy a`dc ` occ-mhncelr tfc AM@ flstcm.

Tf`t cnkluntcr hnhth`tcd mlnb, eruhteum `nd krc`thvc sslkh`thln octwccn Df`ràp`m ndtfc ZZ[T wfhkf f`s `msl pcrshstcd, whtf slac ups `nd dlwns, tl tfc prcscnt d`y. Elr ` ecw yc`rs, tfc ZZ[T orlubft lut ` glurn`m k`mmcd tfc ZZ[T Oummcthn. Hn ht, Df`ràp`m `nd fhs wlrilkkuphcd prhdc le pm`kc. Durhnb tfhs pcrhld, hn e`kt, acaocrs le tfc ZZ[T Brlup prldukcdslac le tfc ehncst rthkmcs cvcr wrhttcn nd puomhsfcd ln tfc suogckts le Hndh`n skhcnkc, kumturc,tckfnlmlby, `nd tfc rcmcv`nkc le Rcstcrn skhcnkc `nd tckfnlmlby tl Hndh`n slkhcty. [lacacaocrs le tfc ZZ[T m`tcr spcnt ` klnshdcròmc àlunt le thac `nd cncrby wlrihnb ln tfcKfcnb`mp`ttu d`t` wfhkf letcn rckurs hn Df`ràp`m‘s wrhthnbs.

Tld`y, Df`ràp`m‘s wlri hs quhtc cxtcnshvcmy inlwn, e`r ocylnd tfc ZZ [T Brlup, nlt gust àlnb hntcmmcktu`ms nd unhvcrshty prlecsslrs, out `msl àlnb rcmhbhlus mc`dcrs hnkmudhnbswàhs nd G`hn alnis, plmhthkh`ns nd kthvhsts. Lnc le tfc alst haprcsshvc lee-sfllts le fhsrcsc`rkf f`s occn tfc lrb`nhs`thln le tfc oh-`nnu`m Klnbrcss ln Tr`dhthln`m [khcnkcs `ndTckfnlmlbhcs. Tfrcc sukf Klnbrcsscs, lrb`nhscd oy tfc ZZ[T `nd hnsthtuthlns mhic tfc HHTs,f`vc sl e`r occn fcmd, bcncr`thnb `n haprcsshvc wc`mtf le prha`ry a`tcrh`m. Df`ràp`mfhascme f`s occn hnvhtcd tl dcmhvcr mckturcs `t scvcr`m hnsthtuthlns whtfhn Hndh` `nd òrl`d.([lac le tfcsc mckturcs k`n oc elund hn Ulmuac U le tfcKlmmcktcd Rrhthnbs.)

Tfc bcncr`m ceeckt le Df`ràp`m‘s wlri àlnb tfc puomhk `t m`rbc f`s occn hntcnscmymhocr`thnb. Flwcvcr, klnvcnthln`m Hndh`n fhstlrh`ns, p`rthkum`rmy tfc km`ss tf`t f`s p`sscd lutle Lxorhdbc, f`vc sccn fhs wlri `s ` kmc`r tfrc`t tl dlktrhncs omhndmy `nd ackf`nhk`mmyprlp`b`tcd `nd tùbft oy tfca elr dck`dcs. Df`ràp`m ncvcr tr`hncd tl oc ` fhstlrh`n. He fcf`d, fc wlumd f`vc, mhic tfca, ahsscd tfc wlld elr tfc trccs. Dcsphtc f`vhnb wlricd hn tfc`rc` nlw elr alrc tf`n elur dck`dcs, fc rca`hns tfc quhntcsscnth`m m`ya`n, `mw`ys tcnt`thvcòlut fhs ehndhnbs, r`rcmy wrhthnb whtf ny emlurhsf. Kcrt`hnmy, fc dlcs nlt a`nhecst tfc ihnd lekcrt`hnty tf`t hs rc`dhmy `v`hmòmc tl hndhvhdu`ms wfl f`vc druni unqucsthlnhnbmy `t tfc ecct leCnbmhsf fhstlrh`ns, bumphnb dlwn nlt lnmy tfchr ‖e`kts‘ out tfchr `ssuapthlns `s wcmm. Out tlfha blcs tfc elrahdòmc `kfhcvcacnt le `sihnb wcmm cntrcnkfcd fhstlrh`ns prlohnb qucsthlnstfcy `rc f`rd put tl `nswcr, mhic flw klac tfcy `rrhvcd sl rc`dhmy, whtf sl mhttmc cvhdcnkc, `ttfc klnkmushln tf`t Hndh`ns wcrc tckfnlmlbhk`mmy prhahthvc lr, alrc bcncr`mmy, flw wcrc tfcyunòmc tl dhsklvcr tfc fhstlrhk`m dlkuacnts tf`t fc, whtflut shahm`r tr`hnhnb, f`d stuaomcd lnsl c`shmy.

Df`ràp`m‘s unaìhnb le tfc Cnbmhsf -bcncr`tcd fhstlry le Hndh`n slkhcty f`s hn e`ktkrc`tcd ` scrhlus cnlubf b`p tld`y hn tfc dhskhpmhnc. Tfc mcbhtha`ky le Cnbmhsf lr klmlnh`mdlahn`tcd pcrkcpthlns `nd oh`scs òlut Hndh`n slkhcty f`s occn brhcvlusmy undcrahncd, outtfc `k`dcahk tr`dhthln f`s occn unòmc tl tìc up tfc kf`mmcnbc le bcncr`thnb `n lrb`nhscdhndhbcnlus vhcw tl tìc hts pm`kc. Tfc a`tcrh`ms elr ` e`r alrc ùtfcnthk fhstlry le skhcnkc `ndtckfnlmlby hn Hndh` `rc hndccd nlw `v`hmòmc `s ` rcsumt le fhs phlnccrhnb wlri, out tfcklapctcnt skflm`r wfl k`n f`ndmc ht `mm hn lnc nc`t k`nv`s f`s yct tl `rrhvc. Lnc rckcnt ncw wlri tf`t sflumd oc acnthlncd hn tfhs klnnckthln hs Fcm`hnc [cmhn‘s Cnkykmlp`cdh` le Nln-Rcstcrn [khcnkc, Tckfnlmlby `nd Acdhkhnc (Imuwcr, Flmm`nd) wfhkf hndccd tìcs nltc leDf`ràp`m‘s ehndhnbs. Thmm sukf thac s tfc kf`mmcnbc hs tìcn up, flwcvcr, wc whmm klnthnuc tlrcpmhk`tc, unkrhthk`mmy, hn tfc ahnds le bcncr`thln ètcr bcncr`thln, tfc Orhthsf (lr Curlpc`n)splnslrcd vhcw le Hndh`n slkhcty `nd hts hnsthtuthlns. Flw k`n `ny slkhcty survhvc, mct `mlnckrc`tc, ln tfc o`shs le olrrlwcd ha`bcs le htscme<




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Df`ràp`m‘s lwn dcskrhpthln le fhs hnhth`thln hntl Hndh`n fhstl rhlbr`pfy hs sl e`skhn`thnbht aust oc rckluntcd hn slac dct`hm. [lln etcr fc blt sslkh`tcd whtf tfc Puht Hndh` alvcacnthn 084?, fc ockàc `ttr`ktcd tl tfc hdc` le tfc vhmm`bc klaaunhty. Zcrf`ps tfhs w`s p`rtmy ductl fhs ochnb whtf Ahròcfn hn ` sa`mm `sfrà klaaunhty hn ` rur`m `rc` hn tfc _llricc-F`rhdw`r rcbhln erla 0844 lnw`rds. Out wfcn hn 0846, fc fc`rd le tfc Gcwhsf Ihooutzha hnZ`mcsthnc, tfhs hntcrcst w`s cvlicd `b`hn `nd fc vhshtcd tfca hn m`tc 0848 elr slac twl wccis.Fc kàc `w`y erla tfc vhsht, flwcvcr, whtf tfc eccmhnb tf`t tfc Ihooutzha aldcm w`s nltslactfhnb tf`t klumd oc rcpmhk`tcd hn Hndh`. M`tcr, `mlnb whtf ltfcr erhcnds, fc dhd `ttcapt tlmùnkf ` sa`mm vhmm`bc nc`r _hsfhicsf hn wfhkf `mm eàhmhcs f`d `n cqu`m sf`rc le tfc m`nd, ctk.Tfc vhmm`bc, flwcvcr, klumd nlt alumd htscme hntl ` klaaunhty7 ht m`kicd flalbcnchty. Ht `mslf`d pr`kthk`mmy nl rcslurkcs `t `mm wfcn ht ocb`n. M`tcr, hn 085:, Df`ràp`m blt tl inlw le vhmm`bc klaaunhthcs hn _`g`stf`n wfhkf f`d Occs Ohsw` vhmm`bc p`nkf`y`ts, nd slac [`s`n` vhmm`bcs nc`r G`b`nn`tf Zurh hn Lrhss` wfhkf wcrc cstòmhsfcd slac 2:: yc`rs c`rmhcr `nd wcrcsthmm prlspcrlus `nd eunkthln`m hn tfc c`rmy 085:s.

@n cnkluntcr wfhkf èecktcd Df`ràp`m brc`tmy hn tfhs klntcxt hs ocst rckluntcd fcrc hnfhs lwn wlrds7

@rlund 085:, H w`s tr`vcmmhnb erla Bw`mhlr tl Dcmfh oy ` d`y tr`hn, 5 lr 2 flur glurncy

hn ` ;rd km`ss klap`rtacnt wfcn H act ` brlup le pclpmc `nd H tfhni hn ` w`y tf`t accthnbb`vc ac ` vhcw le Hndh`, tfc m`rbcr Hndh`.Tfc tr`hn w`s krlwdcd. [lac pclpmc flwcvcr a`dc ` pm`kc elr ac. @nd tfcrc w`s tfhsbrlup le pclpmc, olut twcmvc le tfca, slac tfrcc lr elur wlacn nd scvcn lr chbft acn.H sicd tfca wfcrc tfcy wcrc klahnb erla. Tfcy s`hd tf`t tfcy f`d occn ln phmbrha`bc,tfrcc alntfs mlnb, up tl _àcsfw`rà, àlnb ltfcr pm`kcs. Tfcy kàc erla twldheecrcnt vhmm`bcs nlrtf le Mukinlw. Tfcy f`d v`rhlus oundmcs le tfhnbs nd slac c`rtfcnplts whtf tfca.H `sicd, wf`t dhd tfcy f`vc hn tflsc plts. Tfcy s`hd tf`t tfcy f`d tìcn tfchr lwn ellderla flac. Tfcy f`d tìcn `mm tfc nckcsshthcs elr tfchr elld —`tt`, bfcc, sub`r — whtftfca, `nd slac àlunts le tfcsc wcrc sthmm mcet lvcr. Tfc wlacn dhdn‘t scca tl ahndaukf pclpmc tràpmhnb lvcr tfca hn tfc krlwdcd klap`rtacnt, out tfcy dhd eccmunf`ppy he slaclnc tlukfcd tfchr oundmcs `nd plts le elld whtf tfchr ecct. @nd tfcn H s`hd tfcy aust `mm oc erla lnc g`th, erla ` shnbmc k`stc brlup. Tfcy s`hd, ‖Nl,nl! Rc `rc nlt erla lnc g`th — wc `rc erla scvcr`m g`ths.‘ H s`hd, flw klumd tf`t oc< Tfcys`hd tf`t tfcrc w`s nl g`th ln ` y`tr` —nlt ln ` phmbrha`bc. H dhdn‘t inlw tf`t. H w`s`rlund ;6 yc`rs lmd, `nd mhic a`ny ltfcrs hn tfhs kluntry wfl inlw mhttmc òlut tfc w`ysle tfc lrdhn`ry Hndh`n—tfc pc`s`nts, `rths`ns `nd ltfcr vhmm`bc elmis. @nd tfcn H s`hd, ‖Dhd ylu bl tl A`dr`s< Dhd ylu bl tl Olao`y<‘ ‖Xcs! Rc p`sscd tfrlubftflsc pm`kcs.‘ ‖Dhd ylu scc nytfhnb tfcrc<‘ ‖Nl, wc dhd nlt f`vc ny thac!‘ Ht wcnt ln mhictf`t. H acnthlncd v`rhlus haplrt`nt pm`kcs le aldcrn Hndh`. Tfcy f`d p`sscd tfrlubfalst, out f`d nlt k`rcd tl vhsht `ny.Tfcn H s`hd, ‖Xlu rc blhnb tl Dcmfh nlw<‘ ‖Xcs!‘ ‖Xlu whmm stlp hn Dcmfh<‘ ‖Nl, wc lnmy f`vctl kf`nbc tr`hns tfcrc. Rc‘rc blhnb tl F`rhdw`r!‘ H s`hd, ‖Tfhs hs tfc k`ph t`m le ercc Hndh`. Rln‘t ylu scc ht<‘ H ac`nt ht. H w`s nlt glihnb. Tfcy s`hd, ‖Nl! Rc dln‘t f`vc thac. A`y oc slac ltfcr d`y. Nlt nlw. Rc f`vc tl bl tl F`rhdw`r. @nd tfcn wc f`vc tl bct o`kiflac.‘ Rc t`micd elr pcrf`ps 3 lr 5 flurs. @t tfc cnd le ht H ocb`n tl wlndcr, wfl hs blhnb tlmlli ètcr tfhs Hndh`< Rf`t Hndh` `rc wc t`mihnb òlut< Tfhs Hndh`, tfc bmlrhlus Hndh` letfc aldcrn `bc, ouhmt oy G`w`f`rm`m Ncfru `nd ltfcr pclpmc, tfcsc aldcrn tcapmcs,unhvcrshthcs, pm`kcs le skflm`rsfhp! Elr wfla `rc wc ouhmdhnb tfca< Tflsc pclpmc lntfchr phmbrha`bc wcrc nlt hntcrcstcd hn ny le tfhs. @nd tfcy wcrc rcprcscnt`thvc le Hndh`.Alrc rcprcscnt`thvc le Hndh` tf`n Z`ndht G`w`f`rm`m Ncfru cvcr w`s. Lr H nd alst le usklumd cvcr oc.

Tfc cnkluntcr sflli Df`ràp`m tfcn, `s aukf `s tfc acalry le ht oltfcrs fha cvcntld`y. Tfhs p`rthkum`r cxpcrhcnkc, alrc tf`n `ny ltfcr, drlvc fha tl mlli elr tfc kùscs le tfc




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prlelund mhcn`thln le Hndh`‘s ncw mc`dcrs erla tfc prclkkup`thlns le tfc klaaln pclpmc ndtl hnvcsthb`tc wfctfcr tfhs f`d `mw`ys occn sl.

[hahm`rmy, e`skhn`tcd oy tfc m`rbcmy hnt`kt nd eunkthlnhnb Occs Ohsw` `nd [`s`n` vhmm`bcklaaunhthcs, fc whsfcd tl inlw wf`t ht w`s tf`t f`d icpt tfcsc `spckts le Hndh`n khvhmhs`thlnsl e`r `mhvc `nd thkihnb (hn klntr`st tl slac le tfc dhshntcbr`tcd `nd pùpcrhscd klaaunhthcs

wc cnkluntcr hn tfc prcscnt). Fc `ssuacd tf`t he tfc o`shs le tfcsc fhtfcrtl vhor`ntklaaunhthcs wcrc undcrstlld, ht ahbft sshst Hndh`n slkhcty —p`rthkum`rmy hts hntcmmcktu`ms ndplmhthk`m mc`dcrs—tl dhvcst htscme le hts prcscnt st`tc le dcprcsshln `nd dhshntcrcst whtf htssurrlundhnbs `nd pcrf`ps ocklac mhvcmy `b`hn. Tfc hnquhry f`d tl elkus ln flw Hndh` f`deunkthlncd ocelrc tfc lnsct le tfc dcohmht`thnb Orhthsf `nd Curlpc`n dlahn`nkc. Rfcn fc ocb`n, fc f`d nl kmc`r dhrckthln hn wfhkf tl mlli. Cvcn etcr fc f`d elund wf`t fc w`s mllihnbelr, tfc uttcr shbnhehk`nkc le ht wlumd d`wn ln fha lnmy m`tcr.

Ht hs haplrt`nt elr tfc rc`dcr tl inlw tf`t thmm òlut 0854, Df`ràp`m acrcmy f`d `m`ya`n‘s inlwmcdbc le `rkfhvcs `nd tfc rcklrds `nd a`tcrh`m tfcy bcncr`mmy fcmd. Fhs ehrst`kqu`hnt`nkc whtf tfc `rkfhv`m rcklrd ln Hndh` ocb`n `t Kfcnn`h (prcvhlusmy A`dr`s) durhnb0854-53 out cxp`ndcd `nd dccpcncd lvcr tfc yc`rs. Fc dhsklvcrcd tf`t alst le tfc a`tcrh`md`tcd erla `rlund 02:: @.D. `nd lwcd hts krc`thln m`rbcmy tl Orhthsf nccds, cvcn wfcn tfcsc`rkfhvcs fcmd slac Hndh`n m`nbu`bc a`tcrh`ms ln p`pcr lr p`ma mc`vcs. (Tfc Zlrtubucsc, tfcDutkf, tfc Ercnkf, `nd tfc v`rhlus Curlpc`n Kfrhsth`n `s wcmm `s klaacrkh`m hnsthtuthlns wfhkf ocb`n tl klac tl Hndh` erla tfc ahd-05tf kcntury `msl a`hnt`hncd shahm`r `rkfhvcsrcm`thnb tl tfchr cnkluntcr whtf Hndh` out tfcsc wcrc sa`mmcr.)

@mm tfhs Orhthsf `rkfhv`m a`tcrh`m (slac le wfhkf hs prcscntcd lr rcecrrcd tl hn tfcKlmmcktcd Rrhthnbs) alstmy dwcmms ln kcrt`hn `spckts le Hndh` `s sccn `nd undcrstlld tfcn oytfc Orhthsf. Tfc a`tcrh`m e`mms orl`dmy whtfhn tfrcc `rc`s7

Tfc ehrst rcm`tcs tl dcskrhpthlns le Hndh`, hts pfyshk`m m`ndsk`pc, tfc a`nncrs le hts pclpmchn kcrt`hn rcbhlns, tfchr puomhk mhec, ecsthv`ms, kumtur`m mhec nd hnsthtuthlns, tfc n`turc nd cxtcntle Hndh`n `brhkumtur`m `nd hndustrh`m prldukthln, `nd Hndh`n skhcnkcs `nd tckfnlmlbhcs.

Tfc scklnd pcrt`hns tl tfc klnthnuhnb Orhthsf-Hndh`n cnkluntcr, cspckh`mmy erla `rlundtfc Orhthsf lkkup`thln le @rklt hn 0246 tl olut 0636. Tfcn tfc cnkluntcr hs b`hn vhshomc erlaòlut 0623, `nd whtf hts fhbf `nd mlw splts, klnthnucs thmm 0842 wfcn Hndh` blt dhvhdcd hntlHndh` nd Zìhst`n, nd tfc Orhthsf-krc`tcd hnsthtuthlns nd eunkthlns wcrc tìcn lvcr oy tfchrlwn blvcrnacnts.

Tfc tfhrd ocbhns whtf tfc unelmdhnb le Orhthsf dcshbns `nd plmhky pcrt`hnhnb tl Hndh` hnOrht`hn hn tfc 056:s `nd tfcrcètcr, `nd tfchr vhshomc hapmcacnt`thln `nd haplshthln ln Hndhèrla `rlund 023:. Tfc lrhbhns le tfcsc dcshbns `nd plmhkhcs rca`hn a`hnmy hn Orht`hn thmm tfc vcry cnd, wfhmc tfchr hapmcacnt thln hs hn Hndh`, `nd hn tfc `rc`s blvcrncd hn Hndh`‘s nàcerla tfc Kfhn` sc`s hn tfc C`st tl [t. Fcmcn` hn tfc Rcst.

Ht wlumd oc fcmpeum `t tfhs st`bc tl inlw flw tfhs fubc `nd vcry dct`hmcd `rkfhv`m rcklrd w`s hndccd krc`tcd. Elr tfhs purplsc, ` mhttmc o`kibrlund rcm`thnb tl tfc blvcrn`nkc le Hndh`durhnb Cnbmhsf klmlnh`m rumc hs òslmutcmy nckcss`ry.

Ht hs klnvcnthln`m dlktrhnc (tùbft hn alst fhstlry ollis) tf`t erla 05:: tl `rlund 0246tfc Orhthsf C`st Hndh` Klap`ny (C.H.Kl.) cstòmhsfcd htscme m`rbcmy hn tfc kl`st`m tlwns `ndkhthcs le Hndh`, dckm`rcd tfcsc pm`kcs `s elrt tlwns `nd k`mmcd tfca e`ktlrhcs, h.c. stlrc fluscselr tr`dc, whtf tfc rcquhshtc ahmht`ry cstòmhsfacnts. Erla 0246, tfc C.H.Kl. hs s`hd tl f`vcbr`du`mmy hnvlmvcd htscme hn tfc klnqucrhnb le Hndh` `nd thmm 0636 `t mc`st w`s klnshdcrcd tl ocslmcmy rcsplnshomc elr tfc pmundcr `nd vhlmcnkc `sslkh`tcd whtf tfc klnqucst. Rc `rc eurtfcrtlmd tf`t ht hs lnmy ockùsc tfc Orhthsf wcrc dhsturocd oy tfc klap`ny‘s ahsrumc— wfhkfrcsumtcd hn tfc brc`t Hndh`n Authny le 0632-36— tf`t tfcy dckhdcd tl cstòmhsf dhrckt rumc hnHndh` `nd tf`t tfc blvcrn`nkc le Hndh` w`s pm`kcd undcr tfc kf`rbc le ` Orhthsf kòhnctahnhstcr nàcd tfc sckrct`ry le st`tc elr Hndh`, `n `rr`nbcacnt tf`t cvcntu`mmy klnthnucd thmm0842.




v

Ht hs truc tf`t `n C.H.Kl. w`s cstòmhsfcd hn Orht`hn tfrlubf tfc br`nt le ` kf`rtcr hn 05::,`nd tf`t ht f`d `dvcnturcrs `nd pmundcrcrs hn hts r`nis. Out, `kklrdhnb tl Df`ràp`m, ht ncvcr`mtlbctfcr eunkthlncd ln hts lwn. Erla tfc ocbhnnhnb, tfc klap`ny f`d tfc eumm supplrt leOrhthsf n`v`m elrkcs hn hts cxp`nshln drhvc, `nd letcn le Orhthsf st`tc ahmht`ry elrkcs `s wcmm. @msl, erla tfc ocbhnnhnb, tfc C.H.Kl. klntrhoutcd suost`nth`m suas (hn ahmmhlns le plundsstcrmhnb) tl tfc Orhthsf blvcrnacnt trc`sury `nd `msl `dv`nkcd àlunts `t mlw hntcrcst tl tfcOrhthsf st`tc. Erla thac tl thac, ht rckchvcd dhrckthlns erla Orhthsf st`tc ùtflrhthcs `nd `tthacs kcrt`hn le hts èe`hrs wcrc pm`kcd undcr tfc kf`rbc le Orhthsf n`v`m klaa`ndcrs wflrckchvcd tfchr hnstrukthlns dhrcktmy erla tfc Orhthsf Ihnb lr tfc Orhthsf @dahr`mty. Ht hs tfcscdhrckthlns `nd klaaunhk`thlns tf`t klaprhsc tfc c`rmhcr `rkfhv`m rcklrds.

Lnc sukf a`glr k`sc hnvlmvhnb leehkh`m supcrvhshln w`s tfc ehn`m Orhthsf cnkluntcr whtf @dahr`m I`nlfgh @nbrcy le A`f`r`sftr` `rlund 0234. Tfc Orhthsf st`tc ecmt fc w`s ` brc`tkf`mmcnbc tl Orhthsf cxp`nshln `nd f`d tl oc slacflw cmhahn`tcd. Tfcrc wlumd f`vc occnsklrcs le sukf hnst`nkcs octwccn 05:: — wfcn tfc C.H.Kl. lrhbhn`tcd—`nd 023:, wfcn ht ocb`ntl `ssuac tfc rlmc le ` klnqucrlr `nd slvcrchbn.

Erla 023: lnw`rds, alrc nd alrc hnstrukthlns erla tfc Orhthsf wcrc klnvcycd tfrlubf v`rhlus kf`nncms tl tfc C.H.Kl. @etcr tfc Orhthsf dlahn`thln le Ocnb`m erla 0232 lnw`rds,_locrt Kmhvc—` ‖fc`vcn olrn Bcncr`m‘ `kklrdhnb tl Mlrd Kf`tfà, vhrtu`m rumcr le tfc Orhthsftfcn — wrltc tl Orht`hn tf`t Hndh` klumd lnmy oc blvcrncd dhrcktmy oy tfc Orhthsf st`tc `nd nlt oy `ny klap`ny. Tfhs nd ltfcr shahm`r `dvhkc w`s dcmhocr tcd upln elr slac yc`rs mc`dhnb tltfc _cbum`thnb @kt le 022; oy wfhkf tfc Orhthsf st`tc `pplhntcd tfc Blvcrnlr Bcncr`m `nd fhsKlunkhm, `nd 00 yc`rs m`tcr, tl tfc 0264 @kt, wfhkf cstòmhsfcd ` Ol`rd le Klaahsshlncrs elrtfc @ee`hrs le Hndh`, whtf Zrcshdcnt nd 5 acaocrs, lnc le wfla hn tfc c`rmy st`bcs w`s nlncltfcr tf`n tfc Orhthsf Zrhac Ahnhstcr. Tfc Klaahsshlncrs tfcn wcrc a`dc tfc rumcrs le Hndh`. @mm hnstrukthlns le `ny ihnd tl `ny dcp`rtacnt le st`tc hn Hndh`, lr tl hts tfrcc Zrcshdcnkhcs, wcrc kmc`rcd oy tfca hn dct`hm (wlrd oy wlrd, klaa` oy klaa`). Lnkc tfcsc wcrc ehn`m, tfc glo le tfc Klurt le tfc C.H. Kl. w`s tl scnd tfcsc tl Hndh` undcr tfc shbn`turc le tfchr Kf`hra`n`nd acaocrs.

Ocshdcs, ` scp`r`tc kf`nncm le klaaunhk`thln w`s lpcncd octwccn tfc Zrcshdcnt le tfcOl`rd le Klaahsshlncrs nd tfc Orhthsf Blvcrnlr Bcncr`m hn Hndh` (`s `msl whtf tfc Blvcrnlrsle tfc Zrcshdcnkhcs), wfhkf `t thacs cvcn lvcr-rldc kcrt`hn elra`m hnstrukthlns klnvcycdtfrlubf tfc klap`ny. Tfc hnstrukthlns hn kcrt`hn dcp`rtacnts wcrc prcp`rcd oy tfc Ol`rd leKlaahsshlncrs tfcascmvcs, tfc shbn`turc le tfc Kf`hra`n le tfc Klap`ny lot`hncd, `nd tfca`ttcr scnt tl Hndh` erla tfc Ol`rd‘s leehkc htscme. Ht hs tfhs `rr`nbcacnt wfhkf prcv`hmcd thmm0636. Tfc kf`nbc hn 0636 w`s hn e`kt lnmy kf`nbc hn nlacnkm`turc7 tfc Zrcshdcnt le tfc Ol`rd w`s nlw tfc [ckrct`ry le [t`tc elr Hndh`. (Tfus, tfc C.H.Kl. `s sukf ockàc wflmmy rcdund`nthn tfc rumhnb le Hndh`, lr `rc`s hn hts vhkhnhty h.c., erla tfc Kfhn` sc`s tl [t. Fcmcn`, erla 060;lnw`rds, he nlt erla aukf c`rmhcr. @kklrdhnb tl Df`ràp`m, tfhs km`rhehk`thln nccds tl shnidccp nlt lnmy hntl Hndh`n ahnds, out, hntl tfc ahnds le tfc wlrmd fhstlrhk`m klaaunhty tll.)

Tfus, dct`hms le cvcry lkkurrcnkc hn Hndh` wfhkf kàc tl tfc nlthkc le Orhthsf ùtflrhty

f`d tl oc klaaunhk`tcd, `t mc`st thmm 0636, tl Mlndln hn lrdcr tl lot`hn hnstrukthlns lr tfc`pprlv`m le Mlndln ln tfc hndhvhdu`m hssuc. Tfc Orhthsf `rkfhv`m rcklrd tfcrcelrc hnelras usle c`kf `nd cvcry sukf cvcnt.

[l, he lnc w`ntcd tl f`vc inlwmcdbc hn `ny dct`hm le tfc slkhcty `nd mhec le Hndh` ocelrcOrhthsf dlahn`nkc, tfc lovhlus tfhnb tl dl w`s tl k`rceummy pcrusc tfcsc Orhthsf-bcncr`tcd`rkfhvcs. Tfhs Df`ràp`m nlw dhd. Fc dhd nlt f`vc aukf le `n hnklac. Tfcrc w`s `msl èàhmy tl supplrt. Out nltwhtfst`ndhnb `mm tfhs, fc ockàc ` rcbum`r vhshtlr tl tfc Hndh` Leehkc`nd tfc Orhthsf Auscua. Zfltlklpyhnb rcquhrcd alncy. Letcnthacs, lmd a`nuskrhpts klumdnlt oc pfltlklphcd. [l fc klphcd tfca hn mlnb f`nd, p`bc ètcr p`bc, ahmmhlns le wlrds, d`yètcr d`y. Tfcrcètcr, fc wlumd f`vc tfc klphcd nltcs typcd. Fc tfus rctrhcvcd `nd`kkuaum`tcd tflus`nds le p`bcs le hnelra`thln erla tfc `rkfhv`m rcklrd. Rfcn fc rcturncdtl Hndh`, fhs alst prhzcd plsscsshln w`s tfcsc nltcs, wfhkf ehmmcd scvcr`m m`rbc trunis `ndsuhtk`scs.




vh

Ht hs nlt tf`t ltfcrs f`d nlt klnsumtcd tfcsc vcry rcklrds ocelrc. Dlzcns f`d. Tfcy ahsscdtfc lvcr`mm phkturc m`rbcmy ockùsc tfcy s`w tfc a`tcrh`m hn er`bacnts, elr ` p`rthkum`r phckc lercsc`rkf, lvcr alntf lr yc`r lr twl. Df`ràp`m, hn klntr`st, b`vc ht tfc ocnceht le dck`dcs.Fhs ahnd rct`hncd cvcry dct`hm le wf`t fc rc`d whtf unk`nny sf`rpncss. Tf`t hs flw fccvcntu`mmy blt tfc wflmc phkturc.

Tfhs phkturc tf`t cacrbcd erla tfc tlt`m `rkfhv`m rcklrd w`s nltfhnb sflrt le stunnhnb.Klntr`ry tl wf`t ahmmhlns le us wcrc tùbft hn lur skfllm tcxt-ollis, ht hndhk`tcd tfc cxhstcnkcle eunkthlnhnb slkhcty, cxtrcacmy klapctcnt hn tfc rts nd skhcnkcs le hts d`y. Hts hntcr`kthvcbr`sp lvcr hts haacdh`tc n`tur`m cnvhrlnacnt w`s undhsputcd9 hn e`kt, ht dca`ndcd pr`hsc.Tfhs w`s rcemcktcd hn oltf `brhkumtur`m `nd hndustrh`m prldukthln. Rc inlw tld`y tf`t thmm`rlund 023:, tlbctfcr whtf tfc Kfhncsc, lur rc`s wcrc prldukhnb slac 2;% le tfc tlt`m wlrmdhndustrh`m prldukthln, nd cvcn thmm 06;:, wf`t oltf tfcsc cklnlahcs prldukcd sthmm aluntcdtl 5:% le wlrmd hndustrh`m prldukthln. Cvcn hn ` aldcr`tcmy ecrthmc `rc` mhic tf`t leKfcnb`mp`ttu (Tàhmn`du), lur p`ddy prldukthln hn ` suost`nth`m `rc` le hts m`nds `rlund025:-2: àluntcd tl slac 3-5 tlns pcr fckt`rc, wfhkf cqu`ms tfc prldukthln le p`ddy pcrfckt`rc hn prcscnt d`y G`p`n—tfc kurrcnt wlrmd fhbf. @ v`st cduk`thln`m sct-up— o`scd ln `skfllm hn cvcry vhmm`bc—mllicd ètcr tfc rcquhrcacnts le mc`rnhnb le m`rbc a`sscs le ylunb

pclpmc.Tfc alst haprcsshvc ec`turc le tfc sct-up w`s tfc cmòlr`tc ehsk`m rr`nbcacnts a`dc elrhts upiccp hn pcrpctuhty, he rcquhrcd. Erla tfc brlss prldukc, àlunts wcrc `mmlk`tcd oytr`dhthln elr tfc upiccp le tfc systca, erla tfc cnbhnccrs wfl mllicd etcr tfc hrrhb`thln t`nis`nd kf`nncms tl tfc plmhkc `nd skfllm tc`kfcrs. Hn tckfnlmlby, wc prldukcd stccm tf`t w`ssupcrhlr tl [fceehcmd stccm. Rc `msl prldukcd dycs, sfhps `nd mhtcr`mmy fundrcds leklaaldhthcs.

@s fc rcklrdcd `mm tfhs, Df`ràp`m `msl s`w flw ht w`s `mm ochnb undcrahncd, flw tfcOrhthsf hn e`kt wcnt òlut pumvcrhshnb tfc Hndh`n cklnlay `nd slkhcty.

@s fc studhcd tfc slacthacs e`skhn`thnb, slacthacs krucm rcklrd, pr`kthk`mmy cvcry d`y,ht fcmd fha `s he ocwhtkfcd. Fc elund tf`t tfc Orhthsf sukkcsseummy hnhth`tcd `n hntrhk`tc systca

le whdcsprc`d klntrlm `nd cxtlrthln, tìhnb `w`y `s t`x alst le wf`t tfc m`nd prldukcd, `s wcmm `s tfc prldukts le a`nue`kturcs. Fc elund ht flrrheyhnb tf`t tfhs w`s letcn dlnc `t tfcplhnt le tfc o`ylnct.

@kklrdhnb tl Df`ràp`m, tfc Orhthsf purplsc hn Hndh`, pcrf`ps ètcr mlnb dcmhocr`thlndurhnb tfc 02tf kcntury, w`s ncvcr tl `ttcapt ln `ny sk`mc tfc scttmcacnt le tfc pclpmc leOrht`hn lr Curlpc hn Hndh`. Ht w`s ecmt tf`t hn alst rcbhlns le Hndh`, ockùsc le hts kmha`tc,tcapcr`turc r`nbc, bhetcd, hndustrhlus `nd dcnsc plpum`thln, tfc scttmhnb le tfc pclpmc leCurlpc wlumd scrvc mhttmc purplsc.

Tfcrcelrc tfc purplsc w`s dcehncd `s orhnbhnb tl Orht`hn `nd Curlpc, surpmus prlduktsle tfc v`rhcd hndustry le tfc pclpmc le Hndh`, `nd tfc t`xcs haplscd ln tfhs hndustry. [ukf `prlpls`m, hn e`kt, w`s vcry kmc`rmy put elrw`rd `rlund 026: oy Zrle. @dà Ecrbusln leCdhnourbf. Ecrbusln w`s ` prlecsslr le alr`m pfhmlslpfy. (Hntcrcsthnbmy, fc hs `msl rcb`rdcd`s tfc elundcr le Orhthsf slkhlmlby.)

Rfhmc dhskusshnb tfc aldc le blvcrnhnb Hndh`, Ecrbusln r`hscd tfc qucsthln le tfcpurplsc le tfhs blvcrn`nkc. @kklrdhnb tl fha, tfc `ha w`s tl tr`nsecr `s aukf `s plsshomc letfc wc`mtf le Hndh` tl Curlpc. @nd tfhs t`si, kklrdhnb tl fha, klumd nlt dhrcktmy oc klnduktcd oy scrv`nts `nd hnsthtuthlns le tfc Orhthsf st`tc. Tfcy wlumd oc tll olund oy rumcs `nd st`tcdhskhpmhnc tl dl gusthkc tl tfc t`si. Tfc tr`nsecr le wc`mtf tl Curlpc, fc ecmt, wlumd bcncr`mmyrcquhrc tfc ocndhnb `nd orcìhnb le rumcs `s nl a`glr cxtr`kthln lr cxtlrthln erla tfc rumcdklumd oc ceeckthvcmy dlnc tfrlubf hnstruacnts le tfc st`tc. Fc tfcrcelrc ecmt tf`t tfc dhrcktblvcrn`nkc le Hndh` sflumd oc hn tfc f`nds le tfc scrv`nts le ` oldy mhic tfc C.H. Kl., wfcrctfc scrv`nts klumd wfcn nccdcd dhslocy lrdcrs `nd rumcs. Out tfc klap`ny sflumd ocklntrlmmcd `nd supcrvhscd oy ` fhbf-plwcr oldy klnsthtutcd oy tfc st`tc. Ht hs tfhs mlbhk `nd`rbuacnts tf`t cvcntu`mmy mcd tl tfc elra`thln le tfc Ol`rd le Klaahsshlncrs elr tfc @ee`hrsle Hndh` hn 0264.




vhh

Df`ràp`m elund tf`t elr mlnb pcrhlds hn tfc m`tc 06tf `nd tfc 08tf kcnturhcs, tfc t`x lnm`nd hn a`ny `rc`s cxkccdcd tfc tlt`m `brhkumtur`m prldukthln le vcry ecrthmc m`nd. Tfhs w`sp`rthkum`rmy sl hn tfc `rc`s le tfc A`dr`s Zrcshdcnky (klaprhshnb kurrcnt Tàhmn`du, dhstrhktsle kl`st`m @ndfr`, slac dhstrhkts le I`rn`tì` `nd A`mò`r). Tfc klnscqucnkcs le tfc plmhky wcrc c`sy tl prcdhkt7 hn tfc A`dr`s Zrcshdcnky, lnc tfhrd le tfc alst ecrthmc m`nd wcnt lut lekumthv`thln octwccn tfc pcrhld 06::-063:. Hn e`kt, `s c`rmy `s 06:4, tfc Blvcrnlr le tfcA`dr`s Zrcshdcnky wrltc tl fhs a`stcrs (tfc Zrcshdcnt le tfc Ol`rd le Klaahsshlncrs) hnMlndln7

Rc f`vc p`hd ` brc`t dc`m le `ttcnthln tl tfc rcvcnuc a`n`bcacnt hn tfhs kluntry...tfcbcncr`m tcnlr le ay lphnhln hs, tf`t wc f`vc rldc tfc kluntry tll f`rd, `nd tfcklnscqucnkc hs, tf`t ht hs hn ` st`tc le tfc alst màcntòmc plvcrty. Brc`t lpprcsshln hs Hec`r cxcrkhscd tll bcncr`mmy hn tfc klmmckthln le tfc _cvcnucs.Le klursc, Df`ràp`m `msl elund whtfhn tfc sàc `rkfhvcs hnelra`thln òlut tfc Hndh`n

khvhm rcshst`nkc hn v`rhlus rcbhlns le Hndh` hn tfc c`rmy st`bcs le Orhthsf rumc, mhic tfc lnc hn U`r`n`sh rcbhln `rlund 060:-00 `nd hn K`n`r` `rlund 06;:, `nd flw tfcy wcrc klnt`hncd.Out sukf cvcnts `rc nlt tìcn nltc le hn tfc elra`m rcklrd `s dcmhocr`tc plmhky. Cvcn pcththlns`b`hnst brhcv`nkcs, tflubf hnvhtcd, wlumd nlt oc leehkh`mmy rcklrdcd unmcss tfc wlrdhnb le tfcpcththln klnvcycd ` scnsc le tfc pcththlncr‘s fuahmhty `nd le fhs (lr fcr) mhahtmcss rcspckt elrùtflrhty.

Cxkcrpts erla lnc sukf rcgcktcd pcththln `b`hnst tfc flusc t`x haplscd hn U`r`n`shfhbfmhbft tfhs7

...elracr sllmtùns ncvcr cxtcndcd tfc rhbfts le Blvcrnacnt (klaalnmy k`mmcda`mbllz`rcc) tl tfc fòht`thlns le tfchr suogckts `kquhrcd oy tfca oy dcskcnt lr tr`nsecr.Ht hs ln tfhs `kklunt tf`t hn scmmhnb cst`tcs tfc fòht`thlns le tfc prlprhctlrs `rc cxkcptcderla tfc s`mcs. Tfcrcelrc, tfc lpcr`thln le tfhs t`x hnerhnbcs upln tfc rhbfts le tfc wflmcklaaunhty, wfhkf hs klntr`ry tl tfc ehrst prhnkhpmcs le gusthkc......Ht hs dheehkumt tl ehnd ac`ns le suoshstcnkc `nd tfc stàp duthcs, klurt eccs, tr`nsht `ndtlwn duthcs wfhkf f`vc hnkrc`scd tcnelmd, èemhkt `nd èeckt cvcrylnc rhkf `nd pllr `nd

tfhs t`x, mhic s`mt sk`ttcrcd ln wlund, hs kùsc le p`hn nd dcprcsshln tl cvcrylnc oltfFhndll `nd Aussuma`n9 mct ht oc tìcn hntl klnshdcr`thln tf`t `s ` klnscqucnkc le tfcschaplsts tfc prhkc le prlvhshlns f`s whtfhn tfcsc tcn yc`rs hnkrc`scd shxtccn elmd. Hn sukfk`sc flw hs ht plsshomc elr us wfl f`vc nl ac`ns le c`rnhnb ` mhvcmhflld tl suoshst<...Oy tfchr actflds le cxtlrthln `nd ltfcr shahm`r ac`ns, tfc Orhthsf wcrc òmc tl sa`sf

Hndh`n rur`m mhec `nd slkhcty oy òlut 06?:-06;:. @rlund tfc sàc pcrhld, tfc cxtcnshvcHndh`n a`nue`kturcs act shahm`r e`tc. Ockùsc le dcmhocr`tc Orhthsf plmhky, tfc eàcd Hndh`n vhmm`bc klaaunhthcs sl cmlqucntmy dcskrhocd oy Tfla`s Actk`mec `rlund 06;:, `nd oy I`rmA`rx hn tfc 063:s, f`d alstmy kc`scd tl cxhst. [hahm`r klaacnts klumd oc a`dc òlut tfcn`rr`thvcs ln Hndh`n skhcnkc nd tckfnlmlby. Hnhth`mmy tfcy wcrc dcshrcd elr tfchr klntcaplr`ryrcmcv`nkc `nd usceumncss tl tfc `dv`nkcacnt lr klrrckthln le tfchr Orhthsf kluntcrp`rts. Outslln etcr tfc Orhthsf ocb`n tl rumc `nd klntrlm Hndh`n mhec nd slkhcty, tfc klnthnuhty le Hndh`ninlwmcdbc `nd pr`kthkc sccacd tl tfca ` tfrc`t. Tfcrcelrc ht w`s slactfhnb tl oc put `shdcsl tf`t ht kruaomcd lr dck`ycd. Df`ràp`m elund tf`t sukf ` prlbràac le ‖aìhnb cxthnkt‘ w`s klntrhvcd hn pr`kthk`mmy cvcry spfcrc le fua`n `kthvhty, hnkmudhnb tfc a`nue`kturcs leklttln tcxthmcs, tfc prldukthln le Hndh`n stccm, `nd cvcn tfc Hndh`n pr`kthkc le hnlkum`thln`b`hnst sa`mm plx `s c`rmy `s @.D.06::.

@ shahm`r e`tc `w`htcd tfc cxtcnshvc nctwlri le Hndh`n skfllms `nd hnsthtuthlns le fhbfcrmc`rnhnb wfcn tfcy ocb`n tl oc survcycd hn tfc 06?:s `nd 06;:s. Hrlnhk`mmy, ht hs a`hnmytfrlubf tfc Orhthsf `rkfhv`m rcklrds tf`t lnc ocklacs `w`rc le tfc cxtcnshvc n`turc le tfccduk`thln nctwlri, `s wcmm `s hts spccdy dck`y hn tfc A`dr`s `nd Ocnb`m Zrcshdcnky, `ndslacwf`t m`tcr hn tfc Zrcshdcnkhcs le Olao`y `nd hn tfc Zungò. Le klursc, tfc vhcw wfhkf wc bct erla sukf `rkfhv`m a`tcrh`m hs spmhntcrcd `nd nlt hntcbr`tcd. Out tfc hndhk`tlrs hntfcascmvcs `rc le brc`t v`muc. Tfcy `msl prlvhdc us bmhapscs le prc-Orhthsf mhec `nd le `spcktsle Hndh`‘s slkhcty le wfhkf wc f`d mlst tr`ki erla olut @.D. 063: wfcn slkhcty w`s orlicn up




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`nd supprcsscd, `nd `n haplscd `mhcn systca le cduk`thln a`dc us hbnlrc `nd elrbct tfchnnuacròmc `kklapmhsfacnts le lur pclpmc.

Df`ràp`m hs quhtc kmc`r `nd cxpmhkht ln tfc uscs le fhstlry. Fc wrhtcs7He wc hnvcsthb`tc tfcsc rcklrds ln shahm`r spckts eurtfcr, ln tfc o`shs le wf`t hs `v`hmòmchn lur rkf`clmlbhk`m, hnskrhpthln`m nd ltfcr fhstlrhk`m slurkcs, nd wf`t hs sthmm rct`hncdhn tfc acalry `nd klnskhlusncss le lur pclpmc, wc lubft tl oc òmc tl rcklnstrukt lurslkh`m `nd kumtur`m p`st, `nd flpceummy tl alumd lur st`tc `nd slkhcty `kklrdhnbmy.[hnkc Hndcpcndcnkc hn 0842, ht hs tfhs qucsthln le rcklnstrukthln le scme nd slkhcty ln tfcelund`thln le lur prhlrhthcs, v`mucs, tr`dhthln `nd kumturc tf`t sccas tl f`vc klapmctcmycmudcd us, p`rthkum`rmy lur skflm`rs, `dahnhstr`tlrs `nd plmhthkh`ns. Rc `ppc`r tl f`vcelrblttcn tf`t wc k`n mlli o`ki `nd mc`rn erla lur lwn p`st, `nd o`scd ln tf`tcxpcrhcnkc, klnstrukt lur lwn unhquc hdcnthty whtfhn tfc klntcxt le lur lwn èe`hrs `s wcmm `s tf`t le tfc rcst le tfc wlrmd. Rf`t dl wc `s ` n`thln—whtflut mc`nhnb ln ltfcrs‘hdclmlbhk`m nd a`tcrh`m krutkfcs— w`nt< Dl wc f`vc hnbcnuhty lr nlt< K`n wc aìc lurlwn plhnts —`s `b`hnst `mhbnhnb whtf lnc slrt lr `nltfcr< Dl wc f`vc ` plhnt tl aìc `sHndh`ns< Rfcn Df`ràp`m st`rtcd ln tfhs alnuacnt`m wlri rlund 0853-55, fc f`d ecmt tfcn tf`t

wf`tcvcr tfcsc Orhthsf `kklunts ahbft tcmm us, `nd flwslcvcr hnklapmctcmy, tfcy wlumd fcmpus he wc elmmlwcd tfca up whtf eurtfcr dct`hmcd `nd hntcnshvc cxpmlr`thlns le sukf a`tcrh`m `scxhsts hn Hndh`. Eurtfcr, whtf tfc `sslkh`thln le lur lwn pclpmc hn tfc cxpmlr`thln—hn alsttfhnbs, sthmm mhnicd whtf tfchr p`st nd whtf aukf alrc vhvhd acalrhcs le ht— wc sflumd, whtfhn` bcncr`thln lr sl, ocbhn tl rcklnstrukt lur c`rmhcr mhec nd slkhcty, mhnihnb tfhs whtf lur prcscntkhrkuast`nkcs `nd nccds. Ht hs dhstrcsshnb tl nltc, tflubf, tf`t wc `rc yct tl undcrtìc tfhst`si. Df`ràp`m wrhtcs eurtfcr7

Tld`y, wc eccm cnkhrkmcd oy flsthmhty —aukf le ht hn e`kt bcncr`tcd oy lur lwn hncpthtudc`nd `kthlns. Erla `rlund 0842, wc f`vc trc`tcd lurscmvcs `s klushns le tfc Rcst.Dlahn`tcd oy tfc Rcst, ht a`y oc nckcss`ry t tfc alacnt tl rcmy ln Rcstcrn inlwmcdbc

`nd prldukts. Out tfhs k`n lnmy oc ` sflrt tcra prlpls`m. Ucry slln, wf`tcvcr Rcstcrninlw-flw lr prldukts scca csscnth`m tl us, wc aust mc`rn tl prldukc tfca hn lur lwn w`y, whtf lur lwn a`tcrh`m, v`rh`thlns `nd aldhehk`thlns.Hn tfc ac`nwfhmc, flwcvcr, wc aust sct lur lrdhn`ry pclpmc ercc9 rcalvc tfc lost`kmcshn tfchr p`tf rcm`thnb tl usc le tfchr mlk`m pfyshk`m `nd a`tcrh`m rcslurkcs, `nd cnklur`bctfca tl usc tfchr t`mcnts tl rcouhmd tfchr lwn sf`ttcrcd wlrmds hn tfchr lwn v`rhlus w`ys(cvcn, he rcquhrcd, oy whtfdr`whnb tflsc m`ws nd rumcs wfhkf tcnd tl omlki wf`tcvcr tfcy`ttcapt, `nd iccphnb lur `dvhkc `nd krhthkhsa tl lurscmvcs). Lnmy tfcn k`n ltfcr mlk`mrcm`thlnsfhps nd mhni`bcs ocbhn tl klac mhvc9 slkhct`m a`nncrs nd acalry pcrt`hnhnbtl spckhehk kthvhthcs ocbhn tl bct wìcncd9 nd tfc rcouhmdhnb nlt rca`hn acrc klpy letfc p`st. Oy tìhnb `kklunt le tfc wlrmd `rlund ht, Hndh`n slkhcty whmm ocbhn tl hntcbr`tcsukf cmcacnts le Rcstcrn lr ltfcr tckfnlmlbhcs tf`t scca tl ht s rcmcv`nt nd sthaum`thnbelr hts lwn o`sc. Elr mm tfhs tl f`ppcn, prlelund mtcr`thln hn lur tthtudcs tlw`rds lurpclpmc `nd lur p`st f`s tl tìc pm`kc. Rc aust cnòmc lur pclpmc tl eccm alrc scme-`ssurcd, klnehdcnt, flpceum, prlud le tfchr t`mcnts `nd k`p`khthcs, `nd cnklur`bc tfca tlrcb`hn tfchr hndhvhdu`m `nd slkhct`m dhbnhty.Tl `kfhcvc tfhs st`tc, tfcy nccd tl `kquhrc ` octtcr `w`rcncss —cspckh`mmy s kfhmdrcn nd ylutf —le tfc fua`n p`st le tfchr mlk`mhthcs, nd tl cstòmhsf erhcndmy rcm`thlns whtf ltfcr ochnbs hnkmudhnb mm ihnds le `nha`m mhec `nd pm`nts, rhvcrs, mìcs, plnds, fhmms, elrcsts, slhmctk. wfhkf klcxhst whtf a`n. [hahm`rmy, wc sflumd ocbhn tl oc w`rc le tfc mhni`bc le c`kf`nd cvcry mlk`mhty whtf tfc haacdh`tc rcbhln, le tfc rcbhln whtf tfc kluntry, `nd le lurkluntry whtf ltfcr kluntrhcs ln tfhs c`rtf, `nd tfc c`rtf‘s mhni`bc whtf tfc klsals. Tfcsc ceelrts wlumd rcquhrc ncw tcxts le wcmm tlmd stlrhcs le mlk`mhthcs, rcbhlns, kluntrhcs,

tfc wlrmd, `nd tfc v`rhlus hdc`s òlut tfc ocbhnnhnb lr nln-ocbhnnhnb le tfc unhvcrsc.[ukf inlwmcdbc `nd `w`rcncss wlumd aìc lur pclpmc eccm klnehdcnt `nd wcmm hnelracd




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`nd `msl cnòmc tfca tl p`rtìc le tfc Hndh`n undcrst`ndhnb le mhec `nd le n`tur`mpfcnlacn`.Ht wlumd `msl brlund tfca hn tfc cmcacnts le v`rhlus skhcnkcs `nd tckfnlmlbhcs hn`brhkumturc, `nha`m fuso`ndry, elrcstry `nd krèts, `s wcmm `s hn fhstlry, pfhmlslpfy,bràa`r `nd m`nbu`bc. Tfus, oy òlut tfc `bc le elurtccn, lur kfhmdrcn — olys `s wcmm `s

bhrms— wlumd f`vc ocklac klapctcnt khthzcns le tfchr rcspckthvc `rc`s. @mm fhstlrhcs `rc cmòlr`tc ceelrts `t aytf-aìhnb. Tfcrcelrc, wfcn wc suoaht tl fhstlrhcs

òlut us wrhttcn oy ltfcrs, wc suoaht tl tfchr aytfs òlut us `s wcmm. Aytf-aìhnb, mhicnàhnb, hs ` tlicn le f`vhnb plwcr. [uoahtthnb tl ltfcrs‘ aytfs òlut us hs ` shbn tf`t wc `rc whtflut plwcr. @etcr tfc fhstlrhk`m wlri le Df`ràp`m, tfc sklpc elr aytf-aìhnb òlut tfcp`st le Hndh`n slkhcty hs nlw klnshdcròmy rcdukcd.

He wc aust klnthnuc tl mhvc oy aytfs, flwcvcr, ht hs e`r octtcr wc kfllsc tl mhvc oy tflscle lur lwn aìhnb r`tfcr tf`n oy tflsc hnvcntcd oy ltfcrs elr tfchr lwn purplscs, wfctfcrCnbmhsf lr G`p`ncsc. Tf`t aukf `t mc`st wc lwc lurscmvcs `s `n hndcpcndcnt slkhcty `ndn`thln.




x

@ KINLRMCDBCACNT[ H à br`tceum tl tfc ùtflrhthcs `nd stèe le tfc Orhthsf Auscua, tfc Hndh` Leehkc Mhor`ry, tfc_ly`m [lkhcty le Mlndln, `nd tfc N`thln`m Mhor`ry le [kltm`nd elr e`khmhthcs `nd `sshst`nkc rc-kchvcd durhnb tfhs rcsc`rkf. H a `msl tf`nieum tl tfc N`thln`m @rkfhvcs le Hndh` elr pcrahsshln

tl pcrusc tfchr rcklrds. H à eurtfcr tf`nieum tl tfc Trustccs le tfc Orhthsf Auscua elrpcrahsshln tl puomhsf cxtr`kts erla @dd As ?8?;; (Kf`ptcr HHH), @dd As 44;? (Kf`ptcr UHH), @dd As ;;828, ;;86:, ;3?5? (Kf`ptcr VUHH)9 tl tfc _ly`m [lkhcty le Mlndln, elr pcrahsshlntl puomhsf tfc a`nuskrhpt @.Z.3/?? (Kf`ptcr HU)9 `nd tl tfc Trustccs le tfc N`thln`m Mhor`ryle [kltm`nd elr pcrahsshln tl puomhsf cxtr`kts erla R`micr le Olwm`nd Z`pcrs, 064.`.;(Kf`ptcr VHH). Snpuomhsfcd Krlwn klpyrhbft a`tcrh`ms hn tfc Hndh` Leehkc Mhor`ry `nd Hndh`Leehkc _cklrds tr`nskrhocd hn tfhs olli `ppc`r oy pcrahsshln le tfc Klntrlmmcr le FcrA`gcsty‘s [t`thlncry Leehkc.

Aukf cnklur`bcacnt, `dvhkc `nd supplrt f`vc occn nckcss`ry hn tfc undcrtìhnb `ndklnthnu`thln le tfhs cxpmlrhnb nd rcsc`rkf durhnb tfc p`st 3-5 yc`rs. Ocshdcs ay whec, Zfymmhs,`nd ay p`rcnts, @nn`s`fco [`f`sròudfc, G`y`prì`sf N`r`y`n, _.I. Z`thm nd _à [w`rupf`vc prlvhdcd klnst`nt cnklur`bcacnt nd dvhkc durhnb tfhs rcsc`rkf. Tfc tflubfts mc`dhnb

tl ht, flwcvcr, dcvcmlpcd lvcr aukf mlnbcr pcrhld nd lwc tfchr ocbhnnhnb tl m`rbc nuaocrle erhcnds nd klmmc`bucs wfl f`vc fcmpcd ac lvcr tfc yc`rs hn ay undcrst`ndhnb le Hndh` nd orlubft ac nc`rcr tl hts v`rhcd mhec. Ahròcfn, Alfhnh Ahtt`m, [usfhm` A`df`v, [fà Irhsfn`Kf`ndhw`m`, I`phm Dcv Z`ndcy, G`bdhsf Zr`s`d Ahtt`m, [ht` _à Blcm, G`h Zrì`sf [f`ra`,Aumi _`g [ctfh, _llp N`r`y`n, Icd`r [hnbf, Trhmlih N`tf Zurw`r, Irhsfn` Aurth Bupt`, [`ty`N`r`y`n Bupt`, [undcr M`m O`fubun`, [uryì`nt Z`rhif, _àghof`h, Tumsh O`nncrgh, [`mhb_à Z`tfhi, Iuaof` _à @ry`, Cvcmyn Rlld `nd a`ny ltfcrs f`vc èelrdcd ac aukf letfchr thac nd ttcnthln tlw`rds kfhcvhnb ht. H à shahm`rmy ocflmdcn tl _à A`nlf`r Mlfh`,_. Of`si`r`n, Hr`v`th I`rvc, B. Ucni`t`kf`m`p`tfy `nd Ocnh A`df`v, `mm le wfla `rc nlalrc. _`gcsfw`r` Z`tcm, @.O. Kf`ttcrgh, O.M. [ctfh, _`dfìrhsfn`, N`rcndr` nd [w`r`n D`tt`,Bmyn nd T`nh` Cnbm`nd, Z`ndht nd Zrca Z`t`ni`r, [usfhm` nd Iumw`nt _`h, @.K. [cn, Blp`mIrhsfn`, M.K. G`hn, [.I. [`xcn`, Orhg Alf`n Tlle`n, Auiund M`t, Zrì`sf G`hn, N. Hsmà, A.H.Alhr, [. [`r`sw`tfh, _`nght Bupt`, Alfàacd _èhq If`n, `nd B.D. Of`th` àlnbst ltfcrsf`vc sflwn klnthnuhnb hntcrcst hn tfhs rcsc`rkf `nd f`vc r`hscd haplrt`nt qucsthlns `ndprlvhdcd v`muòmc subbcsthlns erla thac tl thac. H à p`rthkum`rmy lomhbcd tl Ocrnhc Flrlwhtz,[ymvh` G`klos `nd [urhndcr [urh elr `dvhkc `nd krhthkhsa9 tfc ehrst twl f`vc èelrdcd ackluntmcss flurs, durhnb tfchr sflrt st`y hn Hndh`, hn blhnb lvcr tfc drèts le tfc Hntrldukthln`s wcmm `s tcxt le tfc dlkuacnts hnkmudcd, `nd fcmpcd ac `vlhd a`ny phte`mms.

Tfc dlkuacnts rcprldukcd hn Kf`ptcrs H tl VUHH `rc prhntcd hn tfhs vlmuac whtf tfchrlrhbhn`m spcmmhnbs, punktu`thln `nd Cnbmhsf. Rfhmc `mm plsshomc k`rc f`s occn tìcn hn tfchrrcprldukthln, slac crrlrs rca`hn hn tfc prhntcd tcxt `nd tfcsc `rc ockùsc tfc wlrds `rchmmcbhomc hn tfc lrhbhn`m. Tfcsc crrlrs dl nlt aìc ny suost`nthvc mtcr`thln hn tfc ac`nhnb letfc klnkcrncd p`ss`bcs.

Gunc 0820Df`ràp`m




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Hntrldukthln Tfc prcscnt vlmuac hs p`rt le `n ttcapt tl undcrst`nd tfc eunkthlnhnb le tfc Hndh`n st`tc ndslkhcty slac chbft tl tcn bcncr`thlns o`ki, h.c., `rlund tfc pcrhld 023:, wfcn Hndh` ocb`n tle`mm undcr Curlpc`n dlahn`thln—ehrstmy hn tfc Tàhm `nd Tcmubu `rc`s, `nd ètcrw`rds hnOcnb`m nd cmscwfcrc. Tfhs ttcapt klnshstcd hn pcrus`m, durhnb 0855-2:, le slac le tfc v`stHndh`n rkfhv`m a`tcrh`m hn tfc Cnbmhsf m`nbu`bc mldbcd hn tfc rkfhvcs le Orht`hn. Tfhs vlmuacprcscnts slac le tfc a`glr chbftccntf `nd c`rmy nhnctccntf kcntury dlkuacnts elund durhnbtfhs sc`rkf ln tfc suogckt le skhcnkc `nd tckfnlmlby.

Tfc ùtflrs le tfcsc dlkuacnts kàc tl Hndh` hn v`rhlus k`p`khthcs7 `s ahmht`ry, acdhk`m`nd khvhmh`n scrv`nts le tfc Curlpc`n blvcrnacnts9 `s tr`vcmmcrs, slacthacs klahnb ln tfchrlwn, out alrc letcn scnt oy wc`mtfy p`trlns lr tfc ncwmy cstòmhsfcd mc`rncd slkhcthcs (mhictfc _ly`m [lkhcthcs le Z`rhs `nd Mlndln9 tfc [lkhcty le @rts hn Mlndln, ctk.)9 `nd slac, mhictfc Gcsuhts, kàc ln ocf`me le tfc v`rhlus Kfrhsth`n rcmhbhlus lrdcrs. @kklrdhnb tl tfcCurlpc`n skflm`rmy k`nlns le tfc thac, `mm tfcsc wcrc cxpcrts hn tfchr rcspckthvc ehcmds `nd wcrc klnshdcrcd tl oc klapctcnt tl rcplrt ln wf`t tfcy loscrvcd lr studhcd. Alst le tflsc,

hnkmudcd fcrc, spcnt ` suost`nth`m p`rt le tfchr `kthvc mhvcs hn dheecrcnt p`rts le Hndh`.Zr`kthk`mmy mm Curlpc`n skhcnthehk nd tckfnlmlbhk`m kklunts rcm`thnb tl tfc skhcnkcs ndtckfnlmlbhcs le nln-Curlpc`n kluntrhcs (hnkmudhnb tfc lncs rcprldukcd fcrc) rc `n lutklacle tfc scvcntccntf nd chbftccntf kcntury Curlpc`n qucst elr usceum inlwmcdbc hn tfcsc ehcmds.Tfc n`turc le tfc qucst htscme blt whdcr `nd alrc klapmcx whtf tfc p`sshnb le pr`kthk`mmy c`kfdck`dc. Ecw tfhnbs, cxkcpt ehnhsfcd klnsuacr bllds lr blmd `nd dhàlnds, ctk., wcrc nlthkcdhn tfc nln-Curlpc`n wlrmd oy tfc c`rmhcr Curlpc`n tr`vcmmcrs, scrv`nts le Curlpc`n st`tcs,`nd tfc skhcnthsts nd tckfnlmlbhsts, ctk. Tfhs w`s p`rtmy duc tl tfc sflrt dur`thlns wfhkf alstle tfca spcnt hn `ny p`rthkum`r `rc`. Out tfc prcplndcr`nt kùsc w`s tfc m`ki le rcquhshtcklaprcfcnshln àlnbst tfc mc`rncd le Curlpc le tfc prcv`hmhnb nln-Curlpc`n pr`kthkcs `ndtckfnlmlbhcs. [ukf m`ki le undcrst`ndhnb w`s cvcn alrc cvhdcnt àlnbst tfc mc`rncd leOrht`hn wfl, thmm òlut 06::, scca tl f`vc m`bbcd ocfhnd slac le tfc ltfcr p`rts le Curlpc hna`ny skhcnthehk `nd tckfnlmlbhk`m ehcmds oy òlut ehety yc`rs.

Twl cxàpmcs le sukf m`ki le klaprcfcnshln pcrt`hn tl tfc pr`kthkc le hnlkum`thln b`hnstsa`mmplx, `nd tfc usc le tfc drhmm pmlubf. Thmm 02?:, wfcn tfc whec le tfc tfcn Orhthsf @ao`ss`dlr hn Turicy, f`vhnb blt fcr kfhmdrcn sukkcsseummy hnlkum`tcd,0 ocb`n tl `dvlk`tc htshntrldukthln hntl Orht`hn, tfc pr`kthkc le hnlkum`thln w`s uninlwn tl tfc Orhthsf acdhk`m `ndskhcnthehk wlrmd. Zrlvhnb rcm`thvcmy sukkcsseum, tflubf elr ` klnshdcròmc pcrhld vcfcacntmylpplscd ? oy m`rbc sckthlns le tfc acdhk`m prlecsshln `nd tfc tfclmlbh`ns le Lxelrd, ctk., `n`w`rcncss brcw òlut hts v`muc `nd v`rhlus acdhk`m acn cnb`bcd tfcascmvcs hn cnquhrhcsklnkcrnhnb ht hn dheecrcnt m`nds. Tfc twl `kklunts le hnlkum`thln rcprldukcd fcrc `rc ` rcsumtle tfhs plst-02?: qucst.

[hahm`rmy olut tfc drhmm pmlubf. Tfc drhmm pmlubf hs s`hd tl f`vc occn ehrst uscd hn Curlpc

oy lnc Glscpf Mlk`tcmmh le K`rhntfh` (@ustrh`) hn 055?.; Hts ehrst hntrldukthln hn Cnbm`nd d`tcstl 02;:. Out ht tlli pcrf`ps `nltfcr 3: yc`rs ocelrc ht w`s uscd ln `ny sk`mc. Ht w`s uscd hn

Hndh` (`kklrdhnb tl tfc ùtflrs le Kf`ptcrs VHH `nd VHHH) erla thac haacalrh`m.Loscrv`thlns le hts usc, oy tfc Orhthsf, flwcvcr klumd lnmy ocbhn hn tfc m`st dck`dcs le tfcchbftccntf kcntury, ètcr hts `w`rcncss f`d d`wncd ln tfc alrc loscrv`nt àlnbst tfca.

Hnhth`mmy, tfc qucst hs mhahtcd `nd tfc qucrhcs wfhkf `rc put oy tfc v`rhlus Curlpc`nmc`rncd slkhcthcs nd hndhvhdu`m p`trlns tl tflsc le tfchr ihnd wfl f`vc st`ycd lr w`ndcrcd hntfc nln-Curlpc`n wlrmd, `rc e`hrmy shapmc. Hn klursc le thac, `s inlwmcdbc bcts `ddcd tlinlwmcdbc `nd ncwcr elraum`thlns dcvcmlp hn Curlpc, tfc qucst ocklacs whdcr `nd alrcslpfhsthk`tcd `nd tfc qucrhcs ocbhn tl oc klnkcrncd whtf tfc alrc klapmcx. Tfc hntcrcst hntfc Hndh`n a`nue`kturc le hkc9 hn tfc aìhnb le tfc ‖A`dr`s alrt`r‘9 hn tfc prlkcsscs le Hndh`nhrln nd stccm a`nue`kturc9 lr tfc loscrv`tlry t U`r`n`sh (Ocn`rcs) (trc`tcd s lnc le tfc ehvc‖kcmcor`tcd loscrv`tlrhcs‘ le tfc wlrmd oy tfc Cnkykmlp`cdh` Orht`nnhk` hn hts cdhthlns thmm06?;)9 tfc sc`rkf elr ncwcr kfcahk`ms `nd dycs, lr elr a`tcrh`ms elr tfc w`tcr-prllehnb le tfc




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olttla le sfhps (klnshdcròmc qu`nththcs le wfhkf wcrc scnt whtf hnelra`thln `s m`tc `s tfc028:s oy Olao`y klrrcsplndcnt tl tfc Zrcshdcnt le tfc Orhthsf _ly`m [lkhcty7 Kf`ptcr VUHH),`rlsc lut le r`phdmy aumthpmyhnb out spckhehk Curlpc`n nccds.

Ht hs hn tfhs klntcxt le whdcnhnb flrhzlns `s wcmm `s tfc urbcnt nccd elr a`tcrh`ms `ndprlkcsscs (p`rtmy rcsumthnb erla klnst`nt w`re`rc hn wfhkf tfc Curlpc`ns wcrc cnb`bcd

durhnb tfc brc`tcr p`rt le tfc chbftccntf kcntury) tf`t `kklunts le tfc ihnd prcscntcd fcrc wcrc wrhttcn `nd suoahttcd oy hndhvhdu`m Curlpc`ns tl tfchr rcspckthvc p`trlns. Ht hs hn tfcscCurlpc`n wrhthnbs le tfc pcrhld (h.c., erla òlut 02?: tl 06?:), tf`t lnc dhsklvcrs tfcloscrvcd dct`hms òlut skhcnkc `nd tckfnlmlby `s wcmm `s òlut tfc slkhcthcs, hnsthtuthlns,kustlas `nd m`ws le v`rhlus p`rts le tfc nln-Curlpc`n wlrmd. Ocelrc tfhs pcrhld, tfcCurlpc`n òhmhty tl klaprcfcnd tfhs ncw wlrmd w`s mhahtcd9 ètcr òlut 06?:, tfc inlwmcdbc`nd hnsthtuthlns le tfc nln-Curlpc`n wlrmd `msl ocb`n tl f`vc aukf mcss usceumncss tl tfcprlomcas le Curlpc. Eurtfcr, oy tfc 06?:s, alst p`rts le tfc nln-Curlpc`n wlrmd `rc nlmlnbcr tfcascmvcs. Tfchr hnsthtuthlns, skhcnkcs `nd tckfnlmlbhcs `rc nlt wf`t tfcy wcrc 3: lr` 0:: yc`rs c`rmhcr, `nd f`vc act tfc sàc e`tc `s tfchr plmhthk`m systcas `nd slvcrchbnty. Oytfc 06?:s lr sl, alst le tfc nln-Curlpc`n wlrmd f`d ocklac, t mc`st hn Curlpc`n tfclry ndalst klnvcnthln`m fhst lry tcxts, he nlt `ktu`mmy hn pr`kthkc, ‖o`kiw`rd `nd o`ro`rh`n‘.

Out tfc ha`bcry le o`kiw`rdncss `nd o`ro`rhsa wfhkf sthmm scrvcs `s ` dcskrhpthvc mòcmelr alst le tfc nln-Curlpc`n wlrmd w`s nl suddcn prldukt le tfc 06?:s lr `ny ltfcr dck`dc.Ht brcw lvcr ` e`hrmy mlnb pcrhld, out `t ` aukf `kkcmcr`tcd p`kc ètcr òlut 026:. A`ny le tfcplst-026: `kklunts rcemckt tfc brlwtf le tfhs `tthtudc àpmy.

Tfc whdcsprc`d prcv`mcnkc (nl mcss àlnbst tfc mc`rncd `nd skflm`rmy) le Curlpc`nctfnlkcntrhk oh`s hs drà`thk`mmy dcalnstr`tcd oy tfc plst-026: wrhthnbs ln Hndh`n`strlnlay `nd tfc loscrv`tlry `t Ocn`rcs. Ht klacs tfrlubf cvcn hn tfc vcry mc`rncd rcvhcw(p.46-8;) wfhkf Zrle Glfn Zm`ye`hr, prlecsslr le a`tfca`thks hn tfc Snhvcrshty le Cdhnourbf,`n `k`dcahkh`n le dhsthnkthln, dhd le tfc tfcn `kkuaum`tcd Curlpc`n inlwmcdbc ln Hndh`n`strlnlay. @etcr ` dct`hmcd cxàhn`thln, fc `rrhvcs `t tfc klnkmushln tf`t tfc Hndh`n`strlnlahk`m loscrv`thlns pcrt`hnhnb tl tfc pcrhld ;,0:? yc`rs ocelrc Kfrhst `ppc`rcd tl ocklrrckt oy cvcry klnkchvòmc tcst. [ukf klrrcktncss le loscrv`thln w`s plsshomc chtfcr tfrlubfklapmcx `strlnlahk`m k`mkum`thlns oy tfc Hndh`ns lr oy dhrckt loscrv`thln hn tfc yc`r ;0:?O.K. Fc kfllscs tfc m`ttcr cxpm`n`thln. Tfc rc`sln elr tfc rcgckthln le tfc cxpm`n`thln tf`ttfcsc klumd f`vc occn `rrhvcd `t oy tfc Hndh`ns tfrlubf `strlnlahk`m k`mkum`thln wlumd f`vchapmhcd tf`t ‖tfcrc f`d `rhscn ` Ncwtln àlnb tfc Or`fahns, tl dhsklvcr tf`t unhvcrs`mprhnkhpmc wfhkf klnnckts, nlt lnmy tfc alst dhst`nt rcbhlns le sp`kc, out tfc alst rcaltcpcrhlds le dur`thln, `nd ` Dc M` Br`nbc, tl tr`kc, tfrlubf tfc haacnshty le oltf hts alstsuotmc `nd klapmhk`tcd lpcr`thlns.‘ 4 Ht ockàc hntcmmcktu`mmy c`shcr elr fha tl klnkcdc tfhs`strlnlay‘s `nthquhty r`tfcr tf`n hts slpfhsthk`thln `nd tfc skhcnthehk k`p`khthcs le htsundcrmyhnb tfclrhcs.

Out cvcn tfc klnkcdhnb le hts acrc `nthquhty w`s le vcry sflrt dur`thln. Rhtf tfcstrcnbtfcnhnb le tfc eundàcnt`mhst `nd cv`nbcmhk`m Kfrhsth`n tcndcnkhcs, tfhs klnkcsshln

ocb`n tl mlli mhic om`spfcay. Iccphnb hn vhcw tfc Curlpc`n fhstlrhk`m prcahscs, lrhbhn`thnbhn tfc Lmd Tcstàcnt, ht w`s gust nlt klnkchvòmc elr `nytfhnb cxkcpt tfc st`tcd htcas tl f`vcsurvhvcd ‖tfc Dcmubc‘ wfhkf w`s klaputcd tl f`vc tìcn pm`kc hn tfc yc`r ?;46 O.K. Oy 0604,tflubf tfhnbs Hndh`n wcrc sthmm ochnb f`me-fc`rtcdmy dcecndcd oy ` glurn`m mhic tfc Cdhnourbf _cvhcw , cvcn tfc acrc nthquhty le Hndh`n strlnlay f`d rckchvcd ehn`m Curlpc`n dhsahss`m.

Rfhmc rcvhcwhnb Kuvhcr‘s ‖Tfc Tfclry le tfc C`rtf‘ 3, (hn wfhkf Kuvhcr f`d rhdhkumcd `nddhsahsscd tfc nkhcnt d`tc le tfc Hndh`n tòmcs), tfc Cdhnourbf _cvhcw tlli klbnhs`nkc le tfckf`nbcd `tthtudcs `nd rcm`thlnsfhps octwccn Curlpc `nd tfc nln-Curlpc`n wlrmd, `ndloscrvcd7 ‖Out tflubf tfc thdc le lphnhln sccas, elr slac thac p`st, tl f`vc sct strlnbmy`b`hnst tfc fhbf `nthquhty le tfc skhcnkcs le tfc C`st, ht dlcs nlt `ppc`r tf`t tfc a`hn`rbuacnts le tfc Fhstlrh`n le strlnlay Yh.c., O`hmmyQ f`vc cvcr occn rceutcd.‘ Ht trhcd tl rcslmvctfc klntr`dhkthln octwccn tfc Als`hk `nd Kfrhsth`n ocmhce, `nd tfc c`rmhcr d`tc le tfc Hndh`ntòmcs, oy dv`nkhnb tfc prlplshthln, tf`t ‖tfc c`rmy d`tc le tf`t @strlnlay, nd tfc usu`m d`tcle tfc Dcmubc, a`y oc pcrecktmy rcklnkhmcd, ln tfc supplshthln tf`t tfc elracr hs ` er`bacnt le




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`ntcdhmuvh`n skhcnkc, wfhkf f`d csk`pcd tfc bcncr`m dcstrukthln.‘ [ukf ` slmuthln le tfcklntrlvcrsy w`s, flwcvcr, nl mlnbcr pr`kthkòmc, nlr nckcss`ry erla tfc vhcwplhnt leCurlpc`n skflm`rsfhp, hn wf`t f`d oy tfcn ocklac `n cxkmushvcmy Curlpc`n kcntury.

Cvcn wfcn tfc nkhcntncss le Hndh`n strlnlay w`s ochnb klnkcdcd, s w`s dlnc oy ZrleZm`ye`hr, ht w`s dheehkumt tl `daht tf`t tfc chbftccntf kcntury Hndh`n `strlnlacrs `nd skflm`rs

ln tfc suogckt f`d `ny rc`m klapctcnkc. @kklrdhnb tl Zm`ye`hr, tfc chbftccntf kcntury Hndh`n`strlnlacr f`d ‖mhttmc inlwmcdbc le tfc prhnkhpmcs ln wfhkf fhs rumcs `rc elundcd, `nd nl`nxhcty tl oc octtcr hnelracd.‘ 5 Xct ht w`s lnmy tfrlubf hntcrklursc whtf Hndh`n `strlnlacrs`nd oy ac`ns le hnstrukthln `nd d`t` rckchvcd erla tfca tf`t tfc Curlpc`n inlwmcdbc leHndh`n `strlnlay klumd oc `kquhrcd. Ht w`s tfus `kquhrcd oy A. Mc Bcnthm durhnb fhs vhsht tlHndh` òlut 0258. @kklrdhnb tl tfc Cnkykmlp`cdh` Orht`nnhk` 7 ‖Durhnb tfc thac le fhs st`y hnFhndust`n, tfc Or`fahns f`d occn aukf alrc eàhmh`r whtf fha ln `kklunt le fhs`strlnlahk`m inlwmcdbc, tf`n tfcy usu`mmy wcrc whtf Curlpc`ns, `nd fc tfus f`d `nlpplrtunhty le lot`hnhnb klnshdcròmc hnshbft hntl tfchr actflds le k`mkum`thln. Hnklnscqucnkc le tfhs hnstrukthln fc puomhsfcd tòmcs nd rumcs, kklrdhnb tl tfc Hndh`n actfld,hn tfc @k`dcay le [khcnkc elr 022?.‘ 2

Tfc bcncr`m hnklaaunhk`thvcncss le chbftccntf kcntury Hndh`n skflm`rs `nd spckh`mhstshn tfc v`rhlus ehcmds f`d twl prloòmc rllts7 lnc, tfc usu`m sckrcthvcncss le sukf pcrslns, nd,twl, tfc vcry slpfhsthk`thln `nd klapmcxhty le tfchr tfclrhcs wfhkf hn tfchr vhcw (wfctfcrrhbftmy lr wrlnbmy) wlumd nlt f`vc occn undcrstlld oy alst Curlpc`ns. Ht hs plsshomc tf`t tfc v`rhlus skhcnkcs `nd tckfnlmlbhcs wcrc ln ` dckmhnc hn Hndh` `rlund 023: `nd, pcrf`ps, f`d occn ln ` shahm`r klursc elr scvcr`m kcnturhcs prcvhlusmy. Out tfcrc sccas mhttmc dluot tf`t tfcprlkcsscs, actflds, tfclrhcs `nd elraum`thlns dcskrhocd hn tfc klntcaplr`ry `kkluntshnkmudcd hn tfhs vlmuac wcrc vcry aukf ` mhvhnb rc`mhty hn tfc `rc`s le Hndh` tl wfhkf tfcypcrt`hn. Rfctfcr tfcsc wcrc `msl uscd lr tùbft lr dhskusscd hn alst ltfcr p`rts hs ` a`ttcrelr dct`hmcd hnvcsthb`thln, nlt lnmy hntl tfc Cnbmhsf m`nbu`bc rcklrds, out alrc sl hn tfcsurvhvhnb hndhbcnlus Hndh`n rcklrds le tfc pcrhld, `nd `msl tfc Hndh`n `rkfhv`m a`tcrh`m hnltfcr elrchbn m`nbu`bcs. Flw dl ahd-chbftccntf kcntury Hndh`n skhcnkcs `nd tckfnlmlbhcsklap`rc whtf tfc skhcnkcs `nd tckfnlmlbhcs hn c`rmhcr pcrhlds rcquhrcs shahm`r hnvcsthb`thln.

Tfc m`tcr chbftccntf kcntury Curlpc`n ctfnlkcntrhk prclkkup`thlns f`d ltfcrdhacnshlns `msl. [lac le tfcsc `rc cxprcsscd hn Kf`ptcrs HHH `nd U, wfcrcoy cvcrytfhnbcxhsthnb cmscwfcrc hs vhsu`mhscd tl f`vc f`d hts lrhbhn hn Hndh`. @ dheecrcnt dhacnshln w`s cx-prcsscd hn prlplshthlns mhic7 ‖Tfc Fhndu rcmhbhln f`d hts lrhbhn hn tfc Orhthsf Hsmcs,‘ 6 (wfhkf w`s fcmd tl oc tfc [wct` Dwhp` le tfc Fhndu km`sshks). Tflubf pcrf`ps nlt sl hntcndcd, `mmle tfcsc klnemhkthnb spckum`thlns `nd elraum`thlns umtha`tcmy mcd tl tfc suovcrshln le tfc nln-Curlpc`n wlrmd. A`ny dhrcktmy klnehracd tfc brlwhnb Curlpc`n vhcw le tfc o`ro`rhsa `ndhbnlr`nkc le tfc nln-Curlpc`ns9 tfc ltfcrs scrvcd tfc sàc purplsc oy ocklahnb c`sy t`rbctselr Curlpc`n rhdhkumc `nd klntcapt.

HH Elur le tfc `kklunts hnkmudcd hn tfhs vlmuac dc`m whtf `strlnlay `nd twl whtf a`tfca`thks.Tfc loscrv`tlry t Ocn`rcs dcskrhocd oy [hr _locrt O`ricr, etcr vhsht tl ht hn 022?, sthmm cxhstsalrc lr mcss hnt`kt `nd hs `t prcscnt inlwn `s tfc A`n A`ndhr. Ht st`nds lnmy ` ecw fundrcd y`rds `w`y erla tfc D`s`svàcdf` Bf`t. Hts `ppc`r`nkc tld`y sccas cvcn alrc ncbmcktcd(Ht hs tr`bhk tf`t lnc le tfc ehvc kcmcor`tcd loscrv`tlrhcs le tfc wlrmd (`nd hn Hndh` tfc alstkcmcor`tcd), tflubf sthmm hnt`kt, rca`hns hn klapmctc ncbmckt. Hts kluntcrp`rts hn Orht`hn,Er`nkc, ctk. `rc brc`tmy kfcrhsfcd `nd scrvc `s tfc rcplshtlrhcs `nd kcntrcs le tfchr rcspckthvc`strlnlahk`m inlwmcdbc. Hndh` lwcs tf`t aukf tl htscme `nd hts pclpmc tf`t pm`kcs mhic tfc A`nA`ndhr `rc dumy kfcrhsfcd `nd mllicd ètcr.) tf`n tf`t dcskrhocd twl kcnturhcs `bl, cxkcpttf`t ` ecw pm`tcs f`vc occn ehxcd hndhk`thnb tfc nàcs le tfc v`rhlusy`ntr`s (hnstruacnts) hnFhndh `nd Cnbmhsf. Twl ltfcr pm`qucs hndhk`tc tfc pcrhld le tfc ouhmdhnb `nd tfc d`tc le tfccrckthln le tfc loscrv`tlry. Rfhmc tfc ouhmdhnb hs st`tcd tl f`vc occn ouhmt hn tfc m`tc shxtccntfkcntury, tfc rcmcv`nt pm`quc st`tcs tfc crckthln le tfc loscrv`tlry hn tfc c`rmy chbftccntf.




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[ukf pm`yhnb òlut whtf tfc d`tcs le tfc elundhnb le tfc loscrv`tlry f`s ` kurhlus t`mc tltcmm. O`ricr‘s `kklunt w`s puomhsfcd hn tfc Tr`ns`kthlns le tfc Orhthsf _ly`m [lkhcty hn 0222`nd ht put tfc crckthln le tfc loscrv`tlry slac twl kcnturhcs prcvhlusmy. Hn 028?, hn klnelrahty whtf tfc rcqucst le ` Ecmmlw le tfc _ly`m [lkhcty, `nltfcr rcplrt ln tfc loscrv`tlry w`srckchvcd erla lnc G.M. Rhmmhàs le Ocn`rcs. Tfhs w`s puomhsfcd hn tfcTr`ns`kthlns hn 028;.8

Lnc le tfc twl a`hn plhnts wfhkf tfhs m`tcr `kklunt, `s he hn p`sshnb, trhcd tl aìc w`stf`t tfc loscrv`tlry lnmy kàc hntl ochnb slac 3:-5: yc`rs c`rmhcr `nd w`s nlt ouhmt hn tfcshxtccntf kcntury —`s st`tcd oy tfc Ocnb`m klaa`ndcr-hn-kfhce hn fhs `rthkmc puomhsfcd hn0222. Tl supplrt tfhs klntcnthln, ht prldukcd wf`t ht km`hacd tl oc tfc lphnhln le tfc Hndh`na`bhstr`tc le Ocn`rcs (wfl, hnkhdcnt`mmy, whtf fhs klmmc`bucs w`s hn tfc prlkcss le ochnbdhspm`kcd oy Orhthsf gudbcs `nd a`bhstr`tcs tfrlubf tfc ncwmy cn`ktcd ‖Klrnw`mmhs‘ Gudhkh`m_cbum`thlns). Tfc a`bhstr`tc hs `mmcbcd tl f`vc s`hd tf`t tflubf tfc ouhmdhnb w`s ouhmt oy‖_`g`f Aùnshnb, elr tfc rcplsc le flmy acn `nd phmbrhas‘, tfc ‖loscrv`tlry w`s ouhmt, oy tfc_`g`f Gcyshnb.‘ Eurtfcr, ht w`s ocbun hn 0284 suaout (@.D. 02;2) nd ehnhsfcd hn twl yc`rs ndtf`t tfc _`g`f dhcd hn 06:: suaout (@.D. 024;). Tl tfhs w`s ddcd tfc cvcn ‖wchbfthcr‘ lphnhlnle tfc Or`fahns le Ocn`rcs ‖lnc le wfla hs prlecsslr le `strlnlay hn tfc ncw elundcdklmmcbc.‘ @kklrdhnb tl fha, ‖tfcy `mm `brccd tf`t tfhs loscrv`tlry ncvcr w`s uscd, nlr dhd tfcy

tfhni ht k`pòmc le ochnb uscd, elr `ny nhkc loscrv`thlns9 `nd ocmhcvc ht w`s ouhmt alrc elrlstcnt`thln, tf`n tfc prlalthln le usceum inlwmcdbc.‘ Ocshdcs tfcsc twl plhnts, tfc `rthkmcb`vc tfc ac`s urcacnts le tfc v`rhlus hnstruacnts out st`tcd tf`t ‖erla tfc w`nt le sueehk hcntinlwmcdbc le tfc skhcnkc le `strlnlay, H f`vc nlt occn òmc tl dcskrhoc tfc dheecrcnthnstruacnts, `nd tfchr uscs, s`thse`ktlrhmy9 flwcvcr, ylu a`y rcmy ln tfc ac`surcacnts ochnbtìcn whtf tfc brc`tcst cx`ktncss.‘

Tfc suogckt le tfc Ocn`rcs loscrv`tlry w`s b`hn tìcn up hn 0286 oy Rhmmhà Funtcr, n`sshst`nt tl tfc Orhthsf _cshdcnt `t tfc A`rf`tt` k`pht`m `t Zlln`, hn `n `rthkmc, ‖[lac `kkluntle tfc strlnlahk`m mòlurs le G`y`shnf`, _`g` le @aofcrc, lr G`y`n` b`r‘. Tfc hntcrcst hn _`g`G`y`shnf` hs cxpm`hncd7 ‖@rhshnb supcrhlr tl tfc prcgudhkcs le cduk`thln, le n`thln`m prhdc `ndrcmhbhln‘, G`y`shnf` strlvc tl cnrhkf fhs kluntry ‖whtf skhcnthehk trutf dcrhvcd erla ` elrchbnslurkc‘, hn tfhs p`rthkum`r hnst`nkc, Curlpc. Tfc wrhtcr w`s quhtc k`ndhd ` nd lutsplicn òlutfhs purplsc. Fc s`hd7 ‖H f`vc `mw`ys tflubft, tf`t ètcr f`vhnb klnvhnkcd tfc c`stcrn n`thlnsle lur supcrhlrhty hn plmhky `nd hn `ras, nltfhnb k`n klntrhoutc alrc tl tfc cxtcnshln le lurn`thln`m bmlry, tf`n tfc dheeushln àlnb tfca le ` t`stc elr Curlpc`n skhcnkc. @nd `s tfcac`ns le prlalthnb sl dcshròmc n cnd, tflsc alnb tfc n`thvcs wfl f`vc pcnctr`thln tl scc,`nd hnbcnulusncss tl lwn hts supcrhlr `kkur`ky `nd cvhdcnkc, lubft tl oc kfcrhsfcd.‘ 0:

Tfhs `rthkmc a`dc `n `ttcapt tl prlvhdc dlkuacnt`ry cvhdcnkc le tfc Ocn`rcsloscrv`tlry `s f`vhnb occn tfc krc`thln le tfhs c`rmy chbftccntf kcntury _`g` G`y`shnf` oyqulthnb erla wf`t hs k`mmcd tfc Wccg Alfàacdsf`fy . (He ht sthmm cxhsts, aukf alrc nccds tl oc inlwn òlut tfhs ahd-chbftccntf kcntury dlkuacnt7 flw ht kàc tl oc wrhttcn, oy wfla,undcr wflsc p`trln`bc nd hn wf`t yc`r.) @kklrdhnb tl tfhs dlkuacnt, f`vhnb ‖`sscaomcd tfc`strlnlacrs `nd bclactrhkh`ns le tfc e`htf le Hsmà `nd tfc Or`fahns `nd Zundhts, `nd tfc`strlnlacrs le Curlpc‘ ctk., G`y`shnf` ‖olund tfc bhrdmc le rcslmuthln òlut tfc mlhns le fhsslum, `nd klnstruktcd (`t Dcfmy) scvcr`m le tfc hnstruacnts le `n loscrvtlry.‘ @nd ‖hn lrdcrtl klnehra tfc trutf le tfcsc loscrv`thlns‘ h.c., `t Dcfmy, ‖fc klnstruktcd hnstruacnts le tfcsàc ihnd hn [cw`h Gcypllr `nd A`tr`, `nd Ocn`rcs `nd Lugchn.‘ Rhtf tfc elrc blhnbst`tcacnt erla tfc Wccg Alfàacdsf`fy, tfc dlkuacnt`ry prlle cndcd. Elr tfc rcst, fc`ddcd7 ‖Tfc loscrv`tlry `t Ocn`rcs f`vhnb occn dcskrhocd oy [hr _locrt O`ricr `nd Ar Rhmmhàs, H f`vc lnmy ` ecw rca`ris tl leecr, hn `ddhthln tl tfc `kklunt dcmhvcrcd oy tflscbcntmcacn‘ 00 `nd tfc wrhtcr a`dc slac alrc loscrv`thlns ln hts ac`surcacnts, ctk.

U`rhlus ltfcr Orhthsfcrs scca tl f`vc blnc `nd a`dc rcplrts ln tfc Ocn`rcs loscrv`tlryhn tfc c`rmy dck`dcs le tfc nhnctccntf kcntury. Out tfc suogckt slln dhs`ppc`rcd erla puomhkdhskusshln. Ht w`s rc-lpcncd hn 08?: oy tfc ùtflr le ‖@ Buhdc tl tfc Lmd Loscrv`tlrhcs‘, 0? lrhbhn`mmy puomhsfcd oy tfc @rkf`clmlbhk`m [urvcy le Hndh`. Ht st`tcd tf`t tfc A`n A`ndhr h.c.,

tfc `ktu`m ouhmdhnb le tfc Ocn`rcs loscrv`tlry, ‖w`s ouhmt òlut tfc ocbhn nhnb le tfcscvcntccntf kcntury. Tfc strlnlahk`m hnstruacnts wcrc ddcd oy G`h [hnbf òlut @.D. 02;2.‘




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Hts`hd eurtfcr7 ‖Tfc d`tc hs nlt kcrt`hn, nd nc`rmy cvcry wrhtcr bhvcs dheecrcnt lnc.‘ Ht eurtfcrloscrvcd, ‖Zrhnscp wrltc7 ”Tfc ouhmdhnb w`s klnvcrtcd hntl n loscrv`tlry oy G`yshnbf hn @.D.056:‑ nd rcecrs tl supplscd dcskrhpthln le ht oy T`vcrnhcr.‘ Dhsahsshnb mm tfcsc ltfcr d`tcs(Zrhnscp, whtf ` elltnltc7 ‖T`vcrnhcr dhcd hn 0568, tfrcc yc`rs ètcr G`h [hnbf‘s ohrtf.‘) tfhsùtflr klnkmudcd tf`t ‖Rhmmhàs‘ d`tc elr tfc loscrv`tlry `t Ocn`rcs, 02;2, a`y oc `kkcptcd‘`s fc ‖ln `mm plhnts tf`t k`n oc vcrhehcd, hs cxtrcacmy rcmhòmc‘, `nd qultcd Funtcr `s spcìhnb‖le tfc `kkur`ky le Ar Rhmmhàs‘ ac`surcacnts.‘ 0;

Tfc chbftccntf kcntury d`thnb le tfc Ocn`rcs loscrv`tlry tfus rcsts ln tfc twl `rthkmcspuomhsfcd hn 028; `nd 0286 rcspckthvcmy9 tfc ehrst, `t tfc hnst`nkc le ` Ecmmlw le tfc _ly`m[lkhcty, `nd tfc scklnd, hn ` mlnbcr phckc whsfhnb tl klnvhnkc tfc C`stcrn n`thlns le tfcsupcrhlrhty le Curlpc`n chbftccntf kcntury skhcnkc whtf ` vhcw tl ‖klntrhoutc alrc tl tfccxtcnshln le lur n`thln`m bmlry.‘ Rf`t T`vcrnhcr s`hd hn fhs puomhsfcd, ‖Tr`vcms‘ w`s7 ‖Nc`r tltfhs brc`t Z`bld, upln tfc suaacr-wcst, st`nds ` ihnd le ` klmmcbc wfhkf tfc _`g` Gcsschnbtfc alst pltcnt le `mm tfc hdlm`tcrs hn tfc Album‘s caphrc, ouhmt elr tfc cduk`thln le tfc ylutfle tfc octtcr slrt.‘ 04 T`vcrnhcr vhshtcd Ocn`rcs hn 0533-5. Ht a`y oc `ddcd tf`t quhtc ` ecw‖G`y`shnf`‘ (spcmt v`rhlusmy) f`vc occn _`g`s le ‖@aofcrc‘ tfrlubf tfc kcnturhcs. Ht hs plssh omctf`t tfhs e`kt f`s `msl klntrhoutcd tl dheecrcnt wrhtcrs km`hahnb whdcmy scp`r`tc d`tcs elr tfc

klnstrukthln le tfc Ocn`rcs loscrv`tlry. @ r`tfcr kurhlus plhnt `rhscs fcrc lut le tfhs kfrlnlmlby òlut tfc d`thnb le tfc Ocn`rcsloscrv`tlry7 O`ricr `mlnb whtf Zc`rsc, `nd @. Kàpocmm vhshtcd tfc loscrv`tlry hn 022?. He tfcloscrv`tlry w`s `ktu`mmy ouhmt hn 02;2, ht w`s lnmy ;3 yc`rs lmd `t tfhs d`tc. Oltf O`ricr `ndZc`rsc spckhehk`mmy st`tc tf`t ht f`d occn tfcrc elr slac twl kcnturhcs. Tfcy aust f`vc `rrhvcd`t tfhs st`tcacnt ètcr accthnb `nd klnvcrshnb whtf pcrslns wfl, he tfc loscrv`tlry f`d occnklnstruktcd lnmy ;3 yc`rs prcvhlusmy, aust f`vc occn cyc whtncsscs tl hts klnstrukthln. @stfcrc w`s nl klntrlvcrsy hn 022? òlut tfc d`tc le tfc klnstrukthln le tfc loscrv`tlry, ht hshnklnkchvòmc tf`t O`ricr‘s hnelra`nts ahsmcd fha ln tfhs plhnt. Tfc klnvcrshln le twlkcnturhcs hntl ;3 yc`rs hs tfc alst eòumlus `spckt le tfhs m`tcr klntrlvcrsy. Ncxt hs tfc mlnb`nd mc`rncd rcvhcw (Kf`ptcr HH), ‖_ca`ris ln tfc @strlnlay le tfc Or`fahns‘, oy GlfnZm`ye`hr, rc`d oy fha hn 0268. Hn tfhs `rthkmc, tfc ùtflr ocbhns oy rcecrrhnb tl kcrt`hn`strlnlahk`m tòmcs rckchvcd erla tfc C`st Hndhcs oy Curlpc`n skflm`rs `t `n c`rmy st`bc hntfchr klnt`kt whtf tfc C`st. [lac le tfcsc tòmcs wcrc rckchvcd erla [hà `nd tfchr ‖cplkf‘klrrcsplndcd tl ?0 A`rkf 5;6 @.D. Out tfc plhnt tl nltc w`s tf`t tfc ‖acrhdh`n‘ le tfcsc tòmcs w`s nlt [hà out Ocn`rcs!

Ltfcr tòmcs rckchvcd erla [lutf Hndh` f`d lnc tfhnb hn klaaln. Tfchr ‖cplkf‘ klhnkhdcs whtf tfc cr` le I`mhyub` , tf`t hs, whtf tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc yc`r ;0:? O.K. Zrle Zm`ye`hr ocbhns oy cnquhrhnb wfctfcr tfc ‖cplkf‘ w`s rc`m lr ehkththlus9 tf`t hs, wfctfcr tfc pm`nct`ry plshthlns`t tf`t thac wcrc `ktu`mmy loscrvcd lr wcrc acrcmy k`mkum`tcd o`ki erla tfc ‖cplkfs‘ le alrcaldcrn tòmcs tl klhnkhdc whtf ` aytfhk`m I`mhyub` .

Zrle Zm`ye`hr loscrvcs tf`t ht hs nlt elr `strlnlay, cvcn hn hts alst pcreckt st`tc, tl bl o`ki 45 kcnturhcs `nd tl `skcrt`hn tfc shtu`thln le tfc fc`vcnmy oldhcs `t sl rcaltc ` pcrhld,cxkcpt whtf tfc fcmp le m`tcmy dcvcmlpcd Hntcbr`m K`mkumus `nd tfc Tfclry le Br`vht`thln. Fcehnds tf`t tfc plshthlns le tfc pm`ncts `s bhvcn hn tfcsc tòmcs hs vcry kmlsc tl tfc plshthln `sk`mkum`tcd o`ki whtf tfc fcmp le aldcrn Hntcbr`m K`mkumus `nd tfc Tfclry le Br`vht`thln. @mmltfcr systcas le k`mkum`thln, wfctfcr Kf`mdc`n lr Cbypth`n lr Brcci wfhkf tfc Fhndus ahbftf`vc uscd elr tfchr purplsc b`vc vcry dheecrcnt rcsumts.

[l elr fha, tfc hncsk`pòmc klnkmushln hs tf`t tfcsc plshthlns wcrc loscrvcd oy tfcOr`fahns, nd ht hs r`tfcr wlndcr tf`t tfc Or`fahns klumd dl sl r`tfcr prckhscmy t sl dhst`nt` p`st. Zrle Zm`ye`hr `msl loscrvcd tf`t tfc klnstrukthln le tfcsc tòmcs hapmhcd ` blldinlwmcdbc le bclactry `nd `rhtfacthk, `s wcmm `s tfc plsscsshln le ` K`mkumus cqu`m tlTrhblnlactry.

Tfc p`pcr (Kf`ptcr HU) oy Klmlncm T.D. Zc`rsc, scnt oy fha tl tfc _ly`m [lkhcty, Mlndln,`nd survhvhnb hn tfchr `rkfhvcs, rcecrs tl tfc Hndh`n inlwmcdbc le tfc elur [`tcmmhtcs le Guphtcr`nd tfc scvcn [`tcmmhtcs le [`turn. Zc`rsc eurtfcr ecmt tf`t tfc Hndh`ns aust f`vc plsscsscdslac ihnd le tcmcsklphk hnstruacnts tl f`vc `kquhrcd sukf dct`hmcd inlwmcdbc. Tfc ùtflr le




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Zc`rsc‘s acalhrs, wfhmc hnkmudhnb ` smhbftmy aldhehcd vcrshln le tfhs phckc hn tfc acalhrs,st`tcs7

Rc k`nnlt p`ss tfhs hntcrcsthnb klaaunhk`thln whtflut leecrhnb slac rcemckthln uplntfc suogckts ht caor`kcs. Tfc khrkuast`nkcs le tfc elur bhrms d`nkhnb rlund tfc ehburc leGuphtcr, `s tfcy lubft tl oc `kklrdhnb tl tfc Or`fahn‘s st`tcacnt tl Klmlncm Zc`rsc, hs `

strlnb `rbuacnt hn e`vlur le tfc supcrhlr inlwmcdbc le tfc fc`vcnmy oldhcs wfhkf tfc`nkhcnt @ròh`ns `nd Fhndus plsscsscd. Tfc elur d`nkhnb bhrms cvhdcntmy rcprcscnt tfcelur s`tcmmhtcs le Guphtcr. Tfcsc khrkuaglvh`m s`tcmmhtcs (`s tfcy `rc stymcd oy aldcrn`strlnlacrs erla tfc quhri le tfchr althlns hn tfchr lrohts) wcrc nlt inlwn hn Curlpc ocelrc tfc yc`r 05:8, `nd tfc tfhrd `nd elurtf lnmy `rc vhshomc, `nd tfhs out r`rcmy `nd hntfc kmc`rcst `talspfcrc tl tfc nìcd cyc. Out ht hs trumy hntcrcsthnb `nd kurhlus tf`t tfcehburc le [`turn sflumd oc rcprcscntcd whtf scvcn ras. @t tfc thac Klmlncm Zc`rsc wrltcfhs mcttcr tl tfc _ly`m [lkhcty, tfc shxtf s`tcmmhtc le [`turn f`d nlt occn dhsklvcrcd7 ht w`sehrst dhsklvcrcd oy Fcrskfcm ln tfc ?6 @ubust 02689 `nd tfc scvcntf s`tcmmhtc, wfhkf tfcscvcntf `ra le tfc ehburc, whtflut dhsputc, aust oc hntcndcd tl rcprcscnt, w`s nltdhsklvcrcd oy Fcrskfcm unthm fc f`d klapmctcd fhs br`nd tcmcsklpc le 4: ecct elk`m mcnbtf, wfcn ht w`s ehrst loscrvcd oy fha ln tfc 02 [cptcaocr 0268. @mm tfc s`tcmmhtcs le [`turn

`rc sl sa`mm, `nd tfc pm`nct hs sl rcaltc erla tfc c`rtf, tf`t tfc ocst tcmcsklpcs `rcnckcss`ry elr loscrvhnb tfca. A`y nlt tfc scvcntf `ra f`vhnb flmd le tfc rhnb dcnltc `khrkuast`nkc klnncktcd whtf tfc lrohts le tfcsc pm`ncts, wfhkf hs tf`t tfc pm`ncs le tfchrlrohts sl nc`rmy `kklrd whtf tf`t le tfc rhnb, tf`t tfc dheecrcnkc hs nlt pcrkcpthomc<Sndluotcdmy, tfc `nkhcnt `strlnlacrs aust f`vc plsscsscd tfc ocst hnstruacnts7prloòmy dheecrhnb erla aldcrn lncs, out eummy `s plwcreum.Tfc wrhtcr `ddcd eurtfcr7 ‖Rc `rc nlt `w`rc tf`t tfc _ly`m [lkhc ty hn `ny le hts prhntcd

p`pcrs f`vc nlthkcd Klmlncm Zc`rsc‘s klaaunhk`thln, out lur ha`bhn`thln, w`ramy hntcrcstcd`s ht f`s occn hn `mm tf`t rcm`tcs tl tfc suogckt le tfc prcscnt acalhr, f`s phkturcd tfcprloòhmhty tf`t Klmlncm Zc`rsc‘s p`pcr a`y f`vc act tfc cyc le Fcrskfcm, `nd a`y f`vc occn`n `ddhthln`m spur tl tfc hndce`thbòmc `nd wlndcreum mòlurs le tf`t brc`t a`n.‘ 03

_cuocn Ourrlw‘s unpuomhsfcd p`pcr (Kf`ptcr HHH) w`s ddrcsscd tl tfc Orhthsf BlvcrnlrBcncr`m R`rrcn F`sthnbs slln ètcr Ourrlw f`d klac tl Hndh` tl tìc up fhs ncw glo `tK`mkutt`. Ht hs fhbfmy spckum`thvc nd hn w`y hs alrc hn mhnc whtf tfc klntcaplr`ry hntcmmcktu`mtr`dhthln le tfc Curlpc`n cnmhbftcnacnt le tfc chbftccntf kcntury. (Tfc tr`dhthln f`s, hn e`kt,klnthnucd wcmm hntl tfc prcscnt thac9 lnmy `s thac p`sscd, flwcvcr, ht f`s ocklac alrc `ndalrc Curlkcntrhk. Tfc m`tc 08tf kcntury dhktua, ‖Cxkcpt tfc omhnd elrkcs le n`turc, nltfhnbalvcs hn tfhs wlrmd wfhkf hs nlt Brcci hn hts lrhbhn,‘ cnunkh`tcd oy A`hnc (lnc -thac M`wAcaocr le tfc Blvcrnlr Bcncr `m‘s Klunkhm hn Hndh`) w`s acrcmy `n hntcmmcktu`m `nd skflm`rmycxprcsshln le tfc alunthnb Curlkcntrhk kf`r`ktcr le tfhs spckum`thvcncss.) Tflubf hn htscme htdlcs nlt prlvhdc aukf e`ktu`m d`t`, nd pcrf`ps klacs tl cvcn scvcr`m crrlnclus klnkmushlns`s wc wlumd scc tfca tld`y, hts vcry spckum`thvcncss sccas tl f`vc prlvhdcd hnsphr`thln `ndsthaumus tl ` nuaocr le suoscqucnt cnquhrhcs òlut Hndh`n skhcnkcs, p`rthkum`rmya`tfca`thks. Tfc `rthkmc ‖@ Zrlle tf`t tfc Fhndus f`d tfc Ohnlah`m Tfclrca‘ oy Ourrlwfhascme, `nd tfc m`tcr dhsscrt`thln oy F.T. Klmcorllic ln ‖Fhndu @mbcor`‘ (bhvcn `shntrldukthln tl fhs tr`nsm`thln le ‖@mbcor` whtf @rhtfacthk `nd Acnsur`thln‘ le Or`fa`bupt``nd Of`sk`r `) dckhdcdmy elmmlw sukf spckum`thvcncss. @kinlwmcdbhnb Ourrlw‘s klntrhouthln,p`rthkum`rmy hn orhnbhnb Hndh`n @mbcor` tl tfc nlthkc le Curlpc`ns, tfc `rthkmc ln ‖@mbcor`‘ hntfc Cnkykmlp`cdh` Orht`nnhk` (6tf cdhthln) st`tcd7

Rc `rc hndcotcd, wc ocmhcvc, tl Ar _cuocn Ourrlw elr slac le tfc c`rmhcst nlthkcs wfhkfrc`kfcd Curlpc ln tfhs vcry kurhlus suogckt. Fhs c`bcrncss tl hmmustr`tc tfc fhstlry le tfca`tfca`thk`m skhcnkcs mcd fha tl klmmckt lrhcnt`m a`nuskrhpts, slac le wfhkf hn tfcZcrsh`n m`nbu`bc, whtf p`rth`m tr`nsm`thlns, wcrc ocquc`tfcd tl fhs erhcnd Ar D`moy le tfc_ly`m Ahmht`ry Klmmcbc, wfl klaaunhk`tcd tfca tl sukf s tlli `n hntcrcst hn tfc suogckt,òlut tfc yc`r 06::. 05

Tfc rthkmc (Kf`ptcr U) ln ‖tfc Ohnlah`m Tfclrca‘ w`s puomhsfcd hn 028: hn K`mkutt`. Thmmtfcn, nd hn Orhthsf rcecrcnkc ollis mhic tfc Cnkykmlp`cdh` Orht`nnhk` wcmm hntl tfc twcnthctf




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kcntury, tfc dhsklvcry le tfhs tfclrca f`s occn krcdhtcd tl Ncwtln. 02 [lac tfhrty yc`rs m`tcr,Ourrlw‘s `rthkmc w`s elmmlwcd oy `nltfcr thtmcd ‖Css`y ln tfc Ohnlah`m Tfclrca9 `s inlwn tltfc @ròs‘. 06Tfhs m`tcr rthkmc w`s scqucm tl tfc ehrst oy _. Ourrlw, nd ht klnkmudcd7 ‖Ht pm`hnmy`ppc`rs, tf`t wf`tcvcr a`y f`vc occn tfc k`sc hn Curlpc, yct mlnb ocelrc tfc thac le Orhbbstfc @ròh`ns wcrc kqu`hntcd whtf‘ tfc Ohnlah`m Tfclrca. (Orhbbs w`s tc`kfhnb rlund 05::,òlut ` kcntury ocelrc Ncwtln).

Tfhs m`tcr ùtflr qultcd Dr Futtln klnkcrnhnb tfc lrhbhn le tfc Ohnlah`m Tfclrca hnCurlpc. Tfc elmmlwhnb, erla tfc mlnbcr cxtr`kt le Futtln‘s `kklu nt, hs wlrtf qulthnb7

Muk`s Dc Ourbl cxtr`ktcd tfc kuoc rllt oy tfc sàc klceehkhcnts, òlut tfc yc`r042:...Orhbbs w`s tfc ehrst wfl tùbft tfc rumc elr bcncr`thnb tfc klceehkhcnts le tfc tcras,sukkcsshvcmy lnc erla `nltfcr, le `ny plwcrs le ` ohnlah`m, hndcpcndcnt le tflsc le `nyltfcr plwcr...Tfhs tfclrca tfcn ochnb tfus pm`hnmy tùbft oy Orhbbs olut tfc yc`r 05::,ht hs surprhshnb flw ` a`n le sukf bcncr`m rc`dhnb `s Dr R`mmhs w`s, klumd oc hbnlr`nt leht...`nd eummy `skrhoc tfc hnvcnthln tl Ncwtln...Out H dl nlt wlndcr tf`t Orhbbs rca`ri w`s uninlwn tl Ncwtln, wfl lwcd `malst cvcrytfhnb tl bcnhus `nd dccp acdht`thln, out vcry mhttmc tl rc`dhnb7 `nd H f`vc nl dluot tf`t fc a`dc tfc dhsklvcry fhascme, whtflut`ny mhbft erla Orhbbs.08 F.T. Klmcorllic‘s dhsscrt`thln ln ‖Fhndu @mbcor`‘, rcsumthnb erla `mm tfc prckcdhnb

hnvcsthb`thlns oy acn mhic _. Ourrlw, E. Rhmelrd, [. D`vhs, Cdw`rd [tr`kfcy, Glfn T`ymlr, ctk.,`nd erla fhs lwn klnshdcròmc inlwmcdbc, hs ` mc`rncd survcy `nd klap`rhsln le tfcdcvcmlpacnts hn Curlpc nd Hndh`. Out tfc klnkmushln tf`t Hndh`n @mbcor`, ctk., a`y f`vc f`d`n hndcpcndcnt dcvcmlpacnt prlvcs dheehkumt elr fha tl dhbcst. _cvcrshnb tfc spckum`thlns leOurrlw, fc klacs tl tfc klnkmushln tf`t tfc ‖@mbcor` le tfc Brccis‘, hapcreckt tf lubf fc`dahts ht tl oc, ‖w`s a`dc inlwn tl tfc Fhndus oy tfchr Brckh`n hnstruktlrs hn haprlvcd`strlnlay.‘ (Tfc rcvhcwcr le ‖@mbcor`, whtf @rhtfacthk `nd Acnsur`thln‘, hn Tfc Cdhnourbf _cvhcw (Nlvcaocr 0602) flwcvcr tflubft dheecrcntmy `nd st`tcd tf`t ht ‖klumd nlt f`vc occndcrhvcd erla Brcckc.‘ Klaacnthnb ln Klmcorllic‘s lphnhln fc `ddcd7 ‖Ar Klmcorllic, ètcrdcalnstr`thnb tfc cxkcmmcnkc le tfhs `mbcor`, `nd klap`rhnb hts alrc pcreckt `mblrhtfa `ndhts supcrhlr `dv`nkcacnt whtf tfc Brcci `mbcor`, `s cxpm`hncd hn tfc wlri le Dhlpf`ntus,sccas ncvcrtfcmcss whmmhnb tl daht, tf`t slac klaaunhk`thln olut tfc thac le tfc m`st acn-thlncd ùtflr, a`y f`vc klac erla Brcckc tl Hndh`, ln tfc suogckt le tfc @mbcor`hk @n`myshs.Le tfhs wc `rc hnkmhncd tl dluot9 elr tfhs shapmc rc`sln, tf`t tfc Brccis f`d nltfhnb tl bhvc lntf`t suogckt wfhkf ht w`s wlrtf tfc wfhmc le tfc Hndh`ns tl rckchvc. Ar Klmcorllic sccashnkmhncd tl tfhs klnkcsshln, oy tfc strcnbtf le pfhmlmlbhk`m rbuacnt, le tfc elrkc le wfhkf wc`rc pcrf`ps nlt sueehkhcntmy scnshomc. Ht sccas flwcvcr kcrt`hn, tf`t tfc e`kts hn tfc fhstlry le @mbcor`hk @n`myshs, t icn oy tfcascmvcs, bhvc nl kluntcn`nkc tl tfc supplshthln.‘) Out whsfhnbtl oc br`khlus `nd kf`rhtòmc, fc hnecrs tf`t ‖oy tfc hnbcnuhty le tfc F hndu skflm`rs, tfc fhnt w`s rcndcrcd eruhteum `nd tfc mbcor`hk actfld w`s slln rhpcncd erla tf`t smcndcr ocbhnnhnbtl tfc `dv`nkcd st`tc le ` wcmm `rr`nbcd skhcnkc.‘ ?:

HHH @s klntr`stcd whtf tfc chbftccntf kcntury Curlpc`n klnshdcr`thln `nd dhskusshln ln Hndh`nskhcnkcs, tfc `kklunts le Hndh`n tckfnlmlby dhd nlt bhvc rhsc tl p`sshln`tc klntrlvcrsy.Zcrf`ps sukf p`sshln w`s nchtfcr plsshomc nlr nckcss`ry, s ht lrdhn`rhmy dhd nlt kf`mmcnbc nyeundàcnt`m Curlpc`n dlba` lr ocmhce. Tfc rcsumts le tfc tckfnlmlby wcrc tfcrc elr `mm tlloscrvc `nd uthmhsc. @nd ht a`y hnkhdcnt`mmy oc tfc m`ki le sukf klntrlvcrsy htscme tf`t cxpm`hnstfc klapmctc kurrcnt hbnlr`nkc le alst `spckts le tfhs tckfnlmlby.

Ht ppc`rs tf`t Hndh`n acdhk`m acn (whtf wf`tcvcr nàcs tfcy a`y oc tcracd t tfc cndle tfc chbftccntf kcntury) a`dc klnshdcròmc usc le surbhk`m tckfnhqucs hn dheecrcnt p`rts leHndh`. @kklrdhnb tl Klmlncm Iyd hn ‖Kfhrurbcry (hn wfhkf tfcy `rc klnshdcrcd oy us tfc mc`st`dv`nkcd) tfcy letcn sukkccd, hn rcalvhnb umkcrs `nd kut`nclus hrrupthlns le tfc wlrst ihnd, wfhkf f`vc oèemcd tfc sihmm le lur surbclns, oy tfc prlkcss le hndukhnb hnemàa`thln `nd oyac`ns dhrcktmy lpplshtc tl lurs, `nd wfhkf tfcy f`vc prloòmy mlnb occn hn plsscsshln le.‘ ?0




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Dr F. [kltt (Kf`ptcr VUHH) sccas tl klrrlolr`tc tfc olvc `nd eurtfcr rcplrts tfc prcv`mcnkcle pm`sthk surbcry hn Rcstcrn Hndh`, hn fhs mcttcrs tl tfc Zrcshdcnt le tfc _ly`m [lkhcty, Mlndln.Hn 082?, fc st`tcs7

Hn acdhkhnc H sf`mm nlt oc òmc tl pr`hsc tfchr skhcnkc vcry aukf. Ht hs lnc le tflsc `rts wfhkf hs tll dcmhk`tc hn hts n`turc tl oc`r w`r `nd lpprcsshln `nd tfc rcvlmuthlns le

blvcrnacnts. Tfc ceeckts le surbhk`m lpcr`thln `rc alrc lovhlus, alrc c`shmy `kquhrcd`nd mlst oy nl ac`ns sl rc`dhmy. Fcrc H sflumd f`vc aukf tl pr`hsc. Tfcy pr`kthkc whtfbrc`t sukkcss tfc lpcr`thln le dcprcsshnb tfc kryst`mmhnc mcns wfcn ocklac lp`quc `nderla thac haacalrh`m tfcy f`vc kut elr tfc stlnc `t tfc sàc pm`kc wfhkf tfcy nlw dlhn Curlpc. Tfcsc `rc kurhlus e`kts `nd H ocmhcvc uninlwn ocelrc tl us.?? Twl yc`rs m`tcr fc rcecrs tl tfc ‖putthnb ln nlscs ln tflsc wfl mlst tfca‘ `nd scnds tl

Mlndln ` qu`nthty le ‖Kùtc‘, tfc kcacnt uscd elr ‖unhthnb `nha`m p`rts‘. ?; Hnlkum`thln b`hnst tfc sa`mmplx sccas tl f`vc occn unhvcrs`m, he nlt tfrlubflut, hn m`rbc

p`rts le Nlrtfcrn `nd [lutfcrn Hndh`, thmm ht w`s o`nncd hn K`mkutt` `nd ltfcr pm`kcs undcrtfc Ocnb`m Zrcshdcnky (`nd pcrf`ps cmscwfcrc) erla `rlund 06:?-;. Hts o`nnhnb,undluotcdmy, w`s dlnc hn tfc nàc le ‖fua`nhty‘, nd gusth ehcd oy tfc [upcrhntcndcnt Bcncr`mle U`kkhnc (@ v`kkhnc (tfc M`thnv`kk` , ac`nhnb klw) erla tfc klw, elr usc hn tfc hnlkum`thln`b`hnst sa`mmplx w`s a`nue`kturcd oy Dr C. Gcnncr hn 0286. Erla tfcn ln, tfhs v`kkhncrcpm`kcd tfc prcvhlus ‖v`rhlmlus‘ a`ttcr, tìcn erla fua`n `bcnts. Fcnkc tfc actfld ushnbtfc ‖v`kkhnc‘ kàc tl oc k`mmcd ‖U`kkhnc Hnlkum`thln‘.) Hnlkum`thln hn fhs ehrst rcplrt hn A`rkf06:4. ?4

Tfc alst dct`hmcd `kklunt le tfc pr`kthkc le hnlkum`thln `b`hnst tfc sa`mmplx hn Hndh` hs oy G.W. Flmwcmm, wrhttcn oy fha elr tfc Klmmcbc le Zfyshkh`ns hn Mlndln.

@etcr bhvhnb tfc dct`hms le tfc hndhbcnlus pr`kthkc, Flmwcmm st`tcd (Kf`ptcr UHHH, pb 036)7‖Rfcn tfc ocelrc rckhtcd trc`tacnt le tfc hnlkum`tcd hs strhktmy elmmlwcd, ht hs ncxt tl ` ahr`kmctl fc`r, t f`t lnc hn ahmmhln e`hms le rckchvhnb tfc hneckthln, lr le lnc tf`t ahsk`rrhcs undcr ht.‘Ht hs plsshomc tf`t Flmwcmm‘s hnelra`thln w`s nlt `s `kkur`tc `s le tfc ncwmy `pplhntcd[upcrhntcndcnt Bcncr`m le U`kkhnc Hnlkum`thln hn 06:4. @kklrdhnb tl tfc m`ttcr, e`t`mhthcs

àlnbst tfc hnlkum`tcd wcrc `rlund lnc hn twl fundrcd àlnbst tfc Hndh`n plpum`thln `ndàlnbst tfc Curlpc`ns hn K`mkutt`, ctk., ‖lnc hn shxty lr scvcnty‘. ?3 Tfc whdcr rhsi, flwcvcr,sccas tl f`vc occn hn tfc sprc`dhnb le dhsc`sc oy klnt`bhln erla tfc hnlkum`tcd tfcascmvcstl tflsc wfl elr lnc rc`sln lr `nltfcr f`d nlt occn tfus hnlkum`tcd.

Ht hs plsshomc tf`t tfcrc wcrc slac `rc`s hn Hndh` wfcrc hnlkum`thln dhd nlt prcv`hm. Tfhs,le klursc, hs ` a`ttcr elr cnquhry. Out wfcrcvcr ht dhd, ht `ppc`rs tl f`vc occn unhvcrs`m lvcr ` wflmc tr`kt. @etcr tfc haplshthln le Orhthsf rumc hn Ocnb`m, Ohf`r, Lrhss`, `rc`s le A`dr`sZrcshdcnky, ctk., tfhs shtu`thln sccas tl `mtcr. @kklrdhnb tl tfc [upcrhntcndcnt Bcncr`m le U`kkhnc Hnlkum`thln, sckthln letfc pclpmc, chtfcr ‖erla hndhbcnkc‘ lr ‖erla prhnkhpmc‘, dhd nlt`ny mlnbcr (khrk` 06::) rckchvc tfc hnlkum`thln.?5 Tflsc wfl dhd nlt rckchvc ht ‖erla prhnkhpmc‘scca tl f`vc occn tfc Curlpc`ns hn K`mkutt`, ctk. Z`rtmy tfhs a`y f`vc occn duc tl tfc brc`tcralrt`mhty (h.c. lnc hn shxty lr scvcnty, `s hndhk`tcd òlvc) àlnbst tfca. Eurtfcr ht a`y f`vc`msl rcsumtcd erla tfc pcrshstcnkc le Kfrhsth`n tfclmlbhk`m logckthlns tl `ny hnlkum`thlnàlnbst tfca. ?2

Nlt rckchvhnb ht ‖erla hndhbcnkc‘, ln tfc ltfcr f`nd , pcrt`hncd tl sckthlns le tfc Hndh`nplpum`thln. Mhic a`ny ltfcr k`tcblrhcs le spckh`mhsts, (hnkmudhnb skfllm tc`kfcrs, dlktlrs,cstòmhsfacnts le rcmhbhlus hnsthtuthlns `nd pm`kcs, vhmm`bc cstòmhsfacnts, ctk.), ht hs prloòmctf`t tfc hnlkum`tlrs hn Hndh` f`d `msl occn a`hnt`hncd ln suovcnthlns erla puomhk rcvcnucs. Rhtf tfc haplshthln le Orhthsf rumc, tfc Hndh`n ehsk`m systca ocb`n tl klmm`psc `nd v`rhlusk`tcblrhcs le spckh`mhsts `nd eunkthln`rhcs wcrc tfrlwn lut ln tfc strccts `nd mcet tl wflmmyecnd elr tfcascmvcs. Ht hs tfhs dcvcmlpacnt, `nd tfc shaumt`nclus dccpcnhnb le plvcrtyàlnbst tfc pclpmc, tf`t alst prloòmy rcsumtcd hn a`ny nlt ochnb hnlkum`tcd ‖erlahndhbcnkc‘. [ukf ` shtu`thln aust f`vc n`tur`mmy a`dc tfc pr`kthkc le hnlkum`thln scca cvc nalrc undcshròmc tl tfc Curlpc`ns wfl, wfhmc tfcy tfcascmvcs dhd nlt mhic tl oc hnlkum`tcd, yct klumd nlt eunkthln whtflut wflmc klnthnbcnts le Hndh`n dlacsthk scrv`nts.




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[l wf`t, thmm tfc m`ttcr p`rt le tfc chbftccntf kcntury, wfcn pr`kthscd unhvcrs`mmy hn `nytr`kt, w`s rcm`thvcmy ceeckthvc actfld hnvlmvhnb nl klnt`bhlus ceeckts (shnkc mm wcrc shahm`rmyhnlkum`tcd), f`d ocbun tl scca oy 06:: ` brc`t f`z`rd tl tfc Curlpc`ns hn K`mkutt`. Out hnsphtc le tfc o`nnhnbs, prlfhohthlns, ctk. rcslrtcd tl hn K`mkutt` `nd ltfcr khthcs `nd tlwns, tfchntrldukthln le v`kkhnc hnlkum`thln w`s vcry f`mthnb. [ukf f`mthnb dcvcmlpacnt aust f`vc occn kùscd oy hnsueehkhcnt prlvhshln le rcslurkcs lr oy sfccr hndheecrcnkc. Lr, `s fhntcd oytfc leehkh`thnb [upcrhntcndcnt Bcncr`m le U`kkhn`thln elr N.R.Z. (tfc prcscnt S.Z.) hn 062:, hta`y `msl f`vc occn kùscd oy tfc pclpmcs‘ rcmukt`nkc tl bct v`kkhn`tcd `s, `kklrdhnb tl tfhsùtflrhty, tfc hndhbcnlus hnlkum`thln plsscsscd ‖alrc prltckthvc plwcr tf`n hs plsscsscd oy v`kkhnthln pcrelracd hn ` dàp kmha`tc.‘ ?6 Rf`tcvcr tfc kùscs, tfc hndhbcnlus hnlkum`thlnsccas tl f`vc occn sthmm pr`kthscd `rlund 062:. Elr `rc`s nc`r K`mkutt`, tflsc wfl wcrc nltsl hnlkum`tcd `rc cstha`tcd `t 0: pcr kcnt le tfc plpum`thln `rlund 062:, `nd elr tfc Ocn`rcs`rc` `t ;5 pcr kcnt. ?8 Tfc ercqucnt sa`mmplx cphdcahks wfhkf wcrc ràp`nt hn v`rhlus p`rtsle Hndh` hn tfc nhnctccntf `nd c`rmy twcnthctf kcntury a`y m`rbcmy oc tr`kcd o`ki, ln tfc lncf`nd, tl tfc st`tc‘s o`kiw`rdncss `nd hndheecrcnkc hn a ìhnb tfc rcquhshtc `rr`nbcacnt elrunhvcrs`m v`kkhn`thln9 `nd ln tfc ltfcr f`nd, tl f`vhnb a`dc tfc cxhstcnkc le tfc hndhbcnluspr`kthkc le hnlkum`thln alst dheehkumt nlt lnmy oy whtfdr`whnb mm supplrt elr ht, out msl elrkhnbht tl oc pr`kthscd sckrctmy `nd stc`mtfhmy.

@nltfcr haplrt`nt plhnt wfhkf cacrbcs erla Ar Flmwcmm‘s kklunt le tfc Hndh`n actfldle hnlkum`thln rcm`tcs tl tfc prcv`mcnkc le slac tfclry le o`ktcrh`m hneckthln àlnbst tfc ahd-chbftccntf kcntury Hndh`n hnlkum`tlrs. @kklrdhnb tl tfca7 ‖ Tfc sa`mm-plx hs alrc lr mcsscphdcahk`m, alrc ahmd lr a`mhbn`nt, hn prlplrthln `s tfc `hr hs kf`rbcd whtf tfcsc`nha`mkum`c‘, h.c. o`ktcrh`, `nd tf`t tfcsc ‖`dfcrc alrc kmlscmy, `nd hn brc`tcr nuaocrs, tlbmuthnlus, e`t, `nd lhmy suost`nkcs.‘ Tf`t tfcsc ‖ hapcrkcpthomc `nha`mkum`c eml`thnb hn tfc`talspfcrc...`rc tfc kùsc le `mm cphdcahk`m dhsc`scs, out alrc p`rthkum`rmy le tfc sa`mm-plx9‘tf`t ‖tfcy p`ss `nd rcp`ss hn `nd lut le tfc oldhcs le `mm `nh a`ms hn tfc `kt le rcsphr`thln, whtflut hngury tl tfcas cmvcs, lr tfc oldhcs tfcy p`ss tfrlubf9‘ out ‖sukf hs nlt tfc k`sc whtftflsc tf`t `rc tìcn hn whtf elld,‘ `s tfcsc ‖`rc klnvcycd hntl tfc omlld, wfcrc, hn ` kcrt`hnthac, tfchr a`mhbn`nt guhkcs cxkhtc ` ecracnt`thln‘ `nd cnd ‖hn `n crupthln ln tfc sihn.‘ ;:

[hahm`rmy hntcrcsthnb `kklunts `rc `v`hmòmc ln Hndh`n `brhkumturc. Tfc loscrv`thln oy @mcx`ndcr R`micr (Kf`ptcr VHH), tf`t ‖tfc pr`kthkc le w`tcrhnb nd hrrhb thln hs nlt pckumh`r tltfc fuso`ndry le Hndh`, out ht f`s prloòmy occn k`rrhcd tfcrc tl ` brc`tcr cxtcnt, `nd alrcmòlrhlus hnbcnuhty dhspm`ycd hn ht tf`n hn `ny ltfcr kluntry,‘ ;0 hs hn drà`thk klntr`st tlprcscnt d`y tcxt- olli `kklunts le ‖tfc klap`r`thvc òscnkc le `rthehkh`m hrrhb`thln‘ hnchbftccntf kcntury Hndh`.;? Flw Hndh`n brhkumtur`m prhnkhpmcs, hapmcacnts nd pr`kthkcs (`ndtfcsc a`y f`vc slacwf`t v`rhcd hn dheecrcnt p`rts le Hndh` htscme) klap`rcd whtf tflsccmscwfcrc (Kfhn`, Cbypt, v`rhlus kluntrhcs le Curlpc, ctk.), k`n lnmy oc inlwn etcr ` dct`hmcdklap`r`thvc study le tfc suogckt. Tfc kùscs le rcm`thvc sk`rkhty le rcslurkcs klnst`ntmy e`khnbtfc Hndh`n fuso`nda`n msl nccd tl oc cnquhrcd hntl. Ht hs prloòmc tf`t hn alst p`rts le Hndh`sukf sk`rkhty w`s le m`tc chbftccntf kcntury lrhbhn, `nd dhrcktmy rcsumtcd erla plmhthk`m kùscs.Out ht sccas kmc`r tf`t ocshdcs whdcsprc`d rthehkh`m hrrhb`thln, tfc pr`kthkcs le (h) krlp rlt`thln,(hh) a`nurhnb, (hhh) slwhnb oy ac`ns le tfc drhmm pmlubf, `nd (hv) usc le ` v`rhcty le ltfcrhapmcacnts wcrc e`hrmy whdcsprc`d. Tfc n`turc `nd qu`mhty le slhms sccacd tl oc wcmmundcrstlld nd hn rc`s mhic A`mò`r, kcrt`hn spckhcs le p`ddy rc prlp`b`tcd oy kutthnbs. Tfcusc le tfc drhmm pmlubf, flwcvcr, (`nd pcrf`ps `msl le slac ltfcr hapmcacnts `nd pr`kthkcs),`s nltcd hn Kf`ptcr VHHH, v`rhcd erla fuso`nda`n tl fuso`nda`n, tfc pllr nlt ochnb hn `plshthln tl usc ht `s ht rcquhrcd m`rbcr rcslurkcs nlt lnmy hn hapmcacnts out `msl hn drùbftk`ttmc. Tfc m`ttcr-d`y dckmhnc hn tfc v`rhcty `nd ceehkhcnky le `brhkumtur`m hapmcacnts sccas tl oc ` rcsumt le tfc bcncr`m cklnlahk haplvcrhsfacnt orlubft òlut oy tfc st`tc `pprlprh`thnb`mm ht plsshomy klumd hn tfc m`tc chbftccntf `nd tfc nhnctccntf kcnturhcs. (Tfc a`tcrh`mklnkcrnhnb tfc prlplrthln le tfc brlss prldukc le `brhkumturc tìcn `w`y oy tfc st`tcklnsthtutcs a`glr plrthln le Orhthsf Hndh`n rkfhv`m dlkuacnts. Tfclrcthk`mmy, tfc m`nd rcvc-nuc duc tl blvcrnacnt w`s ehxcd `t 3:%. Hn m`rbc p`rts le Hndh` undcr Orhthsf rumc thmm 0633 lrsl, tfc prlplrthln tf`t durhnb alst yc`rs `ktu`mmy wcnt tlw`rds blvcrnacnt`m m`nd rcvcnuc w`s `pprckhòmy fhbfcr. Elr hnst`nkc, `kklrdhnb tl kcrt`hn cnquhrhcs hn tfc A`dr`s Zrcshdcnky




0:

_yltw`ry `rc`s durhnb tfc 063:s, òlut lnc-tfhrd le tfc hrrhb`tcd m`nd f`d lvcr tfc yc`rs`mtlbctfcr blnc lut le kumthv`thln `s tfc àlunt le m`nd rcvcnuc ln sukf m`nd f`d ocbun tl`pprlxha`tc tfc brlss prldukc htscme, `nd `t thacs cvcn cxkccdcd ht.)

Tfc klaplshthln le tfc ‖A`dr`ss Alrt`r‘ (Kf`ptcr HV) hs vcry kurhlus, wfhmc tfc prlkcssle aìhnb p`pcr (Kf`ptcr VH) hs pcrf`ps nlt vcry dheecrcnt erla tf`t kurrcntmy hn usc hn tfc

a`nue`kturc le f`nd-a`dc p`pcr. Kf`ptcr V, ln tfc prlkcss le aìhnb hkc, flwcvcr, hs sthmmalrc e`skhn`thnb. Ht w`s ehrst puomhsfcd hn 0223 hn Mlndln. Out ht `ppc`rs tf`t tfhs suogckt `ndtfc a`nncr hn wfhkf hkc w`s a`dc f`d occn loscrvcd cvcn c`rmhcr oy ` nuaocr le Orhthsfcrshn Hndh` nd f`d bhvcn rhsc tl klnshdcròmc skhcnthehk kurhlshty hn Cnbm`nd. Tfc rthehkh`m aìhnble hkc sccas tl f`vc occn thmm tfcn uninlwn hn Orht`hn (`nd pcrf`ps `msl hn ltfcr Curlpc`nklunt rhcs). Tfc loscrv`thln tf`t ‖olhmhnb tfc w`tcr hs cstccacd ` nckcss`ry prcp`r`thvc tl tfhsactfld le klnbcm`thln‘ rluscd p`rthkum`r hntcrcst. [hr _locrt O`ricr, tfc ùtflr le tfhs `rthkmc, wfhmc rcecrrhnb tl tfhs plhnt wlndcrcd ‖flw e`r tfhs a`y oc klnsln `nt whtf pfhmlslpfhk`mrc`slnhnb‘ (h.c., whtf skhcnthehk prlle). @s ` klnscqucnkc, ètcr k`rryhnb lut v`rhluscxpcrhacnts, tfc prlecsslr le Kfcahstry `t Cdhnourbf Snhvcrshty prlvhdcd tfc elmmlwhnbcxpm`n`thln7

Tfc olhmcd `nd klaaln w`tcr dheecr erla lnc `nltfcr hn tfhs rcspckt9 tf`t wfcrc`s tfcklaaln w`tcr, wfcn cxplscd hn ` st`tc le tr`nquhmhty tl `hr tf`t hs ` ecw dcbrccs klmdcrtf`n tfc ercczhnb plhnt, a`y c`shmy oc kllmcd tl tfc dcbrcc le sukf `hr, `nd sthmm klnthnucpcrecktmy emuhd, prlvhdcd ht sthmm rca`hns undhsturocd7 tfc olhmcd w`tcr, ln tfc klntr`ry,k`nnlt oc prcscrvcd emuhd hn tfcsc khrkuast`nkcs9 out wfcn kllmcd dlwn tl tfc ercczhnbplhnt, he wc `ttcapt tl aìc ht tfc mc`st klmdcr, ` p`rt le ht hs haacdh`tcmy kf`nbcd hntlhkc9 ètcr wfhkf, oy tfc klnthnucd `kthln le tfc klmd `hr upln ht, alrc hkc hs elracd hn htcvcry alacnt, unthm tfc wflmc le ht br`du`mmy klnbc`mcd ocelrc ht k`n ocklac `s klmd `stfc `hr tf`t surrlunds ht. Erla tfhs dhsklvcry ht hs c`sy tl undcrst`nd, wfy tfcy ehnd htnckcss`ry tl olhm tfc w`tcr hn Hndh`, hn lrdcr tl lot`hn hkc.;; Dr F. [kltt (Kf`ptcr VUHH) aìcs acnthln le a`ny ltfcr prlkcsscs nd dychnb nd ltfcr

`bcnts `nd suost`nkcs. ‖Dàacr7 ` suost`nkc hn unhvcrs`m usc tfrlubf tfc wflmc C`stcrn wlrmd,‘;4 elr klvcrhnb tfc olttla le sfhps `nd elr ltfcr uscs wfcrc w`tcr prllehnb w`srcquhrcd, w`s lnc sukf.

Out tfc suost`nkc wfhkf sccas tl f`vc cvlicd alst skhcnthehk `nd tckfnhk`m hntcrcst hntfc Orht`hn le tfc 028:s w`s tfc sàpmc le wlltz stccm scnt oy Dr [kltt tl [hr G. O`nis, tfcZrcshdcnt le tfc Orhthsf _ly`m [lkhcty. Tfc sàpmc wcnt tfrlubf cxàhn`thln `nd `n`myshs oyscvcr`m cxpcrts.;3 Ht w`s elund hn bcncr`m tl a`tkf tfc ocst stccm tfcn `v`hmòmc hn Orht`hn, `nd`kklrdhnb tl lnc uscr, ‖prlahscs tl oc le haplrt`nkc tl tfc a`nue`kturcs‘ le Orht`hn. ;5 Fcelund ht ‖cxkcmmcntmy `d`ptcd elr tfc purplsc le ehnc kutmcry, `nd p`rthkum`rmy elr `mm cdbchnstruacnts uscd elr surbhk`m purplscs.‘ @etcr hts ochnb scnt `s ` sàpmc hn 0284 `nd htscxàhn`thln `nd `n`myshs hn m`tc 0284 `nd c`rmy 0283, ht ocb`n tl oc aukf hn dca`nd9 `ndslac 06 yc`rs m`tcr tfc èlrc- qultcd uscr le stccm st`tcd, ‖H f`vc `t tfhs thac ` mhocr`m suppmy lewlltz , `nd H hntcnd tl usc ht elr a`ny purplscs. He ` octtcr stccm hs leecrcd tl ac, H whmm bm`dmy

`tt cnd tl ht9 out tfc stccm le Hndh` hs dckhdcdmy tfc ocst H f`vc yct act whtf.‘;2

Thmm wcmm hntl tfc nhnctccntf kcntury, Orht`hn prldukcd vcry mhttmc le tfc stccm ht rcquhrcd`nd haplrtcd ht alstmy erla [wcdcn, _ussh`, ctk. Z`rtmy, Orht`hn‘s m`b hn stccm prl dukthln w`sduc tl tfc hnecrhlr qu`mhty le hts hrln lrc, `nd tfc eucm, h.c., kl`m, ht uscd. (Rrhthnb hn 06?4, G.A.Fc`tf, m`tcr mc`dhnb a`nue`kturcr le hrln nd stccm t [fceehcmd, st`tcd7 ‖Ht hs wcmm inlwn tf`tCnbm`nd hs cnthrcmy dcpcndcnt upln elrchbn kluntrhcs elr `mm tfc hrln rcquhrcd elr tfhs purplsc,`nd m`st yc`r tfc haplrt`thln le elrchbn hrln hntl Cnbm`nd, elr tfc purplsc le aìhnb stccm`mlnc, cxkccdcd 0?,::: tlns...Xc`r ètcr yc`r dlcs tfc [lkhcty elr tfc Cnklur`bcacnt le @rtsleecr ` prcahua elr tfc a`nue`kturc le Cnbmhsf Hrln eht elr stccm aìhnb, `nd tl tfhs thac tfcprcahua f`s ncvcr occn km`hacd9 nlr hs ht mhicmy tf`t ht cvcr whmm, erla tfc n`turc le tfc Cnbmhsflrcs, nd tfc hnecrhlr qu`mhty le tfc Cnbmhsf eucm.‘ ( A`dr`s Zuomhk Zrlkccdhnbs , G`nu`ry 06?3))Zlsshomy sukf m`b msl rcsumtcd erla Orht`hn‘s o`kiw`rdncss hn tfc klaprcfcnshln le prlkcsscs

`nd tfclrhcs ln wfhkf tfc prldukthln le blld stccm dcpcndcd.




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Rf`tcvcr a`y f`vc occn tfc undcrst`ndhnb hn tfc ltfcr Curlpc`n kluntrhcs rcb`rdhnbtfc dct`hms le tfc prlkcsscs capmlycd hn tfc a`nue`kturc le Hndh`n stccm, tfc Orhthsf, `t tfcthac wlltz w`s cxàhncd `nd `n`myscd oy tfca, klnkmudcd ‖tf`t ht hs a`dc dhrcktmy erla tfclrc9 `nd klnscqucntmy tf`t ht f`s ncvcr occn hn tfc st`tc le wrlubft hrln.‘ ;6 Hts qu`mhthcs wcrctfus `skrhocd tl tfc qu`mhty le tfc lrc erla wfhkf ht kàc `nd tfcsc qu`mhthcs wcrc klnshdcrcdtl f`vc mhttmc tl dl whtf tfc tckfnhqucs `nd prlkcsscs capmlycd oy tfc Hndh`n a`nue`kturcrs.Hn e`kt ht w`s ecmt tf`t tfc v`rhlus kìcs lewlltz wcrc le uncvcn tcxturc `nd tfc kùsc le sukfhapcreckthln `nd dceckts w`s tflubft tl mhc hn tfc krudcncss le tfc tckfnhqucs capmlycd.

Ht w`s lnmy slac tfrcc dck`dcs m`tcr tf`t tfhs vhcw w`s rcvhscd. @n c`rmhcr rcvhshln hn e`kt,cvcn wfcn klnerlntcd whtf klntr`ry cvhdcnkc `s w`s a`dc `v`hmòmc oy ltfcr loscrvcrs le tfcHndh`n tckfnhqucs `nd prlkcsscs, w`s `n hntcmmcktu`m haplsshohmhty. ‖Tf`t hrln klumd ocklnvcrtcd hntl k`st stccm oy eushnb ht hn ` kmlsc vcsscm hn klnt`kt whtf k`roln‘ w`s yct t l ocdhsklvcrcd, `nd ht w`s lnmy hn 06?3 tf`t ` Orhthsf a`nue`kturcr ‖tlli lut ` p`tcnt elrklnvcrthnb hrln hntl stccm oy cxplshnb ht tl tfc `kthln le k`rourcttcd fydrlbcn b`s hn ` kmlsc vcsscm, `t ` vcry fhbf tcapcr`turc, oy wfhkf ac`ns tfc prlkcss le klnvcrshln hs klapmctcd hn` ecw flurs, wfhmc oy tfc lmd actfld, ht w`s tfc wlri le erla 04 tl ?: d`ys.‘ ;8

@kklrdhnb tl G.A. Fc`tf, elundcr le tfc Hndh`n Hrln `nd [tccm Klap`ny, `nd m`tcrprlahncntmy klnncktcd whtf tfc dcvcmlpacnt le stccm aìhnb hn [fceehcmd, tfc Hndh`n prlkcss`ppc`rcd tl klaohnc oltf le tfc òlvc c`rmy nhnctccntf kcntury Orhthsf dhsklvcrhcs. Fcloscrvcd7

Nlw ht `ppc`rs tl ac tf`t tfc Hndh`n prlkcss klaohncs tfc prhnkhpmcs le oltf tfc òlvcdcskrhocd actflds. Ln cmcv`thnb tfc tcapcr`turc le tfc krukhomc klnt`hnhnb purc hrln,`nd dry wlld, `nd brccn mc`vcs, `n òund`nt cvlmuthln le k`rourcttcd fydrlbcn b`s wlumd tìc pm`kc erla tfc vcbctòmc a`ttcr, `nd `s hts csk`pc wlumd oc prcvcntcd oy tfcmuthnb `t tfc alutf le tfc krukhomc, ht wlumd oc rct`hncd hn klnt`kt whtf tfc hrln, wfhkf,`t ` fhbf tcapcr`turc, `ppc`rs Yerla tfc òlvc-acnthlncd p`tcnt prlkcssQ tl f`vc àukf brc`tcr eehnhty elr b`sclus tf`n elr klnkrctc k`roln9 tfhs wlumd brc`tmy sflrtcn tfclpcr`thln, `nd prloòmy `t ` aukf mlwcr tcapcr`turc tf`n wcrc tfc hrln hn klnt`kt whtfkf`rkl`m plwdcr.4: @nd fc `ddcd7Hn nl ltfcr w`y k`n H `kklunt elr tfc e`kt tf`t hrln hs klnvcrtcd hntl k`st stccm oy tfcn`thvcs le Hndh`, hn twl flurs `nd f`me, whtf n `ppmhk`thln le fc`t, tf`t, hn tfhs kluntry, wlumd oc klnshdcrcd quhtc hn`dcqu`tc tl prldukc sukf `n ceeckt9 wfhmc `t [fceehcmd htrcquhrcs `t mc`st elur flurs tl acmt omhstcrcd stccm hn whnd-eurn`kcs le tfc ocstklnstrukthln, mtflubf tfc krukhomcs hn wfhkf tfc stccm hs acmtcd, rc t wfhtc fc`t wfcntfc act`m hs put hntl tfca, nd hn tfc Hndh`n prlkcss, tfc krukhomcs rc put hntl tfc eurn`kcquhtc klmd.40 Tfc òlvc qultcd Orhthsf ùtflrhty flwcvcr dhd nlt hapmy tf`t tfc Hndh`n pr`kthkc w`s

o`scd ln ` inlwmcdbc ‖le tfc tfclry le fhs lpcr`thlns‘ oy tfc Hndh`n a`nue`kturcr. Fc ecmt httl oc haplssh omc ‖tf`t tfc prlkcss w`s dhsklvcrcd oy `ny skhcnthehk hndukthln, elr tfc tfclry leht k`n lnmy oc cxpm`hncd oy tfc mhbfts le aldcrn kfcahstry.‘ 4? @nd eccmhnb tf`t ‖`mm spckum`thln

upln tfc lrhbhn le tfc dhsklvcry sccas uscmcss‘, fc prlkccdcd tl dc`m whtf tfc alrc pr`kthk`ma`ttcrs.[cvcr`m sklrcs le Orhthsf `kklunts (slac alrc, slac mcss dct`hmcd) pcrt`hnhnb tl whdcmy

scp`r`tcd rc`s le Hndh`, nd pcrf`ps pcrt`hnhnb tl olut fundrcd dhstrhkts, `rc v`hmòmc lntfc Hndh`n a`nue`kturc le hrln `nd stccm. Tflubf slac d`tc tl tfc 028:s, alst wcrc wrhttcndurhnb tfc pcrhld 06?:-0633. Tf`t hnkmudcd hn Kf`ptcr VU hs prloòmy tfc alst br`pfhk `nddct`hmcd àlnbst tfca, wfhmc tfc lnc hn Kf`ptcr VUH trhcs tl prlvhdc slac pcrspckthvc `ndklap`rhsln le tfc dheecrcnt prlkcsscs `nd klrrcsplndhnb dct`hms prcv`hmhnb hn dheecrcntkluntrhcs. Tflubf tfcrc sccas tl oc slac e`hrmy dct`hmcd kklunts le tfc prlkcss le Hndh`n hrln`nd stccm a`nue`kturc hn ltfcr Curlpc`n m`nbu`bcs d`thnb o`ki tl tfc m`tc scvcntccntfkcntury,4; tf`t hn Kf`ptcr VHU hs prloòmy lnc le tfc c`rmhcst Orhthsf `kklunts le ht.

Tfc dcshbn, ac`surcacnts, `nd klnstrukthln le tfc eurn`kcs `nd `kkcsslry hapmcacnts,dcskrhocd hn Kf`ptcr VU, rcquhrc aukf dct`hmcd cxàhn`thln oy cxpcrts. [hahm`r cxàhn`thlnhs csscnth`m le tfc m`rbc alunts le d`t` prlvhdcd hn Kf`ptcrs VU nd VUH. Out kurslry study




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le tfc d`t` sccas tl hndhk`tc tf`t tfc prlplrthln le hrln rcklvcrcd erla tfc lrc nd tfc aluntle kf`rkl`m rcquhrcd tl prldukc ` bhvcn qu`nthty le krudc hrln hn Kcntr`m Hndh` hs klap`ròmc whtf tfc rcspckthvc r`thls pcrt`hnhnb tl tfc a`nue`kturc le hrln `nd stccm hn [wcdcn, ctk. Ht hsplsshomc tf`t tfcsc qu`nththcs v`rhcd klnshdcròmy hn dheecrcnt p`rts le Hndh`. A`yoc, whtf tfcklnthnulus dctcrhlr`thln wfhkf f`d sct hn, tfc klnsuapthln le eucm hn tfc prldukthln le hrlnhnkrc`scd klnshdcròmy. Ht hs pcrf`ps duc tl tfhs m`tcr dcvcmlpacnt, lr o`shnb fhascme ln tfcd`t` erla slac scmcktcd `rc`s, tf`t A`f`dcv` Blvhnd _`n`dc rca`ricd (hn tfc 068:s) tf`thndhbcnlus Hndh`n ‖prlkcsscs hnvlmvc ` brc`t w`stc le plwcr `nd rcslurkcs, `s aukf `selurtccn tlns le eucm ochnb rcquhrcd tl prldukc lnc tln le hrln.‘ @nd tfus fc klnkmudcd7‖Ocshdcs tfc ceeckts le elrchbn klapcthtlrs, tfc klmm`psc le tfc hrln hndustry f`s occn orlubftòlut oy tfc hnkrc`shnb sk`rkhty le eucm.‘ 44

@kklrdhnb tl Kf`ptcr VU,43 04: sccrs le kf`rkl`m prldukcd 2: sccrs le krudc hrln `t @bbcrhy`, ctk., hn tfc dhstrhkt le Gò`mpur. @t Glwmh, hn tfc sàc dhstrhkt, 053 sccrs le kf`rkl`m wcrc rcquhrcd tl prldukc 22 sccrs le krudc hrln. Flw aukf kf`rkl`m w`s rcquhrcd tl klnvcrttfc krudc hntl a`mmcòmc `nd wrlubft hrln hs nlt hndhk`tcd hn Kf`ptcr VU. Flwcvcr,klnshdcrhnb tf`t tfc àlunt le kf`rkl`m rcquhrcd tl klnvcrt tfc lrc hntl krudc hrln hs le tfcsàc lrdcr `s tfc qu`nththcs rcquhrcd hn Curlpc`n kluntrhcs, ht a`y oc hnecrrcd tf`t tfc

rcquhrcacnt le eucm hn suoscqucnt prlkcsscs wlumd nlt f`vc occn vcry dheecrcnt.Ht hs nlt c`sy tl cstha`tc tfc tlt`m nuaocr le sukf eurn`kcs wfhkf a`y f`vc occn hnlpcr`thln hn v`rhlus p`rts le Hndh` hn tfc chbftccntf kcntury. Kcrt`hn ahd-nhnctccntf kcnturycnuacr`thlns, flwcvcr, pm`kc tfc nuaocr le eurn`kcs lpcr`thnb hn kcrt`hn dhstrhkts, t`mllis,ctk., hn fundrcds. Ht hs, tfcrcelrc, prloòmc tf`t tfc nuaocr le hrln `nd stccm eurn`kcseunkthlnhnb tfrlubflut Hndh` hn tfc m`ttcr p`rt le tfc chbftccntf kcntury w`s hn tfc rcbhln le0:,:::. @kklrdhnb tl tfc d`t` bhvcn hn Kf`ptcr VU, tfc prldukthln le hrln pcr eurn`kcàluntcd tl slacwf`t òlvc f`me ` tln pcr wcci. @ssuahnb tf`t ` eurn`kc ln `n `vcr`bc wlricd òlut ;3-4: wccis ` yc`r, tfc pltcnth`m prldukthln le hrln pcr eurn`kc a`y oc`ssuacd `t ?: tlns `nnu`mmy.

Ocshdcs tfc eurn`kcs `nd `kkcsslrhcs sl br`pfhk`mmy dcskrhocd hn Kf`ptcr VU, kcrt`hnltfcr dcvhkcs v`ryhnb erla `rc` tl `rc` `msl `ppc`r tl f`vc occn uscd hn Hndh`n act`mmurby.Lnc sukf w`s tfc usc le tfc Z`nkfìih (w`tcr-ahmm) hn tfc krusfhnb le lrc oy tfca`nue`kturcrs le Iua`ln nd B`rfw`m. @kklrdhnb tl G.D. Fcrocrt nd G. A`nsln ‖hn rcdukhnbtfc lrc tl er`bacnts, tfc Dfunpllr ahncrs capmly tfc Z`nkfìih lr w`tcr-ahmm. Rfcn w`tcrhs prcscnt nl octtcr pmn k`n oc dcvhscd.‘ 45

[cvcr`m qucsthlns `rhsc lut le tfc a`tcrh`m ln tckfnlmlby dcskrhocd `nd dhskusscd fcrc.Lnc le tfca `rhscs erla tfc bcncr`mmy sf`rcd Curlpc`n lphnhln —`t thacs `sscrtcd —tf`t tfcHndh`n a`nue`kturcr le hrln `nd stccm (`nd, hn ltfcr hnst`nkcs, le ltfcr klaaldhthcs, lrpr`kththlncrs hn ltfcr prlecsshlns) klumd nlt f`vc f`d `ny inlwmcdbc ‖le tfc tfclry le fhslpcr`thlns‘. Tflubf sukf lphnhlns csscnth`mmy lrhbhn`tcd erla tfc ctfnlkcntrhk vhcws `ndhnkmhn`thlns (Cvcn tfc Orhthsf _ly`m [lkhcty dlcs nlt scca tl f`vc rca`hncd untlukfcd erlasukf hnkmhn`thlns. _cecrrhnb tl tfc mcttcr le Dr [kltt lnwlltz, ht qultcd fha `s f`vhnb wrhttcn

tf`t ht ‖`dahts le ` f`rdcr tcapcr tf`n `nytfhnb inlwn hn tf`t p`rt le Hndh`.‘ Rf`t Dr [klttf`d `ktu`mmy st`tcd w`s tf`t ‖ht `ppc`rs tl `daht le ` f`rdcr tcapcr tf`n `nytfhnb wc `rc`kqu`hntcd whtf.‘ @s hs lovhlus, Dr [kltt‘s ‖wc‘ hapmhcd ‖wc hn Curlpc‘. Out `s tfhs aust f`vcsccacd hn`dahsshomc hn tfc p`bcs le tfc Zfhmlslpfhk`m Tr`ns`kthlns , tfc loscrv`thln blt`mtcrcd tl ‖tf`n nytfhnb inlwn hn tf`t p`rt le Hndh`.‘ ([cc Zfhmlslpfhk`m Tr`ns`kthlns , vlm.63,p.;??9 `nd kf`ptcr VUHH, pp.?35 hn tfhs vlmuac).) le tfc slkhcthcs tl wfhkf sukf loscrvcrs ocmlnbcd, `nd wcrc nlt hn tfchr csscnkc dcrhvcd erla tfc suogckt loscrvcd `nd dcskrhocd,tfcsc, `s acrc st`tcacnts wfhkf bcncr`mmy flmd truc `t `mm thacs, nccd nlt oc dhsputcd. Outalst pr`kththlncrs le ` prlecsshln wfhkf tfcy f`vc mc`rnt ètcr ` mlnb `pprcnthkcsfhp `nd hn wfhkf tfchr csscnth`m glo hs tl rcpc`t cvcr alrc pcrecktmy wf`t tfcy f`d dlnc ocelrc, ncvcrrcquhrc, `nd scmdla plsscss, sukf inlwmcdbc. Tfc plsscsshln le sukf inlwmcdbc `nd htsdcvcmlpacnt `nd rcehncacnt hs, `t `mm thacs, tfc eunkthln le ` scp`r`tc, tflubf hntcrmhnicd,

brlup. [ukf dhvhshln octwccn tfc pr`kththlncrs nd tfc tfclrcthkh`ns hs kurrcntmy alrc cvhdcnttf`n cvcr ocelrc.




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Ht hs plsshomc tf`t tfc mhni octwccn tfc pr`kththlncrs le tfc v`rhlus tckfnhqucs lrprlecsshlns `nd tfc prlecsslrs le tfc tfclrcthk`m inlwmcdbc rcm`thnb tl tfca f`d m`rbcmysn`ppcd hn Hndh` oy tfc cnd le tfc chbftccntf kcntury. Ht hs cvcn prloòmc tf`t tflubf nlt`mtlbctfcr sn`ppcd, sukf ` orcì f`d ocbun tl tìc pm`kc kcnturhcs c`rmhcr. Tfhs, flwcvcr, hs ` vhcw wfhkf k`nnlt oc dctcrahncd oy acrc klngckturc. Hts suost`nth`thln rcquhrcs dct`hmcdstudhcs le Hndh`n tckfnhqucs nd prlkcsscs s tfcy lpcr`tcd lvcr scvcr`m kcnturhcs up unthm tfcc`rmy nhnctccntf.

Cvcn he tfcsc mhnis f`d `mrc`dy sn`ppcd out tfc pr`kthkcs f`d klnthnucd, ht hs vcryprloòmc tf`t hn ` kf`nbcd plmhthk`m kmha`tc—rcsumthnb, elr hnst`nkc, erla tfc sukkcss le tfcc`rmy chbftccntf kcntury rcsurbcnkc—tfcy klumd f`vc occn rcstlrcd oy ercsf hntcr`kthln octwccn tfc pr`kththlncrs `nd tfc survhvhnb prlecsslrs whtf tfchr inlwmcdbc le tfc tfclrcthk`m`spckts. Lr cvcn elrbcd `ncw.

@nltfcr qucsthln tf`t rhscs erla tfc olvc dhskusshln ln tfc a`nue`kturc le Hndh`n hrln`nd stccm hs tf`t he tfc a`nue`kturhnb prlkcsscs wcrc sl vcry supcrhlr `nd whdcsprc`dtfrlubflut tfc kluntry, wfy dhd tfcy dhs`ppc`r< [l e`r, lur inlwmcdbc le sukf whdcsprc`da`nue`kturc f`s htscme occn vcry sk`nty. Tfcrcelrc, `nswcrs tl sukf ` qucsthln `t prcscnt k`nacrcmy oc tcnt`thvc. Tfc dhs`ppc`r`nkc sccas tl f`vc rcsumtcd a`hnmy erla m`rbc-sk`mccklnlahk orcìdlwn rcsumthnb erla flsthmc st`tc plmhky. Erla òlut 06:: lnw`rds, Hndh` w`stl oc trc`tcd `s ` klnsuacr le Orhthsf a`nue`kturcs. Xct slac le tfc Orhthsf hn Hndh` dhd vhsu`mhsc tfc undcrtìhnb le m`rbc sk`mc prldukthln le hrln `nd stccm hn Hndh`. Out cvcn tfcy, wfcn tfcy kàc elrtf whtf sukf pm`ns, wcrc `t brc`t p`hns hn st`thnb tf`t sukf prldukthln wlumd hn nl w`y hngurc tfc prldukthln hn Orht`hn lr tfc klnsuapthln le Orhthsf hrln hn Hndh`.Cvcn tfhs typc le prlplshthln w`s, flwcvcr, dheehkumt elr tfc Orhthsf Blvcrnacnt tlklntcapm`tc. Elr cxàpmc, rcpmyhnb tl `n c`rmy `ppmhk`thln elr sctthnb up sukf wlris hn tfcOcnb`m `rc`, tfc Mlndln ùtflrhthcs hn 0604 st`tcd7 ‖Out `s wc cntcrt`hn strlnb dluots `s tltfc plmhky le cnklur`bhnb tfc prlsckuthln le sukf wlris tl ny cxtcnt, wc dhrckt tf`t nl eurtfcrcxpcnsc a`y oc hnkurrcd.‘ 42

HU A`ny ltfcr `spckts le skhcnkc `nd tckfnlmlby `rc nlt `t `mm rcecrrcd tl hn tfc `kklunts wfhkf`rc rcprldukcd hn tfc elmmlwhnb p`bcs. Tcxthmcs, `raàcnts, flrthkumtur`m tckfnhqucs, lr tfc orccdhnb le `nha`ms rc àlnb tflsc lahttcd `spckts. Tfc dcshbn lr klnstrukthln le ol`ts `ndltfcr sc`-e`rhnb vcsscms `rc `msl nlt rcecrrcd tl. @ acnthln hn tfhs rcspckt a`y, flwcvcr, oca`dc le n loscrv`thln a`dc oy [lmvyns hn tfc Mcs Fhndlus . Hntrldukhnb tfc 4: lr sl sictkfcsle ol`ts `nd rhvcr vcsscms hn usc hn Nlrtfcrn Hndh` hn tfc 028:s, fc loscrvcd7 ‖Tfc Cnbmhsf,`ttcnthvc tl cvcrytfhnb wfhkf rcm`tcs tl n`v`m `rkfhtckturc, f`vc olrrlwcd erla tfc Fhndllsa`ny haprlvcacnts wfhkf tfcy f`vc `d`ptcd whtf sukkcss tl tfchr lwn sfhpphnb .‘46 Klaacnthnb ln Hndh`n rlwhnb, n c`rmy chbftccntf kcntury loscrvcr rca`ricd7 ‖Tfchr w`tcr -acn rlw etcr dheecrcnt a`nncr erla lurs. Tfcy alvc tfc l`r whtf tfchr ecct, nd tfchr f`ndsscrvc hnstc`d le tfc fyplalkfmhln , lr rlmmcr ln wfhkf ht turns.‘ 48

Ht hs nlt `s he nltfhnb `t `mm hs inlwn le tfc v`rhlus `kklunts rcprldukcd hn tfhs vlmuac.Kf`ptcrs H, HH, U nd UH dc`mhnb whtf strlnlay nd a`tfca`thks rc pcrf`ps inlwn tl a`nyklnkcrncd skflm`rs. Tfc `kklunts dc`mhnb whtf tfc a`nue`kturc le p`pcr, tfc klaplshthln letfc ‖A`dr`ss Alrt`r‘ `nd Hrln Rlris `t _à`nì` pctt`f `rc plsshomy inlwn tl ` sthmm whdcrkhrkmc. Cvcn tfc pr`kthkc le hnlkum`thln b`hnst tfc sa`mmplx hs inlwn tl f`vc cxhstcd hn nkhcntthacs hn Hndh`, elr, `kklrdhnb tl lnc aldcrn wrhtcr7 ‖Zrcvcnthvc hnlkum`thln `b`hnst tfcsa`mmplx, wfhkf w`s pr`kthscd hn Kfhn` erla tfc cmcvcntf kcntury, `pp`rcntmy kàc erlaHndh`.‘3: [lactfhnb `msl sccas tl oc inlwn òlut tfc a`nue`kturc le hrln `nd stccm hn [`mcatfrlubf tfc wrhthnbs òlut ht oy Kàpocmm, tfc @sshst`nt [urvcylr Bcncr`m, A`dr`s. _`n`dcfhascme sccas tl f`vc occn e`hrmy wcmm hnelracd òlut tfc cxplrt lewlltz tl Cnbm`nd `nd

ltfcr kluntrhcs, tflubf fc mc`vcs tfc thac v`buc




04

Out `mm tfhs inlwmcdbc àlnb tfc skflm`rs `nd prlahncnt wrhtcrs ln Hndh`n cklnlahksf`s nlt sl e`r krc`tcd ny bcncr`m w`rcncss le tfc tc`kfhnb nd pr`kthkc le tfcsc skhcnkcs ndtckfnlmlbhcs, lr tfc qucsthlnhnb le tfc prcv`hmhnb fypltfcshs le ‖tfc chbftccntf kcntury‘ ochnb‖tfc d`ricst pcrhld‘ hn Hndh`n fhstlry, 30 ctk. Tfc rc`slns elr tfc m`ki le `pprlprh`tc `w`rcncsslr tfc prcv`hmhnb hndheecrcnkc `rc a`nhelmd. Zrha`rhmy tfc rcsplnshohmhty elr sukf ` shtu`thlnmhcs whtf tfc systca le cduk`thln wfhkf f`s prcv`hmcd hn hndcpcndcnt Hndh`, wfhkf oy nurturhnbhndheecrcnkc, cvcn klntcapt, elr cvcrytfhnb hndhbcnlus ceeckthvcmy omlkis sukf cnquhrhcs.

Tfc hntcmmcktu`m o`shs le tfc klntcapt `nd hndheecrcnkc wfhkf ocb`n tl brlw `rlund tfckmlsc le tfc chbftccntf kcntury, hs pcrf`ps ocst hmmustr`tcd oy tfc `rthkmc ln ‖@mbcor`‘ hn tfc Cnkykmlp`cdh` Orht`nnhk` , hn hts 6tf cdhthln (063:). Dhskusshnb Hndh`n @mbcor`, ht rcecrrcd tl` rcvhcw oy Zrle Glfn Zm`ye`hr, le Klmcorllic‘s wlri ln Hndh`n @mbcor`, `nd loscrvcd7

Tfhs m`st `rthkmc, puomhsfcd hn 0602, a`y oc supplscd tl klnt`hn tfc a`turcd lphnhlns lelnc le tfc alst `rdcnt, òmc, `nd wc aust s`y alst k`ndhd, cnquhrcrs hntl tfc fhstlry leFhndll a`tfca`thk`m skhcnkc. Tfcrc hs fcrc kcrt`hnmy n o`tcacnt le fhs ehrst klnehdcnkchn tfc lphnhln le O`hmmy ln tfc Hndh`n strlnlay, nd klrrcsplndhnb kùthln hn fhs lwnlphnhln `s tl tfc `nthquhty le tfc a`tfca`thk`m skhcnkcs. Tfc vcry rcaltc lrhbhn le tfcHndh`n @strlnlay f`d occn strlnbmy qucsthlncd oy a`ny hn tfhs kluntry, nd msl ln tfcKlnthncnt9 p`rthkum`rmy oy M`pm`kc, `msl oy Dcmàorc hn fhs Fhstlhrc dc m‘@strlnlahc @nkhcnnc, tlac h.p.4::, & k., `nd `b`hn Fhstlhrc dc m‘@strlnlahc du Alycn @bc , Dhsklursc Zrcmhahn`hrc , p.6, & k., wfcrc fc spcìs smhbfthnbmy le tfchr `mbcor`.Tfc `rthkmc `ddcd7 ‖@nd hn tfhs kluntry, Zrle. Mcsmhc, hn fh s vcry mc`rncd wlri ln Tfc

Zfhmlslpfy le @rhtfacthk , pp.??3 `nd ??5, k`mms tfc Mhm`v`th ”` vcry pllr pcrelra`nkc,klnt`hnhnb acrcmy ` ecw sk`nty prckcpts klukfcd hn loskurc acalrh`m vcrscs‑.‘

Zm`ye`hr‘s loscrv`thlns, `mmudcd tl ln tfhs lkk`shln, wfhmc dhe ecrhnb erla tfc vhcws leMcsmhc ctk., cxprcsscd slac skflm`rmy skcpthkhsa le tfc Hndh`ns‘ k`p`khty hn a`tfca`thk`mskhcnkcs. Fc f`d s`hd7

@alnb a`ny suogckts le wlndcr wfhkf tfc study le tfcsc `nkhcnt er`bacnts k`nnlt e`hmtl subbcst, ht hs nlt lnc le tfc mc`st tf`t `mbcor` f`s cxhstcd hn Hndh`, `nd f`s occn

kumthv`tcd elr alrc tf`n 0?:: yc`rs, whtflut `ny shbn`m haprlvcacnt, lr tfc `ddhthln le`ny a`tcrh`m dhsklvcry. Tfc wlris le tfc `nkhcnt tc`kfcrs le skhcnkc f`vc occnklaacntcd ln, cmukhd`tcd, `nd cxpm`hncd whtf sihmm `nd mc`rnhnb9 out nl ncw actfldsf`vc occn hnvcntcd, nlr `ny ncw prhnkhpmc hntrldukcd. Tfc actfld le rcslmvhnbhndctcrahn`tc prlomcas, tf`t klnsthtutc tfc fhbfcst acrht le tfchr n`mythk`m skhcnkc, wcrcinlwn tl Or`fa`bupt` f`rdmy mcss `kkur`tcmy tf`n tl Of`sk`r`9 `nd tfcy `ppc`r tl f`vc occn undcrstlld cvcn oy @ryòf`t`, alrc `nkhcnt oy scvcr`m kcnturhcs tf`n chtfcr. @ mlnbscrhcs le skflmh`sts dhspm`y hn tfchr `nnlt`thlns brc`t `kutcncss, hntcmmhbcnkc, `nd gudbcacnt9 out tfcy ncvcr p`ss e`r ocylnd tfc mhnc dr`wn oy tfchr prcdckcsslrs, wfhkfprloòmy sccacd cvcn tl tflsc mc`rncd `nd hntcmmhbcnt acn `s tfc o`rrhcr whtfhn wfhkf ht w`s tl oc klnehncd. Hn Hndh`, hndccd, cvcrytfhnb sccas cqu`mmy hnsuraluntòmc, nd trutf`nd crrlr rc cqu`mmy ssurcd le pcra`ncnkc hn tfc st`thlns tfcy f`vc lnkc lkkuphcd. Tfc

plmhthks, tfc m`ws, tfc rcmhbhln, tfc skhcnkc, `nd tfc a`nncrs, scca `mm nc`rmy tfc sàc `s`t tfc rcaltcst pcrhld tl wfhkf fhstlry cxtcnds. Hs ht ockùsc tfc plwcr wfhkf orlubftòlut kcrt`hn dcbrcc le khvhmhs`thln, nd dv`nkcd skhcnkc tl kcrt`hn fchbft, f`s chtfcrkc`scd tl `kt, lr f`s act whtf sukf ` rcshst`nkc `s ht hs o`rcmy òmc tl lvcrklac< Lr hs ht ockùsc tfc dhsklvcrhcs wfhkf tfc Fhndlls `rc hn plsscsshln le `rc `n hnfcrht`nkc erlaslac alrc hnvcnthvc `nd alrc `nkhcnt pclpmc, le wfla nl acalrh`m rca`hns out slacle tfchr `tt`hnacnts hn skhcnkc<3? Tfc kflhkc le tfhs p`ss`bc durhnb tfc 063:s oy tfc Cnkykmlp`cdh` Orht`nnhk` w`s hn

iccphnb whtf tfc scnthacnts le tfc pcrhld. Out tfc ?4 p`bc unshbncd `rthkmc hn tfc Cdhnourbf _cvhcw (Nlv. 0602), erla wfhkf tfhs skcpthk`m p`ss`bc hs tìcn, f`d `msl s`hd a`ny ltfcrtfhnbs. C`rmhcr hn tfc `rthkmc, Zm`ye`hr loscrvcd7

@ klaacnt`ry ln tfc Uhg` B`nht` , oc`rhnb tfc d`tc le 05:?, klnt`hns ` eumm cxplshthln letfc scnsc, whtf klapmctc dcalnstr`thlns le tfc rumcs, aukf hn tfc a`nncr le B`ncs`9 ndtfcrc hs skflmh`st le sthmm m`tcr d`tc, wfl `ppc`rs tl f`vc emlurhsfcd olut tfc yc`r 05?0.




03

He, tfcrcelrc, ht oc truc, tf`t tfc Fhndus le tfc prcscnt thac undcrst`nd nltfhnb le tfchrskhcnthehk ollis tfc dckmhnc le inlwmcdbc àlnb tfca aust f`vc occn vcry r`phd, `s ht hspm`hn tf`t, `t tfc dhst`nkc, le mcss tf`n twl kcnturhcs erla tfc prcscnt thac, tfc mhbft leskhcnkc w`s sfhnhnb hn Hndh` whtf klnshdcròmc mustrc.Zrlkccdhnb eurtfcr wfhmc dcpmlrhnb tfc m`ki le ‖`n`myshs‘ cvcn hn tfc Uhg` B`nht` , fc nltcd

tf`t Or`fa`bupt` f`d bhvcn ‖` slmuthln tf`t ppc`rs quhtc bcncr`m‘ klnkcrnhnb ‖Hndc tcrahn`tcZrlomcas‘. @nd fc loscrvcd7 ‖Tfc slmuthln tfcn le ` vcry dheehkumt prlomca bhvcn oy `n Hndh`n @mbcor`hst, alrc tf`n 0?:: yc`rs `bl, hs sukf `s k`n vhc whtf tflsc le twl le tfca`tfca`thkh`ns tfc alst dhsthnbuhsfcd elr bcnhus nd hnvcnthln wfhkf Curlpc klumd ol`st lecvcr f`vhnb sccn, `t tfc cnd le tfc chbf tccntf kcntury.‘ Dhsahsshnb tf`t tfc ehndhnb le sukf `slmuthln oy Or`fa`bupt` a`y f`vc occn duc tl kf`nkc, fc `ddcd, ‖tfcrc `rc hnquhrhcs wfcrckf`nkc `nd `kkhdcnt f`vc brc`t hnemucnkc `nd wfcrc ` a`n le vcry hnecrhlr bcnhus `ndinlwmcdbc a`y aìc brc`t dhsklvcrhcs. Out tfc suogckt wc `rc trc`thnb le fcrc, hs nlt le tf`tnuaocr9 ht hs lnc wfcrc nl lnc ehnds, wfl dlcs nlt inlw flw tl sc`rkf 9 `nd wfcrc tfcrc hsnl rcw`rd out elr hntcnsc tflubft, `nd p`thcnt hnquhry.‘

Bhvcn tfc dluots le `k`dcahkh`ns mhic Zm`ye`hr, M`pm`kc, Dcmàorc, ctk., `s wcmm `s tfcsupplrthnb rlmc le tfc e`st aumthpmyhnb trhoc le ‖lrhcnt`m skflm`rs‘ àlnbst tfc scrv`nts le tfc

Orhthsf utflrhthcs hn Hndh` (hnkmudhnb tflsc alnbst tfc ahsshln`rhcs), A`kùm`y‘s vcrdhkt lnHndh`n skhcnkcs `nd mc`rnhnb w`s hncvhtòmc. Lnmy A`kùm`y cxprcsscs sukf dluots `ndklntcapt whtf brc`tcr drà` nd olao`st. Out wf`t fc s`hd, hn fhs ahnutc le ? Ecoru`ry 06;3, w`s sf`rcd eummy nlt lnmy oy tfc tfcn Orhthsf Blvcrnlr Bcncr`m le Hndh`, Ocnthnki (‖H bhvc ay cnthrc klnkurrcnkc tl tfc scnthacnts cxprcsscd hn tfhs ahnutc‘), out pr`kthk`m my oy cvcry ltfcrmc`rncd lr plwcreum Curlpc`n. _cecrrhnb tl tfc lrhcnt`mhsts A`kùm`y loscrvcd7

H f`vc ncvcr elund lnc àlnbst tfca wfl klumd dcny tf`t ` shnbmc sfcme le ` blldCurlpc`n mhor`ry w`s wlrtf tfc wflmc n`thvc mhtcr`turc le Hndh` nd @ròh`. Tfc hntrhnshksupcrhlrhty le tfc wcstcrn mhtcr`turc hs hndccd eummy `dahttcd oy tflsc acaocrs le tfcklaahttcc Yle Zuomhk HnstrukthlnQ wfl supplrt tfc lrhcnt`m pm`n le cduk`thln.

@nd tfcn fc `ddcd7Ht whmm f`rdmy oc dhsputcd, H supplsc, tf`t tfc dcp`rtacnt le mhtcr`turc hn wfhkf tfcC`stcrn wrhtcrs st`nd fhbfcst hs plctry. @nd H kcrt`hnmy ncvcr act whtf `ny lrhcnt`mhst wfl vcnturcd tl a`hnt`hn tf`t tfc @ròhk `nd [`nsirht plctry klumd oc klap`rcd tl tf`tle tfc brc`t Curlpc`n n`thlns. Out wfcn wc p`ss erla wlris le ha`bhn`thln tl wlris hn wfhkf e`kts `rc rcklrdcd `nd bcncr`m prhnkhpmcs hnvcsthb`tcd, tfc supcrhlrhty le tfcCurlpc`ns ocklacs òslmutcmy haac`suròmc. Ht hs, H ocmhcvc, nl cx`bbcr`thln tl s`y tf`t`mm tfc fhstlrhk`m hnelra`thln wfhkf f`s occn klmmcktcd erla `mm tfc ollis wrhttcn hn tfc[`nsirht m`nbu`bc hs mcss v`muòmc tf`n wf`t a`y oc elund hn tfc alst p`mtry òrhdbcacntuscd `t prcp`r`tlry skfllms hn Cnbm`nd. Hn cvcry or`nkf le pfyshk`m lr alr`m pfhmlslpfytfc rcm`thvc plshthln le tfc twl n`thlns hs nc`rmy tfc sàc.Klnkmudhnb, A`kùm`y rceuscd tl `sslkh`tc fhascme whtf `ny supplrt lr `sshst`nkc tl

Hndh`n mc`rnhnb nd dckm`hacd7He ln tfc ltfcr f`nd, ht oc tfc lphnhln le tfc Blvcrnacnt tf`t tfc prcscnt systca lubfttl rca`hn unkf`nbcd, H ocb tf`t H a`y oc pcrahttcd tl rcthrc erla tfc kf`hr le tfcklaahttcc. H eccm tf`t H klumd nlt oc le tfc sa`mmcst usc tl tfca. H eccm `msl tf`t H sflumd oc mcndhnb ay kluntcn`nkc tl wf`t H ehramy ocmhcvc tl oc ` acrc dcmushln. H ocmhcvc tf`ttfc prcscnt systca tcnds nlt tl `kkcmcr`tc tfc prlbrcss le trutf out tl dcm`y tfc n`tur`mdc`tf le cxphrhnb crrlrs. H klnkchvc tf`t wc f`vc `t prcscnt nl rhbft tl tfc rcspcktòmcnàc le ` Ol`rd le Zuomhk Hnstrukthln. Rc `rc ` Ol`rd elr w`sthnb tfc puomhk alncy, elrprhnthnb ollis wfhkf rc le mcss v`muc tf`n tfc p`pcr ln wfhkf tfcy rc prhntcd w`s wfhmcht w`s om`ni,—elr bhvhnb rthehkh`m cnklur`bcacnt tl osurd fhstlry, osurd act`pfyshks,

òsurd pfyshks, òsurd tfclmlby,—elr r`hshnb up ` orccd le skflm`rs wfl ehnd tfchrskflm`rsfhp `n cnkuaor`nkc `nd ` omcahsf, wfl mhvc ln tfc puomhk wfhmc tfcy `rc




05

rckchvhnb tfchr cduk`thln, `nd wflsc cduk`thln hs sl uttcrmy uscmcss tl tfca tf`t, wfcntfcy f`vc rckchvcd ht, tfcy aust chtfcr st`rvc lr mhvc ln tfc puomhk mm tfc rcst le tfchr mhvcs.Cntcrt`hnhnb tfcsc lphnhlns H à n`tur`mmy dcshrlus tl dckmhnc `mm sf`rc hn tfcrcsplnshohmhty le ` oldy wfhkf, unmcss ht `mtcrs hts wflmc aldc le prlkccdhnbs, H austklnshdcr nlt acrcmy s uscmcss, out `s plshthvcmy nlxhlus.3; _ca`ris, loscrv`thlns, tfrc`ts`nd dckmà`thlns, mhic tflsc qultcd òlvc, f`vc sf`pcd `mm tfc wrhthnb `nd tc`kfhnbòlut Hndh`, nd alrc lr mcss klnthnuc tl dl sl, hn tfc a`nncr nd dhrckthln hndhk`tcd oyA`kùm`y nd oy fhs alrc (tflubf mcss inlwn hn Hndh`) plwcreum prckurslrs mhic Rhmmhà Rhmocrelrkc nd Gàcs Ahmm.34 Hbnlr`nkc, p`tfy nd uttcr acnt`m klneushln, p`rthkum`rmyòlut mhec nd slkhcty hn tfc chbftccntf kcntury nlt lnmy hn Hndh` out hn Rcst Curlpc htscme,`rc tfc n`tur`m prldukts le sukf wrhthnb `nd tc`kfhnb.Tfc dluots `nd dckmà`thlns (le Zm`ye`hr, M`pm`kc, A`kùm`y, ctk.), flwcvcr, `rc nlt tfc

slmc kùscs le tfhs hbnlr`nkc nd p`tfy. Tfcsc scca tl rhsc, p`rtmy, erla aukf dccpcr hssucs wfhkf pcrt`hn tl tfc klnemhkthnb fypltfcscs òlut st`tc `nd slkhcty. Tfc scvcntccntf,chbftccntf `nd nhnctccntf kcnturhcs‘ Curlpc`n vhcw le slkhcty, `nd tfus le skhcnkc,tckfnlmlby, plmhthks, ctk., w`s dhàctrhk`mmy t v`rh`nkc whtf tfc vhcws olut tfca fcmd oy nln-Curlpc`n slkhcthcs durhnb tfc sàc pcrhld.

Klnscqucntmy, tfc skhcnkcs `nd tckfnlmlbhcs le tfc nln-Curlpc`n wlrmd `msl f`ddheecrcnt sccihnbs nd dcvcmlpacnts tl tflsc le Curlpc. Eurtfcr, hn kluntrhcs mhic Hndh`, tfchrlrb`nhs`thln w`s hn tunc whtf tfchr alrc dckcntr`mhst plmhthks `nd tfcrc w`s nl sccihnb tlaìc tfchr tllms `nd wlri pm`kcs unnckcss`rhmy bhb`nthk `nd br`ndhlsc. [a`mmncss `ndshapmhkhty le klnstrukthln, s le tfc hrln nd stccm eurn`kcs lr le tfc drhmm pmlubfs, w`s hn e`ktduc tl slkh`m `nd plmhthk`m a`turhty `s wcmm `s `rhshnb erla undcrst`ndhnb le tfc prhnkhpmcs`nd prlkcsscs hnvlmvcd. Hnstc`d le ochnb krudc, tfc prlkcsscs nd tllms le chbftccntf kcntury Hndh` `ppc`r tl f`vc dcvcmlpcd erla ` brc`t dc`m le slpfhsthk`thln hn tfclry `nd `fchbftcncd scnsc le tfc `cstfcthk.

Ht hs hn sukf ` klntcxt tf`t ` a`n mhic Ulmt`hrc klnshdcrcd Hndh` ‖eàlus elr hts m`ws `ndskhcnkcs‘, nd dcpmlrcd tfc alunthnb Curlpc`n prclkkup`thln (oltf hndhvhdu`m nd n`thln`m)le tflsc hn Hndh` whtftfc a`sshnb le ‖haacnsc elrtuncs‘. Tfhs qucst elr rhkfcs hntcnshehcd tfcstrubbmcs, pmundcr, ctk., durhnb fhs lwn thac, `nd a`dc fha rca`ri7 ‖He tfc Hndh`ns f`drca`hncd uninlwn tl tfc T`rt`rs `nd tl us, tfcy wlumd f`vc occn tfc f`pphcst pclpmc hn tfc w lrmd.‘33 Mllihnb o`ki t wf`t f`s f`ppcncd shnkc fc wrltc tfcsc mhncs, Ulmt`hrc sccas tl f`vc occn vcry pcrkcpthvc hn fhs gudbacnt. Out tfc wflmc wlrmd, he sukf klnt`kts f`d nlt lkkurrcd, wlumd f`vc occn vcry dheecrcnt nlt lnmy hn plmhthks `nd slkhcty out `msl hn skhcnkc `ndtckfnlmlby. [pckum`thlns òlut wf`t ht a`y f`vc occn, tflubf e`skhn`thnb, `rc e`r ocylnd tfcsklpc le tfhs vlmuac.

@ qucsthln yct rca`hns7 Rfy f`vc skhcnkcs `nd tckfnlmlbhcs— wfhkf scca tl f`vc occn vcry aukf `mhvc olut 6-0: bcncr`thlns `bl — occn wflmmy ckmhpscd< @nswcrs òlut tfc kùscsle sukf n ckmhpsc rc vcry klapmcx. [lac le tfca rc msl—thmm tfcrc hs systca`thk nd dct`hmcdrcsc`rkf `v`hmòmc òlut Hndh`n skhcnkc `nd slkhcty —m`rbcmy spckum`thvc. @ ecw le tfca a`y,

flwcvcr, oc subbcstcd fcrc.Tfc ehrst hs rcm`tcd tl tfc cklnlahk orcìdlwn le Hndh` durhnb 023:-08::. Rc a`y `rbuc òlut tfc n`turc `nd hntcnshty le cxpmlht`thln le tfc `brhkumtur`m `nd

a`nue`kturhnb plpum`thln, lr òlut tfc qucsthln le wf`t f`ppcncd tl tfc alncy `nd blldscxtlrtcd (tfc 3: pcr kcnt le tfc brlss brhkumtur`m prldukt klapumslrhmy tìcn s blvcrnacnt`mm`nd rcvcnuc hs ` blld cxàpmc). Out tfcrc k`n oc nl dhsputc tf`t tfc orcìdlwn le tfccklnlay w`s lvcrwfcmahnb `nd tlt`m. Nl skhcnkcs lr tckfnlmlbhcs k`n survhvc hnt`kt sukfk`t`strlpfc.

Tfc scklnd plhnt rcm`tcs tl tfc klntr`ry n`turc le tfc ncw st`tc ehsk`m systca wfcnklap`rcd whtf tfc hndhbcnlus systca (lr systcas) prcv`hmhnb `t tfc klaacnkcacnt le tfcCurlpc`n hap`kt. Ht sccas tf`t tfc hndhbcnlus oudbcthnb le st`tc rcvcnucs (wfctfcr elr m`rbcrlr sa`mmcr plmhthk`m cnththcs `nd tfrlubf v`rhlus hn-ouhmt dcvhkcs) mcet tfc lvcrwfcmahnbprlplrthln le rcvcnuc `t tfc mlk`m mcvcms.




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Tfc Orhthsf-krc`tcd ehsk`m systca, ln tfc ltfcr f`nd, dluomcd lr trcomcd tfc r`tcs le v`rh-lus `sscssacnts `nd ceeckthvcmy orlubft `mm pclpmc undcr hts sw`y9 tìhnb `w`y tfclvcrwfcmahnb prlplrthlns tl tfc kcntr`m cxkfcqucrs `s wcmm `s tl tfc actrlplmhscs `nd pm`kcsòlvc tfca. [tudhcd ncbmckt `nd klntcapt `ddcd tl tfc cklnlahk orcìdlwn `nd tfctr`nselra`thln le tfc ehsk`m systca. Tfhs tl ay ahnd klapmctcd tfc uprllthnb nd cmhahn`thlnle hndhbcnlus skhcnkcs `nd tckfnlmlbhcs nlt lnmy erla slkhcty out erla Hndh`n acalry htscme.

Ehn`mmy, tfc nlthln tf`t mm tfcsc skhcnkcs nd tckfnlmlbhcs f`vc wflmmy dhs`ppc`rcd hs nlt`mtlbctfcr truc. _can`nts le a`ny sthmm cxhst nd klnthnuc tl oc le usc9 out, t alst ncbmcktcd`nd haplvcrhsfcd mcvcm. Elr hnst`nkc, ht hs s`hd tf`t slac spckts le hndhbcnlus pm`sthk surbcry wcrc ochnb pr`kthscd thmm e`hrmy rckcntmy hn pm`kcs `s e`r `p`rt `s I`nbr` `nd Gun`b`df.35

Tfcrc `rc a`ny pfhmlslpfhk`m elraum`thlns rcb`rdhnb tfc brlwtf `nd dckmhnc le fua`nslkhcthcs (lr tfc v`rhlus st`bcs wfhkf tfcy `rc supplscd tl p`ss tfrlubf). Tfc tfclry le`trlpfy (`s usu`mmy `ppmhcd tl Hndh`) hs lnc le tfca. Ht hs plsshomc tf`t ht `msl f`s slacrcmcv`nkc hn cxpm`hnhnb tfc brlwtf, emlwcrhnb `nd dckmhnc le Hndh`n slkhcty. Tflubf tfcklntcaplr`ry d`t`, `s scp`r`tc erla lphnhlns `nd elraum`thlns, dlcs nlt scca tl hndhk`tctf`t tfc chbftccntf kcntury skhcnkcs `nd tckfnlmlbhcs hn Hndh` f`d `trlpfhcd, slac le tfcaa`y wcmm f`vc occn hn sukf st`tc. Ht hs plsshomc tf`t v`rhlus ltfcr kurrcnt lr p`st elraum`thlnsln tfc suogckt le brlwtf `nd dckmhnc le fua`n slkhcthcs `msl f`vc slac klntrhouthln tl aìchn cxpm`hnhnb wf`t f`ppcncd tl Hndh`n skhcnkc `nd slkhcty lvcr tfc ahmmcnnh`.

Rf`tcvcr a`y oc tfc `ktu`m rcmcv`nkc le tfc tfclry le `trlpfy lr ltfcr tfclrhcs leCurlpc`n lrhbhn hn cxpm`hnhnb tfc dcvcmlpacnt le Hndh`n slkhcty, ht `ppc`rs aukf alrcprloòmc tf`t hn alst rcspckts tfc skhcnkcs `nd tckfnlmlbhcs le Hndh` f`d rc`kfcd ` dcshròmc o`m`nkc `nd cquhmhorhua aukf ocelrc tfc chbftccntf kcntury. Hn tfc klntcxt le tfc v`mucs `nd`pthtudcs le Hndh`n kumturc `nd slkh`m nlras (`nd tfc klnscqucnt plmhthk`m strukturc `ndhnsthtuthlns), tfc skhcnkcs nd tckfnlmlbhcs le Hndh`, hnstc`d le ochnb hn st`tc le trlpfy, wcrchn `ktu`mhty usceummy pcrelrahnb tfc t`sis dcshrcd oy Hndh`n slkhcty. Ht hs tfc `ppmhk`thln leunrcm`tcd st`nd`rds `nd gudbacnts (p`rthkum`rmy tflsc ca`n`thnb erla chbftccntf-nhnctccntfkcntury Curlpc) wfhkf fhdc `nd dhstlrt tfc `ktu`m shtu`thln `nd rcm`thlnsfhp.

U @mtflubf lrb`nhs`thln`mmy wcì hn ahmht`ry-plmhthk`m scnsc, hn alst rcspckts tfc plmhthk`m ndslkh`m hdc`s le Hndh` (mhic hts mcb`m `nd `dahnhstr`thvc `rr`nbcacnts `s wcmm `s skhcnkcs `ndtckfnlmlbhcs) f`d `kfhcvcd a`turhty `nd o`m`nkc `t slac thac prcvhlus tl hts prcscnt d`yklnt`kts whtf tfc Curlpc`n wlrmd. Hts slkh`m `nd plmhthk`m strukturc `t tfhs pcrhld, tflubfsccahnbmy dheecrcnt erla tflsc tf`t lot`hn hn tfc Curlpc`n wlrmd le tld`y, w`s omc tl prlvhdcle erccdla, wcmm-ochnb `nd slkh`m sckurhty o`shk`mmy shahm`r tl tflsc `t prcscnt `v`hmòmc hnaukf le tfc Curlpc`n wlrmd. Ht `msl sccas tl f`vc f`d slacwf`t shahm`r hdc`s òlut rumcr-rumcd rcm`thlnsfhp, tfc rcslmuthln le dhsputcs, mcb`m punhsfacnts, scxu`m alrcs, prltcsts`b`hnst tflsc hn ùtflrhty, ctk. Out wfhmc tfc wflmc mcd tl alrc erccdla `nd cqu`mhty, tfcsckf`r`ktcrhsthks `ddcd tl ` o`shk`mmy dckcntr`mhscd plmhthk`m `nd ahmht`ry strukturc `ndklntrhoutcd tl tfhs slkhcty ocklahnb alrc prlnc tl cxtcrn`m `tt`ki.

Durhnb tfc kcnturhcs, p`rthkum`rmy octwccn tfc twcmetf nd scvcntccntf, tfcrc hs nl dc`rtfle sukf cxtcrn`m lnsmùbfts. Tfc lnsmùbfts tl `n cxtcnt `rc òslrocd `nd `kklaald`tcd oyHndh`n slkhcty. Lvcr ` thac, flwcvcr, tfcy klntrhoutc nlt lnmy tl eurtfcr plmhthk`m `nd ahmht`ry wcìncss, out `msl tl dà`bhnb tfc v`rhlus hntcbr`thnb e`ktlrs wfhkf f`d prlvhdcd tfcnckcss`ry hntcmmcktu`m `nd sphrhtu`m mhnis octwccn dheecrcnt rcbhlns `nd spckh`mhst `s wcmm `sctfnhk brlups. Lvcr `mm, flwcvcr, tflubf klnshdcròmy wcìcr `nd pcrf`ps `mslpsykflmlbhk`mmy `t ` mlw coo, tfc a`glr `rr`nbcacnts `nd cxprcsshlns klnthnucd tl scrvc tfcpfyshk`m, slkh`m `nd sphrhtu`m nccds le tfc Hndh`n pclpmc s`thse`ktlrhmy.

@t tfc thac le tfc Curlpc`n lnsmùbft, tfc hndhbcnlus tcndcnkhcs hn Hndh` scca tl f`vc

occn hn ` st`tc le smlw rcsurbcnkc. Tfc rcsurbcnkc, wfhmc ht rcstlrcd ` ac`surc le klnehdcnkc, wcìcncd `t tfc sàc thac tfc plmhthk`m `nd ahmht`ry strukturc. Rhtf tfc ocbhnnhnb le




06

Curlpc`n dlahn`nkc hn Hndh`, tfc rcsurbcnkc blt tr`nselracd hntl dcprcsshln `ndunha`bhnòmc dhslrb`nhs`thln. Elrchbn bbrcsshln nd dlahn`nkc w`s nlt wflmmy uninlwn hnHndh` ocelrc tfc rcslrt tl ht oy Curlpc hn tfc ahd-chbftccntf kcntury. Out tfc Curlpc`ns letfhs pcrhld ocmlnbcd tl ` wflmmy `mhcn wlrmd hn rcm`thln tl Hndh`. Tfcy wcrc nlt lnmy `racd whtf tfc klnkcpts `nd fhcr`rkfhk`m hnsthtuthlns le ` mlnb ecud`m Curlpc`n p`st, out f`d `msl occn prcp rhnb elr tfc lkk`shln elr twl tl tfrcc kcnturhcs. Tfc suoscqucnt ppmhk`thln le tfchrklnkcpts `nd v`mucs klapmctcd tfc dcstrukthln le Hndh`n skhcnkc `nd slkhcty wfhkf f`d occnst`rtcd oy tfc plmhthk`m `nd ahmht`ry dcec`t le Hndh` `t tfchr f`nds.

Rf`t f`s dcvcmlpcd hn Hndh` hn tfc ehcmd le skhcnkc `nd tckfnlmlby durhnb tfc p`stkcntury, `nd `t ` brc`tcr p`kc shnkc 0842, hs a`hnmy ` tr`nspm`nthnb le slac le tf`t wfhkf f`sdcvcmlpcd durhnb tfhs pcrhld hn tfc Curlpc`n wlrmd. [ukf tr`nspm`nthnb f`s f`ppcncd nltlnmy `t tfc mcvcm le tfclrhcs, out cvcn alrc sl `s rcb`rds tfc lrb`nhs`thln le tckfnlmlby `ndtfc dhrckthln le rcsc`rkf. Ht hs m`rbcmy duc tl sukf tr`nspm`nthnb `nd hts untfhnihnb `kkcpt`nkctf`t, tflubf a`ny hndhvhdu`m Hndh`n skhcnthsts `nd tckfnlmlbhsts `rc `s krc`thvc `nd hnvcnthvc`s tfchr klmmc`bucs hn tfc Curlpc`n wlrmd, tfc hap`kt le tfhs skhcnkc `nd tckfnlmlby ln tfcm`rbcr slkhcty le Hndh` hs hn e`kt ahnha`m. Ht hs nl cx`bbcr`thln, pcrf`ps, tl `dd tf`t tfc ehcmd leskhcnkc nd tckfnlmlby hn Hndh`, s e`r s ht klnkcrns hts lrdhn`ry mhec, hs lnmy mhttmc mcss o`rrcn

tf`n Hndh`‘s st`tc systca `nd hts plmhthks. Olrrlwhnb le hdc`s `nd pr`kthkcs hn tfcascmvcs nccd nlt oc lostrukthvc tl Hndh`‘sdcvcmlpacnt lr krc`thvhty. Durhnb tfc kcnturhcs, Hndh` aust f`vc olrrlwcd a`ny hdc`s `ndpr`kthkcs erla ltfcr m`nds—hn tfc sàc a`nncr hn wfhkf Curlpc rckchvcd aukf hn tfc ehcmdle skhcnkc `nd tckfnlmlby erla tfc @ròs ctk., lr tfc @ròs `nd ltfcrs dhd erla Hndh`. Tl tfccxtcnt tf`t sukf olrrlwhnbs mc`d tl eurtfcr hnnlv`thln `nd krc`thvhty, tfcy `rc tl oc brc`tmy wcmklacd. Snelrtun`tcmy, sl e`r, tfc p`st kcntury‘s untfhnihnb tr`nspm`nthnb le Curlpc`nskhcnkcs nd tckfnlmlbhcs hn Hndh` f`s rcsumtcd a`hnmy hn rct`rdhnb nd omunthnb le hndhbcnlushnnlv`thln nd krc`thvhty.

Tfc prlomca elr Hndh` tld`y, `s pcrf`ps elr a`ny ltfcr m`nds wfhkf `rc sthmm rcklvcrhnberla tfc ceeckts le chbftccntf nd nhnctccntf kcntury Curlpc`n dlahn`nkc, hs flw tl `kfhcvc`nd hnkrc`sc sukf hnnlv`thln `nd krc`thvhty. [ukf hnnlv`thln `nd krc`thvhty k`n `rhsc,flwcvcr, lnmy erla ` whdcsprc`d hndhbcnlus o`sc. [ukf ` o`sc f`s yct tl oc hdcnthehcd (`ndtfc supcrstrukturc `kklrdhnbmy aldhehcd `nd mhnicd whtf ht) hn kluntrhcs mhic Hndh`. Elr tf`t,inlwmcdbc nd klaprcfcnshln le flw tfcy eunkthlncd ocelrc tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfhs dlahn`nkcscca tl oc csscnth`m. Cvcn elr tfc purplsceum `d`pt`thlns erla Curlpc`n (lr elr tf`t a`ttcrG`p`ncsc, Kfhncsc lr ny ltfcr) skhcnkc nd tckfnlmlby nd tfchr hntcbr`thln whtf hndhbcnlusklnkcpts, inlwmcdbc `nd elras, ht hs nckcss`ry tf`t tfcsc kluntrhcs `kfhcvc sukf scme-inlwmcdbc `nd undcrst`ndhnb `t tfc c`rmhcst plsshomc.

Nltcs0. M`dy A`ry Rlrtmcy Alnt`bu7 Acalhrs. ?. [cc ahd-chbftccntf kcntury Tr`kts ln Hnlkum`thln hn tfc Orhthsf Auscua

;. Cnkykmlp`cdh` Orht`nnhk` 7 080:-00 cdhthln7 @rthkmc ln [lwhnb .4. [cc Kf`ptcr HH, p.68.3. Cdhnourbf _cvhcw , Ulm.??, G`n. 0604, pp.424-235. [cc Kf`ptcr HH, p.30.2. Cnkykmlp`cdh` Orht`nnhk` 7 06?; cdhthln7 @rthkmc ln Fhndlls , Ulm.V, p.422.6. Cdhnourbf _cvhcw , Ulm.V (060:), p.;629 msl scc ‖@n Css`y ln tfc [`krcd Hsmcs hn tfc Rcst‘ oy Er`nkhs Rhmelrd hn tfc @sh`thk _csc`rkfcs , Ulm.6 (06:6), pp.?45-2.8. Zfhmlslpfhk`m Tr`ns kthlns , Ulm.6; (028;), @rthkmc oy Glfn Mmlyd Rhmmhàs, pp.43-8.0:. @sh`thk _csc`rkfcs , Ulm.3 (0286), @rthkmc oy R. Funtcr, pp.022-?00.00. Hohd .0?. B._. I`yc (flnlr`ry klrrcsplndcnt le @rkf`clmlbhk`m Dcp`rtacnt le Hndh`), K`mkutt`, Blvcrnacnt

Zrhnthnb Zrcss, 08?:.0;. Hohd .




08

04. G.Z. T`vcrnhcr7Tr`vcms hn Hndh`, K`mkutt`, 08:3, p.4?3.03. Ocnb`m7 Z`st `nd Zrcscnt, Ulm.5, pp.?28-6:05. Cnkykmlp`cdh` Orht`nnhk` 7 6tf Cdhthln (063:), @rthkmc ln @mbcor .02. Cnkykmlp`cdh` Orht`nnhk` 7 00tf Cdhthln (080:-00), @rthkmc ln Ohnlah`m Tfclrca .06. @sh`thk _csc`rkfcs , Ulm.0; (06?:), @rthkmc oy _. Tytmcr, A.D., pp.435-52.

08. Hohd .?:. [cc Kf`ptcr UH, p.045.?0. Hndh` Leehkc _cklrds (HL_)7 A[[ Cur E/83/H , ‖[lac _ca`ris ln tfc [lhm `nd Kumthv`thln ln tfc Rcstcrn [hdc le tfc _hvcr Fllbf my‘, ee.60r. ??. [cc Kf`ptcr VUHH, pp.?33.?;. Hohd , pp.?35.?4. _cplrt ln tfc Zrlbrcss le U`kkhnc Hnlkum`thln hn Ocnb`m, K`mkutt`, 06:4.?3. Hohd , p.?2-6.?5. Hohd , p.84.?2. [cc Tr`kts ln Hnlkum`thln , rcecrrcd tl òlvc (rcecrcnkc ?) elr tfc tfclmlbhk`m rc`slns `dv`nkcd`b`hnst hnlkum`thln hn Orht`hn hn tfc chbftccntf kcntury.

?6. HL_7 Zr`kthkc le Hnlkum`thln hn tfc Ocn`rcs Dhvhshln7 Erla Leehkh`thnb [upcrhntcndcnt Bcncr`m le U`kkhn`thln tl Blvcrnacnt N.R.Z., d`tcd 5tf Gunc 062:, p.22.?8. Hohd, _cplrt oy _.A. Ahmnc, Leehkh`thnb [upcrhntcndcnt le U`kkhn`thln, d`tcd 0st @prhm 062:, p.2?.;:. [cc Kf`ptcr UHHH, p.050.;0. [cc Kf`ptcr VHH, p.080.;?. _àcsfkf`ndr` A`guad`r, F.K. _`ykfùdfurh, I`mhihni`r D`tt`7 @n @dv`nkcd Fhstlryle Hndh` , ;rd cdhthln (0852), p.354.;;. Zfhmlslpfhk`m Tr`ns`kthlns , Ulm.53 (0223), @rthkmc oy Glscpf Om`ki, A.D., pp.0?4-6.;4. [cc Kf`ptcr VUHH, p.?36.;3. Zfhmlslpfhk`m Tr`ns`kthlns , Ulm.63 (0283), ‖Cxpcrhacnts `nd Loscrv`thlns tl hnvcsthb`tc tfcN`turc le ` Ihnd le [tccm, a`nue`kturcd `t Olao`y, `nd tfcrc k`mmcd Rlltz7 whtf _ca`ris ln tfcZrlpcrthcs `nd Klaplshthln le tfc dheecrcnt [t`tcs le Hrln‘, oy. Bclrbc Zc`rsln, A.D., E._.[., pp.;?? -;45. [cc `msl D. Ausfct7 Cxpcrhacnts ln Rlltz lr Hndh`n [tccm (Orhthsf Auscua 2?2. i.;), pp.53:-5?.;5. [tld`rt tl O. Fcync7 Pultcd hn Fcync‘s Tr`kts ln Hndh` , 0604, p.;5;. @kklrdhnb tl _locrt F`dehcmd,[tld`rt w`s prloòmy ‖tfc sàc Ar [tld`rt wfl a`ny yc`rs m`tcr `sshstcd E`r`d`y hn prcp`r hnb `ndhnvcsthb`thnb ` m`rbc nuaocr le stccm `mmlys‘ ( Glurn`m le Hrln `nd [tccm Hnsthtutc , Ulm.63). @kklrdhnb tlFcync , [tld`rt w`s ‖`n cahncnt hnstruacnt -aìcr‘, `nd `kklrdhnb tl Zc`rsln, wfla fc `sshstcd hnklndukthnb tfc cxpcrhacnts ln Rlltz hn 0284- 3, [tld`rt w`s `n ‖hnbcnhlus `rthst‘. ;2. Hohd , p.;54.;6. Zfhmlslpfhk`m Tr`ns`kthlns , Ulm.63, Zc`rsln‘s Cxpcrhacnts, p.; 43.;8. G.A. Fc`tf7 ‖Ln Hndh`n Hrln `nd [tccm‘ qultcd hn D. Ausfct, Hohd , p.520.4:. Hohd .40. mohd .4?. mohd , p.558, 520.4;. [cc, elr hnst`nkc, `n Cnbmhsf vcrshln le D. F`v`rt‘s _hsc `nd Dckmhnc le Klrla`ndcm (erla tfclrhbhn`m Dutkf puomhsfcd hn 058? lr 058;, erla Strckft), pp.?80-84, 4:0-;, hn A`kicnzhc A[[ (Zrhv`tc) , Ulm.66, hn HL_.44. A.B. _`n`dc7 Css`ys ln Hndh`n Cklnlahks , ;rd cdhthln, 0805, p.033.43. [cc Kf`ptcr VU, p.?03.45. N`thln`m @rkfhvcs le Hndh` (N@H)7 FLAC, Ahsk. _cklrds, Ulm.4;2, _cplrt le tfc Ahncr`mlbhk`m [urvcy le tfc Fha`m`y` Alunt`hns, 06?5 , p.5?2.42. HL_7 Zuomhk Dcsp`tkf tl Ocnb`m, Gumy ?8, 0604, p`r` 8.46. Er`nklhs O`mt`z`r [lmvyns7 Mcs Fhndlus , 4 Ulms, 06:?-0?.48. Zfhmlslpfhk`m Tr`ns kthlns , Ulm.?6, erla Er Z`phn, Ocnb`mc, Dckcaocr 06, 02:8, p.??5.3:. Iurt Zlmmì7Tfc Fc`mcrs7 Tfc Dlktlr, Tfcn `nd Nlw , Cnbmhsf Cdhthln 0856, pp.;2-6.

30. A`guad`r `nd ltfcrs7 @n @dv`nkcd Fhstlry le Hndh , p.350.3?. Cnkykmlp`cdh` Orht`nnhk` 7 6tf cdhthln, @rthkmc ln @mbcor`.




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3;. N@H7 Hndh` Zuomhk Zrlkccdhnbs, A`rkf 2, 06;3, Ahnutcs ln Zuomhk Hnstrukthln.34. [cc, àlnbst ltfcrs, [pcckfcs le Rhmmhà Rhmocrelrkc ln Hndh` hn tfc Orhthsf Flusc le Klaalnshn 060; , `msl Gàcs Ahmm‘s Fhstlry le Orhthsf Hndh` , 0602, p`rthkum`rmy Ulm.H.33. Ulmt`hrc7Klmmcktcd Rlris , Ulm.;6 (OA 0;40 d 6), pp.6;-4, 62.35. [cc [.K. @ma`st ‖Fhstlry `nd Cvlmuthln le Hndh`n Actfld le _fhnlpm`sty‘, hn Zrlkccdhnbs le ElurtfHntcrn`thln`m Klnbrcss ln Zm`sthk [urbcry, _lac, 0852, Cxkcrpt` Acdhk` Elund`thln, @astcrdà,0858.




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O_@AHN‘[ LO[C_U@TL_X @TOCN@_C[ Ocn`rcs (Oy [hr _locrt O`ricr, E._.[. (Zuomhsfcd 0222).) hn tfc C`st Hndhcs, lnc le tfc prhnkhp`mscahn`rhcs le tfc Oràhns lr prhcsts le tfc lrhbhn`m Bcntlls le Fhndlst`n, klnthnucs sthmm tl octfc pm`kc le rcslrt le tf`t sckt le pclpmc9 `nd tfcrc `rc a`ny puomhk kf`rhthcs, flspht`ms, `ndp`bld`s, wfcrc slac tflus`nds le tfca nlw rcshdc. F`vhnb ercqucntmy fc`rd tf`t tfc `nkhcntOràhns f`d ` inlwmcdbc le `strlnlay, `nd ochnb klnehracd hn tfhs oy tfchr hnelra`thln le`n `pprl`kfhnb ckmhpsc oltf le tfc [un `nd Alln, H a`dc hnquhry, wfcn `t tf`t pm`kc hn tfc yc`r 022?, àlnb tfc prhnkhp`m Oràhns, tl cndc`vlur tl bct slac hnelra`thln rcm`thvc tl tfca`nncr hn wfhkf tfcy wcrc `kqu`hntcd le `n `pprl`kfhnb ckmhpsc. Tfc alst hntcmmhbcnt tf`t Hklumd acct whtf, flwcvcr, b`vc ac out mhttmc s`thse`kthln. H w`s tlmd, tf`t tfcsc a`ttcrs wcrcklnehncd tl ` ecw, wfl wcrc hn plsscsshln le kcrt`hn ollis `nd rcklrds9 slac klnt`hnhnb tfcaystcrhcs le tfchr rcmhbhln, `nd ltfcrs tfc tòmcs le `strlnlahk`m loscrv`thlns, wrhttcn hn tfc[`nsirht m`nbu`bc, wfhkf ecw undcrstlld out tfcascmvcs7 tf`t tfcy wlumd tìc ac tl ` pm`kc

wfhkf f`d occn klnstruktcd elr tfc purplsc le aìhnb sukf loscrv`thlns `s H w`s hnquhrhnbètcr, nd erla wfcnkc tfcy supplscd tfc mc`rncd Oràhns a`dc tfchrs. H w`s tfcn klnduktcdtl `n `nkhcnt ouhmdhnb le stlnc, tfc mlwcr p`rt le wfhkf, hn hts prcscnt shtu`thln, w`s klnvcrtcdhntl ` stòmc elr flrscs, `nd ` rckcpt`kmc elr muaocr9 out, oy tfc nuaocr le klurty`rds `nd`p`rtacnts, ht ppc`rcd tf`t ht aust lnkc f`vc occn n cdhehkc elr tfc usc le slac puomhk oldyle pclpmc. Rc cntcrcd tfhs ouhmdhnb, `nd wcnt up ` st`hrk`sc tl tfc tlp le ` p`rt le ht, nc`r tltfc rhvcr B`nbcs, tf`t mcd tl ` m`rbc tcrr`kc, wfcrc, tl ay surprhsc `nd s`thse`kthln, H s`w `nuaocr le hnstruacnts yct rca`hnhnb, hn tfc brc`tcst prcscrv`thln, stupcndlusmy m`rbc,haalvcòmc erla tfc splt, `nd ouhmt le stlnc, slac le tfca ochnb upw`rds le twcnty ecct hnfchbft9 `nd, `mtflubf tfcy `rc s`hd tl f`vc occn crcktcd twl fundrcd yc`rs `bl, tfcbr`du`thlns `nd dhvhshlns ln tfc scvcr`m `rks `ppc`rcd `s wcmm kut, `nd `s `kkur`tcmy dhvhdcd,`s he tfcy f`d occn tfc pcrelra`nkc le ` aldcrn `rthst. Tfc cxckuthln hn tfc klnstrukthln le

tfcsc hnstruacnts cxfhohtcd ` a`tfca`thk`m cx`ktncss hn tfc ehxhnb, oc`rhnb, `nd ehtthnb le tfcscvcr`m p`rts, hn tfc nckcss`ry `nd sueehkhcnt supplrts tl tfc vcry m`rbc stlncs tf`t klaplscdtfca, `nd hn tfc glhnhnb `nd e`stcnhnb c`kf hntl tfc ltfcr oy ac`ns le mc`d `nd hrln.

Tfc shtu`thln le tfc twl m`rbc qu`dr`nts le tfc hnstruacnt a`ricd @ hn Ehburc H, wflscr`dhus hs nhnc ecct twl hnkfcs, oy tfchr ochnb `t rhbft `nbmcs whtf ` bnlaln `t twcnty-ehvcdcbrccs cmcv`thln, `rc tfrlwn hntl sukf `n lomhquc shtu`thln `s tl rcndcr tfca tfc alstdheehkumt, nlt lnmy tl klnstrukt le sukf ` a`bnhtudc, out tl sckurc hn tfchr plshthln elr sl mlnb` pcrhld, nd eelrds strhihnb hnst`nkc le tfc ohmhty le tfc rkfhtckt hn tfchr klnstrukthln9 elr, oy tfc sf`dlw le tfc bnlaln tfrlwn ln tfc qu`dr`nts, tfcy dl nlt `ppc`r tl f`vc `mtcrcd hntfc mc`st erla tfchr lrhbhn`m plshthln9 `nd sl truc hs tfc mhnc le tfc bnlaln, tf`t, oy `ppmyhnbtfc cyc tl ` sa`mm hrln rhnb le `n hnkf dhàctcr `t lnc cnd, tfc shbft hs k`rrhcd tfrlubf tfrccltfcrs le tfc sàc dhacnshln tl tfc cxtrcahty `t tfc ltfcr cnd, dhst`nt tfhrty-chbft ecct chbfthnkfcs, whtflut lostrukthln9 sukf hs tfc ehrancss `nd `rt whtf wfhkf tfhs hnstruacnt f`s occncxckutcd. Tfhs pcrelra`nkc hs tfc alrc wlndcreum nd cxtr`lrdhn`ry wfcn klap`rcd whtf tfc wlris le tfc `rthehkcrs le Fhndlst`n `t tfhs d`y, wfl `rc nlt undcr tfc haacdh`tc dhrckthln le` Curlpc`n ackf`nhk9 out `rts `ppc`r tl f`vc dckmhncd cqu`mmy whtf skhcnkc hn tfc C`st.

Mhcutcn`nt-klmlncm @rkfho`md Kàpocmm, `t tf`t thac kfhce cnbhnccr hn tfc C`st Hndh`Klap`ny‘s scrvhkc t Ocnb`m, bcntmca`n wflsc ohmhthcs dl flnlur tl fhs prlecsshln, a`dc pcrspckthvc dr`whnb le tfc wflmc le tfc `pp`r`tus tf`t klumd oc orlubft whtfhn fhs cyc `t lnc vhcw9 out H màcnt fc klumd nlt rcprcscnt slac vcry m`rbc qu`dr`nts, wflsc r`dhh wcrc òluttwcnty ecct, tfcy ochnb ln tfc shdc erla wfcnkc fc tlli fhs dr`whnb. Tfchr dcskrhpthlnflwcvcr hs, tf`t tfcy rc cx`kt qu`rtcrs le khrkmcs le dheecrcnt r`dhh, tfc m`rbcst le wfhkf H gudbcdtl oc twcnty ecct, klnstruktcd vcry cx`ktmy ln tfc shdcs le stlnc w`mms ouhmt pcrpcndhkum`r, `ndshtu`tcd, H supplsc, hn tfc acrhdh`n le tfc pm`kc7 ` or`ss phn hs ehxcd `t tfc kcntcr lr `nbmc letfc qu`dr`nt, erla wfcnkc, tfc Oràhn hnelracd ac, tfcy strctkfcd ` whrc tl tfckhrkuaecrcnkc wfcn `n loscrv`thln w`s tl oc a`dc9 erla wfhkf ht lkkurrcd tl ac, tfc




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loscrvcr aust f`vc alvcd fhs cyc up lr dlwn tfc khrkuaecrcnkc, oy ac`ns le m`ddcr lr slacsukf klntrhv`nkc, tl r`hsc `nd mlwcr fhascme, unthm fc f`d dhsklvcrcd tfc `mthtudc le `ny le tfcfc`vcnmy oldhcs hn tfchr p`ss`bc lvcr tfc acrhdh`n, sl cxprcsscd ln tfc `rks le tfcscqu`dr`nts7 tfcsc `rks wcrc vcry cx`ktmy dhvhdcd hntl nhnc m`rbc sckthlns9 c`kf le wfhkf `b`hnhntl tcn, aìhnb nhncty mcsscr dhvhshlns lr dcbrccs7 `nd tflsc `msl hntl twcnty, cxprcsshnbtfrcc ahnutcs c`kf, le òlut twl-tcntfs le `n hnkf `s undcr9 sl tf`t ht hs prloòmc, tfcy f`dslac actfld le dhvhdhnb cvcn tfcsc hntl alrc ahnutc dhvhshlns `t tfc thac le loscrv`thln.

Ay thac wlumd lnmy pcraht ac tl tìc dlwn tfc p`rthkum`r dhacnshlns le tfc alst k`pht`mhnstruacnt, lr tfc brc`tcr cquhnlkth`m [un-dh`m, rcprcscntcd oy Ehburc H, @, wfhkf `ppc`rs tl oc `n hnstruacnt tl cxprcss slm`r thac oy tfc sf`dlw le ` bnlaln upln twl qu`dr`nts, lncshtu`tcd tl tfc c`st, `nd tfc ltfcr tl tfc wcst le ht9 `nd hndccd tfc kfhce p`rt le tfchrhnstruacnts t tfhs pm`kc ppc`r tl oc klnstruktcd elr tfc sàc purplsc, cxkcpt tfc qu`dr`nts,`nd ` or`ss hnstruacnt tf`t whmm oc dcskrhocd fcrcètcr.

Ehburc H, O, hs `nltfcr hnstruacnt elr tfc purplsc le dctcrahnhnb tfc cx`kt flur le tfcd`y oy tfc sf`dlw le ` bnlaln, wfhkf st`nds pcrpcndhkum`r tl `nd hn tfc kcntcr le ` em`tkhrkum`r stlnc, supplrtcd hn `n lomhquc shtu`thln oy ac`ns le elur uprhbft stlncs `nd ` krlss-phckc9 sl tf`t tfc sf`dlw le tfc bnlaln, wfhkf hs ` pcrpcndhkum`r hrln rld, hs tfrlwn uplntfc dhvhshlns le tfc khrkmc dcskrhocd ln tfc e`kc le tfc em`t, khrkum`r stlnc.

Ehburc H, K, hs or`ss khrkmc, olut twl ecct hn dhàctcr, alvhnb vcrthk`mmy upln twl phvlts octwccn twl stlnc phmm`rs, f`vhnb `n hndcx lr f`nd turnhnb rlund flrhzlnt`mmy ln tfc kcntcrle tfhs khrkmc, wfhkf hs dhvhdcd hntl ;5: p`rts9 out tfcrc `rc nl kluntcr-dhvhshlns ln tfc hndcxtl suo-dhvhdc tflsc ln tfc khrkmc. Tfhs hnstruacnt `ppc`rs tl oc a`dc elr tìhnb tfc `nbmc le `st`r `t sctthnb lr rhshnb, lr elr tìhnb tfc `zhautf lr àpmhtudc le tfc [un `t rhshnb lr sctthnb.

Tfc usc le tfc hnstruacnt, Ehburc H, D, H w`s `t ` mlss tl `kklunt elr. Ht klnshsts le twlkhrkum`r w`mms9 tfc lutcr le wfhkf hs òlut elrty ecct dhàctcr, `nd chbft ecct fhbf9 tfc w`mm whtfhn òlut f`me tf`t fchbft, `nd `ppc`rs hntcndcd elr ` pm`kc tl st`nd ln tl loscrvc tfcdhvhshlns ln tfc uppcr khrkmc le tfc lutcr w`mm, r`tfcr tf`n elr `ny ltfcr purplsc9 `nd yct oltfkhrkmcs `rc dhvhdcd hntl ;5: dcbrccs, c`kf dcbrcc ochnb suo-dhvhdcd hntl twcnty mcsscr

dhvhshlns, tfc sàc `s tfc qu`dr`nts. Tfcrc hs ` dllrw`y tl p`ss hntl tfc hnncr khrkmc, `nd `phmm`r hn tfc kcntcr, le tfc sàc fchbft whtf tfc mlwcr khrkmc, f`vhnb flmc hn ht, ochnb tfc kcntcrle oltf khrkmcs, `nd sccas tl oc ` slkict elr `n hrln rld tl oc pm`kcd pcrpcndhkum`r hntl ht. Tfcdhvhshlns ln tfcsc, s wcmm s mm tfc ltfcr hnstruacnts, whmm oc`r nhkc cxàhn`thln whtf p`hrle klap`ss.

Ehburc H, C, hs ` sa`mmcr cquhnlkth`m [un-dh`m, klnstruktcd upln tfc sàc prhnkhpmc `s tfcm`rbc lnc @.

H k`nnlt quht tfhs suogckt whtflut loscrvhnb, tf`t tfc Oràhns, whtflut tfc `sshst`nkc lelpthk`m bm`sscs, f`d ncvcrtfcmcss `n `dv`nt`bc uncxpcrhcnkcd oy tfc loscrvcrs le tfc alrcNlrtfcrn kmha`tcs. Tfc scrcnhty `nd kmc`rncss le tfc `talspfcrc hn tfc nhbft-thac hn tfc C`stHndhcs, cxkcpt `t tfc sc`slns le kf`nbhnb tfc alnsllns lr pcrhldhk`m whnds, hs dheehkumt tlcxprcss tl tflsc wfl f`vc nlt sccn ht, ockùsc wc f`vc nltfhnb hn klap`rhsln tl elra lurhdc`s upln7 ht hs kmc`r tl pcreckthln, ` tlt`m quhctudc suoshsts, sk`rkcmy ` kmlud tl oc sccn9 `ndtfc mhbft le tfc fc`vcns, oy tfc nuacrlus `ppc`r`nkc le tfc st`rs, èelrds ` prlspckt oltf le wlndcr `nd klntcapm`thln.

Tfhs loscrv`tlry t Ocn`rcs hs s`hd tl f`vc occn ouhmt oy tfc lrdcr le tfc capcrlr @kio`r9elr `s tfhs whsc prhnkc cndc`vlurcd tl haprlvc tfc `rts, sl fc whsfcd `msl tl rcklvcr tfcskhcnkcs le Fhndlst`n, `nd tfcrcelrc dhrcktcd tf`t tfrcc sukf pm`kcs sflumd oc crcktcd9 lnc `tDcmfh, `nltfcr `t @br`, `nd tfc tfhrd `t Ocn`rcs.

[lac dluots f`vc `rhscn whtf rcb`rd tl tfc kcrt`hnty le tfc `nkhcnt Oràhns f`vhnb ìnlwmcdbc hn `strlnlay, `nd wfctfcr tfc Zcrsh`ns ahbft nlt f`vc hntrldukcd ht hntlFhndlst`n, wfcn klnqucrcd oy tf`t pclpmc9 out tfcsc dluots H tfhni aust v`nhsf, wfcn wcinlw tf`t tfc prcscnt Oràhns prlnlunkc, erla tfc rcklrds `nd tòmcs wfhkf f`vc occn

f`ndcd dlwn tl tfca oy tfchr elrce`tfcrs, tfc `pprl`kf le tfc ckmhpscs le tfc [un `nd Alln,`nd rcbum`rmy s tfcy dv`nkc bhvc thacmy hnelra`thln tl tfc capcrlr nd tfc prhnkcs hn wflsc




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dlahnhln tfcy rcshdc. Tfcrc `rc yct slac rca`hns hn cvhdcnkc le tfchr ochnb `t lnc thac hnplsscsshln le tfhs skhcnkc. Tfc shbns le tfc Wldh`k, hn slac le tfchr Kflumtrys ln tfc kl`st leKlrla`ndcm, `s rca`ricd oy Glfn K`mm, Csq. E._.[. hn fhs mcttcr tl tfc @strlnlacr _ly`m,rcquhrcs mhttmc ltfcr klnehra`thln. Ar K`mm s`ys, tf`t `s fc w`s m`yhnb ln fhs o`ki, rcsthnbfhascme hn tfc fc`t le tfc d`y, hn ` Kflumtry `t Ucrd`pct`f hn tfc A`dur` kluntry, nc`r K`pcKlaalrhn, fc dhsklvcrcd tfc shbns le tfc Wldh`k ln tfc kchmhnb le tfc Kflumtry7 tf`t fc elundlnc, cqu`mmy klapmctc, wfhkf w`s ln tfc kchmhnb le ` tcapmc, hn tfc ahddmc le ` t`ni ocelrc tfcp`bld` Tcppcklmua nc`r Ahndur`f9 `nd tf`t fc f`d letcn act whtf scvcr`m p`rts hn dct`kfcdphckcs. ([cc Zfhmls. Tr`ns. 022?, p.;3;) Tfcsc ouhmdhnbs `nd tcapmcs wcrc tfc pm`kcs lercshdcnkc `nd wlrsfhp le tfc lrhbhn`m Oràhns, `nd oc`r tfc a`ris le brc`t `nthquhty, f`vhnbpcrf`ps occn ouhmt ocelrc tfc Zcrsh`n klnqucst. Ocshdcs, wfcn wc inlw tf`t tfc a`nncrs ndkustlas le tfc Bcntll rcmhbhln `rc sukf `s tl prckmudc tfca erla `dahtthnb tfc sa`mmcsthnnlv`thln hn tfchr hnsthtuthlns9 wfcn wc `msl inlw tf`t tfchr e`sfhln hn drcss, `nd tfc aldcle tfchr mhvhnb, f`vc nlt rckchvcd tfc mc`st v`rh`thln erla tfc c`rmhcst `kklunt wc f`vc le tfca9ht k`nnlt oc supplscd tfcy wlumd cnbr`vc tfc syaolmhk`m ehburcs le tfc Zcrsh`n `strlnlay hntfchr s`krcd tcapmcs9 tfc shbns le tfc Wldh`k aust tfcrcelrc f`vc lrhbhn`tcd whtf tfca, he wckrcdht tfchr tr`dhthln le tfc purhty le tfchr rcmhbhln `nd kustlas.

Ar Er`scr hn fhs Fhstlry le tfc Album Capcrlrs, spcìhnb le thac s`ys, ‖tfc Mun`r yc`rtfcy rckiln ;34 d`ys, ?? burrhs, 0 pumm9 tfc [lm`r yc`r tfcy rckiln ;53 d`ys, 03 burrhs, ;: pumms,??± pccms9 5: pccms aìhnb 0 pumm, 5: pumms 0 burrh, `nd 5: burrhs 0 d`y. Tfhs hs `kklrdhnb tltfc Oràhns lr Hndh`n prhcsts, nd wf`t tfc Albums nd ltfcr A`flaacd`ns hn Hndh` kfhcemybl oy.‘

Tfus e`r Ar Er`scr9 `nd ht scrvcs tl strcnbtfcn tfc `rbuacnt elr supplshnb tf`t tfcOràhns f`d ` inlwmcdbc le `strlnlay ocelrc tfc hntrldukthln le A`flaacd`nhsa hntlFhndlst`n.

Dhacnshlns le tfc M`rbcr Cquhnlkth`m [un-dh`m(Ehburcs HH `nd HHH)

Ecct Hn.Mcnbtf le tfc bnlaln `t tfc o`sc o o , ;4 6 Lomhquc mcnbtf le tfc bnlalnk k, ;6 6_`dhus le tfc qu`dr`nts ` ` , 8 ?Fchbft le tfc bnlaln `t d , ?? ;Orc`dtf le tfc qu`dr`nts Ɵ Ɵ, 3 0:Tfhkincss b b , 0 :Orc`dtf le tfc bnlaln o o , 4 5 Rflmc cxtcnt le tfc hnstruacnt h h , ;2 4

M`thtudc le tfc pm`kc tìcn oy dluomc `mthtudc ?3º0:'.

[uppmcacnt ry Nltc ( Oy Klmlncm T.D. Zc`rsc (wfl `kklap`nhcd [hr _locrt O`ricr) tlBcncr`m Dcs`bumhcrs. ) Tfc prhnkhp`m kurhlshty fcrc hs tfc loscrv`tlry, ouhmt oy A`wnshnb, tfc sln le Gyshnb, òlut?:: yc`rs `bl9 tfcrc hs `n cxkccdhnbmy blld aur`m `rkf kut upln ` ehnc pm`hstcr le kfunà, slehnc `nd salltf, tf`t ht f`s tfc `ppc`r`nkc le a`romc9 `nd tflubf ht hs kcrt`hnmy vcry lmd, htsthmm hs pcreckt, out tfc hndcx hs w`nthnb9 tf`t hs ` mlss wfhkf klumd vcry c`shmy oc suppmhcd oy `pcrsln wfl f`s ` t`stc elr tfcsc studhcs9 elr tfc kcntrcs `rc mcet hn tfc w`mm.

Tfcrc `rc twl rhnb dh`ms9 tfc m`rbc lnc hs kurhlus7 tfc r`dhus le tfc stlnc `rkf hs 8 ecct 6hnkfcs9 tfc bnlaln hs 4 ecct 5 hnkfcs tfhki, nd hts sm`nt shdc olut 4: ecct mlnb7 tfcrc rc stcpshn tfc bnlaln oy wfhkf ylu `skcnd tl tfc tlp le ht. Oy tfc ac`surc le tfc twl bnlalns, H ehndtfcy st`nd hn m`thtudc ?3º ?:' N. Tfcrc `rc mhicwhsc twl sa`mm hnkmhncd dh`ms, hn wfhkf tfc




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bnlaln hs pcrpcndhkum`r tl tfc pm`nc le tfc stlnc ln wfhkf tfc dcbrccs `rc a`ricd. M`stmy,tfcrc hs `n hnstruacnt wfhkf H dl nlt undcrst`nd, tfc elmmlwhnb hs ` dcskrhpthln le ht7

@, o `rc khrkum`r w`mms9` hs ?4 hnkfcs tfhki, `nd nc`r 05 ecct r`dhus9o hs klnkcntrhk whtf` , 06 hnkfcs tfhki, `nd octwccn 0? `nd 0; ecct r`dhus.K hs ` kymhndcr le stlnc, hts kcntcr hs tfckcntcr le tfc w`mms. O `nd K `rc le cqu`m fchbft, vhz, 4 ecct ? hnkfcs9 tfc lutw`rd w`mm hs 6 ecct

`nd 4 hnkfcs. Tfc tlps le tfcsc w`mms `rc flrhzlnt`m, `nd `rc vcry nhkcmy dhvhdcd hntl dcbrccs,`nd suodhvhdcd hntl `rkfcs le 5' . @t tfc k`rdhn`m plhnts ln tfc tlp le tfc w`mm` 9 tfcrc `rc twlhrln phns, erla wfhkf H klngckturc tfcrc f`s occn `n hnstruacnt tl ehx upln tfc w`mm, tflubf Hdl nlt inlw elr wf`t purplsc lr le wf`t ihnd.

M`stmy tfc scklnd, elr H f`d elrblttcn `n hnstruacnt elr tìhnb tfc dckmcnshln le tfc sun,ctk., wfhkf klnshsts le ` khrkmc le hrln, klvcrcd whtf or`ss, `n `xhs le tfc sàc a`tcrh`ms, `nd`n hndcx whtf shbfts. Tfhs `xhs, wfhkf hs ` dhàctcr le ` khrkmc, `nd klnscqucntmy hn tfc pm`ncle ht, alvcs ln phvlts ehxcd hn tfc w`mms, wfhkf supplrt ht nd hs p`r`mmcm tl tfc xhs le tfc c`rtf.Tfc dhvhshlns `rc vcry aukf hnecrhlr tl tflsc ln tfc stlnc.




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HH_ CA@_I[ LN TFC @ [T_LNLAX LE

TFC O_@FAHN[ (Oy Glfn Zm`ye`hr, @.A., E._.[., Cdhn. (Zuomhsfcd 028:).)

[hnkc tfc thac wfcn `strlnlay cacrbcd erla tfc loskurhty le `nkhcnt eòmc, nltfhnb hs octtcrinlwn tf`n hts prlbrcss tfrlubf tfc dheecrcnt n`thlns le tfc c`rtf. Rhtf tfc cr` le Nòln`ss`r,rcbum`r loscrv`thlns ocb`n tl oc a`dc hn Kf`mdc`9 tfc c`rmhcst wfhkf f`vc acrhtcd tfc`ttcnthln le sukkccdhnb `bcs. Tfc kurhlshty le tfc Brccis w`s, slln ètcr, dhrcktcd tl tfc sàclogckt9 `nd tf`t hnbcnhlus pclpmc w`s tfc ehrst tf`t cndc`vlurcd tl cxpm`hn, lr klnnckt oytfclry, tfc v`rhlus pfcnlacn` le tfc fc`vcns. Tfhs wlri w`s supplscd tl oc sl eummy`kklapmhsfcd hn tfc [ynt`xcs le Ztlmcay tf`t fhs systca, whtflut lpplshthln lr haprlvcacnt,klnthnucd, elr alrc tf`n ehvc fundrcd yc`rs, tl dhrckt tfc `strlnlacrs le Cbypt, Ht`my `ndBrcckc. @etcr tfc skhcnkcs wcrc o`nhsfcd erla @mcx`ndrh`, fhs wrhthnbs a`dc tfchr w`y hntltfc C`st, wfcrc, undcr tfc K`mhpfs le O`bd`t, `strlnlay w`s kumthv`tcd whtf dhmhbcnkc `ndsukkcss. Tfc Zcrsh`n prhnkcs elmmlwcd tfc cxàpmc le tflsc le O`bd`t, olrrlwhnb ocshdcs, erlaTrcohslnd, wf`tcvcr a`tfca`thk`m inlwmcdbc w`s sthmm prcscrvcd àlnb tfc ruhns le tfcBrckh`n caphrc. Tfc klnqucsts le Bcnbhs, nd etcrw`rds le Thalur, tflubf tfcy rct`rdcd, dhdnlt stlp tfc prlbrcss le `strlnlay hn tfc C`st. Tfc br`ndslns le tfcsc twl klnqucrlrs wcrccqu`mmy rcnlwncd elr tfchr mlvc le skhcnkc70. Fum`bu rcstlrcd `strlnlay hn Zcrsh`, `nd Smubf-Ochbf, oy `n ceelrt sthmm alrc shnbum`r,

cstòmhsfcd ht hn T`rt`ry. Hn tfc ac`nthac, f`vhnb p`sscd whtf tfc @ròs hntl [p`hn, htmhicwhsc elund, hn @mpflnsl le K`sthmc, oltf ` dhskhpmc `nd ` p`trln. Ht w`s k`rrhcd, sllnètcr, hntl tfc nlrtf le Curlpc, wfcrc, etcr cxcrkhshnb tfc bcnhus le Klpcrnhkus, le Icpmcr,`nd le Ncwtln, ht f`s ocklac tfc alst pcreckt le `mm tfc skhcnkcs.

?. Hn tfc prlbrcss wfhkf `strlnlay f`s tfus a`dc, tfrlubf `malst `mm tfc n`thlns, erla tfc

Hndus tl tfc @tm`nthk, tfcrc hs sk`rkc ` stcp wfhkf k`nnlt oc `kkur`tcmy tr`kcd9 `nd ht hsncvcr dheehkumt tl dctcrahnc wf`t c`kf `bc, lr n`thln rckchvcd erla `nltfcr, lr wf`t ht`ddcd tl tfc bcncr`m stlki le `strlnlahk`m inlwmcdbc. Tfc v`rhlus systcas tf`t f`vcprcv`hmcd hn mm tfcsc kluntrhcs rc vhshomy klnncktcd whtf lnc nltfcr9 tfcy rc mm dcrhvcderla lnc lrhbhn`m, `nd wlumd hnkmhnc us tl ocmhcvc, tf`t tfc a`nncr hn wfhkf acn ocbhn tlloscrvc tfc fc`vcns, nd tl rc`sln olut tfca, hs n cxpcrhacnt ln tfc fua`n r`kc, wfhkff`s occn a`dc out lnkc.Ht hs, tfcrcelrc, a`ttcr le cxtrcac kurhlshty tl ehnd, ocylnd tfc Hndus, ` systca le`strlnlahk`m inlwmcdbc tf`t `ppc`rs tl aìc nl p`rt le tfc brc`t oldy le skhcnkc, wfhkff`s tr`vcrscd, `nd cnmhbftcncd tfc ltfcr kluntrhcs le tfc c`rtf9 ` systca tf`t hs hn tfcf`nds le acn, wfl elmmlw hts rumcs whtflut undcrst`ndhnb hts prhnkhpmcs, `nd wfl k`n bhvcnl `kklunt le hts lrhbhn, cxkcpt tf`t ht m`ys km`ha tl `n `nthquhty e`r ocylnd tfc pcrhld, tl wfhkf, whtf us, tfc fhstlry le tfc fcrlhk `bcs hs supplscd tl cxtcnd.

;. Rc lwc lur ehrst inlwmcdbc le tfhs `strlnlay tl A. M` Mluocrc, wfl, rcturnhnb, hn 0562,erla `n cao`ssy tl [hà, orlubft whtf fha `n cxtr`kt erla ` [hàcsc a`nuskrhpt, wfhkfklnt`hncd tòmcs, nd rumcs, elr k`mkum`thnb tfc pm`kcs le tfc sun `nd alln.m Tfc a`nncr hn wfhkf tfcsc rumcs wcrc m`hd dlwn, rcndcrcd tfc prhnkhpmcs, ln wfhkf tfcy wcrc elundcd,cxtrcacmy loskurc9 `nd ht rcquhrcd ` klaacnt`tlr, `s klnvcrs`nt whtf `strlnlahk`mk`mkum`thln s tfc kcmcor`tcd K`sshnh, tl cxpm`hn tfc ac`nhnb le tfhs kurhlus er`bacnt. @etcrtf`t pcrhld, twl ltfcr scts le `strlnlahk`m tòmcs wcrc scnt tl Z`rhs, oy tfc ahsshln`rhcs hnFhndlst`n9 out tfcy rca`hncd unnlthkcd, thmm tfc rcturn le A. Mc Bcnthm erla Hndh`, wfcrcfc f`d occn tl loscrvc tfc tr`nsht le Ucnus hn 0258. Tfhs `k`dcahkh`n capmlycd fhascme,durhnb tfc mlnb st`y, wfhkf fhs zc`m elr skhcnkc hndukcd fha tl aìc hn tf`t kluntry, hn`kquhrhnb ` inlwmcdbc le tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay. Tfc Or`fahns tflubft tfcy s`w, hn tfc oushncss le `n `strlnlacr, tfc a`ris le ` k`st tf`t f`d slac èehnhty tl tfchr lwn, `nd




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ocb`n tl klnvcrsc whtf A. Mc Bcnthm, alrc eàhmh`rmy tf`n whtf ltfcr str`nbcrs. @ mc`rncdOr`fahn le Thrv`mlrc, f`vhnb a`dc vhsht tl tfc Ercnkf strlnlacr, hnstruktcd fha hn tfcactflds, wfhkf fc uscd elr k`mkum`thnb ckmhpscs le tfc sun `nd alln, `nd klaaunhk`tcdtl fha tfc tòmcs `nd rumcs, tf`t `rc puomhsfcd hn tfc Acalhrs le tfc @k`dcay le [khcnkcs,elr 022?. [hnkc tf`t thac, tfc hnbcnhlus `nd cmlqucnt ùtflr le tfc Fhstlry le @strlnlay,f`s dcdhk`tcd `n cnthrc vlmuac tl tfc cxpm`n`thln, `nd klap`rhsln le tfcsc dheecrcnttòmcs, wfcrc fc f`s dcdukcd, erla tfca, a`ny hntcrcsthnb klnkmushlns. ? Tfc suogckthndccd acrhtcd fhs `ttcnthln9 elr tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay f`s `mm tfc prckhshln nckcss`ry elrrcslmvhnb tfc brc`t qucsthlns, whtf rcspckt tl hts lwn lrhbhn `nd `nthquhty, `nd hs oy nlac`ns àlnb tfc nuaocr le tflsc hapcreckt er`bacnts le `nkhcnt inlwmcdbc, wfhkf k`nmc`d nl eurtfcr tf`n klngckturc, `nd wfhkf `n `strlnlacr wlumd bm`dmy rcshbn tl tfcmc`rncd rcsc`rkfcs le tfc `nthqu`ry, lr tfc aytflmlbhst.

4. Ht hs erla tfcsc slurkcs, nd kfhcemy erla tfc cmòlr`tc hnvcsthb`thlns le tfc m`st acnthlncd wlri, tf`t H f`vc scmcktcd tfc a`tcrh`ms le tfc p`pcr, wfhkf H f`vc nlw tfc flnlur tl m`y ocelrc tfhs [lkhcty9 `nd ht hs pcrf`ps nckcss`ry tf`t H sflumd aìc slac `plmlby elrprcscnthnb fcrc, wf`t k`n f`vc sl mhttmc km`ha tl lrhbhn`mhty. Tfc e`kt hs, tf`tnltwhtfst`ndhnb tfc alst prlelund rcspckt, elr tfc mc`rnhnb `nd òhmhthcs le tfc ùtflr letfc @strlnlahc Hndhcnnc , H cntcrcd ln tfc study le tf`t wlri, nlt whtflut ` plrthln le tfcskcpthkhsa, wfhkf wf`tcvcr hs ncw nd cxtr`lrdhn`ry hn skhcnkc lubft mw`ys tl cxkhtc, ndsct òlut vcrheyhnb tfc k`mkum`thlns, `nd cxàhnhnb tfc rc`slnhnbs hn ht, whtf tfc alstskrupumlus `ttcnthln. Tfc rcsumt w`s, `n cnthrc klnvhkthln le tfc `kkur`ky le tfc lnc, `ndle tfc slmhdhty le tfc ltfcr9 nd H tfcn e`nkhcd, tf`t, hn n rbuacnt le sukf v`rhcty, H ahbftpcrf`ps dl ` scrvhkc tl ltfcrs, oy prcscnthnb tl tfca, tf`t p`rthkum`r vhcw le ht, wfhkf f`d`ppc`rcd tl ac tfc alst strhihnb. [ukf, tfcrcelrc, hs tfc logckt le tfcsc rca`ris9 tfcy `rcdhrcktcd tl tfrcc dheecrcnt plhnts7 Tfc ehrst hs tl bhvc ` sflrt `kklunt le tfc Hndh`n`strlnlay, sl e`r `s ht hs inlwn tl us, erla tfc elur scts le tòmcs òlvc acnthlncd9 tfcscklnd, tl st`tc tfc prhnkhp`m `rbuacnts, tf`t k`n oc dcdukcd erla tfcsc tòmcs, whtfrcspckt tl tfchr nthquhty9 nd tfc tfhrd, tl elra slac cstha`tc le tfc bclactrhk`m sihmm whtf wfhkf tfhs `strlnlahk`m systca hs klnstruktcd. Hn tfc ehrst, H f`vc elmmlwcd A. O`hmmykmlscmy9 hn tfc scklnd, tflubf H f`vc slacthacs tìcn dheecrcnt rl`d, H f`vc mw`ys klactl tfc sàc klnkmushln9 f`vhnb `hacd `t nltfhnb sl aukf, `s tl rcdukc tfc rc`slnhnb hntl` n`rrlw klap`ss, `nd tl `vlhd cvcry `rbuacnt tf`t hs nlt purcmy `strlnlahk`m, `ndhndcpcndcnt le `mm fypltfcshs9 hn tfc tfhrd, H f`vc trc`tcd le ` qucsthln wfhkf dhd nlt e`mm whtfhn tfc pm`n le A. O`hmmy‘s wlri, out f`vc lnmy cntcrcd ln ht `t prcscnt, mc`vhnb tl slaceuturc lpplrtunhty, tfc ltfcr dhskusshlns tl wfhkf ht mc`ds.

3. Tfc `strlnlay le Hndh`, `s ylu `mrc`dy pcrkchvc, hs klnehncd tl lnc or`nkf le tfc skhcnkc.Ht bhvcs nl tfclry, nlr cvcn `ny dcskrhpthln le tfc kcmcsth`m pfcnlacn`, out s`thsehcs htscme whtf tfc k`mkum`thln le kcrt`hn kf`nbcs hn tfc fc`vcns, p`rthkum`rmy le tfc ckmhpscs le tfcsun `nd alln, `nd whtf tfc rumcs `nd tòmcs oy wfhkf tfcsc k`mkum`thlns aust ocpcrelracd. Tfc Or`fahn, sc`thnb fhascme ln tfc brlund, `nd `rr`nbhnb fhs sfcmms ocelrc

fha, rcpc`ts tfc cnhba`thk`m vcrscs tf`t `rc tl buhdc fhs k`mkum`thln, `nd erla fhs mhttmctòmcts le p`ma mc`vcs, tìcs lut tfc nuaocrs tf`t `rc tl oc capmlycd hn ht. Fc lot`hns fhsrcsumt whtf wlndcreum kcrt`hnty `nd cxpcdhthln9 out f`vhnb mhttmc inlwmcdbc le tfcprhnkhpmcs ln wfhkf fhs rumcs `rc elundcd, `nd nl `nxhcty tl oc octtcr hnelracd, fc hspcrecktmy s`thsehcd, he, s ht usu`mmy f`ppcns, tfc klaacnkcacnt nd dur`thln le tfc ckmhpsc`nswcr, whtfhn ` ecw ahnutcs, tl fhs prcdhkthln. Ocylnd tfhs fhs `strlnlahk`m cnquhrhcsncvcr cxtcnd9 `nd fhs loscrv`thlns, wfcn fc aìcs `ny, bl nl e`rtfcr tf`n tl dctcrahnctfc acrhdh`n mhnc, lr tfc mcnbtf le tfc d`y, `t tfc pm`kc wfcrc fc loscrvcs.Tfc logckts, tfcrcelrc, wfhkf tfhs strlnlay prcscnts tl us, rc prhnkhp`mmy tfrcc. 0. Tòmcs`nd rumcs elr k`mkum`thnb tfc pm`kcs le tfc sun nd alln9 ?. Tòmcs nd rumcs elr k`mkum`thnbtfc pm`kcs le tfc pm`ncts9 ;. _umcs oy wfhkf tfc pf`scs le ckmhpscs `rc dctcrahncd. Tflubfht hs kfhcemy tl tfc ehrst le tfcsc tf`t lur `ttcnthln `t prcscnt hs tl oc dhrcktcd, tfc twl m`st whmm `msl eurnhsf us whtf slac usceum loscrv`thlns.




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5. Tfc Or`fahns, mhic mm ltfcr strlnlacrs, f`vc dhsthnbuhsfcd erla tfc rcst le tfc fc`vcns,tf`t plrthln le tfca, tfrlubf wfhkf tfc sun, alln nd pm`ncts klnthnu`mmy khrkum`tc. Tfcydhvhdc tfhs sp`kc, wfhkf wc k`mm tfc Wldh`k, hntl twcnty-scvcn cqu`m p`rts, c`kf a`ricd oy` brlup le st`rs, lr ` klnstcmm`thln.; Tfhs dhvhshln le tfc Wldh`k hs cxtrcacmy n`tur`m hn tfchne`nky le `strlnlahk`m loscrv`thln9 ockùsc tfc alln klapmctcs fcr khrkmc àlnb tfcehxcd st`rs, nc`rmy hn twcnty-scvcn d`ys, `nd sl aìcs `n `ktu`m dhvhshln le tf`t khrkmc hntltwcnty-scvcn cqu`m p`rts. Tfc alln tll, ht aust oc rcacaocrcd, w`s, `t tf`t thac, tfclnmy hnstruacnt, he wc a`y s`y sl, oy wfhkf tfc plshthlns le tfc st`rs ln c`kf shdc le fcrp`tf klumd oc skcrt`hncd9 nd wfcn fcr lwn hrrcbum`rhthcs wcrc uninlwn, sfc w`s, oy tfcr`phdhty le fcr althln c`stw`rd, wcmm `d`ptcd elr tfhs purplsc. Ht hs `msl tl tfc pf`scs letfc alln, tf`t wc `rc tl `skrhoc tfc klaaln dhvhshln le thac hntl wccis, lr plrthlns lescvcn d`ys, wfhkf sccas tl f`vc prcv`hmcd `malst lvcr tfc wflmc c`rtf. 4 Tfc d`ys le tfc wcci `rc dcdhk`tcd oy tfc Or`fahns, `s oy us, tl tfc scvcn pm`ncts, `nd wf`t hs trumyshnbum`r, tfcy `rc `rr`nbcd prckhscmy hn tfc sàc lrdcr.

2. Rhtf tfc klnstcmm`thlns, tf`t dhsthnbuhsf tfc twcnty-scvcn cqu`m sp`kcs, hntl wfhkf tfchrWldh`k hs dhvhdcd, tfc `strlnlacrs le Hndh`, f`vc klnncktcd nlnc le tflsc ehburcs le`nha`ms, wfhkf rc alnb us, le sl nkhcnt, nd yct sl `rohtr`ry n lrhbhn. A. Mc Bcnthm f`sbhvcn us tfchr nàcs, `nd klnehbur`thlns.3 Tfcy `rc elracd, elr tfc alst p`rt, le sa`mmbrlups le st`rs, sukf `s tfc Zmch`dcs lr tfc Fy`dcs, tflsc ocmlnbhnb tl tfc sàcklnstcmm`thln ochnb mm klnncktcd oy str`hbft mhncs. Tfc ehrst le tfca lr tf`t wfhkf hs pm`kcd`t tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfchr Wldh`k, klnshsts le shx st`rs, cxtcndhnb erla tfc fc`d le @rhcs tltfc ellt le @ndrlacd`, hn lur Wldh`k, `nd lkkupyhnb ` sp`kc le òlut tcn dcbrccs hnmlnbhtudc. Tfcsc klnstcmm`thlns `rc e`r erla hnkmudhnb `mm tfc st`rs hn tfc Wldh`k. A. McBcnthm rca`ris, tf`t tflsc st`rs scca tl f`vc occn scmcktcd, wfhkf `rc ocst `d`ptcd elra`rihnb lut, oy mhncs dr`wn octwccn tfca, tfc pm`kcs le tfc alln hn fcr prlbrcss tfrlubftfc fc`vcns. @t tfc sàc thac tf`t tfc st`rs hn tfc Wldh`k `rc tfus `rr`nbcd hntl twcnty-scvcnklnstcmm`thlns, tfc ckmhpthk hs dhvhdcd, `s whtf us, hntl twcmvc shbns le tfhrty dcbrccs c`kf.Tfhs dhvhshln hs purcmy hdc`m, `nd hs hntcndcd acrcmy elr tfc purplsc le k`mkum`thln. Tfcnàcs `nd caomcas oy wfhkf tfcsc shbns `rc cxprcsscd, `rc nc`rmy tfc sàc `s whtf us9 5 `nd tfcrc hs nltfhnb hn tfc n`turc le tfhnbs tl f`vc dctcrahncd tfhs klhnkhdcnkc, ht aust,mhic tfc `rr`nbcacnt le tfc d`ys le tfc wcci, oc tfc rcsumt le slac `nkhcnt `nd uninlwnklaaunhk`thln.

6. Tf`t althln oy wfhkf tfc ehxcd st`rs `mm `ppc`r tl alvc c`stw`rd, `nd klnthnu`mmy tlhnkrc`sc tfchr dhst`nkc erla tfc pm`kc, tf`t tfc sun lkkuphcs `t tfc vcrn`m cquhnlx, hsinlwn tl tfc Or`fahns, `nd cntcrs hntl tfc klaplshthln le `mm tfchr tòmcs.2 Tfcy klaputctfhs althln tl oc t tfc r`tc le 34 " yc`r9 sl tf`t tfchr `nnus a`bnus , lr tfc thac hn wfhkftfc ehxcd st`rs klapmctc `n cnthrc rcvlmuthln, hs ?4,::: yc`rs. Tfhs althln hs tll quhki oyslacwf`t mcss tf`n 4 " yc`r9 n crrlr tf`t whmm nlt oc tflubft brc`t, wfcn ht hs klnshdcrcd,tf`t Ztlmcay klaahttcd lnc le 04 " , hn dctcrahnhnb tfc sàc qu`nthty.

@nltfcr khrkuast`nkc, wfhkf hs klaaln tl `mm tfc tòmcs, `nd, `t tfc sàc thac, pckumh`rtl tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay, hs, tf`t tfcy cxprcss tfc mlnbhtudc le tfc sun `nd alln, oy tfchrdhst`nkc erla tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc alvcòmc Wldh`k, `nd nlt, `s hs usu`m whtf us, oy tfchrdhst`nkc erla tfc plhnt le tfc vcrn`m cquhnlx. Tfc mlnbhtudc hs rckilncd hn shbns le ;:º, s`mrc`dy acnthlncd, `nd c`kf dcbrcc hs suodhvhdcd hntl 5:' , ctk. Hn tfc dhvhshln le thac,tfchr `rhtfacthk hs purcmy scx`bcsha`m7 Tfcy dhvhdc tfc d`y hntl 5: flurs, tfc flur hntl 5:ahnutcs, ctk.9 sl tf`t tfchr flur hs ?4 le lur ahnutcs, tfchr ahnutc ?4 le lur scklnds, `ndsl ln.

8. Tfcsc rca`ris rcecr cqu`mmy tl `mm tfc tòmcs. Rc `rc nlw tl tìc nlthkc le wf`t hs pckumh`rtl c`kf, ocbhnnhnb whtf tflsc le [hà.Hn lrdcr tl k`mkum`tc elr ` bhvcn thac, tfc pm`kc le `ny le tfc kcmcsth`m oldhcs, tfrcc tfhnbs`rc rcquhrcd. Tfc ehrst hs, tfc plshthln le tfc oldy hn slac p`st hnst`nt le thac, `skcrt`hncd oy loscrv`thln9 `nd tfhs hnst`nt, erla wfhkf cvcry k`mkum`thln aust sct lut, hs usu`mmyk`mmcd tfccplkf le tfc tòmcs. Tfc scklnd rcquhshtc hs, tfc ac`n r`tc le tfc pm`nct‘s althln,




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oy wfhkf hs klaputcd tfc `rkf hn tfc fc`vcns, tf`t ht aust f`vc dcskrhocd, hn tfc hntcrv`m octwccn tfc cplkf `nd tfc hnst`nt elr wfhkf tfc k`mkum`thln hs a`dc. Oy tfc `ddhthln letfhs, tl tfc pm`kc `t tfc cplkf, wc ehnd tfc ac`n pm`kc le tfc pm`nct, lr tfc plhnt ht wlumdf`vc lkkuphcd hn tfc fc`vcns, f`d hts althln occn suogckt tl nl hrrcbum`rhty. Tfc tfhrd hs,tfc klrrckthln, ln `kklunt le sukf hrrcbum`rhty, wfhkf aust oc `ddcd tl tfc ac`n pm`kc, lrsuotr`ktcd erla ht, s khrkuast`nkcs rcquhrc, hn lrdcr tl f`vc tfc truc pm`kc. Tfc klrrckthlntfus a`dc hs, hn tfc m`nbu`bc le `strlnlay, k`mmcd `n cqu`thln9 `nd, wfcn ht `rhscs erlatfc ckkcntrhkhty le ` pm`nct‘s lroht, ht hs k`mmcd tfc cqu`thln le tfc kcntrc.

0:. Tfc cplkf le tfc tòmcs le [hà dlcs nlt bl o`ki tl `ny vcry rcaltc pcrhld. A. K`sshnh, oy`n hnbcnhlus `n`myshs le tfchr rumcs, ehnds tf`t ht klrrcsplnds tl tfc ?0st le A`rkf, hn tfc yc`r 5;6 le lur cr`, `t ; hn tfc alrnhnb, ln tfc acrhdh`n le [hà. 6 Tfhs w`s tfc hnst`nt `t wfhkf tfc `strlnlahk`m yc`r ocb`n, `nd `t wfhkf oltf tfc sun `nd alln cntcrcd tfcalvcòmc Wldh`k.Hndccd, ht hs tl oc loscrvcd, tf`t, hn `mm tfc tòmcs, tfc `strlnlahk`m yc`r ocbhns wfcn tfcsun cntcrs tfc alvcòmc Wldh`k, sl tf`t tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfhs yc`r hs klnthnu`mmy dv`nkhnb whtf rcspckt tl tfc sc`slns, `nd aìcs tfc klapmctc rlund le tfca hn ?4,::: yc`rs.Erla tfc cplkf olvc acnthlncd, tfc ac`n pm`kc le tfc sun elr ny ltfcr thac hs dcdukcd,ln tfc supplshthln tf`t hn 6:: yc`rs, tfcrc `rc klnt`hncd ?8?,?:2 d`ys. 8 Tfhs supplshthlnhnvlmvcs hn ht tfc mcnbtf le tfc sydcrc`m yc`r, lr tfc thac tf`t tfc sun tìcs tl rcturn tl tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc alvcòmc Wldh`k, `nd aìcs ht klnshst le ;53d , 5f , 0?' , ;5 " .0: Erla tfhs, hnlrdcr tl ehnd tfc trlphk`m yc`r, lr tf`t wfhkf rcbum`tcs tfc sc`slns, wc aust tìc `w`y ?0 ' ,33" , `s tfc thac wfhkf tfc sun tìcs tl alvc lvcr tfc 34 " , tf`t tfc st`rs `rc supplscd tlf`vc `dv`nkcd hn tfc yc`r9 tfcrc whmm rca`hn ;53d , 3f , 3: ' , 40" , wfhkf hs tfc mcnbtf le tfctrlphk`m yc`r tf`t hs hnvlmvcd, nlt lnmy hn tfc tòmcs le [hà, out mhicwhsc, vcry nc`rmy, hn mmtfc rcst. 00 Tfhs dctcrahn`thln le tfc mcnbtf le tfc yc`r hs out 0' , 3;" , brc`tcr tf`n tf`t le DcM` K`hmmc, wfhkf hs ` dcbrcc le `kkur`ky ocylnd wf`t hs tl oc elund hn tfc alrc `nkhcnttòmcs le lur `strlnlay.

00. Tfc ncxt tfhnb whtf wfhkf tfcsc tòmcs prcscnt us, hs ` klrrckthln le tfc sun‘s ac`n pm`kc,

wfhkf klrrcsplnds tl wf`t wc k`mm tfc cqu`thln le fhs kcntrc, lr tfc hncqu`mhty rhshnb erlatfc ckkcntrhkhty le fhs lroht, hn klnscqucnkc le wfhkf, fc hs `mtcrn`tcmy rct`rdcd `nd`kkcmcr`tcd, fhs truc pm`kc ochnb, elr lnc f`me le tfc yc`r, mcet ocfhnd tfc ac`n, nd, elr tfcltfcr, `dv`nkcd ocelrc ht. Tfc plhnt wfcrc tfc sun hs pm`kcd, wfcn fhs althln hs smlwcst, wc k`mm fhs `plbcc, ockùsc fhs dhst`nkc erla tfc c`rtf hs tfcn brc`tcst9 out tfc Hndh`n`strlnlay, wfhkf hs shmcnt whtf rcspckt tl tfclry9 trc`ts tfhs plhnt `s nltfhnb alrc tf`n wf`t ht `ppc`rs tl oc, ` plhnt, vhz. hn tfc fc`vcns, wfcrc tfc sun‘s althln hs tfc smlwcstplsshomc, `nd òlut 8:º dhst`nt erla tf`t, wfcrc fhs brc`tcst hncqu`mhty tìcs pm`kc. Tfhsbrc`tcst hncqu`mhty hs fcrc a`dc tl oc ?º, 0?' ,0? òlut 05 ' brc`tcr tf`n ht hs dctcrahncd, oytfc aldcrn `strlnlay le Curlpc. Tfhs dheecrcnkc hs vcry klnshdcròmc9 out wc sf`mm ehndtf`t ht hs nlt tl oc `skrhocd wflmmy tl crrlr, `nd tf`t tfcrc w`s ` thac wfcn tfc hncqu`mhtyhn qucsthln w`s nc`rmy le tfc a`bnhtudc fcrc sshbncd tl ht. Hn tfc ltfcr plhnts le tfc sun‘sp`tf, tfhs hncqu`mhty hs dhahnhsfcd, hn prlplrthln tl tfc shnc le tfc ac`n dhst`nkc erla tfc`plbcc, tf`t hs, nc`rmy `s hn lur lwn tòmcs. Tfc `plbcc hs supplscd tl oc 6:º `dv`nkcd ocylnd tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc Wldh`k, `nd tl rct`hn `mw`ys tfc sàc plshthln àlnb tfcehxcd st`rs, lr tl alvc elrw`rd `t tfc sàc r`tc whtf tfca. 0; Tflubf tfhs supplshthln hsnlt `kkur`tc, `s tfc `plbcc b`hns upln tfc st`rs òlut 0: " `nnu`mmy, ht hs aukf nc`rcr tfctrutf tf`n tfc systca le Ztlmcay, wfcrc tfc sun‘s plbcc hs supplscd òsl mutcmy `t rcst, sl`s klnthnu`mmy tl e`mm o`ki àlnb tfc ehxcd st`rs, oy tfc wflmc qu`nthty le tfc prckcsshln letfc cquhnlxcs.04

0?. Hn tfcsc tòmcs, tfc althlns le tfc alln `rc dcdukcd, oy kcrt`hn hntcrk`m`thlns, erla `pcrhld le nhnctccn yc`rs, hn wfhkf sfc aìcs nc`rmy ?;3 rcvlmuthlns9 `nd ht hs kurhlus tlehnd t [hà, tfc inlwmcdbc le tf`t kykmc, le wfhkf tfc hnvcnthln w`s tflubft tl dl sl aukf

flnlur tl tfc @tfcnh`n `strlnlacr Actln, `nd wfhkf aìcs sl brc`t ` ehburc hn luraldcrn i`mcnd`rs. 03 Tfc alln‘s `plbcc hs supplscd tl f`vc occn hn tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc




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alvcòmc Wldh`k, 5?0 d`ys ètcr tfc cplkf le tfc ?0st le A`rkf 5;6, `nd tl aìc `n cnthrcrcvlmuthln hn tfc fc`vcns hn tfc sp`kc le ;?;? d`ys.05 Tfc ehrst le tfcsc supplshthlns brccs whtf A`ycr‘s tòmcs tl mcss tf`n ` dcbrcc, nd tfc scklnd dheecrs erla tf ca lnmy oy 00f , 04' ,;0" -9 `nd he ht oc klnshdcrcd tf`t tfc `plbcc hs `n hdc`m plhnt hn tfc fc`vcns, wfhkf cvcntfc cycs le `n `strlnlacr k`nnlt dhrcktmy pcrkchvc, tl f`vc dhsklvcrcd hts truc althln, slnc`rmy, `rbucs nl sa`mm klrrcktncss le loscrv`thln.

0;. Erla tfc pm`kc le tfc `plbcc, tfus elund, tfc hncqu`mhthcs le tfc alln‘s althln, wfhkf rctl rcdukc fcr ac`n tl fcr truc pm`kc, `rc ncxt tl oc dctcrahncd. Nlw, `t tfc lpplshthlns`nd klngunkthlns, tfc twl brc`tcst le tfc alln‘s hncqu`mhthcs, tfc cqu`thln le tfc kcntrc`nd tfc cvckthln, oltf dcpcnd ln tfc dhst`nkc erla tfc `plbcc, `nd tfcrcelrc `ppc`r out`s lnc hncqu`mhty. Tfcy `msl, p`rtmy, dcstrly lnc `nltfcr9 sl tf`t tfc alln hs rct`rdcd lr`kkcmcr`tcd, lnmy oy tfchr dheecrcnkc, wfhkf, wfcn brc`tcst, hs`kklrdhnb tl A`ycr‘s tòmcs,4º, 32' , 4?" . Tfc [hàcsc rumcs, wfhkf k`mkum`tc lnmy elr lpplshthlns nd klngunkthlns, bhvc,`kklrdhnbmy, out lnc hncqu`mhty tl tfc alln, nd aìc ht, wfcn brc`tcst, 4º, 35 ' , nlt ? ' mcsstf`n tfc prckcdhnb. Tfhs brc`tcst cqu`thln hs ppmhcd, wfcn tfc alln‘s ac`n dhst`nkc erlatfc `plbcc hs 8:º9 hn ltfcr shtu`thlns, tfc cqu`thln hs mcss, hn prlplrthln `s tfc shnc le tf`tdhst`nkc dhahnhsfcs.02

04. Tfc [hàcsc A[ orcìs lee fcrc, `nd dlcs nlt hnelra us flw tfc `strlnlacrs le tf`tkluntry prlkccd, hn tfc rca`hnhnb p`rts le tfchr k`mkum`thln, wfhkf tfcy scca tl f`vcundcrtìcn, acrcmy elr slac purplsc hn `strlmlby. A. K`sshnh, tl wfla wc `rc hndcotcdelr tfc cxpm`n`thln le tfcsc tòmcs, loscrvcs, tf`t tfcy `rc nlt lrhbhn`mmy klnstruktcd elrtfc acrhdh`n le [hà, ockùsc tfc rumcs dhrckt tl tìc `w`y ; ' elr tfc sun, `nd 4: ' elr tfcalln, (ochnb tfc althln le c`kf elr 0 f 0;' ), erla tfchr mlnbhtudcs k`mkum`tcd `s òlvc.06 Tfc acrhdh`n le tfc tòmcs hs tfcrcelrc 0f , 0;' lr 06º, 03' wcst le [hà9 `nd ht hs rca`riòmc,tf`t tfhs orhnbs us vcry nc`r tl tfc acrhdh`n le Ocn`rcs, tfc `nkhcnt sc`t le Hndh`nmc`rnhnb.08 Tfc sàc `brccs nc`rmy whtf wf`t tfc Fhndlls k`mm tfchr ehrst acrhdh`n, wfhkfp`sscs tfrlubf Kcymln `nd tfc o`nis le _à`n`nklr. Rc `rc, tfcrcelrc, ùtflrhscd,lr r`tfcr, wc `rc nckcss`rhmy dctcrahncd tl klnkmudc, tf`t tfc tòmcs le [hà kàc

lrhbhn`mmy erla Fhndlst`n.03. @nltfcr sct le `strlnlahk`m tòmcs, nlw hn tfc plsscsshln le tfc @k`dcay le [khcnkcs, w`sscnt tl tfc m`tcA. Dc M‘Hsmc erla Kfrhsnòlurà, tlwn hn tfc K`r`n`thk, oy Er Du Kfàp,òlut tfc yc`r 023:. Tflubf tfcsc tòmcs f`vc n lovhlus eehnhty tl wf`t f`s mrc`dy occndcskrhocd, tfcy elra ` aukf alrc rcbum`r `nd cxtcnshvc systca le `strlnlahk`minlwmcdbc. Tfcy `rc ehetccn hn nuaocr9 `nd hnkmudc, ocshdc tfc ac`n althlns le tfc sun,alln `nd pm`ncts, tfc cqu`thlns tl tfc kcntrc le tfc sun `nd alln, `nd twl klrrckthlnselr c`kf le tfc pm`ncts, tfc lnc le wfhkf klrrcsplnds tl hts `pp`rcnt, `nd tfc ltfcr tl htsrc`m hncqu`mhty. Tfcy `rc `kklap`nhcd `msl whtf prckcpts, `nd cxàpmcs, wfhkf Er DuKfàp rckchvcd erla tfc Or`fahns le Kfrhsnòlurà, `nd wfhkf fc f`s tr`nsm`tcd hntlErcnkf.?: Tfc cplkf le tfcsc tòmcs hs mcss `nkhcnt tf`n tf`t le tfc elracr, `nd `nswcrs tl tfc 0:tfle A`rkf `t sunrhsc, hn tfc yc`r 0480 le lur cr`, wfcn tfc sun w`s gust cntcrhnb tfcalvcòmc Wldh`k, `nd w`s hn klngunkthln whtf tfc alln9 twl khrkuast`nkcs, oy wfhkf`malst `mm tfc Hndh`n cr`s `rc dhsthnbuhsfcd. Tfc pm`kcs, wfhkf tfcy `sshbn, `t tf`t thac, tltfc sun `nd alln, `brcc vcry wcmm whtf tfc k`mkum`thlns a`dc erla tfc tòmcs le A`ycr,`nd Dc M` K`hmmc. Hn tfchr ac`n althlns, tfcy hndccd dheecr slacwf`t erla tfca9 out `stfcy dl sl cqu`mmy elr tfc sun nd alln, tfcy prldukc nl crrlr, hn dctcrahnhnb tfc rcm`thvcplshthln le tfcsc oldhcs, nlr, le klnscqucnkc, hn k`mkum`thnb tfc pfcnlacn` le ckmhpscs.Tfc sun‘s `plbcc hs fcrc supplscd tl f`vc ` althln swhetcr tf`n tf`t le tfc ehxcd st`rs, oyòlut 0 " hn nhnc yc`rs, wfhkf, tflubf ht e`mms brc`tmy sflrt le tfc trutf, dlcs krcdht tl tfhs`strlnlay, `nd hs ` strlnb a`ri le lrhbhn`mh ty. Tfc cqu`thln le tfc sun‘s kcntrc hsslacwf`t mcss fcrc tf`n hn tfc tòmcs le [hà9 ht hs ?º, 0:' , ;: " 9 tfc cqu`thln le tfc alln‘skcntrc hs 3º, ?' , 42" 9 fcr p`tf, wfcrc ht hntcrsckts tf`t le tfc sun, hs supplscd tl aìc `n`nbmc whtf ht le 4º, ;:' , nd tfc althlns, oltf le tfc plbcc nd nldc, rc dctcrahncd vcrync`r tl tfc trutf.




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05. @nltfcr sct le tòmcs, scnt erla Hndh` oy Er Z`tluhmmct, wcrc rckchvcd oy A. DcM‘Hsmc, oluttfc sàc thac whtf tflsc le Kfrhsnòlurà. Tfcy f`vc nlt tfc nàc le `ny p`rthkum`rpm`kc èehxcd tl tfca9 out, `s tfcy klnt`hn ` rumc elr dctcrahnhnb tfc mcnbtf le tfc d`y, wfhkf `nswcrs tl tfc m`thtudc le 05º, 05' , A. O`hmmy tfhnis ht prloòmc tf`t tfcy klac erlaN`rs`plur. ?0

Tfc prckcpts nd cxàpmcs, wfhkf kklap`ny tfcsc tòmcs, tflubf whtflut ny haacdh`tcrcecrcnkc tl tfca, `rc klnehncd tl tfc k`mkum`thln le tfc ckmhpscs le tfc sun `nd alln9 outtfc tòmcs tfcascmvcs cxtcnd tl tfc althln le tfc pm`ncts, `nd vcry aukf rcscaomc tflscle Kfrhsnòlurà, cxkcpt tf`t tfcy `rc bhvcn whtf mcss dct`hm, `nd hn ` elra aukf alrccnhba`thk`m.?? Tfc cplkf le tfc prckcpts, wfhkf A. O`hmmy f`s cvlmvcd whtf brc`t hnbcnuhty, blcs o`ki nle`rtfcr tf`n tfc yc`r 0358, `t ahdnhbft, octwccn tfc 02tf `nd 06tf le A`rkf. Erla tfhscplkf, tfc pm`kcs le tfc sun `nd alln `rc klaputcd, `s hn tfc tòmcs le [hà, whtf tfc`ddhthln le `n cqu`thln, wfhkf hs hndccd cxtrcacmy shnbum`r. Ht rcscaomcs tf`t klrrckthlnle tfc alln‘s althln, wfhkf w`s dhsklvcrcd oy Tykfl, `nd wfhkf hs k`mmcd tfc `nnu`mcqu`thln, ockùsc hts qu`nthty dcpcnds, nlt ln tfc pm`kc le tfc alln, out ln tfc pm`kc letfc sun, hn tfc ckmhpthk. Ht hs cvcry wfcrc prlplrthln`m tl tfc hncqu`mhty le tfc sun‘s althln,

`nd hs nc`rmy ` tcntf p`rt le ht. Tfc tòmcs le N`rs`plur aìc tfchr `nnu`m cqu`thln lnmyle tfc sun‘s7 out tfhs hs nlt tfchr lnmy ahstìc9 elr tfcy dhrckt tfc cqu`thln tl oc `ddcd tltfc alln‘s mlnbhtudc, wfcn ht lubft tl oc suotr`ktcd erla ht, `nd vhkc vcrs`. Nlw, ht hsdheehkumt tl klnkchvc erla wfcnkc tfc m`st acnthlncd crrlr f`s `rhscn9 elr tflubf ht hs nlt`t `mm cxtr`lrdhn`ry, tf`t tfc `strlnlacrs, wfl klnstruktcd tfcsc tòmcs, sflumd ahstìctfc qu`nthty le ` sa`mm cqu`thln, yct ht hs haplsshomc, tf`t tfc sàc loscrv`thlns, wfhkfhnelracd tfca le hts cxhstcnkc, sflumd nlt f`vc dctcrahncd, wfctfcr ht w`s tl oc ddcd lrsuotr`ktcd. Ht wlumd scca, tfcrcelrc, tf`t slactfhnb kkhdcnt`m aust f`vc lkk`shlncd tfhscrrlr9 out flwcvcr tf`t oc, `n hncqu`mhty hn tfc mun`r althlns, tf`t hs elund hn nl systca whtf wfhkf tfc `strlnlacrs le Hndh` k`n f`vc f`d `ny klaaunhk`thln, hs `t mc`st ` prllele tfc lrhbhn`mhty le tfchr tòmcs.

02. Tfc tòmcs, `nd actflds, le tfc Or`fahns le Thrv`mlrc, `rc, hn a`ny rcspckts, alrcshnbum`r tf`n `ny tf`t f`vc yct occn, dcskrhocd.?; Tfc slm`r yc`r hs dhvhdcd, `kklrdhnb tltfca, hntl twcmvc uncqu`m alntfs, c`kf le wfhkf hs tfc thac tf`t tfc sun tìcs tl alvctfrlubf lnc shbn, lr ;:º, le tfc ckmhpthk. Tfus, A`y , lr Gunc, wfcn tfc sun hs hn tfc tfhrdshbn, nd fhs althln smlwcst, klnshsts le ;0d , ;5 f , ;6 ' `nd A`rb`by , lr Dckcaocr, wfcn fchs hn tfc nhntf shbn, `nd fhs althln quhkicst, klnshsts lnmy le ?8d , ?: f , 3;. ?4 Tfc mcnbtfs letfcsc alntfs, cxprcsscd hn n`tur`m d`ys, `rc klnt`hncd hn ` tòmc, wfhkf, tfcrcelrc, hnvlmvcs hn ht tfc pm`kc le tfc sun‘s `plbcc, `nd tfc cqu`thln le fhs kcntrc. Tfc elracr sccas tl oc 22º erla tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc Wldh`k, `nd tfc m`ttcr òlut ?º, 0:' , nc`rmy `s hn tfcprckcdhnb tòmcs. Hn tfchr k`mkum`thlns, tfcy `msl capmly `n `strlnlahk`m d`y, wfhkf hsdheecrcnt erla tfc n`tur`m, ochnb tfc thac tf`t tfc sun tìcs tl alvc lvcr lnc dcbrcc le tfcckmhpthk9 `nd le wfhkf d`ys tfcrc `rc gust ;5: hn ` yc`r.?3

06. Tfcsc tòmcs bl e`r o`ki hntl `nthquhty. Tfchr cplkf klhnkhdcs whtf tfc eàlus cr` le tfcK`mylubfà, tf`t hs, whtf tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc yc`r ;0:? ocelrc Kfrhst. Rfcn tfc Or`fahnsle Thrv`mlrc wlumd k`mkum`tc tfc pm`kc le tfc sun elr ` bhvcn thac, tfcy ocbhn oy rcdukhnbhntl d`ys tfc hntcrv`m octwccn tf`t thac, `nd tfc klaacnkcacnt le tfc K`mylubfà,aumthpmyhnb tfc yc`rs oy ;53d , 5f , 0?' , ;: " 9 nd tìhnb w`y ?d , ; f , ;? ' , ;: " , tfc strlnlahk`mcplkf f`vhnb ocbun tf`t aukf m`tcr tf`n tfc khvhm.?5 Tfcy ncxt ehnd, oy ac`ns le kcrt`hndhvhshlns, wfcn tfc yc`r kurrcnt ocb`n, lr flw a`ny d`ys f`vc cm`pscd shnkc tfc ocbhnnhnble ht, `nd tfcn, oy tfc tòmc le tfc dur`thln le alntfs, tfcy rcdukc tfcsc d`ys hntl`strlnlahk`m alntfs, d`ys, ctk., wfhkf hs tfc sàc whtf tfc shbns, dcbrccs `nd ahnutcs letfc sun‘s mlnbhtudc erla tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc Wldh`k. Tfc sun‘s mlnbhtudc, tfcrcelrc, hselund.

08. [lacwf`t hn tfc sàc a`nncr, out oy rumc sthmm alrc rthehkh`m nd hnbcnhlus, tfcy dcdukctfc pm`kc le tfc alln, `t `ny bhvcn thac, erla fcr pm`kc `t tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc




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K`mylubfà. ?2 Tfhs rumc hs sl klntrhvcd, s tl hnkmudc t lnkc tfc althlns oltf le tfc alln`nd le fcr `plbcc, `nd dcpcnds ln tfhs prhnkhpmc, `kklrdhnb tl tfc vcry sihmeumhntcrprct`thln le A. O`hmmy, tf`t, 0,5::,684 d`ys ètcr tfc òlvc acnthlncd cplkf, tfcalln w`s hn fcr `plbcc, `nd 2 s, ?º, : ' , 2" , dhst`nt erla tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc Wldh`k9 tf`tètcr 0?,;2? d`ys, tfc alln w`s `b`hn hn fcr `plbcc, whtf fcr mlnbhtudc hnkrc`scd, 8 s, ?2º,46' , 0:" 9 tf`t hn ;:;0 d`ys alrc, tfc alln hs `b`hn hn fcr `plbcc, whtf 00 s, 2º, ;0' , 0" alrcle mlnbhtudc9 `nd, m`stmy, tf`t, ètcr ?46 d`ys, sfc hs `b`hn hn fcr `plbcc, whtf ?2º, 44' , 5" ,alrc le mlnbhtudc. Oy ac`ns le tfc tfrcc elracr nuaocrs, tfcy ehnd, flw e`r, `t `ny bhvcnthac, tfc alln hs `dv`nkcd hn tfhs pcrhld le ?46 d`ys, `nd oy ` tòmc, cxprcsshnb flw mlnbtfc alln tìcs tl p`ss tfrlubf c`kf dcbrcc le fcr lroht, durhnb tf`t pcrhld, tfcy ehnd flwe`r sfc hs tfcn `dv`nkcd hn tfc Wldh`k.?6 Tfhs rumc hs strlnbmy a`ricd whtf `mm tfc pckumh`rkf`r`ktcrs le tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay. Ht hs rca`riòmc elr hts `kkur`ky, `nd sthmm alrc elr htshnbcnuhty `nd rcehncacnt9 out hs nlt rcdukcd whtf`m, tl hts umtha`tc shapmhkhty.

?:. Tfc tòmcs le Thrv`mlrc, flwcvcr, tflubf tfcy dheecr hn elra vcry aukf erla tflsc elracrmydcskrhocd, `brcc whtf tfca pcrecktmy hn a`ny le tfchr cmcacnts. Tfcy supplsc tfc sàcmcnbtf le tfc yc`r, tfc sàc ac`n althlns, nd tfc sàc hncqu`mhthcs le tfc sun nd alln,`nd tfcy rc d`ptcd nc`rmy tl tfc sàc acrhdh`n. ?8 Out khrkuast`nkc hn wfhkf tfcy sccatl dheecr a`tcrh`mmy erla tfc rcst hs, tfc `nthquhty le tfc cplkf erla wfhkf tfcy tìc tfchrd`tc, tfc yc`r ;0:? ocelrc tfc Kfrhsth`n cr`. Rc aust, tfcrcelrc, cnquhrc, wfctfcr tfhscplkf hs rc`m lr ehkththlus, tf`t hs, wfctfcr ht f`s occn dctcrahncd oy ktu`m loscrv`thln, lrf`s occn k`mkum`tcd erla tfc aldcrn cplkfs le tfc ltfcr tòmcs. Elr ht a`y n`tur`mmy ocsupplscd, tf`t tfc Or`fahns, f`vhnb a`dc loscrv`thlns hn m`tcr thacs, lr f`vhnb olrrlwcderla tfc `strlnlahk`m inlwmcdbc le ltfcr n`thlns, f`vc ha`bhncd tl tfcascmvcs èhkththlus cplkf, klhnkhdhnb whtf tfc kcmcor`tcd cr` le tfc K`mylubfà, tl wfhkf, tfrlubf v`nhty lr supcrsththln, tfcy f`vc rcecrrcd tfc pm`kcs le tfc fc`vcnmy oldhcs, `nd f`vc lnmyk`mkum`tcd wf`t tfcy prctcnd tf`t tfchr `nkcstlrs loscrvcd.

?0. Hn dlhnb tfhs, flwcvcr, tfc Or`fahns aust f`vc eurnhsfcd us whtf ac`ns, `malsthne`mmhomc, le dctckthnb tfchr haplsturc. Ht hs lnmy elr strlnlay, hn hts alst pcreckt st`tc, tl

bl o`ki tl tfc dhst`nkc le elrty-shx kcnturhcs, `nd tl `skcrt`hn tfc shtu`thln le tfc fc`vcnmy oldhcs `t sl rcaltc ` pcrhld. Tfc aldcrn `strlnlay le Curlpc, whtf `mm tfc `kkur`ky tf`tht dcrhvcs erla tfc tcmcsklpc `nd tfc pcndumua, klumd nlt vcnturc ln sl dheehkumt ` t`si, wcrc ht nlt `sshstcd oy tfc tfclry le br`vht`thln, `nd f`d nlt tfc hntcbr`m k`mkumus, ètcr `fundrcd yc`rs le `malst klnthnu`m haprlvcacnt, occn òmc, `t m`st, tl dctcrahnc tfcdhsturo`nkcs hn lur systca, wfhkf `rhsc erla tfc `kthln le tfc pm`ncts ln lnc `nltfcr.Snmcss tfc klrrckthlns elr tfcsc dhsturo`nkcs oc tìcn hntl `kklunt, `ny systca le`strlnlahk`m tòmcs, flwcvcr `kkur`tc `t tfc thac le hts elra`thln, `nd flwcvcr dhmhbcntmyklphcd erla tfc fc`vcns, whmm oc elund mcss cx`kt elr cvcry hnst`nt, chtfcr ocelrc lr ètcrtf`t thac, `nd whmm klnthnu`mmy dhvcrbc alrc `nd alrc erla tfc trutf, oltf elr euturc `ndp`st `bcs. Hndccd, tfhs whmm f`ppcn, nlt lnmy erla tfc ncbmckt le tfcsc klrrckthlns, out `mslerla tfc sa`mm crrlrs un`vlhdòmy klaahttcd, hn dctcrahnhnb tfc ac`n althlns, wfhkf

aust `kkuaum`tc whtf tfc thac, `nd prldukc `n ceeckt tf`t ocklacs cvcry d`y alrcscnshomc, `s wc rcthrc, ln chtfcr shdc, erla tfc hnst`nt le loscrv`thln. Elr oltf tfcscrc`slns, ht a`y oc cstòmhsfcd `s ` a`xha, tf`t, he tfcrc oc bhvcn ` systca le `strlnlahk`mtòmcs, elundcd ln loscrv`thlns le n uninlwn d`tc, tf`t d`tc a`y oc elund, oy tìhnb tfcthac wfcn tfc tòmcs rcprcscnt tfc kcmcsth`m althlns alst cx`ktmy.Fcrc, tfcrcelrc, wc f`vc ` krhtcrhln, oy wfhkf wc `rc tl gudbc le tfc prctcnshlns le tfcHndh`n `strlnlay tl sl brc`t `nthquhty. Ht hs truc, tf`t, hn `ppmyhnb ht, wc aust supplsc luraldcrn `strlnlay, he nlt pcrecktmy `kkur`tc, `t mc`st sl cx`kt `s tl rcprcscnt tfc kcmcsth`malthlns, whtflut `ny scnshomc crrlr, cvcn elr ` pcrhld alrc rcaltc tf`n tfc K`mylubfà9`nd tfhs, klnshdcrhnb tfc aumthtudc le loscrv`thlns ln wfhkf lur `strlnlay hs elundcd,tfc brc`t `nthquhty le slac le tflsc loscrv`thlns, `nd tfc cxtrcac `kkur`ky le tfc rcst,tlbctfcr whtf tfc `sshst`nkc dcrhvcd erla tfc tfclry le pfyshk`m kùscs, a`y surcmy oc`ssuacd `s ` vcry rc`slnòmc plstum`tua. Rc ocbhn whtf tfc cxàhn`thln le tfc ac`nalthlns.




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??. Tfc Or`fahns pm`kc tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfchr alvcòmc Wldh`k, t tfc thac le tfchr cplkf, 34º ocelrc tfc vcrn`m cquhnlx, lr hn tfc mlnbhtudc le 0:s, 5º, `kklrdhnb tl lur actfld lerckilnhnb. Nlw, A. Mc Bcnthm orlubft whtf fha ` dcmhnc`thln le tfc Hndh`n Wldh`k, erla wfhkf tfc pm`kcs le tfc st`rs hn ht a`y oc `skcrt`hncd whtf tlmcròmc cx`ktncss.;: Hnp`rthkum`r, ht ppc`rs, tf`t @mdco`r`n, lr tfc ehrst st`r le Tùrus, hs pm`kcd hn tfc m`st dcbrccle tfc elurtf klnstcmm`thln, lr 3;º, ?: ' , dhst`nt erla tfc ocbhnnhnb lr tfc Wldh`k. @mdco`r`n w`s tfcrcelrc 4: ' ocelrc tfc plhnt le tfc vcrn`m cquhnlx, `kklrdhnb tl tfc Hndh`n`strlnlay, hn tfc yc`r ;0:? ocelrc Kfrhst. Out tfc sàc st`r, oy tfc ocst aldcrn lo-scrv`thlns, w`s, hn tfc yc`r 023:, hn mlnbhtudc, ?s, 5º, 02' , 42" 9 `nd f`d ht blnc elrw`rd,`kklrdhnb tl tfc prcscnt r`tc le tfc prckcsshln le tfc cquhnlxcs, 3: " nnu`mmy, ht aust f`vc occn, `t tfc cr` le tfc K`mylubfà, 0º, ;? ' , ocelrc tfc cquhnlx. Out tfhs rcsumt hs tl ocklrrcktcd, hn klnscqucnkc le tfc hncqu`mhty hn tfc prckcsshln, dhsklvcrcd oy A. Dc M`Br`nbc,;0 oy tfc `ddhthln le 0º, 43' , ??" , tl tfc mlnbhtudc le @mdco`r`n, wfhkf bhvcs tfcmlnbhtudc le tf`t st`r 0;' erla tfc vcrn`m cquhnlx, t tfc thac le tfc K`mylubfà, brcchnb, whtfhn 3;' , whtf tfc dctcrahn`thln le tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay. ;? Tfhs `brccacnt hs tfc alrc rca`riòmc, tf`t tfc Or`fahns, oy tfchr lwn rumcs elrklaputhnb tfc althln le tfc ehxcd st`rs, klumd nlt f`vc `sshbncd tfhs pm`kc tl @mdco`r`n

elr tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc K`mylubfà, f`d tfcy k`mkum`tcd ht erla ` aldcrn loscrv`thln.Elr `s tfcy aìc tfc althln le tfc ehxcd st`rs tll brc`t oy alrc tf`n ; " `nnu`mmy, he tfcyf`d k`mkum`tcd o`kiw`rd erla 0480, tfcy wlumd f`vc pm`kcd tfc ehxcd st`rs mcss `dv`nkcd oy 4º lr 3º, `t tfchr `nkhcnt cplkf, tf`n tfcy f`vc `ktu`mmy dlnc. Tfhs `rbuacnt k`rrhcs whtf ht ` brc`t dc`m le elrkc9 `nd cvcn wcrc ht tfc lnmy lnc wc f`d tl prldukc, ht wlumdrcndcr ht, hn ` fhbf dcbrcc, prloòmc, tf`t tfc Hndh`n Wldh`k w`s `s lmd `s tfc K`mylubfà.

?;. Mct us ncxt klap`rc tfc pm`kcs le tfc sun `nd alln, elr tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc K`mylubfà,`s dcdukcd erla tfc Hndh`n `nd tfc aldcrn `strlnlay. @nd, ehrst, le tfc sun, tflubf, elr` rc`sln tf`t whmm haacdh`tcmy `ppc`r, ht hs nlt tl oc klnshdcrcd `s mc`dhnb tl `ny tfhnbklnkmushvc. A. O`hmmy, erla ` klap`rhsln le tfc tòmcs le Thrv`mlrc whtf tflsc leKfrhsnòlurà, f`s dctcrahncd tfc cplkf le tfc elracr tl `nswcr tl ahdnhbft, octwccntfc 02tf `nd 06tf ;; le Ecoru`ry le tfc yc`r ;0:? ocelrc Kfrhst, `t wfhkf thac tfc sun w`s gust cntcrhnb tfc alvcòmc Wldh`k, `nd w`s tfcrcelrc hn mlnbhtudc 0:s, 5º. A. O`hmmy `msltfhnis ht rc`slnòmc tl supplsc, tf`t tfhs w`s nlt tfc ac`n pm`kc le tfc sun, `s tfc n`turcle strlnlahk`m tòmcs rcquhrc, out tfc truc pm`kc, dheecrhnb erla tfc ac`n, oy tfc cqu`thlntl tfc sun‘s kcntrc `t tf`t thac. ;4 Tfhs, ht aust oc klnecsscd, hs tfc a`ri le brc`tcstunsihmeumncss, tf`t wc acct whtf hn tfc klnstrukthln le tfcsc tòmcs. [upplshnb ht, flwcvcr,tl oc tfc k`sc, tfc ac`n pm`kc le tfc sun, `t tfc thac le tfc cplkf, klacs lut m: s, ;º, ;6 ' ,0;" . Nlw, tfc ac`n mlnbhtudc le tfc sun, erla Dc M` K`hmmc‘s tòmcs, elr tfc sàc thac, hs0: s, 0º, 3' , 32" , supplshnb tfc prckcsshln le tfc cquhnlxcs tl f`vc occn unhelramy t tfc r`tcht hs nlw, tf`t hs, 3:" nnu`mmy. Out A. Dc M` Br`nbc f`s dcalnstr`tcd, tf`t tfc prckcsshln w`s mcss hn elracr `bcs tf`n hn tfc prcscnt9 `nd fhs elraum` bhvcs 0º, 43' , ??" , tl oc `ddcd,ln tf`t `kklunt, tl tfc sun‘s mlnbhtudc `mrc`dy elund, wfhkf aìcs ht m: s, ?º, 30' , 08" , nltalrc tf`n 42 ' erla tfc r`dhk`m pm`kc hn tfc tòmcs le Thrv`mlrc. Tfhs `brccacnt hs nc`rcnlubf tl èelrd ` strlnb prlle le tfc rc`mhty le tfc `nkhcnt cplkf, he ht wcrc nlt elr tfcdheehkumty tf`t rca`hns olut klnshdcrhnb tfc sun‘s pm`kc s tfc truc, r`tfcr tf`n tfc ac`n9`nd, elr tf`t rc`sln, H à unwhmmhnb tf`t ny strcss sflumd oc m`hd upln tfhs rbuacnt. Tfcpm`kc le tfc alln hs nlt mhòmc tl tfc sàc logckthln.

?4. Tfc alln‘s ac`n pm`kc, elr tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc K`mylubfà, (tf`t hs, elr ahdnhbft octwccn tfc 02tf `nd 06tf le Ecoru`ry ;0:?, O.K. `t Ocn`rcs), k`mkum`tcd erlaA`ycr‘stòmcs, ln tfc supplshthln tf`t fcr althln f`s `mw`ys occn `t tfc sàc r`tc `s `t tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc prcscnt kcntury, hs 0:s, :º, 30 ' , 05" .;3 Out, `kklrdhnb tl tfc sàc`strlnlacr, tfc alln hs suogckt tl ` sa`mm, out unhelra `kkcmcr`thln, sukf, tf`t fcr`nbum`r althln, hn ny lnc bc, hs 8" brc`tcr tf`n hn tfc prckcdhnb, wfhkf, hn n hntcrv`m le46:0 yc`rs, aust f`vc àluntcd tl 3º, 43 ' , 44" . Tfhs aust oc `ddcd tl tfc prckcdhnb, tlbhvc tfc rc`m ac`n pm`kc le tfc alln, t tfc strlnlahk`m cplkf le tfc K`mylubfà, wfhkfhs tfcrcelrc 0: s, 5º, ;2 ' . Nlw, tfc sàc, oy tfc tòmcs le Thrv`mlrc, hs 0:s, 5º, : ' 9 tfc




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dheecrcnkc hs mcss tf`n twl tfhrds le dcbrcc, wfhkf, elr sl rcaltc pcrhld, nd klnshdcrhnbtfc `kkcmcr`thln le tfc alln‘s althln elr wfhk f nl `mmlw`nkc klumd oc a`dc hn `n Hndh`nk`mkum`thln, hs ` dcbrcc le `kkur`ky tf`t nltfhnb out `ktu`m loscrv`thln klumd f`vcprldukcd.

?3. Tl klnehra tfhs klnkmushln, A. O`hmmy klaputcs tfc pm`kc le tfc alln elr tfc sàc cplkf,

oy `mm tfc tòmcs tl wfhkf tfc Hndh`n `strlnlacrs k`n oc supplscd tl f`vc cvcr f`d`kkcss.;5 Fc ocbhns whtf tfc tòmcs le Ztlmcay9 nd he, oy fcmp le tfca, wc bl o`ki erla tfccr` le Nòln`ss`r, tl tfc cplkf le tfc K`mylubfà, tìhnb hntl `kklunt tfc klap`r`thvcmcnbtf le tfc Cbypth`n nd Hndh`n yc`rs, tlbctfcr whtf tfc dheecrcnkc le acrhdh`ns octwccn @mcx`ndrh` `nd Thrv`mlrc, wc sf`mm ehnd tfc mlnbhtudc le tfc sun 0:º, ?0' , 03" brc`tcr, `ndtf`t le tfc alln 00º, 3? ' , 2" brc`tcr tf`n f`s gust occn elund erla tfc Hndh`n tòmcs.;2 @ttfc sàc thac tf`t tfhs sflws, flw dheehkumt ht hs tl bl o`ki, cvcn elr ` mcsscr pcrhld tf`ntf`t le ;::: yc`rs, hn `n `strlnlahk`m klaput`thln, ht èelrds ` prlle, `mtlbctfcrdcalnstr`thvc, tf`t tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay hs nlt dcrhvcd erla tf`t le Ztlmcay.Tfc tòmcs le Smubf Ochb `rc alrc `kkur`tc tf`n tflsc le tfc Cbypth`n `strlnlacr. Tfcy wcrc klnstruktcd hn ` kluntry nlt e r erla Hndh`, `nd out ecw yc`rs c`rmhcr tf`n 0480, tfccplkf le tfc tòmcs le Kfrhsnòlurà. Tfchr d`tc hs Gumy 4, `t nlln, 04;2, `t [à`rk`nd9`nd yct tfcy dl nlt `brcc whtf tfc Hndh`n tòmcs, cvcn `t tfc òlvc acnthlncd cplkf le0480.;6 Out, elr tfc yc`r ;0:? ocelrc Kfrhst, tfchr dheecrcnkc erla tfca, hn tfc pm`kc le tfcsun, hs 0º, ;: ' , `nd hn tf`t le tfc alln 5º9 wfhkf, tflubf aukf mcss tf`n tfc elracrdheecrcnkcs, `rc sueehkhcnt tl sflw, tf`t tfc tòmcs le Hndh` `rc nlt olrrlwcd erla tflsc leT`rt`ry.Tfc @ròh`ns capmlycd hn tfchr tòmcs tfc ac`n althlns le Ztlmcay9 tfc Zcrsh`ns dhd tfcsàc, oltf hn tfc alrc `nkhcnt tòmcs le Kfryslklkk`, `nd tfc m`tcr lncs le N`sshrcddhn. ;8 Ht hs tfcrcelrc kcrt`hn, tf`t tfc `strlnlay le tfc Or`fahns hs nchtfcr dcrhvcd erla tf`t letfc Brccis, tfc @ròh`ns, tfc Zcrsh`ns lr tfc T`rt`rs. Tfhs `ppc`rcd sl kmc`r tl K`sshnh,tflubf fc f`d lnmy cxàhncd tfc tòmcs le [hà, `nd incw nltfhnb le a`ny le tfc brc`tplhnts wfhkf dhsthnbuhsf tfc Hndh`n strlnlay erla tf`t le `mm ltfcr n`thlns, tf`t fc bhvcs

ht `s fhs lphnhln, tf`t tfcsc tòmcs `rc nchtfcr dcrhvcd erla tfc Zcrsh`n `strlnlay leKfryslklkk`, nlr erla tfc Brcci strlnlay le Ztlmcay9 tfc pm`kcs tfcy bhvc t tfchr cplkftl tfc `plbcc le tfc sun, `nd lr tfc alln, `nd tfchr cqu`thln elr tfc sun‘s kcntrc, ochnb vcry dheecrcnt erla oltf.4:

?5. Out, tl rcturn tl wf`t rcspckts tfc alln‘s `kkcmcr`thln9 ht hs pm`hn, tf`t tòmcs, `s `nkhcnt`s tflsc le Thrv`mlrc prctcnd tl oc, lubft tl aìc tfc ac`n althln le tf`t pm`nct aukfsmlwcr tf`n ht hs `t prcscnt. Tfcy dl `kklrdhnbmy supplsc, hn tfc rumc elr klaputhnb tfcpm`kc le tfc alln, mrc`dy dcskrhocd, tf`t fcr althln elr 4;6; yc`rs, 84 d`ys, rckilncd hntfc alvcòmc Wldh`k erla tfc cplkf le tfc K`mylubfà, hs 2 s, ?º, :‘, 2 " , lr 8 s, 2º, 43' , 0" , wfcn rcecrrcd tl tfc ehxcd plhnt le tfc vcrn`m cquhnlx. Nlw, tfc ac`n althln elr tfc sàchntcrv`m, tìcn erla tfc tòmcs le A`ycr, hs brc`tcr tf`n tfhs, oy ?º, 4?' , 4" ,40 wfhkf, tflubfklnelraòmc, hn bcncr`m, tl tfc nlthln le tfc alln‘s althln f`vhnb occn kkcmcr`tcd, e`mms,ht aust oc klnecsscd, brc`tmy sflrt le tfc qu`nthty wfhkf A`ycr f`s `sshbncd tl tf`t`kkcmcr`thln. Tfhs,flwcvcr, hs nlt truc le `mm tfc tòmcs9 elr tfc alln‘s althln hn 4;6; yc`rs, 84 d`ys, tìcn erla tflsc le Kfrhsnòlurà, hs ;º, ? ' , 0:" mcss tf`n hn tfc tòmcs leThrv`mlrc94? erla wfhkf ht hs rc`slnòmc tl klnkmudc, whtf A. O`hmmy, tf`t tfc elracr `rc, hnrc`mhty, alrc `nkhcnt tf`n tfc m`ttcr, tflubf tfcy dl nlt prlecss tl oc sl7 `nd fcnkc, `msl,tfc tòmcs le Kfrhsnòlurà aìc tfc alln‘s althln mcss tf`n A`ycr‘s, elr tfc òlvcacnthlncd hntcrv`m, oy 3º, 44' , 04" , wfhkf tfcrcelrc hs, `kklrdhnb tl tfca, tfc qu`nthty letfc kkcmcr`thln.

?2. Nlw, ht hs wlrtfy le rca`ri, tf`t he tfc sàc oc klaputcd ln A`ycr‘s prhnkhpmcs, tf`t hs, he wc k`mkum`tc flw aukf tfc `nbum`r althln le tfc alln elr 4;6; yc`rs, 84 d`ys, d`tcderla tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc K`mylubfà, aust f`vc occn mcss tf`n he fcr vcmlkhty f`d occn

`mm tf`t thac unhelra, `nd tfc sàc `s hn tfc prcscnt kcntury, wc sf`mm ehnd ht tl oc 3º, 4;' ,2" , `n `rkf wfhkf hs lnmy 0' , 2" , mcss tf`n tfc elracr. Tfc tòmcs le Kfrhsnòlurà,




;3

tfcrcelrc, `brcc whtf tflsc le A`ycr, wfcn klrrcktcd oy tfc `kkcmcr`thln whtfhn 0' , 2" , `ndtf`t elr ` pcrhld le alrc tf`n elur tflus`nd yc`rs. Erla tfhs rca`riòmc klhnkhdcnkc, wca`y klnkmudc, whtf tfc fhbfcst prloòhmhty, tf`t `t mc`st lnc sct le tfc loscrv`thlns, ln wfhkf tflsc tòmcs `rc elundcd, hs nlt mcss `nkhcnt tf`n tfc K`mylubfà9 `nd tflubf tfcplsshohmhty le tfchr ochnb slac `bcs m`tcr tf`n tf`t cplkf, hs nlt òslmutcmy cxkmudcd, yct hta`y, oy strhkt a`tfca`thk`m rc`slnhnb, oc hnecrrcd, tf`t tfcy k`nnlt f`vc occn m`tcr tf`n?::: yc`rs ocelrc tfc Kfrhsth`n cr`. 4;

?6. Tfhs m`st hs lnc le tfc ecw klhnkhdcnkcs octwccn tfc `strlnlay le Hndh` `nd le Curlpc, wfhkf tfchr hnbcnhlus fhstlrh`n f`s mcet elr ltfcrs tl loscrvc. Hndccd, shnkc fc wrltc, cvcry`rbuacnt, elundcd ln tfc alln‘s `kkcmcr`thln, f`s ocklac alrc wlrtfy le ttcnthln, ndalrc klnkmushvc. Elr tf`t `kkcmcr`thln hs nl mlnbcr ` acrc caphrhk`m cqu`thln, hntrldukcdtl rcklnkhmc tfc `nkhcnt loscrv`thlns whtf tfc aldcrn, nlr ` e`kt tf`t k`n lnmy oc`kkluntcd elr oy fypltfcthk`m kùscs, sukf `s tfc rcshst`nkc le tfc ctfcr, lr tfc thacnckcss`ry elr tfc tr`nsahsshln le br`vhty9 ht hs ` pfcnlacnln, wfhkf A. Dc M` Zm`kc f`s,44 whtf brc`t òhmhty, dcdukcd erla tfc prhnkhpmc le unhvcrs`m br`vht`thln, `nd sflwn tl ocnckcss`rhmy klnncktcd whtf tfc kf`nbcs hn tfc ckkcntrhkhty le tfc c`rtf‘s lroht, dhsklvcrcd oy A. Dc M` Br`nbc9 sl tf`t tfc `kkcmcr`thln le tfc alln hs hndhrcktmy prldukcd oy tfc`kthln le tfc pm`ncts, wfhkf `mtcrn`tcmy hnkrc`shnb `nd dhahnhsfhnb tfc s`hd ckkcntrhkhty,suogckts tfc alln tl dheecrcnt dcbrccs le tf`t elrkc oy wfhkf tfc sun dhsturos tfc thac lefcr rcvlmuthln rlund tfc c`rtf. Ht hs tfcrcelrc pcrhldhk`m hncqu`mhty, oy wfhkf tfc alln‘salthln, hn tfc klursc le `bcs, whmm oc `s aukf rct`rdcd `s `kkcmcr`tcd9 out hts kf`nbcs `rcsl smlw, tf`t fcr althln f`s occn klnst`ntmy kkcmcr`tcd, cvcn elr mlnbcr pcrhld tf`n tf`ttl wfhkf tfc loscrv`thlns le Hndh` cxtcnd. @ elraum` elr klaputhnb tfc qu`nthty le tfhs hncqu`mhty, f`s occn bhvcn oy A. Dc M` Zm`kc, wfhkf, tflubf lnmy `n `pprlxha`thln, ochnb dcrhvcd erla tfclry, hs alrc `kkur`tc tf`ntf`t wfhkf A`ycr dcdukcd cnthrcmy erla loscrv`thln943 `nd he ht oc tìcn hnstc`d leA`ycr‘s, wfhkf m`st, ln `kklunt le hts shapmhkhty, H f`vc capmlycd hn tfc prckcdhnbk`mkum`thlns, ht whmm bhvc ` qu`nthty slacwf`t dheecrcnt, tflubf nlt sukf `s tl èeckt tfcbcncr`m rcsumt. Ht aìcs tfc `kkcmcr`thln elr 4;6; yc`rs, d`tcd erla tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfcK`mylubfà, tl oc brc`tcr oy 02 ' , ;8 " , tf`n w`s elund erla A`ycr‘s rumc, `nd brc`tcrklnscqucntmy oy 05' , ;? " , tf`n w`s dcdukcd erla tfc tòmcs le Kfrhsnòlurà. Ht hs pm`hn,tf`t tfhs klhnkhdcnkc hs sthmm nc`r cnlubf tl mc`vc tfc `rbuacnt, tf`t hs elundcd ln ht, hnplsscsshln le mm hts elrkc, nd tl eelrd ` strlnb klnehra`thln le tfc kkur`ky le tfc tfclry,`nd tfc ùtfcnthkhty le tfc tòmcs.Tf`t loscrv`thlns a`dc hn Hndh`, wfcn `mm Curlpc w`s o`ro`rlus lr unhnfòhtcd, `ndhnvcsthb`thlns hntl tfc alst suotmc ceeckts le br`vht`thln a`dc hn Curlpc, nc`r ehvctflus`nd yc`rs etcrw`rds, sflumd tfus klac hn autu`m supplrt le lnc nltfcr, hs pcrf`pstfc alst strhihnb cxàpmc le tfc prlbrcss `nd vhkhsshtudc le skhcnkc, wfhkf tfc fhstlry lea`nihnd f`s yct cxfhohtcd.

?8. Tfhs, flwcvcr, hs nlt tfc lnmy hnst`nkc le tfc sàc ihnd tf`t whmm lkkur, he, erla cxàhnhnbtfc r`dhk`m pm`kcs `nd ac`n althlns hn tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay, wc prlkccd tl klnshdcrslac ltfcr le hts cmcacnts, sukf `s, tfc mcnbtf le tfc yc`r, tfc hncqu`mhty le tfc sun‘salthln, nd tfc lomhquhty le tfc ckmhpthk, nd klap`rc tfca whtf tfc klnkmushlns dcdukcd,erla tfc tfclry le br`vhty, oy A. Dc M` Br`nbc. Tl tf`t bclactcr, pfyshk`m `strlnlay hshndcotcd elr lnc le tfc alst ocùtheum le hts dhsklvcrhcs, vhz. tf`t `mm tfc v`rh`thlns hn lursystca `rc pcrhldhk`m9 sl tf`t tflubf cvcry tfhnb, `malst whtflut cxkcpthln, oc suogckt tlkf`nbc, ht whmm, ètcr ` kcrt`hn hntcrv`m, rcturn tl tfc sàc st`tc hn wfhkf ht hs `t prcscnt,`nd mc`vc nl rlla elr tfc hntrldukthln le dhslrdcr, lr le `ny hrrcbum`rhty tf`t ahbftklnst`ntmy hnkrc`sc. A`ny le tfcsc pcrhlds, flwcvcr, `rc le v`st dur`thln. @ brc`t nuaocrle `bcs, elr hnst`nkc, aust cm`psc ocelrc tfc yc`r oc `b`hn cx`ktmy le tfc sàc mcnbtf, lrtfc sun‘s cqu`thln le tfc sàc a`bnhtudc `s `t prcscnt. 45 @n `strlnlay, tfcrcelrc, wfhkfprlecsscs tl oc sl `nkhcnt `s tfc Hndh`n, lubft tl dheecr klnshdcròmy erla lurs hn a`ny lehts cmcacnts. He hndccd tfcsc dheecrcnkcs `rc hrrcbum`r, tfcy `rc tfc ceeckts le kf`nkc, `ndaust oc `kkluntcd crrlrs9 out he tfcy loscrvc tfc m`ws, wfhkf tfclry hnelras us tf`t tfc




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v`rh`thlns hn lur systca dl `ktu`mmy loscrvc, tfcy aust oc fcmd `s tfc alst undluotcda`ris le utfcnthkhty. Rc rc tl cxàhnc, s A. O`hmmy f`s dlnc, wfhkf le tfcsc tìcs pm`kchn tfc k`sc ocelrc us.42

;:. Tfc tòmcs le Thrv`mlrc, wfhkf, `s wc f`vc sccn, rcecr tfchr d`tc tl tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfcK`mylubfà, aìc tfc shdcrh`m yc`r tl klnshst le ;53 d , 5f , 0?' , ;: " 9 `nd tfcrcelrc tfc

trlphk`m le ;53d , 3f , 3: ' , ;3 " , wfhkf hs 0' , 45" , mlnbcr tf`n tf`t le Dc M` K`hmmc.46 Nlw, tfctrlphk`m yc`r w`s hn rc`mhty mlnbcr `t tf`t thac tf`n ht hs `t prcscnt9 elr tflubf tfc shdcrh`m yc`r, lr tfc thac wfhkf tfc c`rtf tìcs tl rcturn erla lnc plhnt le sp`kc tl tfc sàc plhnt`b`hn, hs `mw`ys le tfc sàc a`bnhtudc, yct tfc trlphk`m yc`r ochnb èecktcd oy tfcprckcsshln le tfc cquhnlxcs, hs v`rhòmc oy ` sa`mm qu`nthty, wfhkf ncvcr k`n cxkccd ;' , 4: " ,`nd wfhkf hs suogckt tl smlw, `nd uncqu`m `mtcrn`thlns le dhahnuthln `nd hnkrc`sc. @tfclrca, cxprcsshnb tfc m`w nd tfc qu`nthty le tfhs v`rh`thln, f`s occn hnvcsthb`tcd oy A.Dc M` Br`nbc, hn tfc cxkcmmcnt acalhr `mrc`dy acnthlncd948 `nd ht aìcs tfc yc`r ;0:? ocelrc Kfrhst 4:± " mlnbcr tf`n tfc yc`r t tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc prcscnt kcntury.3: Tfc yc`rhn tfc tòmcs le Thrv`mlrc hs tfcrcelrc tll brc`t oy 0' , 3± " .

;0. Out tfc dctcrahn`thln le tfc yc`r hs `mw`ys erla ` klap`rhsln le loscrv`thlns a`dc `t `klnshdcròmc hntcrv`m erla lnc `nltfcr9 `nd, cvcn tl prldukc ` dcbrcc le `kkur`ky aukfmcss tf`n wf`t wc scc ocmlnbs tl tfc tòmcs le Thrv`mlrc, tf`t hntcrv`m aust f`vc occn lescvcr`m `bcs. Nlw, s`ys A. O`hmmy, he wc supplsc tfcsc loscrv`thlns tl f`vc occn a`dc hntf`t pcrhld le ?4:: yc`rs, haacdh`tcmy prckcdhnb tfc K`mylubfà, tl wfhkf tfc Or`fahnsletcn rcecr9 `nd he wc `msl supplsc tfc hncqu`mhty le tfc prckcsshln le tfc cquhnlxcs, tlhnkrc`sc `s wc bl o`ki, hn prlplrthln tl tfc squ`rc le tfc thacs, wc sf`mm ehnd, tf`t, `t tfcahddmc le tfhs pcrhld, lr 0?:: yc`rs ocelrc tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc K`mylubfà, tfc mcnbtf letfc yc`r w`s ;53 d , 3f , 3: ' , 40" , `malst prckhscmy `s hn tfc tòmcs le Thrv`mlrc. @nd fcnkc hths n`tur`m tl klnkmudc, tf`t tfhs dctcrahn`thln le tfc slm`r yc`r hs `s `nkhcnt `s tfc yc`r0?:: ocelrc tfc K`mylubfà, lr 4;:: ocelrc tfc Kfrhsth`n cr`. 30

;?. Hn tfhs rc`slnhnb, flwcvcr, ht sccas haplsshomc tl `kquhcskc9 `nd. A. O`hmmy fhascme dlcsnlt `ppc`r tl f`vc rcmhcd ln ht whtf aukf klnehdcnkc.3? Rc `rc nlt `t mhocrty tl supplsc,tf`t tfc prckcsshln le tfc cquhnlxcs hnkrc`scs hn tfc r`thl òlvc acnthlncd, lr, wfhkf hstfc sàc, tf`t tfc cquhnlkth`m plhnts bl o`ki whtf ` althln cquòmy rct`rdcd. He, oy A. DcM` Br`nbc‘s elraum`, wc tr`kc o`ki, stcp oy stcp, tfc v`rh`thln le tfc slm`r yc`r, wc sf`mmehnd, tf`t olut tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc K`mylubfà, ht f`d nc`rmy tt`hncd tfc cxtrcac plhntle lnc le tflsc vhor`thlns, wfhkf a`ny kcnturhcs `rc rcquhrcd tl klapmctc9 `nd tf`t tfc yc`r w`s tfcn mlnbcr tf`n ht f`s cvcr occn shnkc, lr tf`n ht f`d occn elr a`ny `bcs ocelrc.Ht w`s 4:± " mlnbcr tf`n ht hs t prcscnt9 out, t tfc yc`r 33:: ocelrc Kfrhst, ht w`s lnmy ?8" mlnbcr tf`n `t prcscnt, hnstc`d le ?' , 3: " , wfhkf hs tfc rcsumt le A. O`hmmy‘s supplshthln.Durhnb mm tfc hntcrvcnhnb pcrhld le ?4:: yc`rs, tfc v`rh`thln le tfc yc`r w`s octwccn tfcsctwl qu`nththcs9 `nd wc k`nnlt tfcrcelrc, oy `ny `dahsshomc supplshthln, rcdukc tfc crrlrle tfc tòmcs tl mcss tf`n 0' , 3" . Tfc sa`mmncss le tfhs crrlr, tflubf cxtrcacmy e`vluròmc tltfc `nthquhty, `s wcmm `s tfc `kkur`ky le tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay, hs ` khrkuast`nkc erla wfhkf ` alrc prckhsc klnkmushln k`n f`rdmy oc dcdukcd.

;;. Tfc cqu`thln le tfc sun‘s kcntrc hs `n cmcacnt hn tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay, wfhkf f`s ` alrcuncquhvlk`m `ppc`r`nkc le ocmlnbhnb tl `n c`rmhcr pcrhld tf`n tfc K`mylubfà. Tfca`xhaua le tf`t cqu`thln hs ehxcd, hn tfcsc tòmcs, t ?º, 0: ' , ;? " . Ht hs `t prcscnt, kklrdhnbtl A. Dc M` K`hmmc, 0º, 33±' , tf`t hs, 03' mcss tf`n whtf tfc Or`fahns. Nlw, A. Dc M` Br`nbcf`s sflwn, tf`t tfc sun‘s cqu`thln, tlbctfcr whtf tfc ckkcntrhkhty le tfc c`rtf‘s lroht, ln wfhkf ht dcpcnds, hs suogckt tl mtcrn`tc dhahnuthln nd hnkrc`sc, nd `kklrdhnbmy f`s occndhahnhsfhnb elr a`ny bcs. Hn tfc yc`r ;0:? ocelrc lur cr`, tf`t cqu`thln w`s ?º, 5 ' , ?6± " 9mcss, lnmy oy 4' , tf`n hn tfc tòmcs le tfc Or`fahns. Out he wc supplsc tfc Hndh`n strlnlaytl oc elundcd ln loscrv`thlns tf`t prckcdcd tfc K`mylubfà, tfc dctcrahn`thln le tfhscqu`thln whmm oc elund tl oc sthmm alrc cx`kt. Twcmvc fundrcd yc`rs ocelrc tfc

klaacnkcacnt le tf`t pcrhld, lr òlut 4;:: yc`rs ocelrc lur cr`, ht `ppc`rs, oyklaputhnb erla A. Dc M` Br `nbc‘s elraum`, tf`t tfc cqu`thln le tfc sun‘s kcntrc w`s




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`ktu`mmy ?º, 6' , 05" 9 sl tf`t he tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay oc `s lmd `s tf`t pcrhld, hts crrlr whtfrcspckt tl tfhs cqu`thln hs out le ?' .3;

;4. Tfc lomhquhty le tfc ckmhpthk hs `nltfcr cmcacnt hn wfhkf tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay `nd tfcCurlpc`n dl nlt `brcc, out wfcrc tfchr dheecrcnkc hs cx`ktmy sukf `s tfc fhbf `nthquhty letfc elracr hs elund tl rcquhrc. Tfc Or`fahns aìc tfc lomhquhty le tfc ckmhpthk ?4º. Nlw,A. Dc M` Br`nbc‘s elraum` elr tfc v`rh`thln le tfc lomhquhty,34 bhvcs ??' , ;? " , tl oc `ddcdtl hts lomhquhty hn 02::, tf`t hs, tl ?;º, ?6' , 40" , hn lrdcr tl f`vc tf`t wfhkf tlli pm`kc hntfc yc`r ;0:? ocelrc lur cr`. Tfhs bhvcs us ?;º, 30 ' , 0;" , wfhkf hs 6' , 42" , sflrt le tfcdctcrahn`thln le tfc Hndh`n `strlnlacrs. Out he wc supplsc, `s hn tfc k`sc le tfc sun‘scqu`thln, tf`t tfc loscrv`thlns ln wfhkf tfhs dctcrahn`thln hs elundcd, wcrc a`dc 0?:: yc`rs ocelrc tfc K`mylubfà, wc sf`mm ehnd tf`t tfc lomhquhty le tfc ckmhpthk w`s ?;º, 32' ,43" , `nd tf`t tfc crrlr le tfc tòmcs dhd nlt aukf cxkccd ? ' .33

;3. Tfus, dl tfc ac`surcs wfhkf tfc Or`fahns `sshbn tl tfcsc tfrcc qu`nththcs, tfc mcnbtf letfc trlphk`m yc`r, tfc cqu`thln le tfc sun‘s kcntrc, nd tfc lomhquhty le tfc ckmhpthk, mm `brcchn rcecrrhnb tfc cplkf le tfchr dctcrahn`thln tl tfc yc`r ;0:? ocelrc lur cr`, lr tl pcrhldsthmm alrc `nkhcnt. Tfhs klhnkhdcnkc hn tfrcc cmcacnts, `mtlbctfcr hndcpcndcnt le lnc`nltfcr, k`nnlt oc tfc ceeckt le kf`nkc. Tfc dheecrcnkc, whtf rcspckt tl c`kf le tfca, octwccn tfchr `strlnlay `nd lurs, ahbft shnbmy pcrf`ps oc `skrhocd tl hn`kkur`ky9 outtf`t tfrcc crrlrs, wfhkf kf`nkc f`d hntrldukcd, sflumd oc mm le sukf a`bnhtudcs, s tl suhtcx`ktmy tfc sàc fypltfcshs klnkcrnhnb tfchr lrhbhn, hs f`rdmy tl oc klnkchvcd. Xct tfcrc hsnl ltfcr mtcrn`thvc, out tl daht tfhs vcry haprloòmc supplshthln, lr tl kinlwmcdbc tf`ttfc Hndh`n `strlnlay hs `s `nkhcnt `s lnc, lr ltfcr le tfc pcrhlds òlvc acnthlncd.

;5. Tfhs klnkmushln wlumd rckchvc brc`t `ddhthln`m klnehra`thln, klumd wc elmmlw A. O`hmmy hnfhs `n`myshs le tfc `strlnlay le tfc pm`ncts, klnt`hncd hn tfc tòmcs le Kfrhsnòlurà935 out tfc mcnbtf tl wfhkf tfhs p`pcr hs `mrc`dy cxtcndcd, whmm `mmlw lnmy ` ecw le tfc alstrca`riòmc p`rthkum`rs tl oc scmcktcd.Hn tfcsc tòmcs, wfhkf rc elr tfc cplkf 0480, tfc ac`n althlns rc bhvcn whtf klnshdcròmc`kkur`ky, out whtflut `n `ppc`r`nkc le ochnb tìcn erla Ztlmcay, lr `ny le tfc`strlnlacrs `mrc`dy acnthlncd. Twl hncqu`mhthcs, k`mmcd tfcskfhbrà `nd tfc a`nd` ,`rc msl dhsthnbuhsfcd hn c`kf le tfc pm`ncts, oltf supcrhlr `nd hnecrhlr.32 Tfc ehrst le tfcschs tfc sàc whtf tf`t wfhkf wc k`mm tfc p`r`mm`x le tfc c`rtf‘s lroht, lr tfc `pp`rcnthncqu`mhty le pm`nct, wfhkf rhscs nlt erla hts lwn althln, out erla tf`t le tfc loscrvcr9 out wfctfcr ht hs `skrhocd, hn tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay, tl hts truc kùsc, lr tl tfc althln letfc pm`nct hn `n cphkykmc, hs ` qucsthln òlut wfhkf tfc tòmcs bhvc nl dhrckt hnelra`thln.Tfc a`bnhtudc, flwcvcr, le tfhs cqu`thln hs sshbncd, elr c`kf le tfc pm`ncts, whtf nl sa`mmcx`ktncss, `nd hs v`rhcd, hn tfc dheecrcnt plhnts le hts lroht, oy ` m`w wfhkf `pprl`kfcs vcrync`r tl tfc trutf.Tfc ltfcr hncqu`mhty klhnkhdcs whtf tf`t le tfc pm`nct‘s kcntrc, lr tf`t wfhkf `rhscs erlatfc ckkcntrhkhty le hts lroht, nd ht hs bhvcn nc`r tfc trutf elr mm tfc pm`ncts, cxkcpt Acrkury,

oy wfhkf, `s hs nl wlndcr, tfc ehrst `strlnlacrs wcrc, cvcry wfcrc, brc`tmy dckchvcd. Letfhs hncqu`mhty, ht hs supplscd, gust `s hn tfc k`scs le tfc sun `nd alln, tf`t ht hs `mw`ys `stf c shnc le tfc pm`nct‘s dhst`nkc erla tfc plhnt le hts smlwcst althln, lr erla wf`t wc k`mmhts`pfcmhln , `nd hs klnscqucntmy brc`tcst `t 8:º erla tf`t plhnt.Ht wcrc tl oc whsfcd tf`t wc incw tfc ctyalmlby le tfc nàcs wfhkf `rc bhvcn tl tfcschncqu`mhthcs, s ht ahbft cxpm`hn tfc tfclry wfhkf buhdcd tfc utflrs le tfc tòmcs. Tfc thtmcsle lur strlnlahk`m tòmcs, tfc tcras `pfcmhln , fcmhlkcntrhk lr bclkcntrhk pm`kc , &k. wlumddhsklvcr tfc mc`dhnb hdc`s le tfc Klpcrnhk`n systca, wcrc nl ltfcr dcskrhpthln le htprcscrvcd.

;2. Hn tfc a`nncr le ppmyhnb tfcsc twl hncqu`mhthcs, tl klrrckt tfc ac`n pm`kc le pm`nct, tfcrumcs le tfhs `strlnlay rc mtlbctfcr shnbum`r. Hn tfc k`sc le supcrhlr pm`nct, tfcy dl nltaìc usc le tfc ac`n `nla`my, `s tfc `rbuacnt elr ehndhnb lut tfc cqu`thln a`nd` , outle tf`t `nla`my, wfcn klrrcktcd ehrst oy f`me tfc cqu`thln skfhbrà , `nd ètcrw`rds oyf`me tfc cqu`thlna`nd`. 36 Oy tfc cqu`thln le tfc kcntrc, lot`hncd whtf tfhs `rbuacnt, tfc




;6

ac`n mlnbhtudc le tfc pm`nct hs klrrcktcd, `nd hts truc fcmhlkcntrhk pm`kc klnscqucntmyelund, tl wfhkf tfcrc hs `b`hn `ppmhcd tfc p`r`mm`x le tfc `nnu`m lroht, tf`t tfc bclkcntrhkpm`kc a`y oc lot`hncd. Tfc lnmy dheehkumty fcrc, hs hn tfc actfld le tìhnb lut erla tfctòmcs tfc cqu`thln tl tfc kcntrc.Ht hs cvhdcntmy ac`nt elr `vlhdhnb slac hn`kkur`ky, wfhkf w`s `pprcfcndcd erla ` alrc

dhrckt actfld le k`mkum`thln, out le wfhkf, cvcn ètcr tfc hnbcnhlus rca`ris le A. O`hmmy,ht sccas haplsshomc tl bhvc `ny kmc`r `nd s`thse`ktlry `kklunt.;6. Tfc a`nncr le k`mkum`thnb tfc pm`kcs le tfc hnecrhlr pm`ncts f`s ` brc`t rcscaom`nkc tl tfc

elracr9 whtf tfhs dheecrcnkc, flwcvcr, tf`t tfc cqu`thln a`nd` , lr le tfc kcntrc, hs ppmhcdtl klrrckt, nlt tfc ac`n pm`kc le tfc pm`nct, out tfc ac`n pm`kc le tfc sun9 `nd tl tfhs m`st, wfcn sl klrrcktcd, hs `ppmhcd tfc cqu`thlnskfhbrà wfhkf hnvlmvcs tfc pm`nct‘s cmlnb`thlnerla tfc sun, `nd bhvcs hts bclkcntrhk pm`kc.38 Tfhs nckcss`rhmy hapmhcs, tf`t tfc kcntrc,òlut wfhkf tfc hnecrhlr pm`ncts rcvlmvc, f`s tfc sàc pp`rcnt ac`n althln whtf tfc sun7 out wfctfcr ht oc ` plhnt rc`mmy dheecrcnt erla tfc sun, lr tfc sàc7 `nd, he tfc sàc, wfctfcr ht oc hn althln lr `t rcst, `rc mcet cnthrcmy undctcrahncd, `nd wc inlw nlt, wfctfcr, hn tfc `strlnlay le Hndh`, wc f`vc fcrc dhsklvcrcd ` rcscaom`nkc tl tfcZtlmca`hk, tfc Tykflnhk, lr tfc Klpcrnhk`n systca.

;8. Tfcsc tòmcs, tflubf tfchr r`dhk`m pm`kcs `rc elr tfc yc`r 0480 le lur cr`, f`vc `n lovhlusrcecrcnkc tl tfc brc`t cplkf le tfc K`mylubfà. Elr he wc k`mkum`tc tfc pm`kcs le tfc pm`nctserla tfca, elr tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc `strlnlahk`m yc`r, `t tf`t cplkf, wc ehnd tfca `mm hnklngunkthln whtf tfc sun hn tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc alvcòmc Wldh`k, tfchr klaaln mlnbhtudc ochnb 0:s, 5l .5: @kklrdhnb tl lur tòmcs, tfcrc w`s, `t tf`t thac, ` klngunkthln le `mm tfcpm`ncts, cxkcpt Ucnus, whtf tfc sun9 out tfcy wcrc, oy nl ac`ns, sl nc`r tl lnc `nltfcr `stfc Hndh`n `strlnlay rcprcscnts. Ht hs truc, tf`t tfc cx`kt thac le ` klngunkthln k`nnlt ocdctcrahncd oy dhrckt loscrv`thln7 out tfhs dlcs nlt àlunt tl `n cnthrc vhndhk`thln le tfctòmcs9 `nd tfcrc hs rc`sln tl suspckt, tf`t slac supcrsththlus nlthlns, klnkcrnhnb tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc K`mylubfà, `nd tfc shbns oy wfhkf n`turc aust f`vc dhsthnbuhsfcd slbrc`t `n cplkf, f`s, hn tfhs hnst`nkc `t mc`st, pcrvcrtcd tfc `strlnlay le tfc Or`fahns.Tfcrc `rc, flwcvcr, slac klhnkhdcnkcs octwccn tfhs p`rt le tfchr `strlnlay, `nd tfctfclry le br`vhty, wfhkf aust nlt oc elrblttcn.

4:. Tfc ehrst le tfcsc rcspckts tfc`pfcmhln le Guphtcr, wfhkf, hn tfc tòmcs, hs supplscd tl f`vc` rctrlbr`dc althln le 03º hn ?::,::: yc`rs 50 `nd tl f`vc occn, `t tfc cplkf le 0480, hnmlnbhtudc 3s, ?0º, 4: ' , ?: " , erla tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc Wldh`k. Ht elmmlws, tfcrcelrc, tf`t hntfc yc`r ;0:? ocelrc Kfrhst, tfc mlnbhtudc le Guphtcr‘s `pfcmhln w`s ; s, ?2º, : ' , rckilncderla tfc cquhnlx. Nlw, tfc sàc, klaputcd erla A. Dc M` M`ndc‘s tòmcs, hs lnmy ; s, 05º,46' , 36" 9 sl tf`t tfcrc wlumd scca tl oc `n crrlr le alrc tf`n 0:º hn tfc tòmcs le tfcOr`fahns. Out, he ht oc klnshdcrcd, tf`tGuphtcr‘s lroht hs suogckt tl brc`t dhsturo`nk cs, erlatfc `kthln le [`turn, wfhkf A. Dc M` M`ndc dlcs nlt prlecss tl f`vc tìcn hntl `kklunt, wc whmm oc hnkmhncd tl `ppc`m lnkc alrc tl A. Dc M` Br`nbc‘s elraum`s, ocelrc wc p`ssscntcnkc `b`hnst tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay. 5?

Erla lnc le tfcsc elraum`s, wc ehnd, tf`t tfc truc pm`kc le tfc `pfcmhln le Guphtcr, `t tfcthac olvc acnthlncd, w`s ; s, ?5l , 3: ' , 4: " , wfhkf hs out 0:' , 4: " , dheecrcnt erla tfc tòmcsle Kfrhsnòlurà. Tfc Ercnkf `nd Hndh`n tòmcs `rc tfcrcelrc oltf le tfca cx`kt, `ndlnmy dheecr ockùsc tfcy `rc `d`ptcd tl `bcs nc`r ehvc tflus`nd yc`rs dhst`nt erla lnc`nltfcr.

40. Tfc cqu`thln le [`turn‘s kcntrc hs `n hnst`nkc le tfc sàc ihnd. Tf`t cqu`thln, `t prcscnt,hs `kklrdhnb tl A. Dc M` M`ndc, 5º, ?;' , 08" 9 `nd fcnkc, oy ac`ns le lnc le tfc elraum`sòlvc acnthlncd, A. O`hmmy k`mkum`tcs, tf`t, ;0:? yc`rs ocelrc Kfrhst, ht w`s 2l , 40' , ??" .5; Tfc tòmcs le tfc Or`fahns aìc ht 2 l , ;8 ' , 44" , wfhkf hs mcss lnmy oy 0' , ;6 " , tf`n tfcprckcdhnb cqu`thln, tflubf brc`tcr tf`n tf`t le tfc prcscnt kcntury oy 0 l ,05' , ?3" .

4?. A. O`hmmy rca`ris, tf`t tfc cqu`thlns elr tfc ltfcr pm`ncts `rc nlt bhvcn whtf cqu`m`kkur`ky, `nd èelrd nl alrc sukf hnst`nkcs `s tfc elracr. Out ht hs kurhlus tl loscrvc,tf`t ncw rcsc`rkfcs hntl tfc ceeckts le br`vht`thln, f`vc dhsklvcrcd ncw klhnkhdcnkcs le tfcsàc ihnd9 `nd tf`t tfc twl brc`t bclactcrs, wfl f`vc sf`rcd octwccn tfca tfc bmlry le




;8

pcreckthnb tfctfclry le dhsturohnb elrkcs , f`vc c`kf klntrhoutcd fhs p`rt tl cstòmhsf tfc`nthquhty le tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay. [hnkc tfc puomhk`thln le A. O`hmmy‘s wlri, twl ltfcrhnst`nkcs le n cx`kt brccacnt, octwccn tfc cmcacnts le tfcsc tòmcs, nd tfc klnkmushlnsdcdukcd erla tfc tfclry le br`vhty, f`vc occn loscrvcd, `nd klaaunhk`tcd tl fha oy A.Dc M` Zm`kc, hn ` mcttcr, hnscrtcd hn tfc Glurn`m dcs [`v`ns .

Hn sccihnb elr tfc kùsc le tfc sckum`r cqu`thlns, wfhkf aldcrn `strlnlacrs f`vc elundht nckcss`ry tl `ppmy tl tfc ac`n althln le Guphtcr `nd [`turn, A. Dc M` Zm`kc f`sdhsklvcrcd, tf`t tfcrc `rc hncqu`mhthcs ocmlnbhnb tl oltf tfcsc pm`ncts, `rhshnb erla tfchrautu`m kthln ln lnc nltfcr, wfhkf f`vc mlnb pcrhlds, lnc le tfca nl mcss tf`n 622 yc`rs9sl tf`t tfc ac`n althln aust ppc`r dheecrcnt, he ht oc dctcrahncd erla loscrv`thlns a`dchn dheecrcnt p`rts le tflsc pcrhlds. ‖Nlw, H ehnd,‘ s`ys fc, ‖oy ay tfclry, tf`t `t tfc Hndh`ncplkf le ;0:? yc`rs ocelrc Kfrhst, tfc `pp`rcnt `nd `nnu`m ac`n althln le [`turn w`s0?l , 0; ' , 04" , `nd tfc Hndh`n tòmcs aìc ht 0?l , 0; ' , 0;" .‖Hn mhic a`nncr , H ehnd, tf`t tfc `nnu`m `nd `pp`rcnt ac`n althln le Guphtcr `t tf`t cplkf w`s ;: l , ?: ' , 4?" , prckhscmy `s hn tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay.‘54

4;. Tfus f`vc wc cnuacr`tcd nl mcss tf`n nhnc `strlnlahk`m cmcacnts, 53 tl wfhkf tfc tòmcsle Hndh` sshbn sukf v`mucs s dl, oy nl ac`ns, ocmlnb tl tfca hn tfcsc m`tcr bcs, out sukf`s tfc tfclry le br`vhty prlvcs tl f`vc ocmlnbcd tl tfca tfrcc tflus`nd yc`rs ocelrc tfcKfrhsth`n cr`. @t tf`t thac, tfcrcelrc, lr hn tfc `bcs prckcdhnb ht, tfc loscrv`thlns austf`vc occn a`dc erla wfhkf tfcsc cmcacnts wcrc dcdukcd. Elr ht hs òund`ntmy cvhdcnt,tf`t tfc Or`fahns le m`tcr thacs, flwcvcr whmmhnb tfcy ahbft oc tl `d`pt tfchr tòmcs tl slrca`riòmc `n cplkf `s tfc K`mylubfà, klumd ncvcr tfhni le dlhnb sl, oy suosthtuthnb,hnstc`d le qu`nththcs wfhkf tfcy f`d loscrvcd, ltfcrs wfhkf tfcy f`d nl rc`sln tl ocmhcvcf`d cvcr cxhstcd. Tfc cmcacnts hn qucsthln rc prckhscmy wf`t tfcsc strlnlacrs aust f`vcsupplscd hnv`rhòmc, `nd le wfhkf, f`d tfcy supplscd tfca tl kf`nbc, tfcy f`d nl rumcstl bl oy elr `skcrt`hnhnb tfc v`rh`thlns9 shnkc, tl tfc dhsklvcry le tfcsc rumcs hs rcquhrcd,nlt lnmy `mm tfc pcreckthln tl wfhkf `strlnlay hs, `t tfhs d`y, orlubft hn Curlpc, out `mmtf`t wfhkf tfc skhcnkcs le althln nd le cxtcnshln f`vc mhicwhsc tt`hncd. Ht hs nl mcss kmc`r,tf`t tfcsc klhnkhdcnkcs `rc nlt tfc wlri le `kkhdcnt9 elr ht whmm sk`rkcmy oc supplscd tf`tkf`nkc f`s `dgustcd tfc crrlrs le tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay whtf sukf shnbum`r ecmhkhty, tf`tloscrvcrs, wfl klumd nlt dhsklvcr tfc truc st`tc le tfc fc`vcns, `t tfc `bc hn wfhkf tfcymhvcd, f`vc sukkccdcd hn dcskrhohnb lnc wfhkf tlli pm`kc scvcr`m tflus`nd yc`rs ocelrctfcy wcrc olrn.

44. Tfc rbuacnt, flwcvcr, wfhkf rcb`rds tfc lrhbhn`mhty le tfcsc tòmcs, hs, hn slac ac`surc,hnklapmctc, thmm wc f`vc klnshdcrcd tfc bclactrhk`m prhnkhpmcs wfhkf f`vc occn capmlycdhn tfchr klnstrukthln. Elr ht hs nlt haplsshomc, tf`t wfcn sccn klnncktcd oy tflscprhnkhpmcs, `nd unhtcd hntl bcncr`m tfclrcas, tfcy a`y oc elund tl f`vc rcm`thlns tl tfcBrcci `strlnlay, wfhkf dhd nlt `ppc`r, wfcn tfc p`rts wcrc cxàhncd shnbmy. Ln tfhssuogckt, tfcrcelrc, H à nlw tl leecr ` ecw loscrv`thlns.

43. Tfc rumcs oy wfhkf tfc pfcnlacn` le ckmhpscs `rc dcdukcd erla tfc pm`kcs le tfc sun `nd

alln, f`vc tfc alst haacdh`tc rcecrcnkc tl bclactry9 nd le tfcsc rumcs, s elund alnbtfc Or`fahns le Thrv`mlrc, A. Mc Bcnthm f`s bhvcn ` eumm `kklunt, hn tfc Acalhr tf`t f`s occn sl letcn qultcd. Rc f`vc `msl `n `kklunt le tfc actfld le k`mkum`thln uscd `tKfrhsnòlurà oy Er Du Kfàp. 55 Ht hs ` nckcss`ry prcp`r`thln, hn oltf le tfcsc, tl ehnd tfc thac le tfc sun‘s klnthnu`nkcòlvc tfc flrhzln, `t tfc pm`kc `nd tfc d`y elr wfhkf tfc k`mkum`thln le `n ckmhpsc hs a`dc,`nd tfc rumc oy wfhkf tfc Or`fahns rcslmvc tfhs prlomca, hs cxtrcacmy shapmc `ndhnbcnhlus. @t tfc pm`kc elr wfhkf tfcy k`mkum`tc, tfcy loscrvc tfc sf`dlw le ` bnlaln lntfc d`y le tfc cquhnlx, `t nlln, wfcn tfc sun, `s tfcy cxprcss ht, hs hn tfc ahddmc le tfc wlrmd. Tfc fchbft le tfc bnlaln hs dhvhdcd hntl 2?: cqu`m p`rts, hn wfhkf p`rts tfc mcnbtfle tfc sf`dlw hs `msl ac`surcd. Lnc tfhrd le tfhs ac`surc hs tfc nuaocr le ahnutcs oy wfhkf tfc d`y, `t tfc cnd le tfc ehrst alntf ètcr tfc cquhnlx, cxkccds twcmvc flurs9 elur-ehetfs le tfhs cxkcss hs tfc hnkrc`sc le tfc d`y durhnb tfc scklnd alntf9 `nd lnc-tfhrd le hths tfc hnkrc`sc le tfc d`y, durhnb tfc tfhrd alntf. 52




4:

45. Ht hs pm`hn, tf`t tfhs rumc hnvlmvcs tfc supplshthln, tf`t, wfcn tfc sun‘s dckmhn`thln hs bhvcn,tfc sàc r`thl cvcry wfcrc cxhsts octwccn tfc rkf wfhkf ac`surcs tfc hnkrc`sc le tfc d`y`t `ny pm`kc, `nd tfc t`nbcnt le tfc m`thtudc9 elr tf`t t`nbcnt hs tfc qulthcnt wfhkf `rhscserla dhvhdhnb tfc mcnbtf le tfc sf`dlw oy tfc fchbft le tfc bnlaln. Nlw, tfhs hs nlt strhktmytruc9 elr sukf ` r`thl lnmy suoshsts octwccn tfc kflrd le tfc `rkf, `nd tfc t`nbcnt òlvcacnthlncd. Tfc rumc hs, tfcrcelrc, out `n `pprlxha`thln tl tfc trutf, `s ht nckcss`rhmysupplscs tfc `rkf hn qucsthln tl oc sl sa`mm `s tl klhnkhdc nc`rmy whtf hts kflrd. Tfhssupplshthln flmds lnmy le pm`kcs hn mlw m`thtudcs9 `nd tfc rumc wfhkf hs elundcd ln ht,tflubf ht a`y sècmy oc `ppmhcd hn kluntrhcs octwccn tfc trlphks, hn tflsc tf`t `rc alrcrcaltc erla tfc cqu`tlr, wlumd mc`d hntl crrlrs tll klnshdcròmc tl csk`pc loscrv`thln. 56 @s slac le tfc elracr rumcs, tfcrcelrc, f`vc scrvcd tl ehx tfc thac, sl dlcs tfhs, hn slacac`surc, tl `skcrt`hn tfc pm`kc le hts hnvcnthln. Ht hs tfc shapmhehk`thln le ` bcncr`m rumc,`d`ptcd tl tfc khrkuast`nkcs le tfc tlrrhd zlnc, `nd subbcstcd tl tfc `strlnlacrs leFhndlst`n oy tfchr pckumh`r shtu`thln. Ht hapmhcs tfc inlwmcdbc le tfc khrkmcs le tfc spfcrc,`nd le spfcrhk`m trhblnlactry, `nd pcrf`ps `rbucs ` brc`tcr prlbrcss hn a`tfca`thk`mrc`slnhnb, tf`n ` tfclrca tf`t w`s pcrecktmy `kkur`tc wlumd f`vc dlnc. Tfc ehrstbclactcrs aust n`tur`mmy f`vc drc`dcd nltfhnb sl aukf `s `ny ò`tcacnt hn tfc rhblur

le tfchr dcalnstr`thlns, ockùsc tfcy wlumd scc nl mhahts tl tfc crrlr `nd unkcrt`hnty, hn wfhkf tfcy ahbft, oy tf`t ac`ns, oc hnvlmvcd. Ht w`s mlnb ocelrc tfc a`tfca`thkh`ns leBrcckc undcrstlld flw tl sct olunds tl sukf crrlrs, `nd tl `skcrt`hn tfchr utalst cxtcnt, wfctfcr ln tfc shdc le cxkcss lr dceckt9 hn tfhs `rt, tfcy `ppc`r tl f`vc rckchvcd tfc ehrstmcsslns sl m`tc `s tfc `bc le @rkfhacdcs.

42. Tfc Or`fahns f`vhnb tfus lot`hncd tfc v`rh`thlns le tfc mcnbtf le tfc d`y, `t `ny pm`kc, lr wf`t wc k`mm tfc `skcnshln`m dheecrcnkcs, `ppmy tfca mhicwhsc tl `nltfcr purplsc. @s tfcyehnd ht nckcss`ry tl inlw tfc plhnt le tfc ckmhpthk, wfhkf hs ln tfc flrhzln, t tfc thac wfcn`n ckmhpsc f`ppcns, tfcy f`vc k`mkum`tcd ` tòmc le tfc rhbft `skcnshlns le tfc plhnts le tfcckmhpthk hn thac, tl wfhkf tfcy `ppmy tfc `skcnshln`m dheecrcnkcs elr tfc pm`kc hn qucsthln,hn lrdcr tl f`vc tfc thac wfhkf c`kf le tfc shbns tìcs tl dcskcnd ocmlw tfc flrhzln le tf`tpm`kc.58 Tfhs hs cx`ktmy tfc actfld, `s hs wcmm inlwn, wfhkf tfc alst sihmmeum `strlnlacr,hn mhic khrkuast`nkcs, wlumd pursuc. Tfchr tòmc le tfc dheecrcnkcs le rhbft skcnshln hs outelr ecw plhnts hn tfc ckmhpthk, vhz. tfc ocbhnnhnb le c`kf shbn, nd hs lnmy k`rrhcd tl ahnutcsle thac, lr tcntfs le ` dcbrcc. Ht hs k`mkum`tcd, flwcvcr, sl e`r `s ht blcs, whtf pcreckt`kkur`ky, nd ht supplscs tfc lomhquhty le tfc ckmhpthk, s ocelrc, tl oc twcnty-elur dcbrccs.[ukf k`mkum`thlns klumd nlt oc a`dc whtflut spfcrhk`m trhblnlactry, lr slac actfldcquhv`mcnt tl ht. He, hndccd, wc wlumd `mmlw tfc mc`st sihmm plsshomc tl tfc ùtflrs le tfcsctòmcs, wc a`y supplsc, tf`t tfc `rkfcs wcrc ac`surcd ln tfc khrkmcs le ` m`rbc bmloc, lr`rahmm`ry spfcrc, sukf s wc inlw tl f`vc occn lnc le tfc ehrst hnstruacnts le tfc Cbypth`n`nd Brcci `strlnlacrs. Out tfcrc `rc slac le tfc tòmcs wfcrc tfc `rkfcs `rc put dlwntruc tl scklnds, ` dcbrcc le `kkur`ky wfhkf ` ackf`nhk`m actfld k`n sk`rkcmy f`vcèelrdcd.

46. Hn nltfcr p`rt le tfc k`mkum`thln le ckmhpscs, dhrckt ppmhk`thln hs a`dc le lnc le tfc alstrca`riòmc prlplshthlns hn bclactry. Hn lrdcr tl f`vc tfc scahdur`thln le ` slm`r ckmhpsc,tfcy suotr`kt erla tfc squ`rc le tfc sua le tfc scahdhàctcrs le tfc sun `nd alln, tfcsqu`rc le ` kcrt`hn mhnc, wfhkf hs ` pcrpcndhkum`r erla tfc kcntrc le tfc sun ln tfc p`tf letfc alln9 `nd erla tfc rca`hndcr, tfcy cxtr`kt tfc squ`rc rllt, wfhkf hs tfc ac`surc letfc scahdur`thln. 2: Tfc sàc tfhnb hs pr`kthscd hn mun`r ckmhpscs.20 Tfcsc lpcr`thlns `rc`mm elundcd ln ` vcry dhsthnkt klnkcpthln le wf`t f`ppcns hn tfc k`sc le `n ckmhpsc, `nd lntfc inlwmcdbc le tfhs tfclrca, tf`t, hn ` rhbft `nbmcd trh`nbmc, tfc squ`rc ln tfcfypltfcnusc hs cqu`m tl tfc squ`rcs ln tfc ltfcr twl shdcs. Ht hs kurhlus tl ehnd tfc tfclrcale Zytf`blr`s hn Hndh`, wfcrc, elr ùbft wc inlw, ht a`y f`vc occn dhsklvcrcd, `nd erla wfcnkc tf`t pfhmlslpfcr a`y f`vc dcrhvcd slac le tfc slmhd, `s wcmm `s tfc vhshln`ryspckum`thlns, whtf wfhkf fc dcmhbftcd tl hnstrukt lr àusc fhs dhskhpmcs.

48. Rc f`vc acnthlncd tfc usc tf`t hs a`dc le tfc scahdhàctcrs le tfc sun `nd alln hntfcsc k`mkum`thlns, `nd tfc actfld le `skcrt`hnhnb tfca, hs dcscrvhnb le `ttcnthln. Elr tfc




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sun‘s `pp`rcnt dhàctcr, tfcy t` ic elur- nhntfs le fhs dhurn`m althln, `nd elr tfc alln‘sdhàctcr, lnc twcnty-ehetf le fcr dhurn`m althln. Hn n ckmhpsc, tfcy supplsc tfc sckthln letfc sf`dlw le tfc c`rtf, `t tfc dhst`nkc le tfc alln, tl f`vc ` dhàctcr ehvc thacs tf`t letfc alln9 `nd hn `mm tfhs, tfcrc hs klnshdcròmc `kkur`ky, `s wcmm `s brc`t shapmhkhty. Tfc`pp`rcnt dhàctcrs le tfc sun `nd alln, hnkrc`sc `nd dhahnhsf whtf tfchr `nbum`r vcmlkhthcs9 `nd tflubf tfcrc oc ahstìc hn supplshnb, tf`t tfcy dl sl cx`ktmy hn tfc sàcprlplrthln, ht hs lnc wfhkf, whtflut tcmcsklpcs `nd ahkrlactcrs, k`nnlt c`shmy ocloscrvcd. Tfc sckthln le tfc c`rtf‘s sf`dlw, mhicwhsc, he tfc sun‘s `pp`rcnt dhàctcr ocbhvcn, hnkrc`scs s tfc alln‘s hnkrc`scs, lr `s fcr dhst`nkc erla tfc c`rtf dhahnhsfcs, n dnc`rmy cnlubf hn tfc sàc r`thl tl gusthey tfc rumc wfhkf hs fcrc m`hd dlwn.

3:. Tfc fhstlrh`n le tfc @k`dcay le [khcnkcs, hn bhvhnb `n `kklunt le A. Mc Bcnthm‘s Acalhr ,f`s gustmy loscrvcd, tf`t tfc rumc dcskrhocd hn ht, elr ehndhnb tfc dheecrcnkc octwccn tfc truc`nd `pp`rcnt klngunkthln, `t tfc thac le ` slm`r ckmhpsc, klnt`hns tfc k`mkum`thln le tfcalln‘s p`r`mm`x, out suosthtutcs tfc p`r`mm`x hn rhbft `skcnshln elr tfc p`r`mm`x hnmlnbhtudc92? `n crrlr wfhkf tfc ùtflrs le tfhs `strlnlay wlumd prloòmy f`vc `vlhdcd,f`d tfcy dcrhvcd tfchr inlwmcdbc erla tfc wrhthnbs le Ztlmcay. Erla tfhs supplscdp`r`mm`x hn mlnbhtudc, tfcy ncxt dcrhvcd tfc p`r`mm`x hn m`thtudc, wfcrc wc a`y loscrvc `n

`ppmhk`thln le tfc dlktrhnc le shahm`r trh`nbmcs9 elr tfcy supplsc tfc ehrst le tfcsc tl oc tltfc m`st hn tfc klnst`nt r`thl le ?3 tl ?, lr nc`rmy `s tfc r`dhus tl tfc t`nbcnt le tfchnkmhn`thln le tfc alln‘s lroht tl tfc pm`nc le tfc ckmhpthk. Rc f`vc fcrc, tfcrcelrc, tfc`ppmhk`thln le `nltfcr bclactrhk`m tfclrca, `nd tf`t tll prlkccdhnb ln tfc supplshthln,tf`t ` sa`mm plrthln le tfc spfcrc, ln c`kf shdc le tfc plhnt wfhkf tfc sun lkkuphcs `t tfcahddmc le tfc ckmhpsc, a`y oc fcmd tl klhnkhdc whtf ` pm`nc tlukfhnb ht hn tf`t plhnt.

30. Tfc rcsumt wfhkf tfc Or`fahns tfus lot`hn whmm oc `mmlwcd tl f`vc brc`t `kkur`ky, he ht ocklnshdcrcd flw shapmc tfchr rumcs `rc, `nd flw mlnb ht aust oc shnkc tfchr tòmcs wcrcklrrcktcd oy loscrv`thlns. Hn twl ckmhpscs le tfc alln, k`mkum`tcd hn Hndh` oy tfchr actfld,`nd mhicwhsc loscrvcd tfcrc oy A. Mc Bcnthm, tfc crrlr, hn nchtfcr k`sc, cxkccdcd ?;' lethac, (klrrcsplndhnb tl lnc le 0; ' le dcbrcc, hn tfc pm`kc le tfc alln)9 nd hn tfc dur`thln`nd a`bnhtudc le tfc ckmhpsc, tfchr k`mkum`thln kàc sthmm nc`rcr tl tfc trutf.2;

3?. [hnkc `n hncqu`mhty w`s ehrst loscrvcd hn tfc althlns le tfc sun lr alln, tfc dhsklvcry letfc m`w wfhkf ht elmmlws, `nd tfc actfld le dctcrahnhnb tfc qu`nthty le ht, hn tfc dheecrcntplhnts le tfchr lrohts, f`s occn ` prlomca le tfc brc`tcst haplrt`nkc9 `nd ht hs kurhlus tlhnquhrc, hn wf`t a`nncr tfc `strlnlacrs le Hndh` f`vc prlkccdcd tl rcslmvc ht. Elr tfhspurplsc, wc aust cxàhnc tfc tòmcs le tfc kf`h`` , lr cqu`thlns le tfc kcntrc elr tfc sun`nd alln, `nd le tfc a`nd` , lr cqu`thlns le tfc kcntrc elr tfc pm`ncts. Rhtf rcspckt tltfc ehrst, `s klnt`hncd hn tfc tòmcs le [hà, A. K`sshnh loscrvcd, tf`t tfc cqu`thlnselmmlwcd tfc r`thl le tfc shncs le tfc ac`n dhst`nkcs erla tfc `plbcc9 out `s tfcy wcrck`mkum`tcd lnmy elr ` ecw plhnts le tfc lroht, ht klumd nlt oc inlwn whtf wf`t dcbrcc lecx`ktncss tfhs m`w w`s loscrvcd. Fcrc, flwcvcr, tfc tòmcs le Kfrhsnòlurà rcalvc tfcunkcrt`hnty, `s tfcy bhvc tfc cqu`thln le tfc kcntrc elr cvcry dcbrcc le tfc ac`n althln,`nd aìc ht nc`rmy `s tfc shnc le tfc dhst`nkc erla tfc `plbcc.Tfcy dl sl, flwcvcr, lnmy nc`rmy9 nd ht whmm oc elund ln trh`m, tf`t tfcrc hs, hn tfc nuaocrsle tfc tòmc, ` sa`mm, out rcbum`r v`rh`thln erla tfhs m`w, wfhkf hs brc`tcst wfcn tfc`rbuacnt hs ;: l , tflubf cvcn tfcrc ht dlcs nlt alunt tl a hnutc. Tfc sun‘s cqu`thln, elrhnst`nkc, wfhkf, wfcn brc`tcst, lr wfcn tfc `rbuacnt hs 8: l , hs, oy tfcsc tòmcs, ?l , 0: ' ,;? " , sflumd oc, wfcn tfc rbuacnt hs ;: l , gust tfc f`me le tfhs, lr 0l , 3' , 05" , dhd tfc nuaocrshn tfc tòmc elmmlw cx`ktmy tfc r`thl le tfc shncs le tfc `rbuacnt. Ht hs, flwcvcr, 0l , 5' , ; " 9`nd tfhs cxkcss le 42" k`nnlt f`vc `rhscn erla `ny ahstìc òlut tfc r`thl le tfc shnc le;: l tl tf`t le 8: l , wfhkf hs sflwn tl oc tf`t le 0 tl ?, oy ` prlplshthln hn bclactry 24 aukftll shapmc tl f`vc occn uninlwn tl tfc ùtflrs le tfcsc tòmcs. Tfc rumc, tfcrcelrc, le tfccqu`thlns, ochnb prlplrthln`m cx`ktmy tl tfc shncs le tfc `rbuacnt, hs nlt wf`t w`selmmlwcd, lr hntcndcd tl oc elmmlwcd, hn tfc k`mkum`thln le tfca. Tfc dheecrcnkcs, `msl,

octwccn tfc nuaocrs klaputcd oy tf`t rumc, `nd tflsc hn tfc tòmcs, `rc pcrecktmy rcbum`r,




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dckrc`shnb erla tfc plhnt le ;: l , oltf w`ys tlw`rd tfc ocbhnnhnb nd cnd le tfc qu`dr`nt, wfcrc tfcy v`nhsf `mtlbctfcr.Tfcsc loscrv`thlns `ppmy `msl tl tfc tòmcs le N`rs`pur23, `nd tl tfc alln‘s cqu`thlns, `s wcmm `s tl tfc sun‘s, whtf ` khrkua st`nkc, flwcvcr, wfhkf hs nlt c`shmy `kkluntcd elr, vhz.tf`t tfc dheecrcnkcs octwccn tfc nuaocrs k`mkum`tcd oy A. K`sshnh‘s rumc, `nd tflsc hn tfc

tòmcs, `rc nlt brc`tcr hn tfc k`sc le tfc alln tf`n le tfc sun, tflubf tfc cqu`thln le tfcm`ttcr oc alrc tf`n dluomc tf`t le tfc elracr. Tfcy `ppmy `msl tl tfc tòmcs a`nd` le tfcpm`ncts, wfcrc tfc cqu`thlns `rc brc`tcr tf`n tfc r`thl le tfc shncs le tfchr `rbuacntsrcquhrcs, tfc cxkcss ochnb brc`tcst t ;:l , nd alunthnb tl slac ahnutcs hn tfc cqu`thlnsle [`turn, Guphtcr `nd A`rs, hn wfhkf m`st ht hs brc`tcst le `mm.

3;. Tflubf, elr tfcsc rc`slns, ht hs pm`hn, tf`t tfc rumc le A. K`sshnh hs nlt tfc sàc whtf tf`tle tfc Or`fahns, ht kcrt`hnmy hnkmudcs tfc brc`tcr p`rt le ht9 `nd he tfc m`ttcr, wf`tcvcr hta`y f`vc occn, wcrc cxprcsscd hn ` scrhcs, `kklrdhnb tl tfc actflds le tfc aldcrn`n`myshs, tfc elracr wlumd oc tfc ehrst tcra le tf`t scrhcs. Rc `rc nlt, flwcvcr, aukf`dv`nkcd hn lur hnquhry hn klnscqucnkc le tfhs rca`ri9 elr tfc ehrst tcras le `mm tfc scrhcs, wfhkf k`n, ln `ny fypltfcshs, cxprcss tfc rcm`thln le tfc cqu`thln le tfc kcntrc tl tfc`nla`my le ` pm`nct, `rc sl e`r tfc sàc, tf`t tfcy `rc prlplrthln`m tl tfc shnc le tf`t`nla`my9 `nd ht ocklacs tfcrcelrc nckcss`ry tl sc`rkf àlnb tfcsc fypltfcscs, elr tf`t oy wfhkf tfc scrhcs le sa`mm dheecrcnkcs, dcskrhocd òlvc, a`y oc ocst rcprcscntcd. Ht hsnccdmcss tl cntcr fcrc hntl `ny dct`hm le tfc rc`slnhnbs oy wfhkf tfhs f`s occn dlnc, `nd oy wfhkf H f`vc elund, tf`t tfc `rbuacnt hn tfc tòmc oc`rs vcry nc`rmy tfc sàc rcm`thlntl tfc klrrcsplndhnb nuaocrs, tf`t tfc `nla`my le tfc ckkcntrhk dlcs tl tfc cqu`thln letfc kcntrc. Oy tfc `nla`my le tfc ckkcntrhk, flwcvcr, H dl nlt ac`n tfc `nbmc wfhkf hsinlwn oy tf`t nàc hn tfc slmuthln le Icpmcr‘s prlomca, out tf`t wfhkf scrvcs tfc sàcpurplsc whtf ht, ln tfc supplshthln le ` khrkum`r lroht, `nd `n unhelra `nbum`r althlnòlut ` plhnt wfhkf hs nlt tfc kcntrc le tf`t lroht, out wfhkf hs `s dhst`nt erla ht, ln tfclnc shdc, `s tfc c`rtf (lr tfc pm`kc le tfc loscrvcr), hs ln tfc ltfcr. Ht hs tfc `nbmc, wfhkf,hn sukf `n lroht, tfc mhnc dr`wn erla tfc pm`nct tl tfc kcntrc, aìcs whtf tfc mhnc dr`wnerla tfcnkc tl tfc plbcc9 nd tfc rbuacnt hn tfc Hndh`n tòmcs klhnkhdcs whtf tfhs nbmc.Tfhs fypltfcshs le ` dluomc ckkcntrhkhty, hs kcrt`hnmy nlt tfc shapmcst tf`t a`y oc elracd whtf rcspckt tl tfc althln le tfc fc`vcnmy oldhcs, `nd hs nlt wf`t lnc wlumd cxpckt tlacct whtf fcrc9 out ht `brccs sl wcmm whtf tfc tòmcs, `nd bhvcs tfc cqu`thlns erla tfc`rbuacnts sl nc`rmy, cspckh`mmy elr tfc alln `nd tfc pm`ncts, tf`t mhttmc dluot rca`hns lehts ochnb tfc rc`m fypltfcshs ln wfhkf tfcsc tòmcs wcrc klnstruktcd.25

34. Le tfhs, tfc actfld capmlycd tl k`mkum`tc tfc pm`kc le `ny le tfc ehvc pm`ncts erla tfcsctòmcs, èelrds ` klnehra`thln. Out, hn rc`slnhnb òlut tf`t actfld, ht hs nckcss`ry tl putlut le tfc qucsthln tfc usc tf`t hs a`dc le tfc p`r`mm`x le tfc `nnu`m lroht, lr le tfcskfhbrà , hn lrdcr tl f`vc tfc `rbuacnt elr ehndhnb tfc cqu`thln le tfc kcntrc, wfhkf hscvhdcntmy eùmty, `s ht aìcs tf`t cqu`thln tl oc èecktcd oy ` qu`nthty, (tfc p`r`mm`x le tfc`nnu`m lroht), ln wfhkf ht f`s hn rc`mhty nl dcpcndcnkc. Tl f`vc tfc rumc ercc erla crrlr, ht

hs tl oc tìcn, tfcrcelrc, hn tfc k`sc wfcn tfcrc hs nl p`r`mm`x le tfc `nnu`m lroht, tf`t hs, wfcn tfc pm`ncts `rc hn lpplshthln lr klngunkthln whtf tfc sun. Hn tf`t k`sc, tfc ac`n`nla`my hs ehrst klrrcktcd oy tfc suotr`kthln lr `ddhthln le f`me tfc cqu`thln tf`t ocmlnbstl ht hn tfc tòmc. Ht tfcn ocklacs tfc truc `rbuacnt elr ehndhnb, erla tf`t sàc tòmc, tfccqu`thln le tfc kcntrc, wfhkf hs ncxt `ppmhcd tl tfc ac`n `nla`my, tl f`vc tfc truc. Nlw,tfhs `brccs pcrecktmy whtf tfc klnkmushln òlvc9 elr tfc ac`n `nla`my, oy tfc suotr`kthlnlr `ddhthln le f`me tfc cqu`thln ocmlnbhnb tl ht hn tfc tòmc, hs klnvcrtcd, `malst prckhscmy,hntl tfc `nla`my le tfc ckkcntrhk, `nd ocklacs tfcrcelrc tfc prlpcr `rbuacnt elr ehndhnblut tfc cqu`thln, wfhkf hs tl kf`nbc tfc ac`n `nla`my hntl tfc truc. 22 Tfcrc k`n oc nldluot, le klnscqucnkc, tf`t tfc klnkmushln wc f`vc klac tl hs strhktmy `ppmhkòmc tl tfcpm`ncts, `nd tf`t tfc lroht le c`kf le tfca, hn tfhs `strlnlay, hs supplscd tl oc ` khrkmc,tfc c`rtf nlt ochnb hn hts kcntrc, out tfc nbum`r vcmlkhty le tfc pm`nct ochnb unhelra olut

` kcrt`hn plhnt, `s e`r erla tf`t kcntrc ln tfc lnc shdc, `s tfc c`rtf hs ln tfc lpplshtc.




4;

33. Octwccn tfc strukturc le tfc tòmcs le tfc cqu`thlns le tfc sun `nd alln, `nd tfc rumcs elrushnb tfca, tfcrc hs nlt tfc sàc klnshstcnky9 elr hn oltf le tfca, tfc rbuacnt, wfhkf wcf`vc elund tl oc tfc ckkcntrhk `nla`my, hs ncvcrtfcmcss trc`tcd `s tfc ac`n. [l e`r `sklnkcrns tfc sun, tfhs mc`ds tl nltfhnb hrrcklnkhmòmc whtf lur supplshthln, ockùsc tfcsun‘s cqu`thln ochnb sa`mm, tfc dheecrcnkc whmm oc hnklnshdcròmc, wfctfcr tfc rbu acnt letf`t cqu`thln oc trc`tcd `s tfc ckkcntrhk lr tfc ac`n `nla`my.Out ht hs ltfcrwhsc whtf rcspckt tl tfc alln, wfcrc tfc dheecrcnkc octwccn klnshdcrhnb tfc`rbuacnt le tfc cqu`thln `s tfc ac`n, lr `s tfc ckkcntrhk `nla`my, hs nlt hnscnshomc. Tfcùtflrhty le tfc prckcpts, `nd le tfc tòmcs, `rc fcrc lpplscd tl lnc `nltfcr9 `nd wc k`ndckhdc hn e`vlur le tfc m`ttcr, lnmy ockùsc ht mc`ds tl alrc kkur`tc dctcrahn`thln le tfcalln‘s pm`kc tf`n tfc elracr. Ht wlumd hndccd oc `n haprlvcacnt ln tfchr actfld lek`mkum`thln, wfhkf tfc Or`fahns ahbft aìc klnshstcntmy whtf tfc prhnkhpmcs le tfchr lwn`strlnlay, tl cxtcnd tl tfc alln tfchr rumc elr ehndhnb tfc cqu`thln le tfc kcntrc elr tfcpm`ncts. Tfcy wlumd tfcn `vlhd tfc p`mpòmc crrlr le aìhnb tfc a`xhaua le tfc alln‘scqu`thln `t tfc thac wfcn fcr ac`n `nla`my hs 8: l , `nd wlumd `skcrt`hn fcr pm`kc cvcry wfcrc whtf brc`tcr cx`ktncss. Ht hs prloòmc tf`t tfhs hs tfc actfld wfhkf tfcy wcrclrhbhn`mmy dhrcktcd tl elmmlw.

35. Erla tfc fypltfcshs wfhkf hs tfus elund tl oc tfc o`shs le tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay, lnc letfc ehrst klnkmushlns wfhkf prcscnts htscme, hs tfc cxhstcnkc le rca`riòmc eehnhty octwccntfc systca le tfc Or`fahns nd tf`t le Ztlmcay. Hn tfc m`ttcr, tfc sàc tfhnb w`s supplscdelr tfc ehvc pm`ncts, tf`t `ppc`rs hn tfc elracr tl f`vc occn unhvcrs`mmy cstòmhsfcd, vhz.tf`t tfchr lrohts wcrc khrkmcs, f`vhnb tfc c`rtf whtfhn tfca, out rcalvcd t sa`mm dhst`nkcerla tfc kcntrc, `nd tf`t c`kf pm`nct dcskrhocd tfc khrkuaecrcnkc le hts lroht, nlt whtf `nunhelra vcmlkhty, out whtf lnc tf`t wlumd `ppc`r unhelra, he ht wcrc vhcwcd erla ` plhnt`s e`r òlvc tfc kcntrc le tfc lroht, `s tf`t kcntrc hs òlvc tfc c`rtf. Tfhs plhnt w`s, hn tfcm`nbu`bc le Ztlmcay‘s `s trlnlay, tfc kcntrc le tfc cqu`nt .Nlw, klnkcrnhnb tfhs klhnkhdcnkc, ht hs tfc alrc dheehkumt tl gudbc, `s, ln tfc lnc f`nd, htk`nnlt oc `skrhocd tl `kkhdcnt, `nd, ln tfc ltfcr, ht a`y oc dluotcd, wfctfcr ht `rhscsnckcss`rhmy lut le tfc n`turc le tfc suogckt, lr hs ` klnscqucnkc le slac uninlwnklaaunhk`thln octwccn tfc `strlnlacrs le Hndh` `nd le Brcckc.Tfc ehrst fypltfcshs oy wfhkf acn cndc`vlurcd tl cxpm`hn tfc pfcnlacn` le tfc kcmcsth`malthlns, w`s tf`t le `n unhelra althln hn ` khrkmc, wfhkf f`d tfc c`rtf elr hts kcntrc. Tfhsfypltfcshs w`s, flwcvcr, le nl mlnbcr klnthnu`nkc tf`n thmm hnstruacnts le tlmcròmccx`ktncss wcrc dhrcktcd tl tfc fc`vcns. Ht w`s tfcn haacdh`tcmy dhsklvcrcd, tf`t tfc c`rtf w`s nlt tfc kcntrc le tfhs unhelra althln9 `nd tfc c`rtf w`s tfcrcelrc supplscd tl ocpm`kcd `t ` kcrt`hn dhst`nkc erla tfc kcntrc le tfc lroht, wfhmc tfc pm`nct rcvlmvcd hn tfckhrkuaecrcnkc le ht whtf tfc sàc vcmlkhty `s ocelrc. Oltf tfcsc stcps a`y oc `kkluntcdnckcss`ry9 `nd hn flwcvcr a`ny pm`kcs le tfc c`rtf, `nd flwcvcr kut lee erla autu`mhntcrklursc, `strlnlay f`d ocbun tl oc kumthv`tcd, H f`vc nl dluot tf`t tfcsc twlsupplshthlns wlumd f`vc sukkccdcd lnc `nltfcr, gust `s tfcy dhd àlnb tfc Brcci

`strlnlacrs.Out wfcn alrc `kkur`tc loscrv`thlns f`d sflwn tfc hnsueehkhcnky cvcn le tfhs scklndfypltfcshs, wf`t lubft n`tur`mmy tl oc tfc tfhrd, a`y oc tflubft nlt quhtc sl lovhlus9 ndhe tfc Brccis a`dc kflhkc le tf`t wfhkf f`s occn dcskrhocd òlvc, ht a`y scca tl f`vc occn lwhnb tl kcrt`hn act`pfyshk`m nlthlns klnkcrnhnb tfc shapmhkhty `nd pcreckthln le `khrkum`r `nd unhelra althln, wfhkf hnkmhncd tfca tl rckcdc erla tf`t supplshthln, nle`rtfcr tf`n `ppc`r`nkcs rcndcrcd òslmutcmy nckcss`ry. Tfc sàc klhnkhdcnkc octwccntfc hdc`s le act`pfyshks `nd `strlnlay, k`nnlt oc supplscd tl f`vc tìcn pm`kc hn ltfcrkluntrhcs9 `nd tfcrcelrc, wfcrc wc ehnd tfhs tfhrd fypltfcshs tl f`vc prcv`hmcd, wc a`yklnkmudc tf`t ht w`s olrrlwcd erla tfc Brccis.

32. Tflubf ht k`nnlt oc dcnhcd tf`t, hn tfhs rc`slnhnb, tfcrc hs slac wchbft, yct ht aust ocloscrvcd, tf`t tfc hntrldukthln le tfc tfhrd fypltfcshs dhd nlt rcst àlnb tfc Brccis`mtlbctfcr ln tfc klhnkhdcnkc òlvc acnthlncd. Ht w`s suhtcd tl tfchr prlbrcss hna`tfca`thk`m inlwmcdbc, `nd leecrcd `malst tfc lnmy systca, ètcr tfc twl elracr wcrc




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cxpmldcd, wfhkf rcndcrcd tfc pm`nct`ry althlns tfc suogckt le bclactrhk`m rc`slnhnb, tlacn mhttmc vcrscd hn tfc actflds le pprlxha`thln. Tfhs w`s tfc khrkuast`nkc tfcn, wfhkf,alrc tf`n ny ltfcr, prloòmy hnemucnkcd tfca hn tfc kflhkc le tfhs fypltfcshs, tflubf wc`rc nlt tl mlli elr ht `s `n `rbuacnt st`tcd hn tfchr wlris, out a`y gudbc le tfc hnemucnkcht f`d, erla tfc ercqucnky whtf wfhkf, a`ny `bcs ètcrw`rds, tfc `bclactrcsh`( Tr`nsmhtcr`tcd erla tfc lrhbhn`m Brcci mcttcrs7 Cdhtlr . ) le Icpmcr‘s systca w`s logcktcd tlfha oy fhs dvcrs`rhcs9 n logckthln tl wfhkf tf`t brc`t a`n sccacd tl p`y alrc `ttcnthlntf`n ht dcscrvcd.Tfcrc hs rc`sln tfcrcelrc tl tfhni, tf`t hn cvcry kluntry wfcrc `strlnlay `nd bclactryf`d nchtfcr le tfca `dv`nkcd ocylnd ` kcrt`hn plhnt, tfc fypltfcshs le tfc cqu`nt wlumdsukkccd tl tf`t le ` shapmc ckkcntrhk lroht, `nd tfcrcelrc k`nnlt oc `dahttcd `s ` prlle,tf`t tfc dheecrcnt systcas hn wfhkf ht aìcs ` p`rt, `rc nckcss`rhmy dcrhvcd erla tfc sàcslurkc. [lac ltfcr khrkuast`nkcs `ttcndhnb tfhs fypltfcshs, `s ht hs elund hn tfc Hndh`ntòmcs, bl sthmm e`rtfcr, `nd scca quhtc hnklnshstcnt whtf tfc supplshthln tf`t tfc ùtflrsle tfcsc tòmcs dcrhvcd ht erla tfc `strlnlacrs le tfc Rcst. Elr, ehrst , ht hs ppmhcd oy tfcatl `mm tfc fc`vcnmy oldhcs, tf`t hs, tl tfc sun `nd alln, `s wcmm `s tfc pm`ncts. RhtfZtlmcay, nd whtf mm tflsc wfl elundcd tfchr systca ln fhs, ht cxtcndcd lnmy tl tfc m`ttcr,

hnslaukf tf`t Icpmcr‘s brc`t rcelra`thln hn strlnlay, tfc dhsklvcry le tfc cmmhpthk lrohts, ocb`n erla fhs prlvhnb, tf`t tfc fypltfcshs le tfc cqu`nt w`s `s nckcss`ry tl ochntrldukcd elr tfc sìc le tfc sun‘s lroht, s elr tflsc le tfc pm`ncts, nd tf`t tfc ckkcntrhk-hty hn oltf k`scs, aust oc ohscktcd. Ht hs, tfcrcelrc, ln prhnkhpmc nl w`y dheecrcnt erla tfhsle Icpmcr, tf`t tfc tòmcs le tfc sun‘s althln `rc klaputcd hn tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay,tflubf ht aust oc `mmlwcd, tf`t tfc actfld le ushnb tfca hs nlt pcrecktmy klnshstcnt whtftfhs hdc` le tfchr klnstrukthln. [cklndmy , tfc usc a`dc le tfc `nla`my le tfc ckkcntrhk hn tfcsc tòmcs, `s tfc `rbuacnt letfc cqu`thln le tfc kcntrc, hs mtlbctfcr pckumh`r tl tfc Hndh`n strlnlay. Ztlmcay‘s tòmcsle tf`t cqu`thln elr tfc pm`ncts, tflubf tfcy prlkccd ln tfc sàc fypltfcshs, rc `rr`nbcdhn ` a`nncr cnthrcmy dheecrcnt, `nd f`vc elr tfchr `rbuacnt tfc ac`n `nla`my. Tfc `nbmc wfhkf wc k`mm tfc `nla`my le tfc ckkcntrhk, nd wfhkf hs le sl aukf usc hn tfc Hndh`n tòmcs,hs nlt capmlycd `t `mm hn tfc klnstrukthln le fhs,26 nlr, H ocmhcvc, hn tflsc le `ny ltfcr`strlnlacr thmm tfc thac le Icpmcr9 nd cvcn oy Icpmcr ht w`s nlt a`dc tfc rbuacnt le tfccqu`thln tl tfc kcntrc. Tfc actfld, cxpm`hncd olvc, le klnvcrthnb tfc ac`n nla`my hntltf`t le tfc ckkcntrhk, `nd klnscqucntmy hntl tfc `rbuacnt le tfc cqu`thln, hs `nltfcrpckumh`rhty, `nd tflubf shapmc `nd hnbcnhlus, f`s nlt tfc `kkur`ky suhtcd tl tfc bcnhus letfc Brcci `strlnlay, wfhkf ncvcr `dahttcd cvcn le tfc ocst `pprlxha`thln, wfcn `rhblrlus slmuthln klumd oc elund9 `nd, ln tfc wflmc, he tfc rcscaom`nkc le tfcsc twl sys-tcas, cvcn whtf `mm tfc cxkcpthlns tf`t f`vc occn st`tcd, aust sthmm oc `skrhocd tl slacklaaunhk`thln octwccn tfc ùtflrs le tfca, tf`t klaaunhk`thln hs alrc mhicmy tl f`vcblnc erla Hndh` tl Brcckc, tf`n hn tfc lpplshtc dhrckthln. Ht a`y pcrf`ps oc tflubft tle`vlur tfhs m`st lphnhln, tf`t Ztlmcay f`s nl wfcrc dcalnstr`tcd tfc nckcsshty le`sshbnhnb ` dluomc ckkcntrhkhty tl tfc lrohts le tfc pm`ncts, `nd f`s mcet rlla tl suspckt,tf`t ùtflrhty, alrc tf`n `rbuacnt, f`s hnemucnkcd tfhs p`rt le fhs systca.

36. Hn tòmcs le tfc pm`ncts, wc rca`ricd `nltfcr cqu`thln, (skfhbrà ) `nswcrhnb tl tfcp`r`mm`x le tfcc`rtf‘s lroht, lr tfc dheecrcnkc octwccn tfc fcmhlkcntrhk `nd tfc bclkcntrhkpm`kc le tfc pm`nct. Tfhs p`r`mm`x, he wc klnkchvc ` trh`nbmc tl oc elracd oy mhncs dr`wnerla tfc sun tl tfc c`rtf `nd tl tfc pm`nct, `nd `msl erla tfc pm`nct tl tfc c`rtf, hs tfc`nbmc le tf`t trh`nbmc, suotcndcd oy tfc mhnc dr`wn erla tfc sun tl tfc c`rtf. @nd sl,`kklrdhnbmy, ht hs klaputcd hn tfcsc tòmcs9 elr he wc rcslmvc sukf ` trh`nbmc `s hs fcrcdcskrhocd, wc whmm ehnd tfc `nbmc, suotcndcd oy tfc c`rtf‘s dhst`nkc erla tf c sun, klhnkhdc vcry nc`rmy whtf tfcskfhbrà .Tfc rbuacnt le tfhs cqu`thln hs tfc dheecrcnkc octwccn tfc ac`n mlnbhtudc le tfc sun ndle tfc pm`nct. Tfc lrohts `rc supplscd khrkum`r9 out wfctfcr tfc hncqu`mhty hn qucsthln w`s

undcrstlld tl `rhsc erla tfc althln le tfc c`rtf, lr erla tfc althln le tfc pm`nct hn `ncphkykmc, tfc kcntrc le wfhkf rcvlmvcs hn ` khrkmc, hs mcet undctcrahncd, `s oltf fypltfcscs




43

a`y oc sl `dgustcd `s tl bhvc tfc sàc rcsumt whtf rcspckt tl tfhs hncqu`mhty. Tfc prlplr-thln`m dhst`nkcs le tfc pm`ncts erla tfc c`rtf lr tfc sun, a`y oc dcdukcd erla tfc tòmcsle tfcsc cqu`thlns, `nd `rc nlt e`r erla tfc trutf.

38. Tfc prckcdhnb k`mkum`thlns aust f`vc rcquhrcd tfc `sshst`nkc le a`ny suoshdh`ry tòmcs,le wfhkf nl tr`kc f`s yct occn elund hn Hndh`. Ocshdcs a`ny ltfcr bclactrhk`m

prlplshthlns, slac le tfca `msl hnvlmvc tfc r`thl wfhkf tfc dhàctcr le ` khrkmc w`ssupplscd tl oc`r tl hts khrkuaecrcnkc, out wfhkf wc wlumd ehnd ht haplsshomc tl dhsklvcrerla tfca cx`ktmy, ln kklunt le tfc sa`mm qu`nththcs tf`t a`y f`vc occn ncbmcktcd hn tfchrk`mkum`thlns. Elrtun`tcmy, wc k`n rrhvc t tfhs inlwmcdbc, wfhkf hs vcry a`tcrh`m wfcn tfcprlbrcss le bclactry hs tl oc cstha`tcd, erla p`ss`bc hn tfc @yccn @iocry , wfcrc wc rctlmd, tf`t tfc Fhndlls supplsc tfc dhàctcr le ` khrkmc tl oc tl hts khrkuaecrcnkc `s 0?3:tl ;8?2, 28 nd wfcrc tfc utflr, wfl incw tf`t tfhs w`s alrc kkur`tc tf`n tfc prlplrthlnle @rkfhacdcs, (2 tl ??), `nd ocmhcvcd ht tl oc pcrecktmy cx`kt, cxprcsscs fhs `stlnhsfacnt,tf`t alnb sl shapmc pclpmc, tfcrc sflumd oc elund ` trutf, wfhkf, alnb tfc whscst ndalst mc`rncd n`thlns, f`d occn slubft elr hn v`hn.Tfc prlplrthln le 0?3: tl ;8?2 hs hndccd ` nc`r `pprl`kf tl tfc qu`dr`turc le tfc khrkmc9ht dheecrs mhttmc erla tf`t le Acthus, 00; tl ;33, nd hs tfc sàc whtf lnc cqu`mmy rca`riòmc,tf`t le H tl ;.0405. Rfcn elund hn tfc shapmcst `nd alst cmcacnt`ry w`y, ht rcquhrcs `plmybln le 256 shdcs tl oc hnskrhocd hn khrkmc9 `n lpcr`thln wfhkf k`nnlt oc rhtfacthk`mmypcrelracd whtflut tfc inlwmcdbc le slac vcry kurhlus prlpcrthcs le tf`t kurvc, `nd, `tmc`st, nhnc cxtr`kthlns le tfc squ`rc rllt, c`kf s e`r `s tcn pm`kcs le dckha`ms. @mm tfhs austf`vc occn `kklapmhsfcd hn Hndh`9 elr ht hs tl oc loscrvcd, tf`t tfc òlvc acnthlncdprlplrthln k`nnlt f`vc occn rckchvcd erla tfc a`tfca`thkh`ns le tfc Rcst. Tfc Brccismcet nltfhnb ln tfhs suogckt alrc `kkur`tc tf`n tfc tfclrca le @rkfhacdcs9 `nd tfc @ròh`n a`tfca`thkh`ns, scca nlt tl f`vc `ttcaptcd `ny nc`rcr `pprlxha`thln. Tfcbclactry le aldcrn Curlpc k`n aukf mcss oc rcb`rdcd `s tfc slurkc le tfhs inlwmcdbc.Acthus nd Uhct` wcrc tfc ehrst, wfl, hn tfc qu`dr`turc le tfc khrkmc, surp`sscd tfc kkur`kyle @rkfhacdcs9 `nd tfcy emlurhsfcd `t tfc vcry thac wfcn tfc Hnsthtutcs le @io`r wcrcklmmcktcd hn Hndh`.

5:. Ln tfc brlunds wfhkf f`vc nlw occn cxpm`hncd, tfc elmmlwhnb bcncr`m klnkmushlns ppc`rtl oc cstòmhsfcd.

H. Tfc loscrv`thlns ln wfhkf tfc `strlnlay le Hndh` hs elundcd, wcrc a`dc alrc tf`ntfrcc tflus`nd yc`rs ocelrc tfc Kfrhsth`n cr`9 `nd, hn p`rthkum`r, tfc pm`kcs le tfc sun`nd tfc alln, `t tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc K`mylubfà, wcrc dctcrahncd oy `ktu`m lo-scrv`thln.Tfhs elmmlws erla tfc cx`kt `brccacnt le tfc r`dhk`m pm`kcs hn tfc tòmcs le Thrv`mlrc, whtf tflsc dcdukcd elr tfc sàc cplkf erla tfc tòmcs le Dc M` K`hmmc `nd A`ycr, `ndcspckh`mmy hn tfc k`sc le tfc alln, wfcn rcb`rd hs f`d tl fcr `kkcmcr`thln. Ht elmmlws,tll, erla tfc plshthln le tfc ehxcd st`rs hn rcspckt le tfc cquhnlx, `s rcprcscntcd hn tfcHndh`n Wldh`k9 erla tfc mcnbtf le tfc slm`r yc`r9 nd, m`stmy, erla tfc plshthln nd elra

le tfc lrohts le Guphtcr `nd [`turn, `s wcmm `s tfchr ac`n althlns9 hn `mm le wfhkf, tfctòmcs le tfc Or`fahns, klap`rcd whtf lurs, bhvc tfc qu`nthty le tfc kf`nbc tf`t f`stìcn pm`kc, gust cqu`m tl tf`t wfhkf tfc `kthln le tfc pm`ncts ln lnc `nltfcr a`y ocsflwn tl f`vc prldukcd, hn tfc sp`kc le elrty-chbft kcnturhcs, rckilncd o`ki erla tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc prcscnt.Twl ltfcr le tfc cmcacnts le tfhs `strlnlay, tfc cqu`thln le tfc sun‘s kcntrc, `nd tfclomhquhty le tfc ckmhpthk, wfcn klap`rcd whtf tflsc le tfc prcscnt thac, scca tl plhnttl pcrhld sthmm alrc rcaltc, nd tl ehx tfc lrhbhn le tfhs strlnlay 0::: lr 0?:: yc`rsc`rmhcr, tf`t hs, 4;:: yc`rs ocelrc tfc Kfrhsth`n cr`9 `nd tfc thac nckcss`ry tl f`vc orlubft tfc `rts le k`mkum`thnb `nd loscrvhnb tl sukf pcreckthln `s tfcy aust f`vc`tt`hncd t tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc K`mylubfà, klacs hn supplrt le tfc sàc klnkmushln.Le sukf fhbf nthquhty, tfcrcelrc, aust wc supplsc tfc lrhbhn le tfhs strlnlay9 unmcss wc k`n ocmhcvc, tf`t `mm tfc klhnkhdcnkcs wfhkf f`vc occn cnuacr`tcd, `rc out tfcceeckts le kf`nkc9 lr wf`t hndccd wcrc sthmm alrc wlndcreum, tf`t, slac `bcs `bl, tfcrc




45

f`d `rhscn ` Ncwtln àlnb tfc Or`fahns, tl dhsklvcr tf`t unhvcrs`m prhnkhpmc wfhkfklnnckts, nlt lnmy tfc alst dhst`nt rcbhlns le sp`kc, out tfc alst rcaltc pcrhlds ledur`thln9 `nd ` Dc M` Br`nbc, tl tr`kc, tfrlubf tfc haacnshty le oltf, hts alst suotmc`nd klapmhk`tcd lpcr`thlns.

HH. Tflubf tfc `strlnlay wfhkf hs nlw hn tfc f`nds le tfc Or`fahns, hs sl `nkhcnt hn hts

lrhbhn, yct ht klnt`hns a`ny rumcs `nd tòmcs tf`t `rc le m`tcr klnstrukthln.Tfc ehrst lpcr`thln elr klaputhnb tfc alln‘s pm`kc erla tfc tòmcs le Thrv`mlrc,rcquhrcs tf`t 0,5::,864 d`ys sflumd oc suotr`ktcd erla tfc thac tf`t f`s cm`pscd shnkctfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc K`mylubfà, wfhkf orhnbs dlwn tfc d`tc le tfc rumc tl tfc yc`r0?6? le lur cr`. @t tfhs thac, tll, tfc pm`kc le tfc alln, `nd le fcr `plbcc, `rcdctcrahncd whtf sl aukf cx`ktncss, tf`t ht aust f`vc occn dlnc oy loscrv`thln, chtfcr`t tfc hnst`nt rcecrrcd tl, lr ` ecw d`ys ocelrc lr ètcr ht. @t tfhs thac, tfcrcelrc, ht hskcrt`hn, tf`t `strlnlahk`m loscrv`thlns wcrc a`dc hn Hndh`, `nd tf`t tfc Or`fahns wcrc nlt, `s tfcy `rc nlw, whtflut `ny inlwmcdbc le tfc prhnkhpmcs ln wfhkf tfchr rumcs`rc elundcd. Rfcn tf`t inlwmcdbc w`s mlst, whmm nlt pcrf`ps oc c`shmy skcrt`hncd9 outtfcrc `rc, H tfhni, nl khrkuast`nkcs hn tfc tòmcs erla wfhkf wc k`n kcrt`hnmy hnecr tfccxhstcnkc le ht `t ` m`tcr pcrhld tf`n wf`t f`s gust occn acnthlncd9 elr tflubf tfcrc`rc alrc aldcrn cplkfs tl oc elund hn tfca, tfcy `rc sukf `s a`y f`vc occn dcrhvcderla tfc alst `nkhcnt le `mm, oy fcmp le tfc ac`n althlns hn tfc tòmcs leKfrhsnòlurà, 6: whtflut `ny ltfcr sihmm tf`n hs rcquhrcd tl `n lrdhn`ry k`mkum`thln.Le tfcsc cplkfs, ocshdc wf`t f`vc occn lkk`shln`mmy acnthlncd hn tfc klursc le lurrca`ris, tfcrc hs lnc (hnvlmvcd hn tfc tòmcs le N`rs`pur) `s m`tc `s tfc yc`r 0535, `nd`nltfcr `s c`rmy `s tfc yc`r 26 le lur cr`, wfhkf a`ris tfc dc`tf le [`mhv`b`nà, lncle tfchr prhnkcs, hn wflsc rchbn ` rcelra hs s`hd tl f`vc tìcn pm`kc hn tfc actflds letfchr `strlnlay. Tfcrc hs nl rcecrcnkc tl `ny hntcracdh`tc d`tc, erla tf`t thac tl tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc K`mylubfà.Tfc p`rts le tfhs `strlnlay, tfcrcelrc, `rc nlt `mm le tfc sàc `nthquhty9 nlr k`n wc gudbc, acrcmy erla tfc cplkf tl wfhkf tfc tòmcs rcecr, le tfc `bc, tl wfhkf tfcy wcrclrhbhn`mmy `d`ptcd. Rc f`vc sccn, tf`t tfc tòmcs le Kfrhsnòlurà, tflubf tfcyprlecss tl oc nl lmdcr tf`n tfc yc`r 0480 le lur cr`, `rc, hn rc`mhty, alrc `nkhcnt tf`ntfc tòmcs le Thrv`mlrc, wfhkf `rc d`tcd erla tfc K`mylubfà, lr `t mc`st f`vcundcrblnc ecwcr `mtcr`thlns. Tfhs wc klnkmudcd erla tfc smlw althln bhvcn tl tfcalln, hn tfc elracr le tfcsc tòmcs, wfhkf brccd, whtf sukf wlndcreum prckhshln, whtftfc sckum`r cqu`thln ppmhcd tl tf`t pm`nct oy A`ycr, nd cxpm`hncd oy A. Dc M` Zm`kc.Out ht `ppc`rs, tf`t nchtfcr tfc tòmcs le Thrv`mlrc lr Kfrhsnòlurà, nlr `ny whtf wfhkf wc `rc yct `kqu`hntcd, `rc tfc alst `nkhcnt tl oc elund hn Hndh`. Tfc Or`fahnsklnst`ntmy rcecr tl `n `strlnlay `t Ocn`rcs, wfhkf tfcy capf`thk`mmy stymctfc`nkhcnt ,60 `nd wfhkf tfcy s`y hs nlt nlw undcrstlld oy tfca, tflubf tfcy ocmhcvc ht tl oc aukf alrc `kkur`tc tf`n tf`t oy wfhkf tfcy k`mkum`tc. Tf`t ht hs alrc `kkur`tc, hshaprloòmc9 tf`t ht a`y oc alrc `nkhcnt, nl lnc wfl f`s dumy ttcndcd tl tfc elrcblhnb

e`kts nd rc`slnhnbs, whmm tfhni haplsshomc9 nd cvcry lnc, H ocmhcvc, whmm kinlwmcdbc,tf`t nl brc`tcr scrvhkc klumd oc rcndcrcd tl tfc mc`rncd wlrmd, tf`n tl rcskuc tfhsprckhlus er`bacnt erla loskurhty. He tf`t hs cvcr tl oc cxpcktcd, ht hs wfcn tfc zc`m elrinlwmcdbc f`s elracd ` mhtcr`ry slkhcty àlnb lur kluntryacn hn Ocnb`m, `nd wfhmctf`t slkhcty hs dhrcktcd oy tfc mc`rnhnb `nd òhmhthcs le [hr Rhmmhà Glncs. Hndccd, tfce`rtfcr dhsklvcrhcs wfhkf a`y oc a`dc whtf rcspckt tl tfhs skhcnkc, dl nlt hntcrcstacrcmy tfc strlnlacr nd tfc a`tfca`thkh`n, out cvcry lnc wfl dcmhbfts tl a`ri tfcprlbrcss le a`nihnd, lr hs kurhlus tl mlli o`ki ln tfc nkhcnt hnfòht`nts le tfc bmloc.Ht hs tfrlubf tfc acdhua le `strlnlay mlnc tf`t ecw r`ys erla tflsc dhst`nt logcktsk`n oc klnvcycd hn sècty tl tfc cyc le ` aldcrn loscrvcr, sl `s tl èelrd fha ` mhbft, wfhkf, tflubf ht oc sk`nty, hs purc `nd unorlicn, `nd ercc erla tfc e`msc klmlurhnbs le v`nhty `nd supcrsththln.

HHH. Tfc o`shs le tfc elur systcas le `strlnlahk`m tòmcs wfhkf wc f`vc cxàhncd, hscvhdcntmy tfc sàc.




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Tflubf tfcsc tòmcs `rc sk`ttcrcd lvcr `n cxtcnshvc kluntry, tfcy scca tl f`vc occn`mm lrhbhn`mmy d`ptcd, chtfcr tl tfc sàc acrhdh`n, lr tl acrhdh`ns t nl brc`t dhst`nkc, wfhkf tr`vcrsc wf`t wc a`y k`mm tfc km`sshk`m brlund le Hndh`, a`ricd oy tfc ruhns leK`nlbc, Z`mholtfr` `nd Ocn`rcs. Tfcy klnt`hn rumcs tf`t f`vc lrhbhn`tcd octwccn tfctrlphks9 wf`tcvcr oc tfchr cplkf, tfcy `rc `mm, oy tfchr ac`n althlns, klnncktcd whtftf`t le tfc K`mylubfà9 `nd tfcy f`vc ocshdcs lnc unhelra kf`r`ktcr wfhkf ht hspcrf`ps nlt c`sy tl dcskrhoc. Brc`t hnbcnuhty f`s occn cxcrtcd tl shapmhey tfchr rumcs9 yct, hn nl hnst`nkc `malst, `rc tfcy rcdukcd tl tfc utalst shapmhkhty9 `nd wfcn htf`ppcns tf`t tfc lpcr`thlns tl wfhkf tfcy mc`d `rc cxtrcacmy lovhlus, tfcsc `rc letcnhnvlmvcd hn `n `rthehkh`m loskurhty. @ Or`fahn ercqucntmy aumthpmhcs oy ` brc`tcrnuaocr tf`n hs nckcss`ry, wfcrc fc sccas tl b`hn nltfhnb out tfc trluomc le dhvhdhnb oy lnc tf t hs brc`tcr hn tfc sàc prlplrthln9 `nd fc k`mkum tcs tfc cr` le [`mhv`b`nà whtf tfc elra`mhty le `s a`ny dhsthnkt lpcr`thlns `s he fc wcrc blhnb tl dctcrahnc tfcalln‘s althln shnkc tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc K`mylubfà. Tfc sàc sphrht le cxkmu shln,tfc sàc ec`r le klaaunhk`thnb fhs inlwmcdbc, sccas tl dhrckt tfc k`mkumus wfhkfpcrv`dcs tfc rcmhbhln le tfc Or`fahn9 nd hn nchtfcr le tfca, hs fc whmmhnb tl rckchvc lrtl hap`rt hnstrukthln. Rhtf mm tfcsc khrkuast`nkcs le rcscaom`nkc, tfc actflds le tfhs`strlnlay rc s aukf dhvcrshehcd s wc k`n supplsc tfc sàc systca tl oc, oy p`sshnbtfrlubf tfc f`nds le ` sukkcsshln le hnbcnhlus acn, ecrthmc hn rcslurkcs, `nd `k-qu`hntcd whtf tfc v`rhcty `nd cxtcnt le tfc skhcnkc wfhkf tfcy kumthv`tcd. @ systca leinlwmcdbc, wfhkf hs tfus `sshahm`tcd tl tfc bcnhus le tfc pclpmc, tf`t hs dheeuscd sl whdcmy àlnb tfca, `nd dhvcrshehcd sl aukf, f`s ` rhbft tl oc rcb`rdcd, chtfcr `s `n`thvc, lr ` vcry `nkhcnt hnfòht`nt le tfc kluntry wfcrc ht hs elund.

HU. Tfc klnstrukthln le tfcsc tòmcs hapmhcs ` brc`t inlwmcdbc le bclactry, `rhtfacthk,`nd cvcn le tfc tfclrcthk`m p`rt le `strlnlay.Hn prlle le tfhs, ht hs unnckcss`ry tl rck`phtum`tc tfc rca`ris tf`t f`vc occn `mrc`dya`dc. Ht a`y oc prlpcr, flwcvcr, tl `dd, tf`t tfc actfld le k`mkum`thnb ckmhpscs, tl wfhkf tfcsc tòmcs `rc suoscrvhcnt, hs, hn nl rcspckt, `n caphrhk`m lnc, elundcd ln tfcacrc loscrv`thln le tfc hntcrv`ms `t wfhkf ckmhpscs rcturn, lnc ètcr `nltfcr, hn tfcsàc lrdcr. Ht hs hndccd rca`riòmc, tf`t wc ehnd nl tr`kc fcrc le tfc pcrhld le 5363d`ys nd 6 flurs, lr ??; mun`thlns, tfc [`rls le tfc Kf`mdc`n strlnlacrs, wfhkf tfcycapmlycd elr tfc prcdhkthln le ckmhpscs, `nd wfhkf (loscrvcd whtf alrc lr mcss`kkur`ky) tfc ehrst strlnlacrs cvcry wfcrc aust f`vc capmlycd, ocelrc tfcy wcrc omctl `n`mysc ckmhpscs, `nd tl ehnd lut tfc m`ws le cvcry kùsc klntrhouthnb tl tfca. Tf`tcaphrhk`m actfld, he ht lnkc cxhstcd hn Hndh`, hs nlw elrblttcn, nd f`s mlnb shnkc bhvcnpm`kc tl tfc alrc skhcnthehk `nd `kkur`tc lnc, wfhkf leecrs ` klapmctc `n`myshs le tfcpfcnlacn`, `nd k`mkum`tcs, lnc oy lnc, tfc althlns le tfc sun, le tfc alln, `nd letfc nldc.Out wf`t, whtflut dluot, hs tl oc `kkluntcd tfc brc`tcst rcehncacnt hn tfhs systca, hstfc fypltfcshs capmlycd hn k`mkum`thnb tfc cqu`thlns le tfc kcntrc elr tfc sun, alln`nd pm`ncts, tf`t, vhz. le ` khrkum`r lroht f`vhnb ` dluomc ckkcntrhkhty, lr f`vhnb htskcntrc hn tfc ahddmc, octwccn tfc c`rtf `nd tfc plhnt òlut wfhkf tfc `nbum`r althlnhs unhelra.6? He tl tfhs wc `dd tfc brc`t cxtcnt le bclactrhk`m inlwmcdbc rcquhshtc tlklaohnc tfhs, `nd tfc ltfcr prhnkhpmcs le tfchr `strlnlay tlbctfcr `nd tl dcdukc erlatfca tfc gust klnkmushlns9 tfc plsscsshln le ` k`mkumus cquhv`mcnt tl trhblnlactry9 nd,m`stmy, tfchr pprlxha`thln tl tfc qu`dr`turc le tfc khrkmc, wc sf`mm oc stlnhsfcd t tfca`bnhtudc le tf`t oldy le skhcnkc, wfhkf aust f`vc cnmhbftcncd tfc hnfòht`nts leHndh` hn slac rcaltc `bc, `nd wfhkf, wf`tcvcr ht a`y f`vc klaaunhk`tcd tl tfc wcstcrn n`thlns, `ppc`rs tl f`vc rckchvcd nltfhnb erla tfca.

[ukf rc tfc klnkmushlns tf`t scca tl ac tl elmmlw, whtf tfc fhbfcst prloòhmhty, erla tfce`kts wfhkf f`vc occn st`tcd. Tfcy rc, whtflut dluot, cxtr`lrdhn`ry9 nd f`vc nl ltfcr km`hatl lur ocmhce, cxkcpt tf`t, `s H tfhni f`s occn eummy prlvcd, tfchr ochnb e`msc wcrc aukf alrc

wlndcreum tf`n tfchr ochnb truc. Tfcrc `rc out ecw tfhnbs, flwcvcr, le wfhkf tfc klntr`ry hshaplsshomc. Ht aust oc rcacaocrcd, tf`t tfc wflmc cvhdcnkc ln tfhs suogckt hs nlt yct ocelrc




46

tfc puomhk, nd tf`t tfc rcplshtlrhcs le Ocn`rcs a`y klnt`hn wf`t hs tl klnehra lr tl hnv`mhd`tctfcsc loscrv`thlns.Nltcs

0. Aca. @k`d. [khcn. , tla.6, p.?60 & k.?. Tr`htc dc M‘@strlnlahc mndhcnnc ct Lrhcnt`mc , p`r A. O`hmmy. Z`rhs, 0262.

;. Aca. sur H‘@strlnlahc dcs Hndhcns , p`r A.Mc BCNTHM, Fhst. @k`d. [khcn. , 022?, HH, p.?:2. Tfcpfr`sc wfhkf wc fcrc tr`nsm`tc klnstcmm`thlns , shbnhehcstfc pm`kcs le tfc alln hn tfc twcmvc shbns .4. Aca. @k`d. [khcn. , 022? HH, p.0683. Hohd .?:8.5. Aca. @k`d. [khcn. 022? HH, p.?::. Tfc Wldh`k tfcy k`mmsldha`nd`mà lr tfc khrkmc le st`rs.2. Hohd. 084. @st. Hnd., p.4; & k.6. Aca.@k`d.[khcn. tla.6, p.;0?. @st.Hnd., p.00, §04.8. @st.Hnd., p.2.§ 5.0:. Aca. @k`d. [khcn. tla.6, p.;?6.00. @st. Hnd., p.0?4. Tfc tòmcs le Thrv`mlrc aìc tfc yc`r 5" mcss.0?. Tfc cqu`thln le tfc sun, lr wf`t tfcy k`mm tfckf`h`` , hs k`mkum`tcd hn tfc [hàcsc tòmcs lnmy elr

cvcry 03º le tfc a`ttchlaac , lr ac`n `nla`my. K`sshnh, uohsupr` , p.?88.0;. @st. Hnd., p.8.04. Tfc crrlr, flwcvcr, whtf rcspckt tl tfc `plbcc, hs mcss tf`n ht `ppc`rs tl oc9 elr tfc althln le tfc

Hndh`n Wldh`k, ochnb nc`rmy 4' swhetcr tf`n tfc st`rs, hs out 5" smlwcr tf`n tfc `plbcc. Tfc vcmlkhty letfc Hndh`n Wldh`k hs hndccd nchtfcr tfc sàc whtf tf`t le tfc st`rs, nlr le tfc sun‘s `plbcc, out nc`rmy àc`n octwccn tfca.

03. Tfc Hndh`n pcrhld hs alrc cx`kt tf`n tf`t le lur blmdcn nuaocr, oy ;3 ' . @st. Hnd., p.3. Tfc Hndh`nsrcbum`tc tfchr ecsthv`ms oy tfhs pcrhld. Hohd. Dhsk. Zrcmha., p.vhhh.

05. @st. Hnd., pp.00 & ?:.02. @st. Hnd., p.0;. K`sshnh Aca. @k`d. [khcn. tla.6, p.;:4.06. Aca. @k`d. [khcn. tla.6, pp.;:? & ;:8.08. @st. Hnd., p.0?. Ht orhnbs us tl ` acrhdh`n 6?º, ;4' , c`st le Brccnwhkf. Ocn`rcs hs 6;º, 00' , c`st le

tfc sàc, oy _cnncm‘s a`p. ?:. Tfcsc tòmcs `rc puomhsfcd oy A. O`hmmy, @st. Hnd., p.;;3 & k. [cc `msl p.;0, & k.?0. @st. Hnd., p.48 & k.??. Tfcy wcrc cxpm`hncd, lr r`tfcr dckypfcrcd oy A. Mc Bcnthm hn tfc Acalhrs le tfc @k`dcay le

[khcnkcs elr 0264, p.46? & k.9 elr tfcy wcrc nlt undcrstlld oy tfc ahsshln`ry wfl scnt tfca tl Curlpc,nlr prloòmy oy tfc Or`fahns wfl hnstruktcd fha. A. Mc Bcnthm tfhnis tf`t tfcy f`vc tfc `ppc`r`nkcle ochnb klphcd erla hnskrhpthlns ln stlnc. Tfc ahnutcs `nd scklnds `rc r`nbcd hn rlws undcr lnc`nltfcr, nlt hn vcrthk`m klmuans, `nd whtflut `ny thtmc tl plhnt lut tfchr ac`nhnb, lr tfchr klnnckthln.Tfcsc tòmcs `rc puomhsfcd, Aca. @k`d. [khcn. Hohd p.48?, `nd @st. Hnd., p.404.

?;. Thrv`mlrc hs ` sa`mm tlwn ln tfc Klrla`ndcm kl`st, òlut 0? B. ahmcs wcst le Ncb`p`tnà, hn M`t.0:º, 44 ' , `nd c`st Mlnb. erla Brccnwhkf, 28º, 4?' , oy _cnncm‘s a`p. Erla tfc loscrv`thlns le tfcOr`fahns,

A. Mc Bcnthm aìcs hts M`t. tl oc 0:º, 4?' , 0;" . ( Aca. @k`d. [khcn. HH, p.064) Tfc acrhdh`n le Thrv`mlrcnc`rmy tlukfcs tfc wcst shdc le Kcymln, `nd tfcrcelrc a`y oc supplscd tl klhnkhdc whtf tfc ehrstacrhdh`n, `s m`hd dlwn oy E`tfcr Du Kfàp. Tfcrc hs nl rcdukthln le mlnbhtudc capmlycd hn tfcactflds le Thrv`mlrc. ?:. Tfcsc tòmcs `rc puomhsfcd oy A. O`hmmy, @st. Hnd., p.;;3 & k. [cc `msl p.;0, &k.

?0. @st. Hnd., p.48 & k.??. Tfcy wcrc cxpm`hncd, lr r`tfcr dckypfcrcd oy A. Mc Bcnthm hn tfc Acalhrs le tfc @k`dcay le

[khcnkcs elr 0264, p.46? & k.9 elr tfcy wcrc nlt undcrstlld oy tfc ahsshln`ry wfl scnt tfca tl Curlpc,nlr prloòmy oy tfc Or`fahns wfl hnstruktcd fha. A. Mc Bcnthm tfhnis tf`t tfcy f`vc tfc `ppc`r`nkcle ochnb klphcd erla hnskrhpthlns ln stlnc. Tfc ahnutcs `nd scklnds `rc r`nbcd hn rlws undcr lnc`nltfcr, nlt hn vcrthk`m klmuans, `nd whtflut `ny thtmc tl plhnt lut tfchr ac`nhnb, lr tfchr klnnckthln.Tfcsc tòmcs `rc puomhsfcd, Aca. @k`d. [khcn. Hohd p.48?, `nd @st. Hnd., p.404.

?;. Thrv`mlrc hs ` sa`mm tlwn ln tfc Klrla`ndcm kl`st, òlut 0? B. ahmcs wcst le Ncb`p`tnà, hn M`t.0:º, 44 ' , `nd c`st Mlnb. erla Brccnwhkf, 28º, 4?' , oy _cnncm‘s a`p. Erla tfc loscrv`thlns le tfcOr`fahns,




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A. Mc Bcnthm aìcs hts M`t. tl oc 0:º, 4?' , 0;" . ( Aca. @k`d. [khcn. HH, p.064) Tfc acrhdh`n le Thrv`mlrcnc`rmy tlukfcs tfc wcst shdc le Kcymln, `nd tfcrcelrc a`y oc supplscd tl klhnkhdc whtf tfc ehrstacrhdh`n, `s m`hd dlwn oy E`tfcr Du Kfàp. Tfcrc hs nl rcdukthln le mlnbhtudc capmlycd hn tfcactflds le Thrv`mlrc.

?4. Tfcsc `rc Hndh`n flurs, & k.?3. Aca. @k`d. [khcn. HH, p.0629 @st. Hnd., p.25 & k.?5. Tfc Hndh`n flurs rc fcrc rcdukcd tl Curlpc`n.?2. Aca. @k`d. [khcn , Hohd. p.??8. @st. Hnd., p.64.?2. Aca. @k`d. dcs [khcn, hohd.p.??8. @sst.Hnd. p.64.?6. A. Mc Bcnthm f`s bhvcn tfhs tòmc, Aca. @k`d. [khcn. , Hohd. p.?50.?8. Tfc `kkur`ky le tfc bclbr`pfy le tfc Fhndlls, hs hn nl prlplrthln tl tf`t le tfchr `strlnlay, `nd,

tfcrcelrc, ht hs haplsshomc tf`t tfc hdcnthty le tfc acrhdh`ns le tfchr tòmcs k`n oc eummy cstòmhsfcd. @mmtf`t k`n oc s`hd, whtf kcrt`hnty, hs, tf`t tfc dheecrcnkc octwccn tfc acrhdh`ns le tfc tòmcs le Thrv`mlrc`nd [hà hs, `t alst, out hnklnshdcròmc, `nd a`y oc lnmy `pp`rcnt, `rhshnb erla `n crrlr hn klaputhnbtfc dheecrcnkc le mlnbhtudc octwccn tfcsc pm`kcs. Tfc tòmcs le Thrv`mlrc `rc elr Mlnb. 28º, 4?' 9 tflsc le[hà elr 6?º, ;4 ' 9 tfc dheecrcnkc hs ?º, 3?' , nlt alrc tf`n a`y oc `skrhocd tl `n crrlr purcmybclbr`pfhk`m.

@s tl tfc tòmcs le Kfrhsnòlurà, tfcy klnt`hn ` rcdukthln, oy wfhkf ht `ppc`rs, tf`t tfc pm`kc wfcrc tfcy `rc nlw uscd hs 43' le ` dcbrcc c`st le tfc acrhdh`n elr wfhkf tfcy wcrc lrhbhn`mmyklnstruktcd. Tfhs aìcs tfc m`ttcr acrhdh`n brcc tlmcròmy whtf tf`t le K`pc Klalrhn, wfhkf hs hn Mlnb.22º, ;? ' , ;: " , `nd òlut f`me ` dcbrcc wcst le Kfrhsnòlurà. Out tfhs klnkmushln hs unkcrt`hn9 ockùsc,`s A. O`hmmy f`s rca`ricd, tfc tòmcs scnt erla Kfrhsnòlurà, `nd undcrstlld oy Er Du Kfàp tl ocmlnb tl tf`t pm`kc, `rc nlt `d`ptcd tl tfc m`thtudc le ht, out tl lnc klnshdcròmy brc`tcr, `s `ppc`rserla tfchr rumc elr `skcrt`hnhnb tfc mcnbtf le tfc d`y.( @st. Hnd., p.;;).

Tfc kf`r`ktcrs, tll, oy wfhkf tfc Or`fahns dhsthnbuhsf tfchr ehrst acrhdh`n, `rc nlt pcrecktmyklnshstcnt whtf lnc `nltfcr. [lacthacs ht hs dcskrhocd `s ohsckthnb Kcymln9 `nd `t ltfcr thacs, `stlukfhnb ht ln tfc wcst shdc, lr cvcn `s ochnb `s e`r wcst `s K`pc Klalrhn. M`ni`, wfhkf hs s`hd tl oc `plhnt hn ht, hs undcrstlld, oy Er Du Kfàp, tl oc Kcymln. A. O`hmmy tfhnis tf`t ht hs tfc mìc M`ni`, tfcslurkc le tfc Blbr`, pm`kcd oy A. _cnncm, `s wcmm `s tfc ahddmc le Kcymln, hn Mlnb. 6:º, 4?' 9 out, erla` Fhndll a`p, hn tfc @yccn @iocry , vlm.hhh. p.?3, M`ni` `ppc`rs tl oc `n hsm`nd, wfhkf a`ris tfchntcrsckthln le tfc ehrst acrhdh`n le tfc a`p, nc`rmy tf`t le K`pc Klalrhn, whtf tfc cqu`tlr9 `nd hsprloòmy lnc le tfc A`mdhvy hsm`nds. [cc `msl ` nltc hn tfc @yccn @iocry , Hohd. p.;5.

;:. Aca. @k`d. [khcn. 022? HH, p.?04. @st. Hnd., p.0?8.;0. Aca. @k`d. Ocrmhn 026?, p.;62. @st. Hnd., p.044.;?. @st. Hnd. p.0;:.;;. @st. Hnd., p.00:. Tfc Or`fahns, flwcvcr, `ktu`mmy supplsc tfc cplkf tl oc 5 flurs m`tcr, lr `t

sunrhsc, ln tfc sàc d`y. Tfchr ahstìc hs dhsklvcrcd, `s f`s occn s`hd, oy klap`rhnb tfc r`dhk`m pm`kcshn tfc dheecrcnt tòmcs whtf lnc `nltfcr.

;4. @st. Hnd., p.6;.;3. @st. Hnd., p.04? & k. Tfc ehrst acrhdh`n hs supplscd tl p`ss tfrlubf Ocn`rcs9 out cvcn he ht oc

supplscd ;º e`rtfcr wcst, tfc dheecrcnkc, wfhkf hs fcrc ;2' , whmm oc lnmy hnkrc`scd tl 4?' .;5. @st. Hnd., p.004.;2. Hohd . p.003.

;6. Hohd . p.002.;8. Hohd. p.006.4:. Aca. @k`d. [khcn . tla.6, p.?65.40. @st. Hnd., p.043.4?. Hohd . p.0?5.4;. Tfc rc`slnhnb fcrc rcecrrcd tl hs tfc elmmlwhnb7 @s tfc ac`n althlns, hn `mm `strlnlahk`m tòmcs,

`rc dctcrahncd oy tfc klap`rhsln le ( klntd ...) loscrv`thlns a`dc `t ` brc`t dhst`nkc le thac erla lnc`nltfcr9 he x oc tfc nuaocr le kcnturhcs octwccn tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc prcscnt, `nd tfc d`tc le tfc alrc`nkhcnt loscrv`thlns, erla wfhkf tfc alln‘s ac`n alt hln hn tfc tòmcs le Kfrhsnòlurà hs dcdukcd9`nd hey dcnltc tfc sàc elr tfc alrc aldcrn loscrv` thlns7 tfcn tfc qu`nthty oy wfhkf tfc alln‘salthln, durhnb tfc hntcrv`m x - y , e`mms sflrt le A`ycr‘s, elr tfc sàc hntcrv`m, hs .

He, tfcrcelrc, a oc tfc althln le tfc alln elr ` kcntury hn tfc m`st acnthlncd tòmcs,

whmm oc tfc ac`n althln elr tfc hntcrv`m hn tfc tòmcs le Kfrhsnòlurà. He, tfcn,

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` oc `ny ltfcr hntcrv`m, `s tf`t le 4;.6; kcnturhcs, tfc ac`n althln `sshbncd tl ht, hn tfcsc m`st tòmcs, oy tfc rumc le prlplrthln, whmm oc

Mct tfhs althln, `ktu`mmy tìcn erla tfc tòmcs oc1 n` ,

tfcn lr hn tfc prcscnt k`scHt hs kcrt`hn, tfcrcelrc, tf`t wf`tcvcr supplshthln oc a`dc whtf rcspckt tl tfc hntcrv`m octwccn x `nd

y, tfchr sua aust `mw`ys oc tfc sàc, `nd aust àlunt tl 3?08 yc`rs. Out tf`t, tf`t hntcrv`m a`y ocmlnb cnlubf tl bhvc tfc ac`n althlns whtf cx`ktncss, ht k`n sk`rkcmy oc supplscd mcss tf`n ?::: yc`rs9`nd, hn tf`t k`sc, x 1 ;5:8 yc`rs, wfhkf tfcrcelrc hs hts mc`st v`muc. Out he ;5:8 oc rckilncd o`ki erla02::, ht blcs up tl 08:8 yc`rs ocelrc Kfrhst, nc`rmy, `s f`s occn s`hd.

Ht aust oc rcacaocrcd, tf`t wf`t hs fcrc hnvcsthb`tcd hs tfc mhaht, lr tfc alst aldcrn d`tc plsshomctl oc `sshbncd tl tfc loscrv`thlns hn qucsthln. Tfc supplshthln tf`t x ‛ y 1 ` , hs tfc alst prloòmc le`mm, `nd ht bhvcs x 1 46:0 , wfhkf klrrcsplnds tl tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc K`mylubfà.

44. Aca. @k`d. [khcn. 0265, p.?;3, & k.43. Aca. @k`d. [khcn. 0265, p.?5:.45. Aca. @k`d. Ocrmhn , 026?, p.02:, & k.42. @st. Hnd. p.05: , & k.46. [upr`, §06 `nd 0:.48. Aca. @k`d. Ocrmhn , 026?. p.?68.3:. @st. Hnd., p.05:.30. Hohd . p.050.3?. Fc s`ys, ‖ [`ns dlutc hm nc pcut rcsumtcr dc kc k`mkum qu‘un `ppcrku. ‘ 3;. @st. Hnd ., p.05;.34. Aca. @k`d. Ocrmhn 026?, p.?62.33. @st. Hnd ., p.053.35. @st. Hnd ., p.02;, & k.32. Hohd . p.022.36. @st. Hnd ., p.084.38. Hohd. p.088 & k.5:. @st. Hnd ., p.060.50. Hohd . p.064. §0;.5?. Aca. @k`d. Ocrmhn 026?, p.?45. @st. Hnd ., p.065.5?. Aca. @k`d. Ocrmhn , 026?. p.?45. @sst. Hnd . p.065.5;. @st.Hnd ., p.066.54. Csprht dcs Glurncùx Nlv. 0262, p.6:.53. Tfc hncqu`mhty le tfc prckcsshln le tfc cquhnlxcs, (§??)9 tfc `kkcmcr`thln le tfc alln9 tfc mcnbtf

le tfc slm`r yc`r9 tfc cqu`thln le tfc sun‘s kcntrc9 tfc lomhquhty le tfc ckmhpthk9 tfc pm`kc le Guphtcr‘s`pfcmhln 9 tfc cqu`thln le [`turn‘s kcntrc9 nd tfc hncqu`mhthcs hn tfc ac`n althln le oltf tfcsc pm`ncts.

55. @st. Hnd., p.;33 & k.52. Aca. @k`d. [khcn. HH, p.023.56. Tl gudbc le tfc `kkur`ky le tfhs `pprlxha`thln, supplsc L tl oc tfc lomhquhty le tfc ckmhpthk, `nd

x tfc cxkcss le tfc scahdhurn`m `rkf, ln tfc mlnbcst d`y, òlvc `n `rkf le 8: l , tfcn

Out heB oc tfc fchbft le ` bnlaln, `nd [ tfc mcnbtf le hts sf`dlw ln tfc cquhnlkth`m d`y,

Tfcrcelrc,

lr hn ahnutcs le thac, rckilncd ètcr tfc Hndh`n a`nncr,

He , tfcn , `nd tfc ehrst tcra le tfhs elraum` bhvcs

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wfhkf hs tfc sàc whtf tfc rumc le tfc Or`fahns. Elr tf`t rumc, rcdukcd hntl ` elraum`, hs

Tfcy f`vc tfcrcelrc klaputcd tfc klceehkhcnt le whtf sueehkhcnt `kkur`ky9 tfc crrlr prldukcd oytfc lahsshln le tfc rcst le tfc tcras le tfc scrhcs whmm nlt cxkccd 0' , cvcn `t tfc trlphks, out, ocylndtfca, ht hnkrc`scs e`st, `nd, hn tfc m`thtudc le 43: , wlumd àlunt tl 6 ' .

58. Aca. @k`d. [khcn. 022? HH, p.?:3.2:. Aca. @k`d. [khcn. 022? HH, p.?38.20. Hohd. ?40.2?. Fhst. @k`d. HH, p.0:8. Hohd. Aca. ?3;-?35.2;. Hn tfc m`nbu`bc, flwcvcr, le tfchr rumcs, wc a`y tr`kc slac a`ris le ` eòumlus `nd hbnlr`nt `bc,

erla wfhkf hndccd cvcn tfc `strlnlay le Curlpc hs nlt `mtlbct fcr ercc. Tfc pm`kc le tfc alln‘s`skcndhnb nldc, hs whtf tfca tfc pm`kc le tfc Dr`bln lr tfc [crpcnt 9 tfc alln‘s dhst`nkc erla tfcnldc, hs mhtcr`mmy tr`nsm`tcd oy A. Mc Bcnthm,m` munc leecnsèc du dr`bln . Rfctfcr ht oc tf`t wc f`vc olrrlwcd tfcsc òsurdhthcs erla Hndh`, `mlnb whtf `strlmlby, lr he tfc plpum`r tfclry le ckmhpscs f`s, `tehrst, occn cvcry wfcrc tfc sàc, tfc alln‘s nldc hs `msl inlwn whtf us oy tfc nàc le tfc kùd`dr`klnhs . Hn bcncr`m, flwcvcr, tfc shbnhehk`thln le tfc tcras hn tfcsc rumcs, sl e`r `s wc inlw ht, hs alrcr`thln`m. Hn lnc le tfca wc a`y rca`ri klnshdcròmc rcehncacnt9 `y`n`nbsà , wfhkf hs tfc nàc elrtfc rcdukthln a`dc ln tfc sun‘s mlnbhtudc, ln `kklunt le tfc prckcsshln le tfc cquhnlxcs, hsklaplundcd erla `y`nà , ` klursc , `nd `nbsà , `n `tla . Aca. @k`d. [khcn. HH. p.?30. Tfc cquhnlxhs `malst tfc lnmy plhnt nlt dhsthnbuhsfcd oy ` vhshomc logckt, le wfhkf tfcklursc lr althln hs klaputcdhn tfhs `strlnlay.

24. Cuk. Mho. HU, Zrlp.03.23. [cc tfcsc tòmcs, @st. Hnd., p.404.25. Tfc elraum` dcdukcd erla tfhs fypltfcshs, elr k`mkum`thnb tfc cqu`thln le tfc kcntrc erla tfc

`nla`my le tfc ckkcntrhk, hs tfc elmmlwhnb. Mct x oc tfc cqu`thln le tfc kcntrc, tfc `nla`my le tfcckkcntrhk,c tfc ckkcntrhkhty le tfc lroht, lr tfc t`nbcnt le f`me tfc brc`tcst cqu`thln9

tfcn22. Tfhs actfld le k`mkum`thln hs sl nc`rmy cx`kt, tf`t cvcn hn tfc lroht le A`rs, tfc cqu`thln k`mkum`tcd

erla tfc ac`n `nla`my, rhblrlusmy ln tfc prhnkhpmc le fhs `nbum`r althln ochnb unhelra, òlut ` plhntdhst`nt erla tfc kcntrc, s dcskrhocd olvc, whmm r`rcmy dheecr ahnutc erla tf`t wfhkf hs tìcn lut erlatfc Hndh`n tòmcs oy tfhs rumc. Ht w`s rca`ricd, (§;2) tf`t ht hs nlt c`sy tl cxpm`hn tfc rumcs elr ehndhnbtfc `rbuacnt le tfc cqu`thln le tfc kcntrc, elr tfc pm`ncts. Rf`t hs s`hd fcrc cxpm`hns eummy lnc p`rt letf`t rumc, vhz. tfc klrrckthln a`dc oy f`me tfc cqu`thlna`nd` 9 tfc prhnkhpmc ln wfhkf tfc ltfcr p`rtprlkccds, vhz. tfc klrrckthln oy f`me tfc cqu`thlnskfhbrà , hs sthmm unkcrt`hn.

26. @ma`bcst. mho. VH, k`p.8 & 0:.28. @yccn @iocry , Ulm.HHH. p.;?.6:. @st. Hnd . p.;:2.

60. @st. Hnd. p.;:8, A. Mc Bcnthm, Aca. @k`d. [khcn. 022?. p.HH. p.??0.6?. Ht sflumd f`vc occn rca`ricd ocelrc, tf`t A. O`hmmy f`s tìcn nlthkc le tfc `n`mlby octwccn tfcHndh`n actfld le k`mkum`thnb tfc pm`kcs le tfc pm`ncts, `nd Ztlmcay‘s fypltfcshs le tfc cqu`nt , tflubfln dheecrcnt prhnkhpmcs erla tflsc tf`t f`vc occn elmmlwcd fcrc, `nd sukf `s dl nlt mc`d tl tfc sàcklnkmushln. Hn trc`thnb le tfc qucsthln, wfctfcr tfc sun lr c`rtf f`s occn supplscd tfc kcntrc le tfcpm`nct`ry althlns oy tfc ùtflrs le tfhs `strlnlay, fc s`ys, ‖ Hms scaomcnt `vlhr rcklnnu quc mcs dcuxhncb`mhtcs (m‘cqu`thln du kcntrc ct m` p`r`mm`xc dc m‘lroc n nucm) ctlhcnt rucs dc dcux kcntrcs dheecrcns9ct d`ns m‘haplssh ohmhtc lu hms ctlhcnt dc dctcrahncr ct mc mhcu ct m` dhst`nkc dcs dcux kcntrcs, hms lntha`bhnc dc r`pplrtcr mcs dcux hncb`mhtcs un plhnt quh thnt mc ahmhcu, k‘cst -`-dhrc, un plhnt cb`mcacntcmlhbnc du slmhcm, ct dc m` tcrrc. Kc nluvcù kcntrc rcscaomc `sscz ù kcntrc dc H‘ cqu`nt dc Ztlmcacc.‘(@st. Hnd. Dhsk. Zrcm. p.58.) Tfc ehkththlus kcntrc, wfhkf A. O`hmmy klap`rcs whtf tfccqu`nt le Ztlmcay,hs tfcrcelrc ` plhnt wfhkf ohsckts tfc dhst`nkc octwccn tfc sun `nd c`rtf, `nd wfhkf, hn slac rcspckts,hs quhtc dheecrcnt erla tf`tcqu`nt 9 tfc ehkththlus kcntrc, wfhkf, hn tfc prckcdhnb rca`ris, hs klap`rcd

whtf tfc cqu`nt le Ztlmcay, hs ` plhnt le wfhkf tfc dhst`nkc erla tfc c`rtf hs ohscktcd oy tfc kcntrc letfc lroht, prckhscmy `s hn tfc k`sc le tf`tcqu`nt . A. O`hmmy dr`ws fhs klnkmushln erla tfc usc a`dc le

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f`me tfc cqu`thln leskfhbrà , `s wcmm `s f`me tfc cqu`thlna`nd` , hn lrdcr tl ehnd tfc `rbuacnt le tfhsm`st cqu`thln. Tfc klnkmushln fcrc hs cstòmhsfcd, oy òstr`kthnb `mtlbctfcr erla tfc elracr, `ndklnshdcrhnb tfc k`scs le lpplshthlns `nd klngunkthlns, wfcn tfc m`ttcr cqu`thln lnmy tìcs pm`kc. He,flwcvcr, tfc fypltfcshs le tfc cqu`nt sf`mm oc elund le haplrt`nkc hn tfc cxpm`n`thln le tfc Hndh`n`strlnlay, ht aust oc `mmlwcd tf`t ht w`s ehrst subbcstcd oy A. O`hmmy, tflubf hn ` scnsc vcry dheecrcnterla wf`t ht hs undcrstlld hn fcrc, `nd erla wf`t ht w`s undcrstlld hn oy Ztlmcay.

Elr wf`t eurtfcr rcm`tcs tl tfc p`rts le tfc `strlnlay le Kf`mdc` `nd le Brcckc, wfhkf a`y ocsupplscd olrrlwcd erla tf`t le Hndh`, H aust rcecr tl tfc 0:tf Kf`p. le tfc @strlnlahc Hndhcnnc , wfcrctf`t suogckt hs trc`tcd whtf brc`t mc`rnhnb nd hnbcnuhty. @etcr mm tfc shmcnkc le tfc nkhcnts whtf rcspcktle Hndh`n `strlnlay, hs nlt c`shmy `kkluntcd elr. Tfc ehrst acnthln tf`t hs a`dc le ht, hs oy tfc @ròh`n wrhtcrs9 `nd A. O`hmmc qultcs ` vcry shnbum`r p`ss`bc, wfcrc A`ssludh, `nd ùtflr le tfc 0?tf kcntury,s`ys, tf`t Orà` klaplscd ` olli cnthtmcd, [hnd-Fhnd , tf`t hs, Le tfc @bc le @bcs , erla wfhkf w`sklaplscd tfc olli A`bfhsth , `nd erla tfcnkc tfc @ma`bcst le Ztlmcay. ( @st. Hnd. Dhsk. Zrcm. p.023.)

Tfc eòumlus `hr le tfhs p`ss`bc hs, hn slac ac`surc, rcalvcd, oy klap`rhnb ht whtf lnc erla @oume`r`bhus, wfl s`ys, tf`t, undcr tfc kcmcor`tcd @m A`haln, tfc 2tf If`mhe le Oòymln, (òlut tfc yc`r60; le lur cr`) tfc `strlnlacr Fò`sf klaplscd tfrcc scts le `strlnlahk`m tòmcs, lnc le wfhkf w`s`d rcbum`s [hnd Fhnd 9 tf`t hs, `s Ar Klst`rd cxpm`hns ht, `kklrdhnb tl tfc rumcs le slac Hndh`n trc`thscle `strlnlay. ( @sh`thk Ahskcm ...Ulm.H. p.;4.) Tfc [hnd-Fhnd hs tfcrcelrc tfc nàc le `n `strlnlahk`m olli tf`t cxhstcd hn Hndh` hn tfc thac le Fò`sf, `nd tfc sàc, nl dluot, wfhkf A`ssludh s`ys w`s`skrhocd tl Orà`.




3;

HHHF HNT[KLNKC_NHNB TFCLO[C_U@TL_X

@TOCN@_C[ (Oy _cuocn Ourrlw (khrk` 026;). @ ecw nàcs `nd wlrds `rc nlt kmc`rmy dckhpfcròmc hn tfclrhbhn`m. Tfcsc f`vc occn a`ricd whtf `n `stcrhsi. Tfc alst mhicmy rc`dhnb le tfca hs bhvcn

hn tfhs prhntcd vcrshln— Cdhtlr.)

Loscrv`thlns le tfc `nkhcnt alnuacnts f`vc tfc sàc rcm`thln tl fhstlry `nd tfc `rts, tf`tcxpcrhacnts f`vc tl n`tur`m pfhmlslpfy9 whtflut tfc m`st, pfhmlslpfy hs mhttmc octtcr tf`n `drcà, `nd cxkmushvc le tfc elracr, klngckturc hs v`buc `nd hndctcrahn`tc.

Tl cstòmhsf `n hntcrklursc whtf tfc mc`rncd le dheecrcnt n`thlns, `nd tl unhtc tfchrklmmckthvc elrkc hn suralunthnb tfc dheehkumthcs le `rt, `nd cxtcndhnb tfc olund`rhcs leinlwmcdbc, wcrc tfc prha`ry althvcs le tfc ehrst hnsthtutlrs le tfc rly`m slkhcthcs le Mlndln`nd Z`rhs9 tfcy incw tf`t skhcnkc wlumd ocklac tfc c`shcr `s hts bcncr`mhty hnkrc`scd, `nd wcrc klnskhlus le tfc v`st `dv`nt`bcs tf`t wlumd `rhsc erla tfc ùxhmh`ry supplrt le `nthquhtyhn tfc hnvcsthb`thln le trutf7 Klnvhnkcd le tfc vcr`khty le tfhs prhnkhpmc, tfc `nthqu`rh`ns leCurlpc wcrc `t haacnsc cxpcnkcs hn klmmckthnb acd`ms, `nd tìhnb tfc drùbfts `nddhacnshlns le tfc Brcci, _la`n, Z`mayrc`n `nd Cbypth`n `nthquhthcs9 `nd tflubf aukfbrc`tcr `dv`nt`bcs a`y oc cxpcktcd erla tflsc klmmckthlns fcrcètcr, wfcn alrc bcncr`mmyinlwn, yct cvcn tfc haprlvcacnts dcrhvcd erla tfca `mrc`dy hn tfc shnbmc `rthkmc le`rkfhtckturc f`vc alrc tf`n klapcns`tcd tfc cxpcnkc, `nd a`y eummy oc klnshdcrcd `s `n`thln`m `dv`nt`bc, wfctfcr wc rcspckt tfchr uthmhty, dur`thln, klnvcnhcnky lr cmcb`nkc.

Nltwhtfst`ndhnb tfc prcgudhkcs le tfc Curlpc`ns le m`st kcntury hn e`vlur le tfchr lwnòhmhthcs, slac le tfc ehrst acaocrs le tfc rly`m slkhcty wcrc sueehkhcntmy cnmhbftcncd tlklnshdcr tfc C`st Hndhcs `nd Kfhn` & k., `s ncw wlrmds le skhcnkc tf`t yct rca`hncdundhsklvcrcd. Tfcy wrltc lut mhsts le qucrhcs9 eurnhsfcd ncw fc`ds le cnquhry, `nd sccacdcxtrcacmy dcshrlus le plsscsshnb tfc mhtcr`ry trc`surcs le tfcsc uncxpmlrcd rcbhlns leinlwmcdbc le wfhkf tfcy f`d elracd sukf s`nbuhnc cxpckt`thlns. Tfcy e`hmcd hn tfcsccndc`vlurs9 ht hs truc, oy capmlyhnb haprlpcr ac`ns, out tfc ttcapt whmm cvcr oc ` alnuacntle tfc whsdla `nd puomhk sphrht le tfc capmlyccs9 `nd f`d tfcy nlt tll f`sthmy klnkmudcd tf`ttl oc mlst, wfhkf nltfhnb out tfc prcgudhkcs le hbnlr`nkc `nd losthn`ky, f`d prcvcntcd ochnbelund9 wc ahbft `t tfhs thac YocQ hn plsscsshln le tfc alst ehnhsfcd prldukthlns le @sh`, `s wcmm `s le Curlpc9 tfc skhcnkcs ahbft, hn klnscqucnkc, f`vc occn k`rrhcd tl ` aukf fhbfcrdcbrcc le pcreckthln whtf us tf`n tfcy `rc `t prcscnt9 `nd tfc cmcb`nkc `nd supcrhlrhty le tfc @sh`thk aldcms ahbft f`vc prcvcntcd tf`t ncbmckt `nd dcpr`vhty le Bclactry, `nd tf`thnund`thln le @mbcor`hk o`ro`rhsa wfhkf f`s cvcr shnkc tfc thac le Dcsk`rtcs, oltf vhth`tcdt`stc, `nd lvcrrun tfc puomhk`thlns, le alst le tfc pfhmlslpfhk`m slkhcthcs hn Curlpc.

Out nltwhtfst`ndhnb tf`t tfc ruhns `nd rcplshtlrhcs le Brcckc `nd _lac f`vc occnr`ns`kicd `nd skruthnhscd elr `nthquhthcs, tfcsc elracr prcgudhkcs `rc sthmm hn elrkc, `nd tfcC`st Hndhcs `rc `malst cnthrcmy ncbmcktcd9 elr tflubf tfc kluntry tccas whtf kurhlshthcs le`malst cvcry ihnd, yct cxkcpthnb tfc m`tc tr`nsm`thln le tfc Kldc le Bcntll m`ws, Curlpc f`srckchvcd mcss hnelra`thln erla fcr slns hn tfcsc a`ttcrs, tf`n he sfc f`d dhsp`tkfcd nlnc tltfc C`st out Funs `nd o`ro`rh`ns9 `nd yct tfcrc hs ` rc`sln tl ocm hcvc tf`t w`s tfc ‖Z`rcnt letfc [khcnkcs‘ (nltwhtf st`ndhnb tf`t cphtfct hs usu`mmy ppmhcd tl Cbypt)7 elr tfc Kfhncsc ln tfclnc shdc, `nd tfc Oòymlnh`ns ln tfc ltfcr, wc inlw f`d `strlnlahk`m loscrv`thlns, `nd yctCbypt whtf `mm fcr ol`stcd `nthquhty f`d nlnc.

Hn `mm tfc Brckh`n, _la`n `nd Cbypth`n rca`hns tfcrc dlcs nlt `ppc`r tl oc tfc mc`st vcsthbc le `n loscrv`tlry7 Tfc pyràhds `rc s`hd hndccd tl f`vc occn pm`kcd nlrtf `nd slutfelr slac strlnlahk`m purplsc, nd wc rc tlmd tf`t Dcmf`zcmmcs* cxàhncd tfc m`rbcst le tfcaòlut kcntury bl `nd elund ht sl9 out tfhs H vcry aukf dluot9 elr he fc cxàhncd lnc, ht austf`vc occn brc`t w`nt le kurhlshty nlt tl cxàhnc alrc9 `nd cvcn he fc w`s k`pòmc le aìhnb




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tfc cxàhn`thln, (wfhkf hs duohlus) nchtfcr Er`nkc nlr Cnbm`nd klumd `t tf`t thac f`vceurnhsfcd fha whtf `n hnstruacnt sueehkhcntmy cx`kt9 ocshdcs, ht hs nlt kcrt`hn, nlr cvcn vcryprloòmc tf`t tfc ouhmdcrs le tfc pyràhd tlli `ny unklaaln p`hns tl pm`kc tfc ouhmdhnb hntfc pm`nc le tfc acrhdh`n tf`t sccas lnmy dcshbncd elr euncr`m alnuacnt7 @nd yct erla tfhsshnbmc nd dluoteum loscrv`thln f`vc pfhmlslpfcrs klnkmudcd tf`t tfc c`rtf f`s nlt mtcrcd hts`xhs! Ht w`s nlt hndccd supplscd thmm vcry m`tcmy tf`t tfcrc w`s `ny pr`kthk`m aldc ledctcrahnhnb tfc a`ttcr9 out elrtun`tcmy elr `strlnlay tfcrc hs ` m`rbc Pu`dr`nt cxhsthnb `tOcn`rcs wfhkf erla tfc hntcnt le hts klnstrukthln aust nckcss`rhmy f`vc occn pm`kcd hn tfcpm`nc le tfc acrhdh`n wfcn tfc loscrv`tlry w`s crcktcd9 `nd `s tfhs Pu`dr`nt hs `nhaalvcòmc strukturc le slmhd a`ssy stlncs, `nd klnscqucntmy nlt mhòmc tl v`ry hts `zhautf,lr ocnd mhic Curlpc`n qu`dr`nts tfc tr`nshts `nd `mthtudcs le ` nuaocr le st`rs a`y oc tìcn whtf ht, oy ` prlpcr klntrhv`nkc9 `nd hts plshthln whtf rcspckt tl tfc acrhdh`n `nd cqu`tlr & k.elund lut whtf tfc brc`tcst cx`ktncss9 erla wfcnkc a`ny usceum klnkmushlns a`y oc dr`wn,`nd tfhs vcry kurhlus `nd dheehkumt èe`hr pcrf`ps dctcrahncd.

Ht hs wcmm inlwn tf`t tfc prlomcas le ehndhnb tfc prckcsshln le tfc cquhnlxcs, `nd tfcaut`thln le tfc c`rtf‘s `xhs, f`vc occn klnshdcrcd oy slac le tfc alst mc`rncda`tfca`thkh`ns, `nd yct tfcy `rc nlt `brccd klnkcrnhnb ht7 [lac brc`t ùtflrs `s Ncwtln,

[hapsln, R`masmcy `nd [ymv`hn O`hmmy, supplscd tfc `kthln le tfc sun `nd alln tl orhnb tfccqu`tlr lut le hts pm`kc, `nd tl aìc ht rcvlmvc rlund tfc lmd `xhs hn ` dheecrcnt plshthln9 wfhmcltfcrs `s d‘@mcaocrt, Cumcr, M` Br`nbc `nd Ththus, supplsc tfc rcsumt tl oc ` ncw cqu`tlr `nd` ncw `xhs. Tfhs m`st sccas hndccd tl oc p`rtmy tfc k`sc, elr wc k`nnlt ltfcrwhsc `kklunt elrcqu`tlrh`m prldukthlns ochnb elund hn _ussh` `nd [hocrh`9 nlr flw tflsc le tfc erlzcn zlncsflumd oc elund hn tfc tlrrhd7 Tfc a`ttcr flwcvcr hs sthmm vcry dluoteum, `nd rcquhrcs tfc `hdle loscrv`thlns9 elr hn ay lphnhln cvcn tflsc tf`t f`vc trc`tcd tfc suogckt ocst, f`vc lahttcdslac p`rts tf`t `rc vcry csscnth`m9 elr slac le tfca f`vc a`dc ` wrlnb cstha`thln le tfcqu`nthty le tfc slm`r elrkc `nd `mm le tfca f`vc `ssuacd tfc rhbhdhty le tfc prltuocr`nt p`rtsle tfc c`rtf‘s cqu`tlr, hn tfchr k`mkum`thlns9 wfhkf hs cvhdcntmy klntr`ry tl e`kt9 ockùsc wcinlw tf`t nc`r 3/5tf le tfc wflmc cqu`tlr hs klvcrcd whtf w`tcr9 `nd tfcrc `rc nlt cvcn shbnsle sf`mmlws `ny wfcrc hn ht, tl spcì le, cxkcpt hn tfc sflrt dhst`nkc octwccn A`d`b sk`r `nd

[ua`tr`7 Tfhs aust aìc sl brc`t ` dheecrcnkc hn tfc rcsumt tf`t ht sk`rkcmy sccas plsshomc tldctcrahnc tfc a`ttcr `mlnc oy tfclry7 Tfc e`kt flwcvcr hs kcrt`hn, tf`t tfc ocsta`tfca`thkh`ns dheecr brc`tmy hn tfchr klnkmushlns9 out he tfc c`rtf `kquhrcs ` ncw `xhs tfcacrhdh`ns whmm klnscqucntmy oc kf`nbcd9 `nd he tfc Pu`dr`nt `t Ocn`rcs w`s pm`kcd hn tfcpm`nc le tfc acrhdh`n wfcn tfc ouhmdhnb w`s crcktcd, ht k`nnlt oc hn tfc pm`nc le tfc acrhdh`nnlw9 `nd tfcrcelrc he tfc qu`nthty le hts dcvh`thln erla tf`t pm`nc, oc k`rceummy `nd `kkur`tcmydctcrahncd ht a`y `nswcr a`ny usceum purplscs hn `strlnlay, `nd mhicwhsc oc scrvhkcòmc wfcn tfc tfclry hs pcreckt tl plhnt lut tfc thac wfcn tfc loscrv`tlry w`s ouhmt, cxkmushvc lehts usc hn tfc aut`thln `nd prckcsshln.

Ht hs `msl prloòmc tf`t slac usceum hnelra`thln a`y oc f`d erla tfc Loscrv`tlry `tOcn`rcs, rcspckthnb tfc lomhquhty le tfc ckmhpthk9 elr tflubf tfc `nkhcnt loscrv`thlnssueehkhcntmy plhnt lut dhahnuthln, yct tfcsc loscrv`thlns rc slac le tfca hnklap`thomc, ndtfcrc hs ` dheecrcnkc whtf `strlnlacrs le alrc tf`n lnc elurtf p`rt le tfc wflmc `nnu`mdckrc`sc. Tfhs H prcsuac a`y oc dctcrahncd erla slac ehxcd shbfts tf`t `rc upln lnc le tfchnstruacnts, `nd wfhkf pcrf`ps a`y oc dhrcktcd tl slac p`rthkum`r st`r, lr rca`riòmc khrkmchn tfc fc`vcns.

H à mhicwhsc hnelracd tf`t tfc hnstruacnts `rc dhvhdcd, out f`vc nlt occn tlmd tfcp`rthkum`rs9 he tfcy f`vc suo-dhvhshlns `nd nuaocrs, tfcy a`y hnstrukt us hn tfc `nkhcntkf`r`ktcrs9 nd pcrf`ps tfc dhacnshlns le tfc hnstruacnts a`y bhvc us hnelra`thln rcspckthnbtfc nthquc ac`surcs le tfc Fhndlls9 hndccd cvcry plsshomc loscrv`thln lubft tl oc a`dc ndcvcry p`rthkum`r dhacnshln tìcn whtf tfc utalst `kkur`ky, elr ht hs whtf cxpcrhacnt`mloscrv`thlns `s whtf bhvcn shtu`thlns hn bclactry wfcrc tfc plshthlns le ` ecw plhnts hssueehkhcnt tl dctcrahnc ` aumthtudc le mhncs le dheecrcnt spckhcs9 `nd `s ` nuaocr le haplrt`ntklnkmushlns a`y oc dr`wn erla ` klmmckthln le `kkur`tc cxpcrhcnkcs `nd wcmm `ttcstcd e`kts, slcvcry lpplrtunhty le aìhnb sukf lubft tl oc caor`kcd `nd `ttcndcd tl, he ht w`s ln nl ltfcr`kklunt out tl bhvc `n `ddhthln`m v`muc tl loscrv`thlns tf`t ahbft oc a`dc hn euturc7 Elr ht hs




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wlrtfy le rca`ri tf`t inlwmcdbc dlcs nlt hnkrc`sc hn prlplrthln tl tfc nuaocr lecxpcrhacnts out hn ` aukf fhbfcr dcbrcc9 `nd tf`t ` shnbmc loscrv`thln wfhkf prlvcs mhttmc lrnltfhnb wfcn mlnc a`y f`vc vcry brc`t ceeckt hn klngunkthln whtf ltfcrs9 tfus, elr cxàpmc,` shnbmc plhnt hn bclactry dctcrahncs nltfhnb9 `nd twl, lnmy bhvc tfc plshthln le ` mhnc9 yct he` klupmc le ddhthln`m plhnts oc ddcd9 nlt lnmy shx rhbft mhncs rc tfcrcoy dctcrahncd, out msltfc a`bnhtudc `nd plshthln le elur khrkmcs `nd ` p`ròlm`9 `nd he wc `dd twl plhnts alrc(wfhkf shnbmy wlumd lnmy bhvc ` mhnc) wc sf`mm tfcrcoy dctcrahnc 03 rhbft mhncs9 ?: khrkmcs9 03p`ròlm`s9 `nd 5 cmmhpscs lr fypcrolm`s9 erla wfcrc ahbft oc dr`wn `n hnehnhty le ltfcrklnkmushlns le dheecrcnt ihnds9 `nd tflubf tfc cnquhry `t ehrst, ahbft lnmy rcspckt slacp`rthkum`r k`sc (`s rhbft mhncs elr hnst`nkc hn tfc cxàpmc ocelrc us) yct erla tfc sàc d`t` `mmtfc rcst `rc dcdukhomc9 `nd oy shahm`r rc`slnhnb, loscrv`thlns a`dc `t Ocn`rcs whtf lnmy `n`strlnlahk`m vhcw, ahbft oc `ppmhkòmc tl klaacrkc, tl fhstlry, kfrlnlmlby, `nd alst ihndsle suogckts.

Tfcrc sccas rc`sln tl klngckturc tf`t tfc skhcnkcs tlli tfchr rhsc hn Hndh`, `nd wcrck`rrhcd tfcrc tl ` fhbf dcbrcc le pcreckthln ocelrc tfcy wcrc tr`nspm`ntcd hn ltfcr kluntrhcs7Tfhs tr`nspm`nt`thln ahbft oc alrc lr mcss p`rth`m `kklrdhnb tl tfc hnkmhn`thln lr òhmhthcs letflsc tf`t kàc hntl Hndh` elr hnstrukthln9 `nd oy tfc hntcrahxturc le tfcsc whtf tfchr lwn

dheecrcnt tcncts, wc a`y pcrf`ps `kklunt elr tf`t klneuscd guaomc le trutf `nd ehkthln tf`t wcacct whtf hn wf`t `rc k`mmcd tfc pm`khts le tfc pfhmlslpfcrs. He tfc Hndh`ns incw tfc tfclry leklacts `nd f`d rcdukcd tfca tl k`mkum`thln, tfc Kf`mdc`ns erla tfcnkc ahbft f`vc c`shmymc`rnt tf`tklacts wcrc lnmy pm`ncts alvhnb hn vcry ckkcntrhk lrohts , whtflut ochnb òmc chtfcrtl k`mkum`tc tfchr pm`kcs lr tl ehnd tfchr dhst`nkc. Tl tcmm us tf`t Zytf`blr`s f`d tfc sàc hdc`,hs lnmy `n `ddhthln`m klnehra`thln9 wc inlw tf`t fc wcnt tl Hndh` tl oc hnstruktcd9 out tfck`p`khty le tfc mc`rncr dctcrahncs fhs dcbrcc le prlehkhcnky, `nd he Zytf`blr`s ln fhs rcturnf`d sl mhttmc inlwmcdbc hn bclactry `s tl klnshdcr tfc elrty-scvcntf le Cukmhd `s ` brc`tdhsklvcry, fc kcrt`hnmy w`s cnthrcmy hnk`pòmc le `kquhrhnb tfc Hndh`n actfld le k`mkum`thln,tfrlubf fhs dcehkhcnky le prcp`r`tlry inlwmcdbc9 `nd tfcrcelrc klumd lnmy bct sukf bcncr`mnlthlns `nd prhnkhpmcs le tfhnbs `s fc w`s k`pòmc le undcrst`ndhnb9 `s tfc systca le tfcunhvcrsc, tfc hdc` le klacts, tfc pmur`mhty le wlrmds `nd tfc dlktrhnc le tr`nsahbr`thln7 tfhs

`msl kklunts elr tfc klntr`dhktlry lphnhlns le nkhcnt utflrs klnkcrnhnb tfc hnvcnthln le tfcskhcnkcs, `nd wfctfcr tfc Kf`mdc`ns wcrc k`pòmc lr hnk`pòmc le prcdhkthnb tfc rcturns leklacts `nd elrctcmmhnb ckmhpscs, `s ùtflrs dhsputc9 elr c`kf tc`kfcr, lr fc`d le sckt tf`t drcwfhs inlwmcdbc erla tfc Hndh`n slurkcs, ahbft klnkc`m fhs hnstruktlrs tl oc rckilncd `nhnvcntlr, `nd tfc `rt htscme wlumd oc cstha`tcd `kklrdhnb tl tfc k`p`khty lr prlehkhcnky le tfcprlaumb`tlr, lr fhs elmmlwcrs9 tfus Ocrlsus tfc Kf`mdc`n hs klnshdcrcd oy Uhtruvhus `s tfchnvcntlr le klnk`vc sun-dh`ms, tflubf prloòmy tfc hnvcnthln f`d klac erla tfc Oràhns, `stfcrc hs nlw ` shahm`r hnstruacnt `t Ocn`rcs. @nltfcr rc`sln wfy tfc skhcnkcs wcrc pcrecktcdhn Hndh` hs tfc Hndh`ns f`vhnb occn aukf mlnbcr khvhmhscd tf`n `ny ltfcr n`thln, `nd wc inlwtf`t wfcn pclpmc `rc khvhmhscd tfcy ocbhn tl study tfc `rts. Tf`t tfcy f`vc occn aukf mlnbcrkhvhmhscd, hs pm`hn erla tfchr st`tc t prcscnt, elr nltwhtfst`ndhnb tfc smlwncss le hts rcvlmuthlntfcy f`vc cvhdcntmy blnc tfrlubf `malst tfc wflmc plmhthk`m khrkmc le mcbhsm`thvc dcbr`d`thln9`nd `rc nc`rmy `rrhvcd tl tf`t dcsphkòmc st`tc le eccomc hnshbnhehk`nkc, wfhkf scp`r`tcs tfc o`ro`rhty le ` st`tc le n`turc, erla tf`t le ` st`tc le slkhcty9 `nd wfhkf f`s `mm tfc ahscrhcs le oltf, whtflut `ny le tfc dv`nt`bcs le tfc elracr.

@s ht hs prloòmc tf`t a`ny le tfc loscrv`thlns a`dc oy Hndh`n `strlnlacrs `rc rcklrdcdhn a`nuskrhpt wfhkf alrc bcncr`m hntcrklursc whtf tfc n`thvcs a`y dhsklvcr, ht ocklacs tfcalrc nckcss`ry ln tf`t `kklunt tl aìc ` p`rthkum`r cxàhn`thln le tfc hnstruacnts `tOcn`rcs, cvcn tl cnòmc us tl usc sukf loscrv`thlns, he tfcy sflumd kf`nkc tl oc elundfcrcètcr9 tfhs whmm `ppc`r hndhspcnsòmy rcquhshtc, wfcn wc klnshdcr tf`t tfc Kfhncsc f`vctfchr ac`surcs le ` dcbrcc dheecrcnt erla lurs `nd tf`t ?;, ;8', 06", le lur dhvhshlns aìc gust?4 hn Kfhn`. Nlw ht wlumd f`vc occn haplsshomc elr us tl f`vc a`dc usc le tfcsc loscrv`thlnsf`d nlt ` klap`rhsln octwccn tfc Kfhncsc hnstruacnts `nd lurs cnòmcd E`tfcr Bùohm tlbhvc us tfc r`thl octwccn tfca9 `nd `s tfc loscrv`tlry `t Ocn`rcs hs prloòmy tfc lnmy lnccxhsthnb hn Hndh`, sl nl lpplrtunhty le cxàhn`thln lubft tl oc ncbmcktcd, mcst tfc hnstruacntssflumd oc dce`kcd oy `kkhdcnt lr o`ro`rhsa, `nd loscrv`thln oc tfus rcndcrcd uscmcss tf`t




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ahbft pcrf`ps f`vc occn `kkuaum`thnb elr `bcs9 `t mc`st tfhs `dv`nt`bc whmm `rhsc erla ht, tf`t wc sf`mm inlw wf`t aldc le `nbum`r suo-dhvhshlns tfcy rc`mmy dhd elmmlw, `nd erla tfcnkcprloòmy oc cnòmcd tl dctcrahnc wfctfcr tfc `strlnlacrs le Hndh` f`d `ny klaaunhk`thln whtf tfc Kfhncsc lr @ròh`n & k.

Hn tfc Ncwtlnh`n kfrlnlmlby ht hs supplscd tf`t Kfhrln a`dc ` spfcrc, `nd elracd tfc

klnstcmm`thln hntl sukf ehburcs, rcspckthnb tfc rblnùthk cxpcdhthln, s wc nlw f`vc upln lurbmlocs9 `s @rhcs elr tfc blmdcn emcckc9 Tùrus elr tfc or`zcn elltcd oumm9 Bcahnh elr tfc twl @rblnùts, K`stlr `nd Zlmmux & k9 tfhs kfrlnlmlby hs p`rtmy elundcd ln ` supplshthln tf`tKfhrln‘s spfcrc w`s a`dc elr tfc usc le tfc @rblnùts `nd tf`t tfc cquhnlkth`n klmlurc* `ttf`t thac p`sscd tfrlubf tfc ahddmc le tfc klnstcmm`thln @rhcs. Tfhs fypltfcshs, flwcvcr, f`sact whtf brc`t klntr`dhkthlns, elr ht hs plshthvcmy `sscrtcd tf`t tfc Fhndlls f`vc shahm`rklnstcmm`thlns, `nd ehburcd `malst cx`ktmy hn tfc sàc a`nncr `s tflsc tf`t `rc `ttrhoutcd tlKfhrln. Nlw chtfcr Kfhrln rckchvcd fhs spfcrc erla tfc Hndh`ns `nd tfc haprloòhmhty le tfcklmlurcs* plshthln wfcnkc fc rckchvcd ht whmm rcndcr tfc thac le tfc @rblnùthk cxpcdhthlndluoteum9 lr cmsc tfc Hndh`ns f`d tfchr `strlnlay erla tfc Brccis `nd tfcrcelrc a`y f`vcslac le tfchr ltfcr prldukthlns9 `t mc`st ht hapmhcs ` klaaunhk`thln, `nd ht hs prloòmy tf`tnlt lnmy tfc truc systca le tfc wlrmd out a`ny p`rts le tfc Brckh`n mhtcr`turc ahbft oc dcrhvcd

erla tfc Oràhns. Hndccd tfcrc `rc a`ny rc`slns tl ocmhcvc tf`t tfc truc systca cxtcndcdlvcr a`ny ltfcr n`thlns ocelrc ht w`s fc`rd le hn Brcckc, elr ht wlumd f`vc occn uscmcss tlf`vc aumthpmhcd `strlnlahk`m loscrv`thlns ln ` e`msc fypltfcshs `nd wc inlw tf`t tfcOòymlnh`n strlnlacrs f`d scrhcs le nc`r ?::: yc`rs loscrv`thlns t tfc thac le @mcx`ndcrtfc Brc`t. @s tl tfc lros `nd cphkykmcs le Ztlmcay tfcy `rc out le aldcrn d`tc, hn klap`rhsln whtf tfc `nkhcnt Zytf`blrc`n systca9 `nd tfc hbnlr`nkc le tfc m`tcr Brccis `nd _la`ns hscvhdcnt erla tfc rhdhkumlus cxpmhk`thlns le `nkhcnt alnuacnts (pm`hnmy rcm`thnb tl tfc trucsystca) bhvcn oy slac le tfc lmd aytflmlbhsts, cxàpmcs le wfhkf aldc rc sccn hn Olum`nbcr,Klst`rd `nd ltfcrs, `nd H f`vc m`tcmy act whtf ` shahm`r hnst`nkc hn tfc Ha`b Dclrua* le U.K`tlrh, rcspckthnb tfc klpy le `n `nkhcnt Zcrsh`n alnuacnt, hn wfhkf @plmml dr`bbhnb ` oummlki oy tfc flrns, pp`rcntmy f`s ` rcm`thln tl tfc dlktrhnc le autu`m `ttr`kthln9 `nd wfcrctfc ehburc le tfc sun hn khrkum`r pm`hn hntcrsckthnb klnc, cvhdcntmy plhnts lut oltf tfc kcntrcle elrkc `nd tfc elra le tfc c`rtf‘s lroht9 hn tfc sàc a`nncr tf`t Oummh`mdus f`s dlnc hn fhstrc`thsc ln tfc pfhmls`hk `strlnlay.

Ht wlumd `ppc`r erla tfhs cxpm`n`thln tf`t tfc ehburc le `n lx w`s ` syaolm whtf tfcZcrsh`ns tl rcprcscnt tfc alln9 pcrf`ps ht a`y msl oc tfc sàc hn Hndh`, wfcrc wc inlw oltftfc alln `nd tfc klws `rc logckts le supcrsththlus vcncr`thln. Tfcrc mhicwhsc sccas tl oc èàhmh`rhty octwccn tfc C`st Hndh`ns `nd tfc Gcws9 elr tfc Gcwswlrsfhppcd ` k`me9 oìcdkìcs tl tfc quccn le fc`vcn `nd omcw tfc truapct hn tfc ncw alln , `nd tfcrc hs lnc le tfchrhdlm`trlus kustlas acnthlncd hn tfc 2tf kf`ptcr le @kts nd tfc 3tf kf`ptcr le @als, tf`t f`s` vcry cvhdcnt rcecrcnkc tl tfc Fhndll kustla le dr`bbhnb tfchr wlldcn...* òlut9 `nd tfcGcws `rc tfrc`tcncd tl oc k`rrhcd `w`y ‖ocylnd Oòymln‘ elr ushnb ht9 tf`t hs, H supplsc tfcpm`kc tfcy blt ht erla9 elr tfcy klumd nlt oc k`rrhcd e`r ocylnd Oòymln whtflut `pprl`kfhnb vcry nc`r tfc C`st Hndhcs7 Flwcvcr `n cxàhn`thln hntl tfc Fhndll alnuacnts ahbft bhvcslac mhbft hntl loskurc p`ss`bcs le skrhpturc, nd s sukf hnehnhtc p`hns f`vc occn spcnt uplnht `s ` a`ttcr le e`htf, ht ahbft nlt oc àhss tl tìc ` mhttmc alrc whtf ht, ln tfc ellthnb le `fhstlry.

Ht hs usu`m tl spcì smhbfthnbmy le Hndh`n `strlnlacrs, `nd tl èehra tf`t tfc utalst letfchr mc`rnhnb klnshsts hn elrctcmmhnb `n ckmhpsc7 Out tl k`mkum`tc `n ckmhpsc hs nl trhemhnb a`ttccvcn hn lur `strlnlay, `nd he tfc Oràhns f`vc sukf sflrt `nd c`sy aldcs le klaput`thln `stl aìc tf`t oushncss ` trhemc, tl b`hn tfchr actflds hs kcrt`hnmy `n logckt wlrtfy le cnquhry,`nd tfc alrc sl `s lur aldcs le k`mkum`thln `rc cxkcsshvcmy tcdhlus `nd hntrhk`tc7 Ht hs `mslrcplrtcd tf`t tfc Oràhns f`vc rumcs elr klaputhnb tfc rcturns le pm`kcs le klacts. Nlw tfhshs ` a`ttcr `stlnhsfhnbmy dheehkumt `nd sl klapmhk`tcd whtf cvcry prhnkhpmc le ackf`nhks `ndpfhmlslpfy, tf`t he tfcy k`n plsshomy dl ht tfcrc rcquhrcs (hn ay lphnhln) nl ltfcr prlle le tfchrf`vhnb elracrmy k`rrhcd `strlnlay tl tfc fhbfcst dcbrcc le pcreckthln.




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Ht hs msl bcncr`mmy rcplrtcd tf`t tfc Oràhns k`mkum`tc tfchr ckmhpscs, nlt oy strlnlahk`mtòmcs s wc dl, out oy rumcs9 nlw tfcsc rumcs, rc chtfcr s cx`kt s lur actflds, lr nlt9 he tfcy`rc nlt, pcrf`ps tfcy a`y oc slac p`rthkum`r aldcs le `ppmyhnb tfc Kf`mdc`n ‖s`rls‘ le ??;mun`thln, lr tfc ‖ncrls‘* le 5:: yc`rs, wfhkf a`y oc le usc hn aìhnb ` nc`r cstha`tc le tfcthacs wfcn ckmhpscs a`y f`ppcn7 He tfcy oc `s cx`kt `s lurs, lr out nc`rmy sl, ht hs ` prlle tf`ttfcy aust f`vc k`rrhcd `mbcor`hk klaput`thln tl ` vcry cxtr`lrdhn`ry phtkf, `nd f`vc wcmmundcrstlld tfc dlktrhnc le ‖klnthnucd er`kthlns‘, hn lrdcr tl f`vc elund tflsc pcrhldhk`m`pprlxha`thlns9 tfhs H à tfc alrc klnehracd hn ockùsc H f`vc fc`rd tf`t tfc Oràhns f`vcdheecrcnt rumcs elr klaputhnb ckmhpscs `nd tf`t tflsc rumcs `rc alrc lr mcss klapmcx `kklrdhnbtl tfc rcquhshtc dcbrccs le cx`ktncss9 wfhkf cnthrcmy `brccs whtf tfc `pprlxha`thln dcdukcderla `mbcor`hk elraum`c, `nd hapmhcs `n hntha`tc `kqu`hnt`nkc whtf tfc Ncwtlnh`n dlktrhncle scrhcs. Tfhs `t ehrst shbft a`y scca haprloòmc, out whmm `ppc`r cnthrcmy klnshstcnt wfcn wcrcklmmckt tf`t tfc Oràhns f`vc @ròhk trc`thscs àlnb tfca, `nd tf`t tfc @ròs `rc wcmminlwn tl f`vc k`rrhcd @mbcor` tl ` fhbf dcbrcc le pcreckthln7 Rc `rc cvcn tlmd tf`t tfcy f`d` klapmctc actfld le rcslmvhnb kuohk cqu`thlns, `nd wcrc mhicwhsc plsscsscd le tfc 0; ollisle Dhlpf`ntus, tfc 2 m`st `rc mlst9 hn tfc 5 tf`t rca`hn fc f`s k`rrhcd tfc suogckt `malst `s e`r`s wc f`vc, `nd tfcrcelrc ht hs nlt haplsshomc elr tfc Oràhns tl f`vc undcrstlld @mbcor` octtcr tf`n wc dl.

H f`vc fhtfcrtl supplscd tfc Loscrv`tlry tl oc `nkhcnt, out alst le tfc èlrcs`hd`dv`nt`bcs whmm lot`hn, cvcn he ht oc sl aldcrn `s tfc rchbn le @io`r7 Tfcrc whmm mhicwhsc oc `brc`tcr prloòhmhty le accthnb whtf tfc lrhbhn`m loscrv`thlns, `nd alrc kcrt`hnmy rcspckthnbtfc a`nncr tfcy wcrc tìcn9 s tl tfc systca htscme wfhkf tfc aldcrn Oràhns a`y nlw chtfcrelmmlw lr prctcnd tl elmmlw, ht k`n f`vc nl ceeckt upln tfc loscrv`thlns, elr loscrv`thlns rc lenl sckt lr p`rty out tf`t le trutf, wfctfcr tfc Loscrv`tlry oc Ztlmca`hks lr Klpcrnhk`ns, `ndhe tfcy sflumd f`ppcn tl oc nuacrlus `nd tl oc a`dc whtf brc`t k`rc, tfcy a`y oc le csscnth`mscrvhkc tl aldcrn `strlnlay wfctfcr tfc c`rtf oc supplscd alvcòmc lr haalvcòmc.

H à e`r erla `ttrhouthnb `ny supcrhlr cxkcmmcnkc tl tfc prcscnt r`kc le Oràhns,cspckh`mmy tflsc le tfc dhstrhkts òlut K`mkutt`, out H à le lphnhln tf`t ` brc`t dc`m leinlwmcdbc a`y oc elund hn tfchr ollis `nd tf`t slac kurhlus `nd usceum a`ttcrs a`y ocmc`rnt erla àlnb tfcascmvcs7 Le tfc sihmm `nd òhmhthcs le tfc `nkhcnt Oràhns H f`vc nlt tfcmc`st dluot, tflubf ht hs ` a`ttcr le dheehkumty flw mlnb tfchr sukkcsslrs ahbft f`vc rct`hncdtf`t inlwmcdbc7 H à cvcn le lphnhln tf`t tfc hntcnt le tfc ehrst Hndh`n mcbhsm`turc hn tfchnsthtuthln le tfc k`stc le tfc Oràhns w`s slactfhnb shahm`r tl tf`t le tfc m`tc slkhcty le tfcGcsuhts, `nd tfcKf`mdc`n @strlnlacrs , tfc Zcrsh`n A`bh , tfc [lltf [`ycrs le Oòymln , tfcwhsc acn le tfc C`st `nd `mm tfcstrlmlbcrs, st`rb`zcrs, `nd a`bhkh`ns tf`t tfc prlpfcts letfc Ohomc scca tl oc èr`hd le, `nd yct èeckt tl rhdhkumc, wcrc nltfhnb alrc tf`n chtfcr tfcOràhns tfcascmvcs lr slac le tfchr dhskhpmcs tf`t wcrc hnecktcd whtf tfc r`bc le blvcrnhnb,`nd bhvhnb dvhkc, nd tr`vcmmcd olut tl cvcry klurt `nd ihnbdla mhic tfc Gcsuhts, aìhnb uscle tfchr inlwmcdbc hn tfc skhcnkcs `s ` rcklaacnd`thln tl a`ttcrs le alrc haplrt`nkc7 Ht wlumd oc tll mlnb tl cnuacr`tc rc`slns elr tfhs lphnhln erla fhstlry9 H sf`mm tfcrcelrc lnmy gust fhnt tf`t tfc sun-dh`m le @f`z acnthlncd hn skrhpturc sccas tl f`vc occn a`dc oy tfcOràhns le Fhndllst`n9 elr tfc sf`dlw le ` sun-dh`m a`dc elr tfc m`thtudc le Gcrus`mca klumdnlt plsshomy f`vc blnc o`ki, `s tf`t le tfc dh`m le @f`z dhd, `nd klnscqucntmy tfc dh`m w`sa`dc elr slac pm`kc octwccn tfc trlphks, `nd hts stymc aust f`vc `msl occn ` bnlaln9 out wcinlw tf`t ` dh`m a`dc elr `ny p`rthkum`r m`thtudc whmm `msl scrvc elr `nltfcr he ht hs prlpcrmydr`wn `nd shtu`tcd, `nd `s tfc Gcws wcrc tll hbnlr`nt tl pm`kc ht tfcascmvcs, slac Oràhnahbft f`vc dlnc ht (elr wc inlw tf`t @f`z elmmlwcd `malst cvcry p`rthkum`r le tfc Bcntll wlrsfhp `nd `msl cnklur`bcd tfchr kustlas `nd `rts) `nd Hs`h`f le klursc f`d tìcn tfclpplrtunhty tl rct`hm hts usu`m prlpcrty, `s ` ahr`kmc7 Tf`t tfc sf`dlw le ` sun-dh`m a`dc elrtfc m`thtudc le Gcrus`mca k`n nlt plsshomy bl o`ki hs cvhdcnt erla tfhs prhnkhpmc, tf`t wfcncvcrtfc m`thtudc le tfc pm`kc `nd tfc dckmhn`thln le tfc sun `rc le tfc sàc nàc, `nd tfc m`thtudcmcss tf`n tfc dckmhn`thln9 tfc ellt le tfc bnlaln whmm e`mm whtflut tfc klnvcx p`rt le tfcfypcrolm` dcskrhocd oy tfc sf`dlw9 nd klnscqucntmy t`nbcnt a`y oc dr`wn erla tf`t plhnttl tfc kurvc, wfhkf sflws wfcn tfc sf`dlw blcs o`ki9 out tf`t tfc bnlaln e`mm wflmmy whtfhnklnhk sckthln hn `mm ltfcr k`scs9 `nd erla tfhs prhnkhpmc H dhsklvcrcd hn ay w`y tl Hndh` `




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actfld le wlrihnb `zhautfs `t sc` octwccn tfc trlphks tf`t a`y oc dlnc whtf 0/?:tf p`rt letfc trluomc le tfc usu`m actflds, `nd bhvcs tfc v`rh`thln le tfc klap`ss aukf alrc cx`kt.

Erla tfc `kklunts bhvcn hn tfc Ohomc le hdlm`trhcs le @f`z `nd scvcr`m ltfcr le tfcHsr`cmhthk ihnbs, ht sccas prloòmc tf`t tfc Bcntll rcmhbhln f`d cxtcndcd htscme lvcr alst le tfcihnbdlas octwccn Hndh` `nd tfc Acdhtcrr`nc`n9 tfc Gcws wcrc klnthnu`mmy runnhnb hntl ht

`nd a`dc ‖k`rvcd `nd almtcn ha`bcs‘, wlrsfhppcd hn Brlvcs undcr brccn trccs `nd a`dctfchr slns nd dùbftcrs p`ss tfrlubf tfc ehrc hn tfc sàc a`nncr s tfc Eìccrs nd Oràhnsdl `t prcscnt9 hn sflrt tfc wlrsfhp le ehrc sccas tl f`vc occn ` prhnkhp`m p`rt le tfc Gcwhsfhdlm`try `s ht w`s tfcn `mm lvcr Hndh` `nd hs nlw ln tfc kl`st le A`mò`r. Out wfctfcr tfcaìhnb le ‖tfchr kfhmdrcn p`ss tfrlubf tfc ehrc‘ w`s `ktu`mmy s`krhehkhnb tfca, lr nlt, H k`n nltdctcrahnc9 H tfhni ht w`s9 out ht hs wlrtf cnquhry wf`t tfc kustlas le tfc ehrc wlrsfhppcrs lntfc kl`st le A`mò`r `rc hn tf`t rcspckt, `nd flw e`r tflsc kustlas cxtcnd, `nd wfctfcr tfcrc`rc yct `ny rca`hns le tfca àlnb tfc prhcsts `t Ocn`rcs, `s H tfhni tfcrc aust.

Lur inlwmcdbc rcspckthnb Hndh` hs sl cxkccdhnbmy klnehncd tf`t ht hs haplsshomc tlklngckturc whtf `ny dcbrcc le prloòhmhty flw tfc Oràhns rct`hncd tfchr supcrhlrhty hnmhtcr`turc9 ht hs s`hd tf`t tfc Ztlmca`hk systca w`s hntrldukcd oy lnc le tfchr klnqucrlrs k`mmcdOhkicràagcct òlut — (Om`ni hn lrhbhn`m— Cdhtlr ) yc`rs `bl, `nd tf`t hn klnscqucnt le fhslrdcr, tfc truc systca le tfc wlrmd w`s cnthrcmy cxpmldcd. Out p`rt le tfhs stlry sccas alrcpmùshomc tf`n truc elr ht dlcs nlt `ppc`r mhicmy tf`t acn wfl wcrc strlnbmy klnvhnkcd le tfctrutf le ` systca sflumd sl c`shmy dhsk`rd, whtflut cvcr rcsuahnb ht, elr `nltfcr tf`t f`d nlltfcr rcklaacnd`thln out tfc s`nkthln le hapcrh`m stuphdhty. Ht hs alrc prloòmc tf`t tfc`nkhcnt systca icpt hts brlund mlnb ètcr, hn prhv`tc, tflubf tfc Oràhns ahbft prctcnd tl ocloscquhlus tl tfc a`nd`tcs le utflrhty hn puomhk7 Tfhs t mc`st, hs tfc k`sc nlw hn tfc K`tflmhkp`rts le Curlpc, elr oy tfc Zlpc‘s dckrcc, tl ocmhcvc hn tfc Klpcrnhk`n systca hs fcrcsy, nd tlprlecss ht puomhkmy, hs dàn`thln, `nd yct ht hs puomhkmy dcnhcd `nd prhv`tcmy ocmhcvcd oy cvcrypcrsln le inlwmcdbc. Flw e`r n hnkrc`sc le hbnlr`nkc a`y f`vc occn e`vluròmc tl Ztlmcay‘ssystca hn Hndh` k`n lnmy oc inlwn oy ` alrc hntha`tc `kqu`hnt`nkc whtf tfc wrhthnbs le tfcOràhns9 flwcvcr `s tfhs kf`nbc le systca èlrcs`hd, w`s nlt `t sukf ` v`st dhst`nkc le thac,ht hs tl oc flpcd tf`t tfc dckrc`sc le truc inlwmcdbc w`s out smlw, `nd he sl, prloòmy slac letfchr ocst prldukthlns a`y f`vc csk`pcd tfc r`v`bcs le thac, `nd klac dlwn tl us whtflutaukf mlss lr dcpr`v`thln.

@strlnlay hs ` suogckt tf`t rcquhrcs ` m`rbcr stlki le a`tfca`thk`m inlwmcdbc tf`n hsusu`mmy ha`bhncd, `nd tfcrcelrc ln tfc rcncw`m le mc`rnhnb prcvhlus tl tfc ouhmdhnb le tfcLoscrv`tlry t Ocn`rcs, supplshnb ht aldcrn, tfcrc aust f`vc occn slac prlehkhcnky a`dc hntfc skhcnkcs9 tfhs prlehkhcnky aust chtfcr f`vc occn dcrhvcd erla tfc wlris le tfc `nkhcntOràhns, lr cmsc hntrldukcd erla slac ltfcr kluntry9 he ht w`s dcrhvcd erla tfc Oràhns, tfchr ollis aust oc sthmm hn cxhstcnkc, `nd tfcrcelrc ahbft oc prlkurcd whtflut aukf dheehkumty9 heerla ny ltfcr n`thln, ht wlumd oc le klnscqucnkc tl inlw whtf kcrt`hnty hts shtu`thln, ockùsc wc sflumd nlt lnmy inlw wfcrc tl dhrckt lur cnquhrhcs out tf`t n`thln ht hs rc`slnòmc tlsupplsc wlumd f`vc a`dc klmmckthln le `mm tfc mc`rnhnb le tfc `dg`kcnt `nd nchbfolurhnbkluntrhcs, `nd wlumd hn p`rthkum`r f`vc prlkurcd, `nd yct ahbft rct`hn, tfc wlris le tfcprhnkhp`m @ròh`n a`tfca`thkh`ns9 out tfc @ròh`n a`tfca`thkh`ns wc inlw wcrc plsscsscdle alst le tfc wlris le tfc Brccis (elr ht hs erla str`bbmhnb @ròhk a`nuskrhpts phkicd up oykf`nkc, tf`t wc dcrhvc tfc mhttmc wc inlw le Brckh`n a`tfca`thks) `nd tfcrcelrc tl dctcrahnctfc slurkc le tfcsc, whmm oc pcrf`ps tl dhsklvcr tflsc cxkcmmcnt wlris le @rkfhacdcs, Cukmhd,Dhlpf`ntus `nd @plmmlnhus & k. tf`t f`vc occn sl mlnb mlst `nd dcpmlrcd oy Curlpc`na`tfca`thkh`ns.

Out supplshnb ètcr `mm tf`t fhs Loscrv`tlry (klntr`ry tl cvcry rumc le prloòhmhty) w`s ouhmt elr lstcnt`thln nd nlt elr usc9 tf`t tfcrc hs nltfhnb hn hts klnstrukthln wlrtf rca`rihnb9nl loscrv`thlns ln rcklrd tl oc act whtf, nlr `ny `ppc`r`nkc le uthmhty tl oc dcrhvcd chtfcrerla hts shtu`thln, hts elra, lr plshthln le tfc hnstruacnts, yct cvcn hn tf`t k`sc tfc cxpcnsc whmm nlt oc cnthrcmy mlst9 elr ` nuaocr le loscrv`thlns a`y oc a`dc rcspckthnb tfc bclbr`pfy,

actclrlmlby `nd `strlnlay & k. le Hndh` tf`t whmm alrc tf`n klapcns`tc tfc trluomc. Tfcsurvcys le Hndh` rc inlwn tl oc rca`riòmy dceckthvc, nd tfcrc hs brc`t rc`sln tl ocmhcvc tf`t




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nlt ` shnbmc pm`kc hn Hndh` f`s f`d hts mlnbhtudc prlpcrmy dctcrahncd cxkcpt Zlndhkfcrry. Tfcm`thtudcs `rc nc`rmy hn tfc sàc prcdhkàcnt, `nd hndccd alst le tfc Cnbmhsf a`ps `rc a`dcup le hdc`m kf`hns le alunt`hns `nd ha`bhn`ry wllds, tìcn phckcac`m oy prctcndcdsurvcylrs, nd put tlbctfcr t r`ndla whtflut chtfcr mlnbhtudc lr m`thtudc oy pclpmc wfl wcrclnmy slmhkhtlus tl f`vc ` ehnc dr`whnb, whtflut `ny rcb`rd tl cx`ktncss lr tl usc9 oy tfcscac`ns tfc kluntrhcs `rc flrrhomy dhstlrtcd hn tfchr plshthlns `nd bclbr`pfy hs sl mhttmc ocnceht-tcd oy sukf a`ps tf`t tfcy `rc ` nuhs`nkc r`tfcr tf`n `n `dv`nt`bc, `nd tfcrc hs nl ltfcrprlpcr actfld le klrrckthnb sukf survcys out oy dctcrahnhnb tfc plshthlns le slac le tfc alsta`tcrh`m plhnts oy strlnlahk`m loscrv`thlns9 tfhs wlumd sshst hn putthnb tfc dheecrcnt survcysprlpcrmy tlbctfcr, `nd `s tfc mlnbhtudc le Ocn`rcs `nd ltfcrs tf`t ahbft oc dcdukcd erla ht, wlumd klntrhoutc hn p rt tl tf`t purplsc, ` glurncy tfhtfcr le klursc wlumd oc sl e`r usceum.

Tfc lpplrtunhty le aìhnb loscrv`thlns le tfc dhp, `nd v`rh`thln le tfc klap`ss ahbftf`vc tfcn uthmhty nlt lnmy hn klrrckthnb tfc survcys, out hn dhsklvcrhnb tfc tfclry le a`bncthsa7tf`t tfc tfclry f`s nlt yct occn dhsklvcrcd hs hn ay lphnhln lwhnb tl ` w`nt le loscrv`thlns7Ht hs nlt c`sy tl inlw klnkmushlns oy hndukthln whtflut ` sueehkhcnky le e`kts, `nd yct H dl nltinlw tf`t hn tfc wflmc sp`kc erla Hndh` tl tfc erlzcn lkc`n, nlr erla Zcrsh` tl Iàkf`ti`tfcrc f`s yct occn a`dc ` shnbmc loscrv`thln, cxkcpt tf`t `t Tlolmsih oy Dc M` Kf`ppc..., `nd

tfcrcelrc ` glurncy tl Ocn`rcs wlumd `msl oc usceum hn tfhs a`ttcr.Tfc n`turc le tfc rcer`kthln `nd hts v`rh`thln whtf rcspckt tl tfc fc`t, alhsturc `nddcnshty le tfc `hr, wlumd `msl oc ` vcry prlpcr logckt le cnquhry `t Ocn`rcs7 Tfc tòmcs a`dc oy K`sshnh, Ncwtln `nd dc M` K`hmmc, `rc `mm le tfca dheecrcnt, `nd whtf rcspckt tl Ocn`rcs, rc`d`ptcd tl vcry cxtrcac m`thtudcs7 Tfcrc hs `msl rc`sln tl ocmhcvc tf`t tfc rcsumts `t Ocn`rcs wlumd oc vcry dheecrcnt erla `ny le tfca `nd nlt lnmy cmukhd`tc tfc bcncr`m prhnkhpmcs lercer`kthln, out `msl oc le scrvhkc hn tfc pr`kthkc le n`vhb`thln, cspckh`mmy òlut tfc trlphks9 he`ny `nkhcnt loscrv`thlns sflumd oc dhsklvcrcd, tfc rcer`kthln wlumd oc òslmutcmy nckcss`ry,`nd cvcn he tfcy sflumd nlt, ht wlumd f`vc hts usc9 elr tfc kmha`tcs le Cnbm`nd `nd Hndh` `rcdheecrcnt, tl dcpcnd upln rc`slnhnb erla `n`mlby lnmy9 cspckh`mmy wfcn tfcrc `rc sl a`nykùscs le v`rh`thlns `nd sl ecw le tfca wcmm dctcrahncd.

He tfc loscrvcr w`s eurnhsfcd whtf ` prlpcr hnstruacnt, ht wlumd `msl oc `dvhsòmc tl ehndtfc alln‘s flrhzlnt`m p`r`mm`x hn tfc a`nncr ehrst fhntcd oy Dhbbcs `nd ètcrw`rds capmlycd oy A`sicmync `t [t Fcmcn`7 Tfhs wlumd hn slac rcspckt `nswcr tfc purplsc le ac`surhnb `dcbrcc le tfc acrhdh`n, cspckh`mmy `s tfc crrlrs ahbft oc rcdukcd tl vcry sa`mm mhahts oy `rcpcththln le tfc loscrv`thlns9 `nd tfhs actfld f`s `n `dv`nt`bc lvcr tf`t le ac`surhnb `dcbrcc, elr ht hs nlt mhòmc tl oc èecktcd oy tfc unkcrt`hn `ttr`kthln le alunt`hns.

Rhtf rcspckt tl tfc ltfcr loscrv`thlns rcspckthnb actclrlmlby, `crlactry, `strlnlay`nd cmcktrhkhty & k. wfhkf ` glurncy tl Ocn`rcs wlumd bhvc `n lpplrtunhty le aìhnb, ht wlumd oc cndmcss tl cnuacr`tc tfc p`rthkum`rs7 Ht hs sueehkhcnt tl loscrvc tf`t tfcy wlumd `mm oc lescrvhkc tl pfhmlslpfy, `nd nlt tìc `ny cxtr`lrdhn`ry thac tl cxckutc. Out he ht w`s tflubftprlpcr tl scnd ` pcrsln wfl w`s wcmm `kqu`hntcd whtf tfc tfclry `nd pr`kthkc le `strlnlay &k. whtf ` sa`mm klmmckthln le blld hnstruacnts tl tìc tfc m`thtudcs `nd mlnbhtudcs le alst le

tfc p`rthkum`r tlwns `nd pm`kcs hn tfc Klap`ny‘s tcrrhtlrhcs `nd dcpcndcnkhcs, fc ahbft nltlnmy klmmckt a`tcrh`ms elr aìhnb ` prlpcr survcy le tfcsc p`rts `nd `kquhrc hnelra`thlnrcspckthnb tfc nkhcnt nd aldcrn st`tc le tfc kluntry & k. out wlumd msl f`vc n lpplrtunhtyle aìhnb tfc ocst klmmckthln le `strlnlahk`m `nd pfyshk`m loscrv`thlns tf`t f`s yct occnleecrcd tl tfc puomhk9 `nd he ht w`s tflubft tf`t uaor`bc ahbft oc tìcn `t sukf ` prlkcdurc oy tfc n`thvcs, ht ahbft c`shmy p`ss undcr tfc nlthln le ac`surhnb dcbrccs le tfc acrhdh`n, lrle mlnbhtudc & k., tl `vlhd susphkhln.




5:

HULN TFC [ HVTF[ @TCMMHTC LE[ @TS_N

(*Erla Klm. T.D. Zc`rsc tl [ckrct`ry, _ly`m [lkhcty, Mlndln (d`tcd, A`dr`s ?? [cptcaocr026;).)

Tfc sa`mm olli, tf`t `kklap`nhcs tfhs mcttcr, wrhttcn hn tfc Zcrsh`n m`nbu`bc, hs ` klpy le p`rtle ` vcry m`rbc lnc hn tfc sàc m`nbu`bc, cnthtmcd ‖Tfc Rlndcrs le tfc Krc`thln‘, `nd ht hs hne`kt ` ihnd le bcncr`m n`tur`m fhstlry, cxtr`ktcd oy tfc klaphmcr erla ollis le skhcnkc, `nd le vly`bcs `nd tr`vcms, pcrelracd oy tfc @ròh`ns, wfl ht hs wcmm inlwn f`d, nlt lnmy ` brc`telrchbn tr`dc, out cxtcnshvc scttmcacnts hn tfc hsm`nds le tfc C`st Hndhcs, wfcrc yct tfchra`nncrs `nd rcmhbhln dl sthmm prcv`hm. H ocb ylu tl prcscnt ht tl tfc slkhcty hn ay nàc.

Tfc olli lpcns whtf n kklunt le tfc wlndcrs le tfc fc`vcns, nd tfc kcmcsth`m spfcrcs9tfc systca hs tfc Ztlmca`hk. Tl c`kf cxkcpt A`rs `nd Guphtcr, ehburcs `rc `nncxcd `nd om`nisp`kcs wcrc mcet hn tfc olli H uscd, elr tfc ehburcs le tflsc pm`ncts. Xlu whmm scc tf`t, tfc sun`nd alln rc dr`wn s àlnbst us, Acrkury hs rcprcscntcd s hn tfc `kt le wrhthnb, whtf p`pcr

`nd pcn hn fhs f`nds, `nd tfc hniplt ocelrc fha9 Ucnus hs ` wla`n shtthnb dlwn, `nd pm`yhnbupln strhnbcd hnstruacnt, rcscaomhnb n Hrhsf f`rp. @nd tf`t, wfhkf lkk`shlns tfhs mcttcr, hstfc ehburc le [`turn. Oy cnquhry àlnbst tfc mc`rncd le tfcsc p`rts, A`rs lubft tl ocrcprcscntcd s w`rrhlr, nd Guphtcr s n lmd a`n shtthnb dlwn, whtf elur bhrms d`nkhnb rlundfha7 tfc olli s`ys slactfhnb klntr`ry tl tfhs. H ncvcr s`w tfc ehburc, tfcrcelrc shapmy rcm`tc wf`t w`s tlmd ac.

Tfc olli w`s wrhttcn hn ehetf lr shxtf kcntury le tfc Fhgcr`, `nd tf`t wfhkf H olrrlwcd,`nd erla wfhkf ay klpy w`s tìcn, hs hn tfc plsscsshln le Ar Z`mi, hn wfhkf tfc ehburcs `rc`mm p`hnthnbs, out tfc `bc le tf`t klpy H k`n nlt tcmm, ochnb `t ` brc`t dhst`nkc.

Ht hs nlw thac tl tcmm ylu, wfy H trluomc ylu whtf tfc olli7 tfl H aust ehrst hnelra ylutf`t, H f`d ht klphcd, slmcmy elr tfc sìc le tfc ehburcs le [`turn, `nd f`d ocbun tl tr`nsm`tc tfcp`rt tf`t trc`tcd le tfc kcmcsth`m oldhcs tl scnd flac, whtf ` klpy le tfc lrhbhn`m, tl tfchmmustrhlus slkhcty, olut elur yc`rs bl7 out tfc dheehkumty le bctthnb tfc ehburc dr`wn prcvcntcdtfc k`rryhnb ay dcshbn hntl cxckuthln. Flwcvcr hn tfc yc`r 026:, f`vhnb blt wf`t H w`ntcd, Hs`t dlwn tl dl ay p`rt, out tfc w`r whtf Fydcr @mmcc k`rrhcd ac erla flac, hntl tfc K`rn`thk9`nd tfl H f`vc f`d tfc p`rt tf`t w`s hntcndcd elr tfc slkhcty, whtf ac, tfc wflmc thac, yct Hrc`mmy f`d nlt thac tl tr`nsm`tc ht, cxkcpt tfc sa`mm p`rt tf`t `skcrt`hn tfc `bc le tfc olli, `ndtfc `kklunt le [`turn9 hn wfhkf tfcrc hs nlt, flwcvcr, `ny acnthln le tfc s`tcmmhtcs, lr rhnb lr`nytfhnb cmsc9 `nd tfc `kklunt le fhs pcrhldhk thac hs crrlnclus, `nd pm`hnmy rcm`tcs tl tfcscvcntf pm`nct, tfc pcrhld le wfhkf hs òlut shxty yc`rs `nd wfhkf hs vcry scmdla sccn, `nd wfcn sccn hs dccacd lahnlus tl tfc wlrmd hn bcncr`m, sl s`ys tfc mc`rncd Oràhn whtf wflaH t`micd. Tfc hnst`nt H s`w tfc ehburc ht struki ac `s caomca`thk`m le [`turn, `nd `srcprcscnthnb fha plsscsscd le wf`t thmm vcry m`tcmy wc wcrc hbnlr`nt, H ac`n fhs s`tcmmhtcs `ndrhnb. Fhtfcrtl lnmy ehvc s`tcmmhtcs f`vc occn sccn oy Curlpc`ns9 fc hs fcrc rcprcscntcd `sf`vhnb shx, nd tfchr nàcs H prcsuac rc cxprcsscd oy tfc ehburcs fcmd hn tfc f`nds7 tfc rassflw tf`t tfcsc oldhcs `rc alvcòmc, out k`n nlt scp`r`tc erla tfc pm`nct, `nd `rc k`pòmc le v`rhlus althlns whtfhn kcrt`hn dhst`nkcs. Tfc scvcntf flmds tfc krlwn wfhkf hs dhvhdcd hntlelur p`rts nd tfhs H supplsc tl ac`n tfc elur klnkcntrhk p`rts le tfc rhnb. Tfc d`rincss, undcrtfc `ra wfhkf flmds tfc rhnb, dcnltcs tf`t tfc rhnb dlcs nlt cvcrywfcrc tlukf tfc oldy, `ndtf`t tfcrc hs p`ss`bc octwccn ht, nd tfc oldy le tfc pm`nct. Tfc mcbs elmdcd ocnc`tf tfc oldyH ha`bhnc tl rcm`tc msl tl tfc rhnb nd tl hntha`tc tf`t, tfc rhnb supplrts tfc oldy le tfc pm`nct,lr `t mc`st, tf`t tfc oldy `ppc`rs tl rcst upln, lr whtfhn ht7 H klnkchvc tf`t tfc mlnb oc`rd, `ndca`kh`tcd oldy dcnltc `bc, `nd rcprcscnt tfc emlwhnb le fhs althlns.

He ht oc urbcd tf`t tfhs cxpm`n`thln k`n nlt oc put, elr tf`t tfc `nkhcnts f`d nlthnstruacnts k`pòmc le sflwhnb tfca, H nswcr ht hs alrc tf`n wc k`n prlvc, nd he cvcr shxtf

s`tcmmhtc oc dhsklvcrcd, ht whmm oc ` strlnb `rbuacnt hn e`vlur le tfc klntr`ry lphnhln. H àaukf hnkmhncd tl ocmhcvc tfcy f`d octtcr hnstruacnts tf`n wc f`vc. H aust hn tfhs mcttcr ha `t




50

orcvhty, tfcrcelrc sf`mm lnmy s`y, tf`t @mf`z`n wrltc ln klmlurs, `nd Yk`tlptrhkisQ, `nd tfcprlomca elr ehndhnb tfc ehburcs le logckts, rcemcktcd erla klnvcx spckum`, hs k`mmcd @mf`z`n tltfhs d`y. H f`vc nlt sccn @mf`z`n9 he H klumd bct ht, H klumd whtf tfc sshst`nkc tfhs kluntry wlumdèelrd ac, klac `t tfc inlwmcdbc le hts klntcnts, `nd pcrf`ps ahbft ehnd tcmcsklpcs. Out henlt, ht dlcs nlt scca `ny `rbuacnt `b`hnst tfcrc f`vhnb occn sukf hnstruacnts. Elr wc inlwflw c`rmy a`nuskrhpts `rc mlst `nd le sukf ollis, `s tflsc wfhkf trc`t le suogckts, hn wfhkflnmy tfc mc`rncd, hn p`rthkum`r skhcnkcs, `rc klnkcrncd, tfc nuaocr le klphcs whmm f`vc occnecw. Cvcn nlw (wfcn sukf) nuaocr le klphcs le sukf ollis `rc puomhsfcd, dl wc nlt ehnd tf`ta`ny `rc mlst, lr lnmy tl oc elund hn vcry cxtcnshvc mhor`rhcs< Aukf alrc c`shmy tfcn ahbfttfc sàc tfhnb dhs`ppc`r, ocelrc, wfcn lnmy a`nuskrhpts wcrc hn usc. @nd wfcn wc rcemcktflw ecw acn hn ny kluntry aìc usc le tcmcsklpcs, nd qu`dr`nts nd sukf mhic hnstruacnts, wc a`y c`shmy klnkchvc, tf`t tfc klphcs le ollis trc`thnb le sukf a`ttcrs wlumd oc vcry ecw,klap`rcd whtf `strlnlahk`m tòmcs, wfhkf wcrc hn brc`tcr usc, ln `kklunt le tfchr uthmhty hn`strlmlby7 `nd tflsc `rc sk`rkc, `nd ht hs dheehkumt elr Curlpc`ns tl bct tfca.

H sf`mm nlw `ddrcss slac tfhnb `pprl`kfhnb tl ` prlle le tfcrc f`vhnb occn tcmcsklpcs,tfl pcrf`ps nlt mhic lurs. Ehrst tfcn, H `sicd ` mc`rncd aussuma`n whtf wfla H f`d ercqucntklnvcrs`thlns ln tfcsc suogckts, wfctfcr tfcy f`d ny acnthln le sukf hnstruacnts s wc usc9

fc s`hd fc dhd nlt rcklmmckt tf`t tfcrc wcrc ny, cxkcpt @mf`z`n, alnbst tfc @ròs, wfl (cvcr)tf`t fc incw f`d wrhttcn ln sukf suogckts. Nlr dl H inlw `ddcd fc, tf`t fc dhd dcskrhoc sukfhnstruacnts, out fc trc`ts le tfc prhnkhpmcs ln wfhkf tfcy dcpcnd.

H aust nlw loscrvc, tf`t shnkc @mf`z`n wrltc ln klmlurs, `nd rcemckthln9 he nlt lnrcer`kthlns tfrlubf prhsas `nd mcnscs, tfc nlt ehndhnb `ny acnthln le tfc uscs, tl wfhkf tfcspckum`r wcrc `ppmhcd, whmm kcrt`hnmy nlt prlvc tf`t tfcrc wcrc nl tcmcsklpcs.

Mct us supplsc ` trc`thsc, ln rcemckthln `nd rcer`kthln `nd tfc pm`kcs le ehburcs elracd oychtfcr, tl oc wrhttcn purcmy skhcnthehk`mmy, whtflut ny acnthln le tcmcsklpcs, lr `ny ppmhk`thlnle tfc uscs le tfc tfclrcas. Tf`t oy slac `kkhdcnt, (plsshomy erla tfc rcvlmuthlns le thac) `mmltfcr trc`thscs ln tfc suogckt, lr ollis hn wfhkf tcmcsklpcs, `nd tfchr uscs `rc dcskrhocd, `nd`mm tcmcsklpcs f`d pcrhsfcd. He sukf trc`thsc wcrc tfcn tl oc elund, hn slac vcry rcaltc pcrhld,tfc ehndcr wlumd nlt c`shmy dhsklvcr tfc usc le tfc tfclrcas, `nd sthmm mcss tfc hnstruacntselracd ln tfc prhnkhpmcs, tfcrchn dcmhvcrcd. @mf`z`n dcmhvcrcd prhnkhpmcs. @rthsts ahbftplsscss tfc ppmhk`thln, pcrf`ps nlt cvcn klaahttcd tl wrhthnb, out mc`rncd, s tr`dcs rc nlwmc`rnt, oy wlrihnb `nd pr`kthkc.

@ Oràhn whtf wfla, H dhsklurscd, `nd `sicd flw tfcy a`dc tfchr tòmcs, s`hd tf t tfcy wcrc elracd ` mlnb wfhmc bl, oy ac`ns le brc`t phts, dub hntl tfc c`rtf, hn wfhkf tfc kcmcsth`m oldhcs wcrc a`dc vhshomc. Out wf`t ac`ns tfcy uscd tl scc tfca fc dhd nlt inlw. Fc s`hd fcklumd lnmy usc tfcsc tòmcs, nlt elra tfca9 tf`t tfc sun f`d elracrmy dcmhvcrcd tfc tòmcs tl `mc`rncd Oràhn, wfl f`d klnthnucd òlvc shxty yc`rs klnst`ntmy `dlrhnb fha, `s ` rcw`rd elrfhs mòlurs. Tfc Oràhn `brccd, tf`t wf`t fc s`hd w`s `mmcblrhk`m, `nd shapmy ac`nt tf`t tfcy wcrc elracd oy ` scrhcs le loscrv`thlns, dhmhbcntmy a`dc. [l mhttmc klumd H aìc erla tfcscdhsklurscs, tf`t hnstc`d le b`hnhnb mhbfts H sccacd r`tfcr tl mlsc tfca9 nd tfl tfc aussuma`n

tflubft le @mf`z`n s H dl, (`nd alrclvcr tlmd ac tf`t tfc loscrv`thln le tfc tr`nsht le vcnus,a`dc oy lur flrrlx, wfhkf H rcdukcd tl tfc Fhgcr`, w`s nlt tfc ehrst9 elr tf`t acnthln hs a`dcle lnc mlnb pcrhld ocelrc tf`t, hn n @ròhk olli9 fc qultcd tfc nàc, wfhkf H f`vc elrblttcn out f`vc hn Ocnb`m, àlnbst ay p`pcrs) yct tfc w`nt le `ktu`m inlwmcdbc le tfc usc letcmcsklpcs tfrcw `mm hntl dluot. Flwcvcr lnc d`y `s H w`s rc`dhnb `n Cnbmhsf tr`nsm`thln letfc @ròh`n Nhbfts, H act whtf acnthln le tfca `s tfhnbs le vcry klaaln usc, `nd klap`rcd whtf tfhnbs `s klaaln `s `ppmcs, `nd k`rpcts. Tfrcc prhnkcs wcnt tl scci elr kurhlshthcs, `ndtfc e`hrcc Zurrcc Oùnll eurnhsfcd c`kf, undcr dheecrcnt sf`pcs, whtf wf`t fc w`ntcd9 tl lncsfc slmd ` sa`mm k`rpct elr `n haacnsc prhkc, nlt erla hts kurhlus tcxturc, out hts prlpcrty letr`nsplrthnb fha, tf`t s`t ln ht, tl tfc pm`kc tl wfhkf fc whsfcd tl bl9 tl tfc scklnd `n `ppmc,tf`t wlumd kurc dhslrdcrs oy ochnb m`hd ln ` shki pcrsln9 `nd elr tfc sàc prhkc, sfc slmd tltfc tfhrd ` tcmcsklpc, tf`t w`s cndlwcd whtf tfc prlpcrty le sflwhnb tl fha tf`t mllicd

tfrlubf ht, wf`t fc whsfcd tl scc, he fc mllicd tfrlubf lnc cnd9 `nd logckts `s usu`m he fc




5?

mllicd tfrlubf tfc ltfcr7 `nd ht hs dcskrhocd `s ` sa`mm tuoc le hvlry, f`vhnb ` bm`ss `t c`kfcnd.

He tfcn tf`t olli wcrc wrhttcn ocelrc tcmcsklpcs wcrc hn usc hn Curlpc, `nd tf`t hs`skcrt`hnòmc, tfcn tcmcsklpcs wcrc tfhnbs hn klaaln usc, ocelrc wc f`d `ny hdc`s le tfca9`nd tfl tfcy `rc nlt dcskrhocd `s ochnb sukf `s Dlmmlnd f`s shnkc a`dc, tfcy wcrc tcmcsklpcs,

`nd alnbst tflsc wfl cvcn nlw acnthln tcmcsklpcs lkk`shln`mmy, flw ecw whmm dcskrhoc tflsccxquhshtc lncs, tf`t `rc `ppmhcd tl `strlnlahk`m purplscs. Tf`t usceum hnvcnthlns pcrhsf, hnthac, f`vc wc nlt hnst`nkcs cnlubf. Tfc auaahcs sueehkc9 tfl cvcn hn lur lwn d`ys f`vc wcnlt sccn Dlmmlnd pcreckt tcmcsklpcs, oy tfc `ddhthln le tfrcc logckt bm`sscs, `nd `rc wc nlt hnd`nbcr le mlshnb tfca `b`hn, erla tfc w`nt le tfc a`tcrh`ms tl aìc lnc le tfc ihnds le bm`ssuscd oy fha< Bun plwdcr hs msl tflubft tl oc, s H a`y k`mm ht, klap`rcd whtf brc`t nthquhty,` aldcrn hnvcnthln9 nd yct hn Br`y‘s Bunncry, tfcrc hs qult`thln erla ` Brcci utflr, tf`tbhvcs rc`sln cnlubf tl supplsc, ht w`s `ppmhcd tl buns, cvcn hn tfc thac le @mcx`ndcr.

Aukf alrc H klumd `dd ln tfhs suogckt, `nd f`d wrhttcn hn Ocnb`m, tl scnd ylu, out hn ayprcscnt shtu`thln H k`n lnmy `dd, tf`t tfc mlss le `ny skhcnkc hs nlt ` prlle tf`t ht ncvcr w`sinlwn, `nd `mm H prlplsc, hs tl prcscnt tfc ehburc le [`turn `s H elund ht, `nd tl bhvc ylu ayrc`sln elr cxpm`hnhnb tfc caomca `s H f`vc dlnc7 wfhkf yct rca`hns tl oc a`dc lut, oy slaceuturc dhsklvcry, le tfc shxtf s`tcmmhtc, tfc cxhstcnkc le wfhkf hs nlt tflubft tl oc tlt`mmykfhacrhk`m.

H sf`mm nlt skrupmc tl hnelra ylu le tfhnbs tf`t a`y scca wlndcreum, wfhkf klac whtfhnay lwn inlwmcdbc. H f`vc tfc prcdhkthln le tfrcc klacts nd n c`rtfquìc, wfhkf H rckchvcdmlnb ocelrc tfc cvcnts. Tfc c`rtfquìc dhd `ktu`mmy f`ppcn, `nd dcslm`tcd tfc cxtcnshvcrcbhlns, rlund M`flrc. Snelrtun`tcmy tf`t p`pcr hs hn Ocnb`m. Ar F`sthnbs f`s ` klpy le htshbncd oy ac, whtf tfc d`y a`ricd ln tfc p`pcr, tl sflw wfcn H rckchvcd ht, wfhkf w`s Gunc`nd H tfhni tfc c`rtfquìc f`ppcncd hn [cptcaocr, lr tfc m`ttcr cnd le @ubust 0228 lr 026:.Out H scnd ylu tfc klphcs le tfc ltfcr twl prcdhkthlns, lnc le wfhkf w`s eummy vcrhehcd `t O`tf,tfl H, ochnb ln ay a`rkf, f`d nlt thac tl mlli elr ht, `s H kcrt`hnmy sflumd f`vc dlnc, f`d H occn scttmcd.

Tfc Oràhn f`s prlahscd tl ac ` klpy le tfc tòmcs le lnc fundrcd `nd chbft klacts9`nd wfcn H rcturn tl Ocnb`m, he fc hs mhvhnb, H whmm cndc`vlur tl bct tfca. Fc s`ys tfcy `rc ledheecrcnt ihnds, slac f`vc str`hbft t`hms, slac krllicd t`hms, slac e`n t`hms slac `rc cnkhrkmcd whtf ` ourr, `nd slac `rc whtflut `ny. @b`hn slac `rc rctrlbr`dc, slac YdhrcktQ `nd ltfcrskrlss tfc fc`vcns9 H f`rdmy d`rc tl tcmm ylu, tf`t tfc olli w`s, `s fc s`ys, wrhttcn hn tfc gubb prckcdhnb tfhs, `nd tf`t tfhs ocb`n, whtf wf`t wc k`mm tfc krc`thln.

Rfcn wc `rc `rrhvcd `t slac inlwmcdbc le tfc [`nskrht, wc a`y aìc dhsklvcrhcs leaukf haplrt`nkc, nd chtfcr vcrhey tfc sscrthlns lr klntr`dhkt tfca. H rcm`tc shapmy wf`t w`stlmd tl ac, H dl nlt tìc upln ac tl vlukf `ny tfhnb, out tf`t tfc a`n f`d nlt `ny hntcrcst hndckchvhnb ac9 H `sicd elr hnelra`thln, ètcr tfc a`nncr le ` dhskhpmc9 prlplscd qucsthlns`rhshnb erla tfc dhsklursc, `nd aìhnb klap`rhsln le wf`t fc s`hd, whtf lur systca, elreurtfcr hnelra`thln. Fc rcpmhcd, ylu nd tfc aussuma`ns dheecr, erla c`kf ltfcr nd erla us9

tfc aussuma`ns supplsc tfc sun tl bl rlund tfc c`rtf, d`hmy, nd nnu`mmy9 out tfc c`rtf turnsrlund hts `xhs d`hmy, `kklrdhnb tl ylur systca, `nd tl lurs9 aussuma`ns elmmlw Ztlmcay, wctfc `nkhcnt ollis, `nd ylu ` systca le ylur lwn, he nlt dcrhvcd erla lurs.

Fcrc H aust put `n cnd tl ` mcttcr, wfhkf H ec`r, whmm prlvc tcdhlus, alrc cspckh`mmy `s htklnkcrns a`ttcrs, wfhkf ahmht`tcs whtf systcas, tf`t acn dl nlt whsf tl (spìc)9 `nd wfhkf Hrcm`tc acrcmy tl sflw slac p`rt le tfc ocmhce, le slac le tfc acn le skhcnkc le tfc Fhndll trhoc, wfl `rc nlt vcry klaaunhk`thvc.




5;

U @ Z_LLE TF@T TFCF HNDLL[ F@D

TFC OHNLAH@MTFCL_CA (Oy _cuocn Ourrlw (Zuomhsfcd 028:))

Tfc Hsm`nds hn tfc O`y le Ocnb`m rc a`ny le tfca klvcrcd whtf sfcmms nd a`rhnc prldukthlnstl brc`t fchbft, nd tfcrc rc ocds le m`rbc salltf pcoomcs nc`r tfc Fcrdw`r slac fundrcdsle ecct olvc tfc prcscnt mcvcm le tfc B`nbcs9 tfc sc` f`s tfcrcelrc br`du`mmy occn rcthrhnb, ndklnscqucntmy tfc plshthln le tfc Cqu`tlr w`s elracrmy e`rtfcr nlrtf tf`n ht hs t prcscnt hn tfhsp`rt le tfc c`rtf9 `nd he ` ecw shahm`r loscrv`thlns wcrc a`dc hn ltfcr kluntrhcs, ht hs cvhdcnttf`t tfc `nkhcnt shtu`thln le tfc Zlmc upln tfc sure`kc le tfc c`rtf ahbft oc dctcrahncd sueeh-khcntmy nc`r elr cxpm`hnhnb a`ny dheehkumthcs nd p`r`dlxcs hn bclbr`pfhk`m nthquhthcs, elr tfhspurplsc `msl ht wlumd oc `dvhsòmc tl f`vc pcra`ncnt acrhdh`n mhncs dr`wn hn fhbf nlrtfcrnm`thtudcs, tl oc klap`rcd hn sukkccdhnb `bcs, `nd `msl tl f`vc a`ris kut upln rlkis hn tfc sc`tl sflw tfc prlpcr mcvcm le tfc w`tcr.

Hn tfc èlrcs`hd plshthln le tfc Cqu`tlr tfc s`nds le T`rt`ry wcrc hnfòhtòmc `nd tfc[hocrh`n kmha`tcs tcapcr`tc9 tfc dcscrts le tfc mcsscr Ouif`rh` wcrc tfcn p`rt le tfc sc`t letfc Z`r`dhsc le Alscs9 `nd tfc elur s`krcd rhvcrs le Cdcn wcnt tfrlubf Hndh`, Kfhn`, [hocrh`,`nd hntl tfc K`sph`n [c`, rcspckthvcmy7 tfhs `ppc`rs erla ` Oràhn a`p le tfc wlrmd hn tfc[`nskrht m`nbu`bc wfhkf H act whtf òlut twl yc`rs `bl hn tfc fhbfcr p`rts le Hndh`, tlbctfcr whtf ` v`muòmc Trc`thsc le Bclbr`pfy upln tfc systca le Olldf9 oltf le wfhkf Hklaaunhk`tcd whtf ay hdc` ln tfc suogckt tl Ar Rhmelrd, le tfc Ocnb`m Cnbhnccrs9 `nd erlafha tfc wlrmd a`y cxpckt sflrtmy tl oc e`vlurcd whtf tfc ehrst truc rcprcscnt`thln le [krhptur`m`nd Fhndll Bclbr`pfy.

Erla tfc èlrcs`hd kluntry tfc Fhndll rcmhbhln prloòmy sprc`d lvcr tfc wflmc c`rtf7tfcrc `rc shbns le ht hn cvcry nlrtfcrn kluntry, `nd hn `malst cvcry systca le wlrsfhp7 hn

Cnbm`nd ht hs lovhlus9 [tlncfcnbc hs cvhdcntmy lnc le tfc tcapmcs le Olldf9 nd tfc @rhtfacthk,tfc @strlnlay, @strlmlby, tfc Flmhd`ys, Bàcs, nàcs le tfc [t`rs `nd ehburcs le tfcKlnstcmm`thlns9 tfc nkhcnt Alnuacnts, M`ws, nd cvcn tfc m`nbu`bcs le tfc dheecrcnt n`thlnsf`vc tfc strlnbcst a`ris le tfc sàc lrhbhn`m. Tfc wlrsfhp le tfc sun `nd ehrc9 fua`n `nd`nha`m s`krhehkcs, & k. f`vc `pp`rcntmy lnkc occn unhvcrs`m7 tfc rcmhbhlus kcrcalnhcs le tfcp`phsts scca hn a`ny p`rts tl oc ` acrc scrvhmc klpy le tflsc le tfc Blschbns `nd Eìccrs9 tfcKfrhsth`n @skcthks wcrc vcry mhttmc dheecrcnt erla tfchr ehmtfy lrhbhn`m tfc Oyr`bbys, & k.9 cvcntfc fcmm le tfc nlrtfcrn n`thlns hs nlt `t `mm mhic tfc fcmm le tfc skrhpturc, cxkcpt hn slac ecwp`rthkum`rs9 out ht hs sl strhihnb ` mhicncss le tfc fcmm le tfc Fhndlls tf`t H sflumd nlt `t `mm ocsurprhscd he tfc stlry le tfc slmdhcr tf`t s`w ht hn [`hnt Z`trhki‘s purb`tlry, dcskrhocd h nA`ttfcw Z`rhs‘s fhstlry, sflumd fcrcètcr turn lut tl oc acrcmy tr`nsm`thln erla tfc [`nskrht whtf tfc nàcs kf`nbcd. Tfc dheecrcnt tcncts le Zlpcry `nd Dchsa f`vc ` brc`t shahm`rhty tltfc twl dlktrhncs le Or`fa` nd Olldf, nd s tfc Oràhns wcrc tfc ùtflrs le tfc Ztlmca`hksystca, sl tfc Olldfhsts `ppc`r tl f`vc occn tfc hnvcntlrs le tfc `nkhcnt Zfhmlm`hk lrKlpcrnhk`n, `s wcmm `s le tfc dlktrhnc le `ttr`kthln9 `nd prloòmy tll tfc cstòmhsfcd rcmhbhlnle tfc Brccis `nd tfc Cmcushnh`n aystcrhcs a`y lnmy oc v`rhcthcs le tfc twl dheecrcnt sckts.Tf`t tfc Druhds le Orht`hn wcrc Oràhns hs ocylnd tfc mc`st sf`dlw le ` dluot9 out tf`t tfcy wcrc `mm aurdcrcd `nd tfchr skhcnkcs mlst, hs lut le tfc olunds le prloòhmhty9 ht hs aukf alrcmhicmy tf`t tfcy turncd skfllm-a`stcrs nd ercca`slns nd elrtunc tcmmcrs, nd hn tfhs w`y p`rtle tfchr skhcnkcs ahbft c`shmy dcskcnd plstcrhty, `s wc ehnd tfcy f`vc dlnc9 `n lmd p`pcr s`hdtl f`vc occn elund oy Mlkic oc`rs ` klnshdcròmc dcbrcc le hntcrn`m cvhdcnkc oltf le hts lwn`nthquhty `nd le tfhs hdc`9 `nd ln tfhs fypltfcscs ht whmm oc c`sy tl `kklunt elr a`ny dheehkumta`ttcrs tf`t pcrf`ps k`nnlt sl kmc`rmy oc dlnc ln `ny ltfcr, `nd p`rthkum`rmy le tfc brc`tshahm`rhty octwccn tfc Fhndll skhcnkcs `nd lurs9 ` klap`rhsln octwccn lur lmdcst skhcnthehk wrhtcrs `nd tflsc le tfc Fhndlls whmm sct tfc a`ttcr ocylnd dhsputc, nd elrtun`tcmy tfc wlrisle Ocdc k`rry us twcmvc fundrcd yc`rs o`ki, wfhkf hs nc`r cnlubf tl tfc thacs le tfc Druhds




54

tl bhvc flpcs le ehndhnb tfcrc slac le tfchr rca`hns7 H sflumd f`vc a`dc tfc klap`rhslnayscme out Ocdc hs nlt `n ùtflr tl oc act whtfhn tfhs kluntry9 flwcvcr, H klap`rcd `n @strlmòc hn tfc N`bry kf`r`ktcr (orlubft oy Dr A`kihnnln erla Gyn`bur) whtf Kfùkcr‘sdcskrhpthln, `nd elund tfca tl `brcc alst ahnutcmy, cvcn tfc kcntrc phn wfhkf Kfùkcr k`mms‖tfc flrsc‘ f`s ` flrsc‘s fc`d upln ht hn tfc hnstruacnt9 tfcrcelrc he Kfùkcr‘s dcskrhpthlnsflumd f`ppcn tl oc ` tr`nsm`thln erla Ocdc ht whmm oc ` strlnb `rbuacnt hn e`vlur le tfcfypltfcshs, elr wc tfcn klumd f`vc nltfhnb erla tfc @ròh`ns7 wf`t Ounbcy `nd [whssct a`yklnt`hn, whmm `msl dcscrvc cnquhry, `nd tf`t tfc klap`rhsln a`y oc tfc rc`dhcr a`dc, wfcrctfc ollis `rc prlkuròmc, H ac`n vcry sflrtmy tl puomhsf tr`nsm`thlns le tfc Mhm`v`th `nd OccgB`nct` , lr tfc @rhtfacthk `nd @mbcor` le tfc Fhndlls.

Ht hs aukf tl oc ec`rcd, flwcvcr, tf`t a`ny le tfc ocst trc`thscs le tfc Fhndlls `rc mlst,`nd tf`t a`ny le tflsc tf`t rca`hn `rc hapcreckt9 oy tfc fcmp le ` Zundht H tr`nsm`tcd p`rt letfc Occg B`nct` nc`r shx yc`rs `bl wfcn nl Curlpc`n out ayscme, H ocmhcvc, cvcn suspcktcdtf`t tfc Fhndlls f`d `ny @mbcor`, out ehndhnb tf`t ay klpy w`s hapcreckt H dcecrrcdklapmcthnb tfc tr`nsm`thln hn flpcs le prlkurhnb tfc rca`hndcr9 H f`vc shnkc elund ` sa`mmp`rt alrc, `nd f`vc sccn a`ny klphcs, out erla tfc pm`n le tfc wlri (wfhkf hn ay lphnhln hstfc ocst w`y le gudbhnb) tfcy sthmm scca `mm tl oc hapcreckt, tflubf tfc klphcr bcncr`mmy tìcs

k`rc tl put `t tfc cnd le tfca tf`t tfcy `rc klapmctc. H f`vc tfc sàc lphnhln le tfc Mhm`v`th ,`nd elr tfc sàc rc`sln9 hndccd ht hs lovhlus tf`t tfcrc aust f`vc occn trc`thscs cxhsthnb wfcrc @mbcor` w`s k`rrhcd aukf e`rtfcr9 ockùsc a`ny le tfchr rumcs hn @strlnlay `rc`pprlxha`thlns dcdukcd erla hnehnhtc scrhcs9 lr `t mc`st f`vc cvcry `ppc`r`nkc le ht9 sukf elrhnst`nkc `s ehndhnb tfc shnc erla tfc `rk, `nd tfc klntr`ry9 `nd ehndhnb tfc `nbmcs le ` rhbft`nbmcd trh`nbmc erla tfc fypltfcnusc `nd shdcs, hndcpcndcnt le tòmcs le shncs9 `nd scvcr`mltfcrs le ` shahm`r n`turc aukf alrc klapmhk`tcd. H f`vc occn hnelracd oy lnc le tfchrZundhts, tf`t slac thac bl, tfcrc wcrc ltfcr trc`thscs le @mbcor`, ocshdcs tf`t gust acnthlncd,`nd aukf alrc dheehkumt, tflubf fc f`d nlt sccn tfca9 `nd tfcrcelrc, `s ht hs plsshomc tfcya`y sthmm oc cxhsthnb, `nd yct oc hn d`nbcr le pcrhsfhnb vcry slln, ht hs aukf tl oc whsfcd tf`tpclpmc wlumd klmmckt `s a`ny le tfc ollis le skhcnkc `s plsshomc9 (tfchr plctry hs hn nl d`nbcr,`nd p`rthkum`rmy tflsc le tfc dlktrhnc le Olldf wfhkf pcrf`ps a`y oc act whtf tlw`rds Thoct.

Tf`t a`ny le tfchr ocst ollis `rc dcpr`vcd `nd mlst hs cvhdcnt, ockùsc tfcrc hs nlt nlw `shnbmc olli le bclactrhk`m cmcacnts tl oc act whtf9 `nd yct tf`t tfcy f`d cmcacnts nlt mlnb`bl, `nd `pp`rcntmy alrc cxtcnshvc tf`n tflsc le Cukmhd hs lovhlus erla slac le tfchr wlrisle nl brc`t `nthquhty7 tfc sàc rca`ris `rc `ppmhkòmc tl tfchr klsalbr`pfhk`m rca`hns, hnslac le wfhkf tfcrc `rc hndhk`thlns le `n @strlnlay supcrhlr tl tf`t le tfc [llry` [hddf`nt ,`nd sukf plpum`r trc`thscs.

Thmm wc k`n tfcrcelrc ehnd slac le tfchr alrc supcrhlr wlris, ht aust oc r`tfcr erla tfcelra `nd klnstrukthln le tfchr `strlnlahk`m tòmcs `nd rumcs, `nd tfc prlpcrthcs hapmhcd hntfchr `kkhdcnt`m slmuthlns le qucsthlns, & k., tf`t wc k`n gudbc wf`t tfcy elra`mmy incw, tf`nltfcrwhsc9 tf`t tfcy wcrc `kqu`hntcd whtf ` dheecrcnth`m actfld shahm`r tl Ncwtln‘s, H sf`mmbhvc a`ny rc`slns elr ocmhcvhnb, hn trc`thsc ln tfc prhnkhpmcs le tfc Fhndll @strlnlay, wfhkfH ocb`n alrc tf`n tfrcc yc`rs `bl, out w`s prcvcntcd erla ehnhsfhnb, oy ` trluomcslac `ndmòlrhlus capmlyacnt tf`t elr twl yc`rs b`vc ac nl mchsurc wf`tcvcr9 `nd wfhkf (tflubf tfcsflrt thac H f`d tl sp`rc shnkc f`s occn capmlycd hn wrhthnb ` klaacnt ln tfc wlris leNcwtln, `nd cxpm`hnhnb tfca tl ` vcry hnbcnhlus n`thvc wfl hs tr`nsm`thnb tfca hntl @ròhk)H flpc crc mlnb tl f`vc `n lpplrtunhty le klapmcthnb7 `t prcscnt H sf`mm lnmy bhvc `n cxtr`kt le` p`pcr cxpm`hnhnb tfc klnstrukthln le slac tòmcs, wfhkf ehrst mcd ac tl tfc hdc` le tfchrf`vhnb ` dheecrcnth`m actfld9 ht hs p`rt le lnc lut le ` nuaocr le p`pcrs tf`t wcrc wrhttcn hntfc m`ttcr p`rt le tfc yc`r 026;, `nd tfc ocbhnnhnb le 0264, `nd le wfhkf scvcr`m klphcs wcrctìcn oy dheecrcnt pclpmc, `nd slac le tfca scnt tl Cnbm`nd7 tfhs p`rthkum`r cxtr`kt, w`s tlhnvcsthb`tc tfc rumcs `t p`bcs ?3;, ?34 `nd ?33, le Alns. Bcnthm‘s Uly`bc, le wfhkf tfc ùtflrs`ys, ‖ Gc n‘`h pu s`vlhr sur qucms prhnkhpcs kcttc tòmc cst elndcc, & k. ,‘ `nd hs `s elmmlws7

‖Nlw oy prlkccdhnb hn tfc a`nncr cxpm `hncd hn tfc èlrcs`hd p`pcr tl k`mkum`tc tfc rhbft`skcnshln `nd `skcnshln`m dheecrcnkc elr Thrv`mlur, `nd ètcrw`rds tìhnb tfc dheecrcnkcs`mbcor`hk`mmy, `nd rcdukhnb tfca tl pums le ` burry `s hn tfc elmmlwhnb tòmc, tfc prhnkhpmcs letfc actfld whmm oc cvhdcnt.(Tòmc ln tfc elmmlwhnb p`bc)




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‖Tfc ehetf nd shxtf klmuans sueehkhcntmy cxpm`hn tfc tòmcs hn p`bcs ?3; `nd ?34 le Alns.Bcnthm, out tfcrc rca`hns ` p`rt alrc dheehkumt, nàcmy, wfy hn k`mkum`thnb tfc Oùg` ,‘ lr tfcdluomcs le tfc ehrst dheecrcnkcs le tfc skcnshln`m dheecrcnkc ‖?:/5: le tfc mcnbtf le tfc sf`dlwhs tìcn elr tfc ehrst9 4/3 le tfc ehrst tcra elr tfc scklnd, nd 0/; le tfc ehrst tcra elr tfc tfhrd.‘‖Tfc prha`ry rc`sln le tìhnb dheecrcnkcs fc rc, sccas tl oc tf`t tfc kflrds a`y oc nc`rmy cqu`mtl tfc `rks, `nd tf`t, oy `ddhnb le tfc dheecrcnkcs, tfc `rks tfcascmvcs a`y oc elund nc`rmy9tfc rc`sln whmm `ppc`r erla tfc elmmlwhnb hnvcsthb`thln. Mct N oc tfc cqu`tlrh`m sf`dlw le tfcOràhns hn ohnbmcs9 tfcn 2?: tfc mcnbtf le tfc Bnlaln, lr twcmvc lnbmcs, whmm oc tl N tfcsf`dlw, s r`dhus tl tfc t`nbcnt le tfc m`thtudc9 nd r`dhus tl tfc t`nbcnt le tfc m`thtudc s tfct`nbcnt le tfc dckmhn`thln tl tfc shnc le tfc `skcnshln`m dheecrcnkc9 klnscqucntmy 2?: hs tl N`s tfc t`nbcnt le dckmhn`thln tl tfc shnc le tfc `skcnshln`m dheecrcnkc. Nlw he tfc dckmhn`thlnselr lnc, twl, `nd tfrcc shbns oc suosthtutcd hn tfc m`st prlplrthln, wc bct tfc shncs le tfc tfrcc`skcnshln`m dheecrcnkcs hn tcras le N `nd inlwn qu`nththcs9 nd, he tfcsc v`mucs oc suosthtutcdhn tfc Ncwtlnh`n elra elr ehndhnb tfc `rk erla tfc shnc, wc bct tfc `rks hn p`rts le tfc r`dhus9`nd he c`kf le tfcsc oc aumthpmhcd oy ;5:: nd dhvhdcd oy 5,?6;06, tfc v`mucs klac lut hn pums le ` burry he N oc hnohnbmcs, out hn p`rts le burry he N oc hnlnbmcs9 nd oy tìhnb tfc dluomcs wc bct tfc v`mucs nc`rmy `s elmmlws7

‖Nlw ockùsc tfc v`mucs hn tfc ehrst klmuan rc dluomcs le tfc skcnshln`m dheecrcnkcs elrlnc, twl `nd tfrcc shbns, tfchr f`mvcs `rc tfc `skcnshln`m dheecrcnkcs hn p`rts le `burry ,supplshnb N tl oc hnlnbmcs9 `nd he c`kf le tfcsc f`mvcs oc aumthpmhcd oy shxty, tfc prldukts,nàcmy, 8,8056 N9 02,8264 N9 `nd ?0,?36: N whmm oc tfc sàc hn pums le ` burry 9 `nd he tl bctc`kf le tfcsc nc`rmy, hn rlund nuaocrs, tfc wflmc oc aumthpmhcd oy tfrcc, `nd ètcrw`rdsdhvhdcd oy tfrcc, tfc tfrcc prldukts whmm oc ?8.23 N9 3;.84 N, `nd 5;.22 N wfhkf `rc nc`rmycqu`m tl tfhrty N9 ehety-elur N, `nd shxty-elur N rcspckthvcmy9 `nd fcnkc tfc elund`thln le tfcOràhn rumc hs cvhdcnt, wfhkf dhrckts tl aumthpmy tfc cqu`tlrh`m sf`dlw oy tfhrty, ehety-elur,`nd shxty-elur, rcspckthvcmy9 `nd tl dhvhdc tfc prldukts oy tfrcc elr tfc Kflr`rdl hn pums7 `ndtfcsc p`rts `nswcr tl lnc, twl, `nd tfrcc shbns le mlnbhtudc erla tfc truc Cquhnlx `ndtfcrcelrc tfc @y`nlnbsf , lr Oràhn prckcsshln le tfc Cquhnlx, aust oc `ddcd tl ehnd tfchntcracdh`tc Kflr`rdl oy prlplrthln.‘

Tflubf tfc `brccacnt le tfhs hnvcsthb`thln whtf tfc Oràhn rcsumts, hs nl prlle tf`t tfcFhndlls f`d chtfcr tfc dheecrcnth`m actfld, lr @mbcor`9 ht b`vc ac `t tfc thac ` strlnbsusphkhln le oltf9 `nd yct elr w`nt le inlwhnb tfc nàc tf`t @mbcor` wcnt oy hn [`nskrht, ht w`s nc`r twl yc`rs ocelrc H elund ` trc`thsc ln ht, `nd cvcn tfcn H sflumd nlt f`vc inlwn wf`ttl cnquhrc elr, he ht f`d nlt klac hntl ay ahnd tl `si flw tfcy hnvcsthb`tcd tfchr rumcs7 le tfcdheecrcnth`m actfld H f`vc yct act whtf nl rcbum`r trc`thsc, out f`vc nl dluot wf`tcvcr tf`ttfcrc wcrc sukf, elr tfc rc`slns H ocelrc fhntcd `t, `nd H flpc ltfcrs whmm oc alrc elrtun`tc hntfchr cnquhrhcs ètcr ht tf`n ayscme.

Rhtf rcspckt tl tfc Ohnlah`m Tfclrca, tfc `ppmhk`thln le ht tl er`kthln`m hndhkcs whmmpcrf`ps rca`hn elr cvcr tfc cxkmushvc prlpcrty le Ncwtln9 out tfc elmmlwhnb qucsthln `nd hts

slmuthln cvhdcntmy sflw tf`t tfc Fhndlls undcrstlld ht hn wflmc nuaocrs tl tfc eumm s wcmm sOrhbbs, `nd aukf octtcr tf`n Z`sk`m. Dr Futtln, hn ` v`muòmc cdhthln le [fcrwhn‘s tòmcs, f`sm`tcmy dlnc gusthkc tl Orhbbs9 out Ar Rhtkfcmm, wfl slac yc`rs ocelrc plhntcd lut Orhbbs s tfcundluotcd hnvcntlr le tfc dheecrcnth`m actfld, s`hd fc f`d elund slac hndhk`thlns le tfcOhnlah`m Tfclrca hn aukf lmdcr ùtflrs7 tfc actfld flwcvcr oy wfhkf tf`t brc`t a`nhnvcsthb`tcd tfc plwcrs hndcpcndcnt le c`kf ltfcr, hs cx`ktmy tfc sàc s tf`t hn tfc elmmlwhnbtr`nsm`thln erla tfc [`nskrht.

‖@ _`g`‘s p`m`kc f`d chbft dllrs9 nlw tfcsc dllrs a`y chtfcr oc lpcncd oy lnc `t ` thac9lr oy twl t thac9 lr oy tfrcc t thac9 nd sl ln tfrlubf tfc wflmc, thmm t m`st mm rc lpcncdtlbctfcr7 ht hs rcquhrcd tl tcmm tfc nuaocrs le thacs tf`t tfhs k`n oc dlnc<




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‖[ct dlwn tfc nuaocr le tfc dllrs, `nd prlkccd hn lrdcr br`du`mmy dckrc`shnb oy lnc tlunhty `nd tfcn hn ` klntr`ry lrdcr `s elmmlws7

6 2 5 3 4 ; ? 00 ? ; 4 3 5 2 6

‖Dhvhdc tfc ehrst nuaocr chbft oy tfc unht ocnc`tf ht, `nd tfc qulthcnt chbft sflws tfcnuaocr le thacs tf`t tfc dllrs k`n oc lpcncd oy lnc `t ` thac7 aumthpmy tfhs m`st chbft oy tfcncxt tcra scvcn, `nd dhvhdc tfc prldukt oy tfc twl ocnc`tf ht, `nd tfc rcsumt twcnty-chbft hstfc nuaocr le thacs tf`t twl dheecrcnt dllrs a`y oc lpcncd7 aumthpmy tfc m`st elund twcnty-chbft oy tfc ncxt ehburc shx, `nd dhvhdc tfc prldukt oy tfc tfrcc ocnc`tf ht, `nd tfc qulthcntehety-shx, sflws tfc nuaocr le thacs tf`t tfrcc dheecrcnt dllrs a`y oc lpcncd7 `b`hn tfhs ehety-shx aumthpmhcd oy tfc ncxt ehvc, `nd dhvhdcd oy tfc elur ocnc`tf ht, hs scvcnty, tfc nuaocr lethacs tf`t elur dheecrcnt dllrs a`y oc lpcncd7 hn tfc sàc a`nncr ehety-shx hs tfc nuaocr leehvcs tf`t k`n oc lpcncd7 twcnty-chbft tfc nuaocr le thacs tf`t shx k`n oc lpcncd7 chbft tfcnuaocr le thacs tf`t scvcn k`n oc lpcncd7 `nd m`stmy, lnc hs tfc nuaocr le thacs tfc wflmca`y oc lpcncd tlbctfcr, `nd tfc sua le `mm tfc dheecrcnt thacs hs ?33.‘

Tfc dcalnstr`thln hs cvhdcnt tl a`tfca`thkh`ns9 elr s tfc scklnd tcra‘s klceehkhcnt hn bcncr`m cqu`thln sflws tfc sua le tfc rllts, tfcrcelrc hn tfc n plwcr le 0+0 wfcrc cvcry rllths unhty tfc klceehkhcnt sflws tfc dheecrcntlncs tf`t k`n oc tìcn hn n tfhnbs7 `msl ockùsc tfctfhrd tcra‘s klceehkhcnt hs tfc sua le tfc prldukts le mm tfc dheecrcnt twls le tfc rllts, tfcrcelrc wfcn c`kf rllt hs unhty tfc prldukt le c`kf twl rllts whmm oc unhty, `nd tfcrcelrc tfc nuaocrle unhts lr tfc klceehkhcnt htscme sflws tfc nuaocr le dheecrcnttwls tf`t k`n oc tìcn hn n tfhnbs. @b`hn ockùsc tfc elurtf tcra hs tfc sua le tfc prldukts le tfc dheecrcnt tfrccs tf`tk`n oc tìcn alnb tfc rllts, tfcrcelrc wfcn c`kf rllt hs unhty, tfc prldukt le c`kf tfrcc whmm oc unhty `nd tfcrcelrc cvcry unht hn tfc elurtf, whmm sflw ` prldukt le tfrcc dheecrcnt rllts,`nd klnscqucntmy tfc klceehkhcnt htscme sflws `mm tfc dheecrcnttfrccs tf`t k`n oc tìcn hn n tfhnbs9 `nd sl elr tfc rcst. H sflumd nlt f`vc `ddcd tfhs, out tf`t H dl nlt inlw wcmm wfcrc tlrcecr tl ht.

Z.[. Tfcrc hs `n loscrv`thln pcrf`ps wlrtf rca`rihnb whtf rcspckt tl tfc kf`nbc le tfcZlmcs9 nàcmy, tf`t tfc sa`mm rlki lystcrs rc bcncr`mmy mm dc`d whtfhn olut ellt olvc fhbf w`tcr a`ri9 nlw plsshomy n`tur`mhsts a`y oc òmc tl tcmm tfc `bc le sukf sfcmms nc`rmy oy tfchr`ppc`r`nkc, `nd he sl, ` prctty blld cstha`tc a`y oc elracd le tfc r`tc le `mtcr`thln le tfcmcvcm le tfc sc` hn sukf pm`kcs wfcrc tfcy `rc9 elr H a`dc slac `strlnlahk`m loscrv`thlns ln `rlki hn tfc sc` nc`r `n hsm`nd òlut scvcn ahmcs tl tfc slutf le tfc hsm`nd le Kfcduo` ln tfc @r`k`n kl`st, wflsc tlp w`s chbftccn ecct òlvc fhbf w`tcr a`ri, `nd tfc wflmc rlki klvcrcd whtf tflsc sfcmms e`st brlwn tl ht, out `mm le tfca dc`d, cxkcpt tflsc wfhkf wcrc ` ellt òlvctfc fhbf w`tcr a`ri le tf`t d`y, wfhkf w`s Ecoru`ry ?, 02667 tfc sfcmms wcrc cvhdcntmy `mtcrcd` mhttmc hn prlplrthln tl tfchr fchbft òlvc tfc w`tcr, out oy nl ac`ns sl aukf `s tl hndukclnc tl ocmhcvc tf`t tfc rlki f`d occn a`ny yc`rs lut le ht7 mm tfc dg`kcnt hsm`nds nd tfc kl`stsflwcd shahm`r `ppc`r`nkcs, `nd tfcrcelrc ht w`s cvhdcntmy nl p`rth`m cmcv`thln oy

suotcrr`nc`n ehrcs, lr `ny tfhnb le tf`t slrt7 tfhs hs `msl `pp`rcnt erla tfc hsm`nd le Kfcduo`htscme, hn wfhkf tfcrc hs ` rcbum`r sukkcsshln le sc` oc`kfcs `nd sfcmms alrc `nd alrc dck`ycdtl ` brc`t fchbft. Oy ` ihnd le v`buc cstha`thln erla tfc trccs `nd tfc kl`sts `nd sfcmms, & k.(ln wfhkf flwcvcr tfcrc hs nlt tfc mc`st dcpcndcnkc) H supplscd tf`t tfc sc` ahbft ocsuoshdhnb `t tfc r`tc le òlut tfrcc hnkfcs hn ` yc`r.




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UHF HNDS @ MBCO_@

(Bhvcn `s hntrldukthln tl ‖@mbcor` whtf @rhtfacthk `nd Acnsur`thln, erla tfc [`nskrht leOr`facbupt` `nd Of`sk`r`‘ oy F.T. Klmcorllic (Zuo 0602). Dh`krhthk`m a`ris ln [`nsirht

wlrds f`vc occn rcalvcd - Cdhtlr. ) Tfc fhstlry le skhcnkcs, he ht w`nt tfc prcplsscsshnb `ttr`kthlns le plmhthk`m fhstlry `ndn`rr`thln le cvcnts, hs ncvcrtfcmcss nlt wflmmy dcvlhd le hntcrcst `nd hnstrukthln. @ mùdòmckurhlshty prlapts tl hnquhrc tfc slurkcs le inlwmcdbc9 `nd ` rcvhcw le hts prlbrcss eurnhsfcssubbcsthlns tcndhnb tl prlaltc tfc sàc lr slac ihndrcd study. Rc wlumd inlw tfc pclpmc`nd tfc nàcs `t mc`st le tfc hndhvhdu`ms, tl wfla wc lwc p`rthkum`r dhsklvcrhcs `ndsukkcsshvc stcps hn tfc `dv`nkcacnt le inlwmcdbc. He nl alrc oc lot`hncd oy tfc rcsc`rkf,sthmm tfc hnquhry f`s nlt occn w`stcd, wfhkf plhnts `rhbft tfc br`thtudc le a`nihnd.

Hn tfc fhstlry le a`tfca`thk`m skhcnkc, ht f`s mlnb occn qucsthln tl wfla tfc hnvcnthlnle @mbcor`hk `n`myshs hs duc, àlnb wf`t pclpmc, hn wf`t rcbhln, w`s ht dcvhscd, oy wfla w`s

ht kumthv`tcd `nd prlaltcd, lr oy wflsc mòlurs w`s ht rcdukcd tl elra `nd systca< @ndehn`mmy, erla wf`t qu`rtcr dhd tfc dheeushln le hts inlwmcdbc prlkccd< Nl dluot hndccd hscntcrt`hncd le tfc slurkc erla wfhkf ht w`s rckchvcd haacdh`tcmy oy aldcrn Curlpc9 tflubftfc kf`nncm f`s occn a`ttcr le qucsthln. Rc rc wcmm ssurcd, tf`t tfc @ròs wcrc acdh`tcmylr haacdh`tcmy lur hnstruktlrs hn tfhs study. Out tfc @ròs tfcascmvcs sk`rkcmy prctcnd tl tfcdhsklvcry le @mbcor`. Tfcy wcrc nlt hn bcncr`m hnvcntlrs out skflm`rs, durhnb tfc sflrt pcrhldle tfchr sukkcsseum kumturc le tfc skhcnkcs7 `nd tfc bcra `t mc`st le tfc @mbcor`hk `n`myshs hs tl oc elund àlnb tfc Brccis hn `n `bc nlt prckhscmy dctcrahncd, out alrc tf`n prloòmy`ntcrhlr tl tfc c`rmhcst d`wn le khvhmhz`thln àlnb tfc @ròs7 `nd tfhs skhcnkc hn ` alrc`dv`nkcd st`tc suoshstcd alnb tfc Fhndus prhlr tl tfc c`rmhcst dhskmlsurc le ht oy tfc @ròh`nstl aldcrn Curlpc.

Tfc logckt le tfc prcscnt puomhk`thln hs tl cxfhoht tfc skhcnkc hn tfc st`tc hn wfhkf tfcFhndus plsscsscd ht, oy `n cx`kt vcrshln le tfc alst `pprlvcd trc`thsc ln ht hn tfc `nkhcntm`nbu`bc le Hndh`, whtf lnc le tfc c`rmhcr trc`thscs (tfc lnmy cxt`nt lnc) erla wfhkf ht w`sklaphmcd. Tfc dcshbn le tfhs prcmhahn`ry dhsscrt`thln hs tl dcdukc erla tfcsc `nd erla tfccvhdcnkc wfhkf whmm oc fcrc leecrcd, tfc dcbrcc le `dv`nkcacnt tl wfhkf tfc skhcnkc f`d`rrhvcd hn ` rcaltc `bc. Loscrv`thlns whmm oc `ddcd, tcndhnb tl ` klap`rhsln le tfc Hndh`n, whtf tfc @ròh`n, tfc Brckh`n, `nd tfc aldcrn @mbcor`7 `nd tfc suogckt whmm oc mcet tl tfcklnshdcr`thln le tfc mc`rncd, elr ` klnkmushln tl oc dr`wn oy tfca erla tfc hntcrn`m, nl mcsstf`n tfc cxtcrn`m prlle, ln tfc qucsthln wfl k`n ocst vhndhk`tc ` km`ha tl tfc acrht le f`vhnblrhbhn`mmy hnvcntcd lr ehrst haprlvcd tfc actflds le klaput`thln `nd `n`myshs, wfhkf `rc tfcbrlundwlri le oltf tfc shapmc `nd òstruscr p`rts le A`tfca`thks9 tf`t hs, @rhtfacthk `nd @mbcor`7 sl e`r `t mc`st `s tfc `nkhcnt hnvcnthlns `rc èecktcd9 `nd `msl hn p`rthkum`r plhnts, wfcrc rckcnt dhsklvcrhcs `rc klnkcrncd.

Hn tfc `ktu`m `dv`nkcd klndhthln le tfc `n`mythk `rt, ht hs nlt flpcd, tf`t tfhs vcrshln le`nkhcnt [`nskrht trc`thscs ln @mbcor`, @rhtfacthk, `nd Acnsur`thln, whmm `dd tl tfc rcslurkcsle tfc rt, nd tfrlw ncw mhbft ln a`tfca`thk`m skhcnkc, hn ny ltfcr rcspckt, tf`n s klnkcrnshts fhstlry. Xct tfc rca`ri a`y nlt scca hn`pplshtc, tf`t f`d `n c`rmhcr vcrshln le tfcsc trc`-thscs occn klapmctcd, f`d tfcy occn tr`nsm`tcd `nd bhvcn tl tfc puomhk, wfcn tfc nlthkc lea`tfca`thkh`ns w`s ehrst dr`wn tl tfc tt`hnacnts le tfc Fhndus hn strlnlay nd hn skhcnkcsklnncktcd whtf ht, slac `ddhthln wlumd f`vc occn tfcn a`dc tl tfc ac`ns `nd rcslurkcs le @mbcor` elr tfc bcncr`m slmuthln le prlomcas oy actflds wfhkf f`vc occn rc-hnvcntcd, lr f`vc occn pcrecktcd, hn tfc m`st `bc.

Tfc trc`thscs hn qucsthln, wfhkf lkkupy tfc prcscnt vlmuac, `rc tfc Uhg`-B`nht` `nd Mhm`v`th le Of`sk`r` @kf`ry` nd tfc B`nht`dfy`y` nd Kutt`k`dfy`y` le Or`facbupt`. Tfc

twl ehrst acnthlncd klnsthtutc tfc prcmhahn`ry plrthln le Of`sk`r`‘s Klursc le @strlnlay,




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cnthtmcd [hddf`nt`-shrla`nh . Tfc twl m`st `rc tfc twcmetf nd chbftccntf kf`ptcrs le shahm`rklursc le `strlnlay, oy Or`facbupt`, cnthtmcd Or`fa`-shddf`nt` .

Tfc qucsthlns tl oc ehrst cxàhncd hn rcm`thln tl tfcsc wlris `rc tfchr ùtfcnthkhty `ndtfchr `bc. Tl tfc klnshdcr`thln le tflsc plhnts wc nlw prlkccd.

Tfc pcrhld wfcn Of`sk`r`, tfc m`tcst le tfc utflrs nlw nàcd, emlurhsfcd, nd tfc thac

wfcn fc wrltc, `rc `skcrt`hncd whtf unusu`m prckhshln. Fc klapmctcd fhs brc`t wlri, tfc [hddf`nt`-shrla`nh , `s fc fhascme hnelras us hn ` p`ss`bc le ht,0 hn tfc yc`r 0:2? [`k` . Tfhshnelra`thln rckchvcs klrrlolr`thln, he `ny oc w`ntcd, erla tfc d`tc le `nltfcr le fhs wlris,tfc K`r`n`-kutuf`m` , ` pr`kthk`m `strlnlahk`m trc`thsc, tfc cplkf le wfhkf hs 00:3 [`k` 9? ;; yc`rs suoscqucnt tl tfc klapmcthln le tfc systca`thk trc`thsc. Tfc d`tc le tfc [hddf`nt`-shrla`nh , le wfhkf tfc Uhg`-B`nht` `nd Mhm`v`th `rc p`rts, hs ehxcd tfcn whtf tfc utalstcx`ktncss, ln tfc alst s`thse`ktlry brlunds, `t tfc ahddmc le tfc twcmetf kcntury le tfcKfrhsth`n cr`, @.D. 003:.;

Tfc bcnuhncncss le tfc tcxt hs cstòmhsfcd whtf nl mcss kcrt`hnty oy nuacrlusklaacnt`rhcs hn [`nskrht , ocshdcs ` Zcrsh`n vcrshln le ht. Tflsc klaacnt`rhcs klaprhsc `pcrpctu`m bmlss, hn wfhkf cvcry p`ss`bc le tfc lrhbhn`m hs nlthkcd `nd hntcrprctcd7 `nd cvcry wlrd le ht hs rcpc`tcd `nd cxpm`hncd. @ klap`rhsln le tfca ùtfcnthk`tcs tfc tcxt wfcrc tfcy`brcc9 nd wlumd scrvc, wfcrc tfcy dhd nlt, tl dctckt ny mtcr`thlns le ht tf`t ahbft f`vc tìcnpm`kc, lr v`rh`thlns, he `ny f`d krcpt hn, suoscqucnt tl tfc klaplshthln le tfc c`rmhcst le tfca. @ k`rceum klmm`thln le scvcr`m klaacnt`rhcs,4 nd le tfrcc klphcs le tfc lrhbhn`m wlri, f`s occna`dc9 nd ht whmm oc sccn hn tfc nltcs tl tfc tr`nsm`thln flw unhaplrt`nt rc tfc dhskrcp`nkhcs.

Erla klap`rhsln nd klmm`thln, ht ppc`rs tfcn, tf`t tfc wlri le Of`sk`r`, cxfhohthnb tfcsàc unhelra tcxt, wfhkf tfc aldcrn tr`nskrhpts le ht dl, w`s hn tfc f`nds le oltfA`flaacd`ns `nd Fhndus octwccn twl `nd tfrcc kcnturhcs `bl7 `nd, nuacrlus klphcs le htf`vhnb occn dheeuscd tfrlubflut Hndh`, `t `n c`rmhcr pcrhld, `s le ` pcrelra`nkc fcmd hn fhbfcstha`thln, ht w`s tfc suogckt le study nd fòhtu`m rcecrcnkc hn kluntrhcs nd pm`kcs sl rcaltcerla c`kf ltfcr `s tfc nlrtf `nd wcst le Hndh` `nd tfc slutfcrn pcnhnsum`7 lr, tl spcì whtftfc utalst prckhshln, Gàous`r` hn tfc wcst, @br` hn Nlrtf Fhndust`n , `nd Z`rtf`pur`,

Blm`brà`, @a`r`v`th , `nd N`ndhbrà` , hn tfc slutf.Tfhs, tflubf nlt a`rihnb `ny cxtr`lrdhn`ry `nthquhty, nlr `pprl`kfhnb tl tf`t le tfcùtflr fhascme, w`s ` a`tcrh`m plhnt tl oc dctcrahncd7 `s tfcrc whmm oc hn tfc scqucm lkk`shlntl sflw, tf`t aldcs le `n`myshs, `nd, hn p`rthkum`r, bcncr`m actflds elr tfc slmuthln lehndctcrahn`tc prlomcas oltf le tfc ehrst `nd scklnd dcbrccs, `rc tùbft hn tfc Uhg`-B`nht` ,`nd tflsc elr tfc ehrst dcbrcc rcpc`tcd hn tfc Mhm`v`th , wfhkf wcrc uninlwn tl tfca`tfca`thkh`ns le tfc wcst unthm hnvcntcd `ncw hn tfc m`st twl kcnturhcs oy `mbcor`hsts leEr`nkc `nd Cnbm`nd. Ht whmm oc `msl sflwn, tf`t Of`sk`r`, wfl fhascme emlurhsfcd alrc tf`nshx fundrcd `nd ehety yc`rs `bl, w`s hn tfhs rcspckt ` klaphmcr, `nd tlli tflsc actflds erlaHndh`n ùtflrs `s aukf alrc `nkhcnt tf`n fhascme.

Tf`t Of`sk`r`‘s tcxt (ac`nhnb tfc actrhk`m rumcs `nd cxàpmcs, `p`rt erla tfchntcrspcrscd bmlss) f`d klnthnucd un`mtcrcd erla tfc pcrhld le tfc klaphm`thln le fhs wlriunthm tfc bc le tfc klaacnt`rhcs nlw kurrcnt, hs pp`rcnt erla tfc k`rc whtf wfhkf tfcy f`vcnlthkcd hts v`rhlus rc`dhnbs, `nd tfc mhttmc `ktu`m haplrt`nkc le tfcsc v`rh`thlns9 glhncd tl tfcklnshdcr`thln, tf`t c`rmhcr klaacnt`rhcs, hnkmudhnb tfc utflr‘s lwn cxpm`n`tlry nnlt`thlnsle fhs tcxt, wcrc cxt`nt, `nd m`y ocelrc tfca elr klnsumt`thln `nd rcecrcnkc. Tflsc c`rmhcrklaacnt`rhcs `rc lkk`shln`mmy khtcd oy nàc7 p`rthkum`rmy tfcB`nht`-kùaudh , wfhkf hsrcpc`tcdmy qultcd oy alrc tf`n lnc le tfc skflmh`sts. 3

Nl dluot tfcn k`n oc rc`slnòmy cntcrt`hncd, tf`t wc nlw plsscss tfc `rhtfacthk `nd`mbcor` le Of`sk`r`, `s klaplscd `nd puomhsfcd oy fha hn tfc ahddmc le tfc twcmetf kcnturyle tfc Kfrhsth`n cr`. Tfc `bc le fhs prckurslrs k`nnlt oc dctcrahncd whtf cqu`m prckhshln. Mctus prlkccd, flwcvcr, tl cxàhnc tfc cvhdcnkc, sukf `s wc k`n `t prcscnt klmmckt, le tfchr`nthquhty.

Tlw`rds tfc kmlsc le fhs trc`thsc ln @mbcor`,5

Of`sk`r` hnelras us, tf`t ht hs klaphmcd ndòrhdbcd erla tfc alrc dheeusc wlris ln tfc sàc suogckt, oc`rhnb tfc nàcs le Or`fac,




58

(ac`nhnb nl dluot Or`facbupt`) [rhdf`r` `nd Z`da`nòf`9 `nd hn tfc oldy le fhs trc`thsc,fc f`s khtcd ` p`ss`bc le [rhdf`r`‘s `mbcor`, 2 `nd `nltfcr le Z`da`nòf`‘s. 6 Fc rcpc`tcdmy`dvcrts tl prckcdhnb wrhtcrs, `nd rcecrs tl tfca hn bcncr`m tcras, wfcrc fhs klaacnt`tlrsundcrst`nd fha tl `mmudc tl @ry`- of`tt`, tl Or`facbupt`, tl tfc m ttcr‘s skflmh`st Kf`tur vcd`Zrhtfud`k` [wàh, 8 `nd tl tfc ltfcr wrhtcrs òlvc acnthlncd.

Alst, he nlt `mm, le tfc trc`thscs, tl wfhkf fc tfus `mmudcs, aust f`vc occn cxt`nt, `nd hntfc f`nds le fhs klaacnt`tlrs, wfcn tfcy wrltc9 `s `ppc`rs erla tfchr qult`thlns le tfca9alrc cspckh`mmy tflsc le Or`facbupt` `nd @ry`-of`tt`, wfl `rc khtcd, `nd p`rthkum`rmy tfcehrst acnthlncd, hn scvcr`m hnst`nkcs.0: @ mlnb `nd dhmhbcnt rcsc`rkf hn v`rhlus p`rts le Hndh`,f`s, flwcvcr, e`hmcd le rcklvcrhnb `ny p`rt le tfc Z`da`nòf` vhg` , (lr @mbcor` leZ`da`nòf`) `nd le tfc @mbcor`hk `nd ltfcr wlris le @ry`-of`tt`. 00 Out tfc tr`nsm`tlr f`s occn alrc elrtun`tc hn rcb`rd tl tfc wlris le [rhdf`r`‘s `nd Or`facbupt`, f`vhnb hn fhsklmmckthln [rhdf`r`‘s klapcndhua le `rhtfacthk, `nd ` klpy, hnklapmctc flwcvcr, le tfc tcxt`nd skflmh` le Or`facbupt`‘s Or`fa`-shddf`nt` 9 klaprhshnb alnb ltfcr nl mcss hntcrcsthnba`ttcr, ` kf`ptcr trc`thnb le `rhtfacthk `nd acnsur`thln9 `nd `nltfcr, tfc suogckt le wfhkf hs`mbcor`7 oltf le tfca elrtun`tcmy klapmctc.0?

Tfc klaacnt`ry hs ` pcrpctu`m lnc9 sukkcsshvcmy qulthnb `t mcnbtf c`kf vcrsc le tfc tcxt9

prlkccdhnb tl tfc hntcrprct`thln le ht, wlrd oy wlrd9 nd suoglhnhnb cmukhd`thlns nd rca`ris7`nd hts klmlpfln, `t tfc kmlsc le c`kf kf`ptcr, bhvcs tfc thtmc le tfc wlri `nd nàc le tfcùtflr. 0; Nlw tfc nàc, wfhkf hs tfcrc bhvcn, Kf`turvcd` Zrhtfud`k` [wàh, hs tf`t le `kcmcor`tcd skflmh`st le Or`facbupt`, ercqucntmy khtcd `s sukf oy tfc klaacnt`tlrs leOf`sk`r` `nd oy ltfcr `strlnlahk`m wrhtcrs7 `nd tfc thtmc le tfc wlri, Or`fa`-shddf`nt` , lrslacthacs Or`fa`spfut`-shddf`nt` , klrrcsplnds, hn tfc sflrtcr elra, tl tfc inlwn thtmc leOr`facbupt`‘s trc`thsc h n tfc usu`m rcecrcnkcs tl ht oy Of`sk`r`‘s klaacnt`tlrs9 04 `nd`nswcrs, hn tfc mlnbcr elra, tl tfc dcshbn`thln le ht, `s hndhk`tcd hn `n hntrlduktlry klupmct wfhkf hs qultcd erla Or`facbupt` oy M`ksfahd s`, ` skflmh`st le Of`sk`r`. 03

_ca`rihnb tfhs klhnkhdcnkc, tfc tr`nsm`tlr prlkccdcd tl klmm`tc, whtf tfc tcxt `ndklaacnt`ry, nuacrlus qult`thlns erla oltf, wfhkf fc elund hn Of`sk`r`‘s wrhthnbs lr hntflsc le fhs cxplshtlrs. Tfc rcsumt klnehracd tfc hndhk`thln, `nd cstòmhsfcd tfc hdcnthty le oltf tcxt `nd skflmh` `s Or`facbupt`‘s trc`thsc, `nd tfc bmlss le Zrhtfud`k`. Tfc ùtfcnthkhtyle tfhs Or`fa`-shddf`nt` hs eurtfcr klnehracd oy nuacrlus qult`thlns hn tfc klaacnt`ry leOf`ttltp`m` ln tfc s`nfht` le U`r`fàhfhr`7 s tfc qult`thlns erla tfc Or`fa`-shddf`nt` hntf`t klaacnt`ry, (wfhkf hs tfc wlri le n utflr wfl emlurhsfcd chbft fundrcd nd ehety yc`rs`bl) `rc vcrhehcd hn tfc klpy undcr klnshdcr`thln. @ ecw hnst`nkcs le oltf whmm sueehkc9 `ndk`nnlt e`hm tl prldukc klnvhkthln.05

Ht hs klnehdcntmy klnkmudcd, tf`t tfc Kf`ptcrs ln @rhtfacthk `nd @mbcor`, elrtun`tcmycnthrc hn klpy, hn a`ny p`rts hapcreckt, le Or`facbupt`‘s kcmcor`tcd wlri, s fcrc dcskrhocd,`rc bcnuhnc `nd ùtfcnthk. Ht rca`hns tl hnvcsthb`tc tfc `bc le tfc ùtflr.

Ar D`vhs, wfl ehrst lpcncd tl tfc puomhk klrrckt vhcw le tfc strlnlahk`m klaput`thlnsle tfc Fhndus, 02 hs le lphnhln, tf`t Or`facbupt` mhvcd hn tfc 2tf kcntury le tfc Kfrhsth`n cr`.06

Dr Rhmmhà Funtcr, wfl rcshdcd elr slac thac whtf ` Orhthsf Cao`ssy `tSgg`y`nh , `nd a`dcdhmhbcnt rcsc`rkfcs hntl tfc rca`hns le Hndh`n skhcnkc, t tf`t nkhcnt sc`t le Fhndu strlnlah-k`m inlwmcdbc, w`s tfcrc eurnhsfcd oy tfc mc`rncd `strlnlacrs wfla fc klnsumtcd, whtf tfc`bcs le tfc prhnkhp`m `nkhcnt ùtflrhthcs. Tfcy `sshbncd tl Or`facbupt` tfc d`tc le 33: [`k` 9 wfhkf `nswcrs tl @.D. 5?6. Tfc brlunds, ln wfhkf tfcy prlkccdcd, `rc unelrtun`tcmy nltspckhehcd7 out, s tfcy b`vc Of`sk`r`‘s bc klrrcktmy, s wcmm s scvcr`m ltfcr d`tcs rhbft, wfhkf`daht le ochnb vcrhehcd9 ht hs prcsuacd, tf`t tfcy f`d brlunds, tflubf uncxpm`hncd, elr tfchnelra`thln wfhkf tfcy klaaunhk`tcd. 08

Ar Ocntmcy, wfl hs mhttmc dhsplscd tl e`vlur tfc `nthquhty le `n Hndh`n `strlnlacr, f`sbhvcn fhs rc`slns elr klnshdcrhnb tfc `strlnlahk`m systca wfhkf Or`facbupt` tc`kfcs, tl oc octwccn twcmvc nd tfhrtccn fundrcd yc rs lmd (0?5; yc`rs hn @.D. 0288).?: Nlw, s tfc systcatùbft oy tfhs ùtflr hs prlecsscdmy lnc klrrcktcd `nd `d`ptcd oy fha tl klnelra whtf tfcloscrvcd plshthlns le tfc kcmcsth`m logckts wfcn fc wrltc,?0 tfc bc, wfcn tfchr plshthlns wlumd oc klnelraòmc whtf tfc rcsumts le klaput`thlns a`dc `s oy fha dhrcktcd, hs prckhscmy tfc `bc




2:

le tfc ùtflr fhascme7 `nd sl e`r `s Ar Ocntmcy‘s k`mkum`thlns a`y oc klnshd crcd tl`pprlxha`tc tl tfc trutf, tfc d`tc le Or`facbupt`‘s pcrelra`nkc hs dctcrahncd whtf mhic`pprl`kf tl cx`ktncss, whtfhn ` kcrt`hn m`thtudc flwcvcr le unkcrt`hnty elr `mmlw`nkc tl oca`dc ln `kklunt le tfc hn`kkur`ky le Fhndu loscrv`thlns.

Tfc tr`nsm`tlr f`s sshbncd ln elracr lkk`shlns ?? tfc brlunds upln wfhkf fc sccs rc`sln

tl pm`kc tfc ùtflr‘s `bc, slln ètcr tfc pcrhld, wfcn tfc vcrn`m cquhnlx klhnkhdcd whtf tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc mun`r a`nshln `nd zldh`k`m `stcrhsa @swhnh, wfcrc tfc Fhndu ckmhpthk nlwklaacnkcs. Fc hs supplrtcd hn ht oy tfc scnthacnts le Of`sk`r` `nd ltfcr Hndh`n`strlnlacrs, wfl hnecr erla Or`facbupt`‘s dlktrhnc klnkcrnhnb tfc slmsthth`m plhnts, le wfhkffc dlcs nlt `daht ` pcrhldhk`m althln, tf`t fc mhvcd wfcn tfc cquhnlxcs dhd nlt, scnshomy tlfha, dcvh`tc erla tfc ocbhnnhnb le @swhnh `nd ahddmc leKfhtr` ln tfc Fhndu spfcrc. ?; Lntfcsc brlunds ht hs a`hnt`hncd, tf`t Or`facbupt` hs rhbftmy pm`kcd hn tfc shxtf lr ocbhnnhnb letfc scvcntf kcntury le tfc Kfrhsth`n cr`9 `s tfc suoglhncd k`mkum`thlns whmm alrc p`rthkum`rmysflw. ?4 Tfc `bc wfcn Or`facbupt` emlurhsfcd, sccas tfcn, erla tfc klnkurrcnkc le `mm tfcsc`rbuacnts, tl oc s`thse`ktlrhmy scttmcd `s `ntckcdcnt tl tfc c`rmhcst d`wn le tfc kumturc leskhcnkcs àlnb tfc @ròs9 `nd klnscqucntmy cstòmhsfcs tfc e`kt, tf`t tfc Fhndus wcrc hnplsscsshln le `mbcor` ocelrc ht w`s inlwn tl tfc @ròh`ns.

Or`facbupt`‘s trc`thsc, flwcvcr, hs nlt tfc c`rmhcst wlri inlwn tl f`vc occn wrhttcn lntfc sàc suogckt oy `n Hndh`n ùtflr. Tfc alst cahncnt skflmh`st le Of`sk`r` ?3 qultcs `p`ss`bc le @ry`-of`tt` spckheyhnb `mbcor` undcr tfc dcshbn`thln leUhg , `nd aìhnb scp`r`tcacnthln le Kutt`k` , wfhkf alrc p`rthkum`rmy hntcnds ` prlomca suoscrvhcnt tl tfc bcncr`mactfld le rcslmuthln le hndctcrahn`tc prlomcas le tfc ehrst dcbrcc7 fc hs undcrstlld oy`nltfcr le Of`sk`r`‘s klaacnt`tlrs ?5 tl oc `t tfc fc`d le tfc cmdcr wrhtcrs, tl wfla tfc tcxttfcn undcr klnshdcr`thln dvcrts, s f`vhnb dcshbn`tcd oy tfc nàc le A`dfyà`f`r`n` tfcrcslmuthln le èecktcd qu`dr`thk cqu`thlns oy ac`ns le tfc klapmcthln le tfc squ`rc. Ht hs tl ocprcsuacd, tfcrcelrc, tf`t tfc trc`thsc le @ry`-of`tt` tfcn cxt`nt, dhd cxtcnd tl qu`dr`thkcqu`thlns hn tfc dctcrahn`tc `n`myshs9 `nd tl hndctcrahn`tc prlomcas le tfc ehrst dcbrcc9 henlt tl tflsc le tfc scklnd mhicwhsc, `s alst prloòmy ht dhd.

Tfhs `nkhcnt `strlnlacr `nd `mbcor`hst w`s `ntcrhlr tl oltf U`r`fàhfhr` `ndOr`facbupt`9 ochnb rcpc`tcdmy nàcd oy tfc m`ttcr9 `nd tfc dctcrahn`thln le tfc `bc wfcnfc emlurhsfcd hs p`rthkum`rmy hntcrcsthnb, `s fhs `strlnlahk`m systca, tflubf ln slac plhnts`brcchnb, csscnth`mmy dhs`brccd ln ltfcrs, whtf tf`t wfhkf tflsc ùtflrs f`vc elmmlwcd, `nd wfhkf tfc Fhndu `strlnlacrs sthmm a`hnt`hn.?2

Fc hs klnshdcrcd oy tfc klaacnt`tlrs le tfc [llry` shddf`nt` `nd [hrla`nh ,?6 `s tfcc`rmhcst le unhnsphrcd `nd acrc fua`n wrhtcrs ln tfc skhcnkc le `strlnlay9 `s f`vhnbhntrldukcd rcquhshtc klrrckthlns hntl tfc systca le Z`r`s`r`, erla wfla fc tlli tfc nuaocrselr tfc pm`nct`ry ac`n althlns9 `s f`vhnb occn elmmlwcd hn tfc tr`kt le cacnd`thln, ètcr `sueehkhcnt hntcrv`m tl aìc eurtfcr klrrckthln rcquhshtc, oy Durb`shnf` `nd Ahfhr`9 wfl wcrc`b`hn sukkccdcd ètcr ` eurtfcr hntcrv`m oy Or`facbupt`, sln le Ghsfnu.?8

Hn sflrt, @ry`-of`tt` w`s elundcr le lnc le tfc sckts le Hndh`n `strlnlacrs, `s Zumhs`, `n

ùtflr mhicwhsc `ntcrhlr tl oltf U`r`fàhfhr` `nd Or`facbupt`, w`s le `nltfcr7 wfhkf wcrcdhsthnbuhsfcd oy nàcs dcrhvcd erla tfc dhskrhahn`thvc tcncts rcspckthnb tfc klaacnkcacntle pm`nct`ry althlns t sunrhsc kklrdhnb tl tfc ehrst, out t ahdnhbft kklrdhnb tl tfc m`ttcr,;: ln tfc acrhdh`n le M`nk` , `t tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc brc`t `strlnlahk`m kykmc. @ tfhrd sckt ocb`ntfc `strlnlahk`m d`y, `s wcmm `s tfc brc`t pcrhld, `t nlln.

Fhs nàc kklap`nhcd tfc hntha`thln wfhkf tfc @rò strlnlacrs (undcr tfc @oo`sshdcIf`mhes, `s ht wlumd `ppc`r) rckchvcd, tf`t tfrcc dhsthnkt `strlnlahk`m systcas wcrc kurrcntàlnb tfc Fhndus le tflsc d`ys7 `nd ht hs out smhbftmy klrruptcd, kcrt`hnmy nlt `t `mm dhsbuhscd,hn tfc @ròhk rcprcscnt`thln le ht @rgò`f`r , lr r`tfcr @rgòf`r .;0 Tfc twl ltfcr systcas wcrc,ehrst, Or`facbupt`‘s [hddf`nt` , wfhkf w`s tfc lnc tfcy ockàc ocst `kqu`hntcd whtf, `nd tl wfhkf tfcy `ppmy tfc dcnlahn`thln le tfc shnd-fhnd 9 `nd scklnd, tf`t le @rk` tfc sun, wfhkftfcy wrhtc @rk`nd , ` klrrupthln sthmm prcv`mcnt hn tfc vumb`r Fhndh .;?

@ry`-of`tt` `ppc`rs tl f vc f`d alrc klrrckt nlthlns le tfc truc cxpm`n`thln le kcmcsth`mpfcnlacn` tf`n Or`facbupt` fhascme9 wfl, hn ` ecw hnst`nkcs, klrrckthnb crrlrs le fhs




20

prcdckcsslr, out letcncr dcvh`thnb e rla tf`t prcdckcsslr‘s gustcr vhcws, f`s occn elmmlwcd oytfc fcrd le aldcrn Fhndu `strlnlacrs, hn ` systca nlt haprlvcd, out dctcrhlr`tcd, shnkc tfcthac le tfc alrc `nkhcnt ùtflr.

Klnshdcrhnb tfc prlehkhcnky le @ry`-of`tt` hn `strlnlahk`m skhcnkc, `nd `dvcrthnb tl tfce`kt le fhs f`vhnb wrhttcn upln @mbcor`, `s wcmm `s tl tfc khrkuast`nkc le fhs ochnb nàcd oy

nuacrlus wrhtcrs `s tfc elundcr le ` sckt, lr ùtflr le ` systca hn `strlnlay, `nd ochnbqultcd `t tfc fc`d le `mbcor`hsts, wfcn tfc klaacnt`tlrs le cxt`nt trc`thscs f`vc lkk`shln tlacnthln c`rmy nd lrhbhn`m;; wrhtcrs ln tfhs or`nkf le skhcnkc, ht hs nlt nckcss`ry tl scci eurtfcrelr ` a`tfca`thkh`n qu`mhehcd tl f`vc occn tfc brc`t haprlvcr le tfc `n`mythk `rt, `nd mhicmy tlf`vc occn tfc pcrsln, oy wfla ht w`s k`rrhcd tl tfc phtkf tl wfhkf ht hs elund tl f`vc `tt`hncdàlnb tfc Fhndus, `nd `t wfhkf ht hs loscrvcd tl oc nc`rmy st`thln`ry tfrlubf tfc mlnb m`pscle `bcs wfhkf f`vc shnkc p`sscd7 tfc m`tcr `ddhthlns ochnb ecw `nd uncsscnth`m hn tfc wrhthnbsle Or`facbupt`, le Of`sk`r`, `nd le Gny`n` _`g`, tflubf tfcy mhvcd `t hntcrv`ms le kcnturhcserla c`kf ltfcr.

@ry`-of`tt` tfcn ochnb tfc c`rmhcst ùtflr inlwn tl f`vc trc`tcd le @mbcor` àlnb tfcFhndus, `nd ochnb mhicmy tl oc, he nlt tfc hnvcntlr, tfc haprlvcr, le tf`t `n`myshs, oy wfla tllht w`s pusfcd nc`rmy tl tfc wflmc dcbrcc le cxkcmmcnkc wfhkf ht hs elund tl f`vc tt`hncd alnbtfca9 ht ocklacs hn n cspckh`m a`nncr hntcrcsthnb tl hnvcsthb`tc ny dhsklvcròmc tr`kc hn tfcòscnkc le octtcr `nd alrc dhrckt cvhdcnkc, wfhkf a`y tcnd tl ehx tfc d`tc le fhs mòlurs, lrtl hndhk`tc tfc thac wfhkf cm`pscd octwccn fha `nd Or`facbupt`, wflsc `bc hs alrc`kkur`tcmy dctcrahncd.;4

Tìhnb @ry`-of`tt`, elr rc`slns bhvcn hn tfc nltcs, ;3 tl f`vc prckcdcd Or`facbupt` `nd U`r`fàhfhr` oy scvcr`m kcnturhcs9 nd Or`facbupt` tl f`vc emlurhsfcd òlut twcmvc fundrcd yc`rs `bl9;5 `nd U`r`fàhfhr`, klnkcrnhnb wflsc wlris `nd `bc slac eurtfcr nlthkcs whmm ocelund hn ` suoglhncd nltc,;2 tl f`vc mhvcd `t tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc shxtf kcntury ètcr Kfrhst,;6 ht`ppc`rs prloòmc tf`t tfhs c`rmhcst le inlwn Fhndu `mbcor`hsts wrltc `s e`r o`ki `s tfc ehetfkcntury le tfc Kfrhsth`n cr`9 `nd, pcrf`ps, hn `n c`rmhcr `bc. Fcnkc ht hs klnkmudcd, tf`t fc hsnc`rmy `s `nkhcnt `s tfc Brckh`n `mbcor`hst Dhlpf`ntus, supplscd, ln tfc ùtflrhty le @oume`r`g,;8 tl f`vc emlurhsfcd hn tfc thac le tfc capcrlr Gumh`n, lr òlut @.D. ;5:.

@dahtthnb tfc Fhndu `nd @mcx`ndrh`n ùtflrs tl oc nc`rmy cqu`mmy `nkhcnt, ht aust ocklnkcdcd hn e`vlur le tfc Hndh`n `mbcor`hst, tf`t fc w`s alrc `dv`nkcd hn tfc skhcnkc9 shnkcfc `ppc`rs tl f`vc occn hn plsscsshln le tfc rcslmuthln le cqu`thlns hnvlmvhnb scvcr`muninlwns, wfhkf ht hs nlt kmc`r, nlr e`hrmy prcsuaòmc, tf`t Dhlpf`ntus incw9 `nd ` bcncr`mactfld elr hndctcrahn`tc prlomcas le `t mc`st tfc ehrst dcbrcc, tl ` inlwmcdbc le wfhkf tfcBrckh`n `mbcor`hst f`d kcrt`hnmy nlt `tt`hncd9 tflubf fc dhspm`ys hnehnhtc s`b`khty `ndhnbcnuhty hn p`rthkum`r slmuthlns9 `nd tflubf ` kcrt`hn rluthnc hs dhskcrnhomc hn tfca.

@ klap`rhsln le tfc Brckh`n, Fhndu, `nd @ròh`n `mbcor`s, whmm alrc dhsthnktmy sflw, wfhkf le tfca f`d a`dc tfc brc`tcst prlbrcss `t tfc c`rmhcst `bc le c`kf, tf`t k`n oc nlwtr`kcd.

Tfc nlt`thln lr mblrhtfa le @mbcor` hs sl csscnth`m tl tfhs `rt, s tl dcscrvc tfc ehrst nlthkchn ` rcvhcw le tfc Hndh`n actfld le `n`myshs, `nd ` klap`rhsln le ht whtf tfc Brckh`n `nd @ròh`n `mbcor`s. Tfc Fhndu `mbcor`hsts usc òorcvh`thlns `nd hnhth`ms elr syaolms7 tfcydhsthnbuhsf ncb`thvc qu`nththcs oy ` dlt94: out f`vc nlt `ny a`ri, ocshdcs tfc òscnkc le tfcncb`thvc shbn, tl dhskrhahn`tc ` plshthvc qu`nthty. Nl a`ris lr syaolms hndhk`thnb lpcr`thlnsle `ddhthln, lr aumthpmhk`thln, & k. `rc capmlycd oy tfca7 nlr `ny `nnlunkhnb cqu`mhty 40 lrrcm`thvc a`bnhtudc (brc`tcr lr mcss).4? Out ` e`ktua hs dcnltcd oy tfc hnhth`m symmòmc le ` wlrdle tf`t haplrt, 4; suoglhncd tl tfc tcras wfhkf klaplsc ht, octwccn wfhkf ` dlt hs slacthacshntcrplscd. @ er`kthln hs hndhk`tcd oy pm`khnb tfc dhvhslr undcr tfc dhvhdcnd,44 out whtflut `mhnc le scp`r`thln. Tfc twl shdcs, le `n cqu`thln `rc lrdcrcd hn tfc sàc a`nncr, lnc undcrtfc ltfcr, 43 `nd, tfhs actfld le pm`khnb tcras undcr c`kf ltfcr ochnb mhicwhsc pr`kthscd uplnltfcr lkk`shlns, 45 tfc hntcnt hs hn tfc hnst`nkc tl oc klmmcktcd erla tfc rckht`m le tfc stcps, letfc prlkcss hn wlrds `t mcnbtf, wfhkf `mw`ys `kklap`nhcs tfc `mbcor`hk prlkcss. Tfc rckht`m hs`msl rcquhshtc tl skcrt`hn tfc prckhsc hntcnt le vcrthk`m mhncs hntcrplscd octwccn tfc tcras le bclactrhk prlbrcsshln, out uscd `msl upln ltfcr lkk`shlns tl scp`r`tc `nd dhskrhahn`tc




2?

qu`nththcs. Tfc syaolms le uninlwn qu`nthty `rc nlt klnehncd tl ` shnbmc lnc7 out cxtcnd tlcvcr sl brc`t ` v`rhcty le dcnlahn`thlns7 `nd tfc kf`r`ktcrs uscd `rc hnhth`m symmòmcs le tfcnàcs le klmlurs, 42 cxkcpthnb tfc ehrst, wfhkf hs tfc hnhth`m ley`v`t-t`v`t , `s aukf `s9 wlrdsle tfc sàc haplrt whtf Olaocmmh‘s t`ntl 9 uscd oy fha elr tfc sàc purplsc. Klmlur tfcrcelrcac`ns uninlwn qu`nthty, lr tfc syaolm le ht7 `nd tfc sàc [`nskrht wlrd, v`rn` , `mslshbnheyhnb ` mhtcr`m kf`r`ktcr, mcttcrs `rc `kklrdhnbmy capmlycd mhicwhsc `s syaolms9 chtfcrtìcn erla tfc `mpfòct9 46 lr cmsc hnhth`m symmòmcs le wlrds shbnheyhnb tfc suogckts le tfcprlomca9 wfctfcr le ` bcncr`m n`turc,48 lr spckh`mmy tfc nàcs le bclactrhk mhncs hn `mbcor`hkdcalnstr`thlns le bclactrhk prlplshthlns lr slmuthln le bclactrhk prlomcas. 3: [yaolms tll`rc capmlycd, nlt lnmy elr uninlwn qu`nththcs, le wfhkf tfc v`muc hs slubft9 out elr v`rhòmcqu`nththcs le wfhkf tfc v`muc a`y oc `rohtr`rhmy put, (Uhg Kf.5, nltc ln klaacnkcacnt le§03;—035) `nd, cspckh`mmy hn dcalnstr`thlns, elr oltf bhvcn `nd slubft qu`nththcs. Hnhth`ms letfc tcras elr squ`rc `nd slmhd rcspckthvcmy dcnltc tflsc plwcrs9 `nd klaohncd tfcy hndhk`tctfc fhbfcr. Tfcsc rc rckilncd nlt oy tfc suas le tfc plwcrs9 out oy tfchr prldukts. 30 @n hnhth`msymmòmc hs hn mhic a`nncr uscd tl a`ri ` surd rllt.3? Tfc tcras le ` klaplund qu`nthty `rclrdcrcd `kklrdhnb tl tfc plwcrs9 `nd tfc òslmutc nuaocr hnv`rhòmy klacs m`st. Ht `msl hsdhsthnbuhsfcd oy `n hnhth`m symmòmc, `s ` dhskrhahn`thvc tlicn le inlwn qu`nthty.3; Nuacr`mklceehkhcnts `rc capmlycd, hnkmushvc le unhty wfhkf hs `mw`ys nltcd, `nd klaprcfcndhnber`kthlns934 elr tfc nuacr`m dhvhslr hs bcncr`mmy sl pm`kcd, r`tfcr tf`n undcr tfc syaolm le tfcuninlwn7 nd hn mhic a`nncr tfc ncb`thvc dlt hs sct lvcr tfc nuacr`m klceehkhcnt7 nd nlt lvcrtfc mhtcr`m kf`r`ktcr. Tfc klceehkhcnts `rc pm`kcd ètcr tfc syaolm le tfc uninlwn qu`nthty.33 Cqu`thlns `rc nlt lrdcrcd sl `s tl put `mm tfc qu`nththcs plshthvc9 nlr tl bhvc prckcdcnkc tl `plshthvc tcra hn klaplund qu`nthty7 elr tfc ncb`thvc tcras rc rct`hncd, nd cvcn prcecròmyput hn tfc ehrst pm`kc. Hn st`thnb tfc twl shdcs le n cqu`thln, tfc bcncr`m, tflubf nlt hnv`rhòmc,pr`kthkc hs, `t mc`st hn tfc ehrst hnst`nkc, tl rcpc`t cvcry tcra, wfhkf lkkurs hn tfc lnc shdc, lntfc ltfcr7 `nncxhnb nlubft elr tfc klceehkhcnt, he ` tcra le tf`t p`rthkum`r dcnlahn`thln octfcrc w`nthnb.

He rcecrcnkc oc a`dc tl tfc wrhthnbs le Dhlpf`ntus, `nd le tfc @ròh`n `mbcor`hsts, `ndtfchr c`rmy dhskhpmcs hn Curlpc, ht whmm oc elund, tf`t tfc nlt`thln, wfhkf f`s occn fcrc

dcskrhocd, hs csscnth`mmy dheecrcnt erla `mm tfchrs9 aukf `s tfcy v`ry. Dhlpf`ntus capmlys tfchnvcrtcd acdh`m lecmmchpshs,* dceckt lr w`nt (lpplscd tl fup`rxhs ,* suost`nkc lr òund`nkc) 35

tfc uninlwn, `rhtfals 9* rcprcscnthnb ht oy tfc ehn`m [ ,* wfhkf fc dluomcs elr tfc pmur`m9 wfhmctfc @ròh`n `mbcor`hsts `ppmy tfc cquhv`mcnt wlrd elr nuaocr tl tfc klnst`nt lr inlwn tcra9`nd tfc Fhndus , ln tfc ltfcr f`nd, rcecr tfc wlrd elr nuacrhk`m kf`r`ktcr tl tfc klceehkhcnt.Fc dcnltcs tfc aln`d, lr unht òslmutc, oy ³ º9 `nd tfc mhnc`r qu`nthty hs k`mmcd oy fha`rhtfals 9 `nd dcshbn`tcd, mhic tfc uninlwn, oy tfc ehn`mshba` . Fc a`ris tfc eurtfcr plwcrs oy hnhth`ms le wlrds shbnheyhnb tfca7v, x v c v, xx v & k. elrdynàhs , plwcr (ac`nhnbtfc squ`rc)9 kuols , kuoc9dynàl-dynàhs , ohqu`dr`tc, & k. Out fc rckilns tfc fhbfcr oy tfcsuas, nlt tfc prldukts, le tfc mlwcr. Tfus tfc shxtf plwcr hs whtf fha tfc kuol-kuols , wfhkftfc Fhndus dcshbn`tc `s tfc qu`dr`tckuoc, (kuoc le tfc squ`rc, lr squ`rc le tfc kuoc).

Tfc @ròh`n @mbcor`hsts `rc sthmm alrc sp`rhnb le syaolms, lr r`tfcr cnthrcmy dcsthtutc letfca. 32 Tfcy f`vc nlnc, wfctfcr `rohtr`ry lr òorcvh`tcd, chtfcr elr qu`nththcs inlwn lruninlwn, plshthvc lr ncb`thvc, lr elr tfc stcps `nd lpcr`thlns le `n `mbcor`hk prlkcss7 outcxprcss cvcry tfhnb oy wlrds, `nd pfr`scs, `t eumm mcnbtf. Tfchr Curlpc`n skflm`rs hntrldukcd` ecw `nd vcry ecw òorcvh`thlns le nàcs7 kl , kc, ku, elr tfc tfrcc ehrst plwcrs9 kl , q?, elr tfcehrst `nd scklnd uninlwn qu`nththcs9 p, a, elr pmus `nd ahnus9 `nd _* elr tfc nltc ler`dhk`mhty9 lkkur hn tfc ehrst prhntcd wlri wfhkf hs tf`t le Z`khlml.36 Mcln`rdl Oln`kkh le Zhs` ,tfc c`rmhcst skflm`r le tfc @ròh`ns,38 hs s`hd oy T`rbhlnh Tlzzctth tl f`vc uscd tfc sa`mm mcttcrsle tfc `mpfòct tl dcnltc qu`nththcs.5: Out Mcln`rdl lnmy dlcs sl ockùsc fc rcprcscnts




2;

qu`nththcs oy str`hbft mhncs, nd dcshbn`tcs tflsc mhncs oy mcttcrs, hn cmukhd`thln le fhs @mbcor`hkslmuthlns le prlomcas.50

Tfc @ròh`ns tcracd tfc uninlwn (`nd tfcy wrlubft out ln lnc) sf`h tfhnb. Ht hstr`nsm`tcd oy Mcln`rdl le Zhs` `nd fhs dhskhpmcs, oy tfc klrrcsplndcnt M`thn wlrdrcs `ndHt`mh`nkls` 9 wfcnkc _cblm` dc m` Kls` , `nd _umc leKlss , whtfKlsshic pr`kthkc `ndKlsshic

nuaocr le lur lmdcr ùtflrs,5?

elr @mbcor` lr [pckum`thvc pr`kthkc, `s Z`khlml5;

dcnlahn`tcstfc `n`mythk `rt9 `ndKlsshk nuaocr, hn wrhtcrs le ` slacwf`t m`tcr d`tc, elr tfc rllt le `ncqu`thln.

Tfc @ròs tcracd tfc squ`rc le tfc uninlwn aàm , plsscsshln lr wc`mtf9 tr`nsm`tcd oytfc M`thnkcnsus `nd tfc Ht`mh`nkcnsl 9 `s tcras le tfc sàc haplrt7 elr ht hs hn tfc `kkcpt`thlnle àlunt le prlpcrty lr cst`tc 54 tf`t kcnsus w`s fcrc uscd oy Mcln`rdl.

Tfc kuoc w`s oy tfc @ròs tcracd Kò , dhc lr kuoc9 nd tfcy klaohncd tfcsc tcras a`m `nd kò elr klaplund nàcs le tfc alrc cmcv`tcd plwcrs9 hn tfc a`nncr le Dhlpf`ntus oytfc suas le tfc plwcrs9 nd nlt mhic tfc Fhndus oy tfchr prldukts. [ukf hndccd, hs tfchr actfldhn tfc aldcrn cmcacnt`ry wlris7 out ht hs nlt kmc`r, tf`t tfc sàc aldc w`s loscrvcd oy tfchrc`rmhcr wrhtcrs9 elr tfchr Ht`mh`n skflm`rs dcnlahn`tcd tfc ohqu`dr`tc `nd fhbfcr plwcrs _cm`tlprhal, sckundl, tcrthl, & k.

Zlshthvc tfcy k`mm z`hd, ddhthln`m9 nd ncb`thvc,nìhs, dcehkhcnt7 nd, s ocelrc loscrvcd,tfcy f`vc nl dhskrhahn`thvc a`ris elr chtfcr le tfca.

Tfc lpcr`thln le rcstlrhnb ncb`thvc qu`nththcs, he ny tfcrc oc, tl tfc plshthvc elra, wfhkfhs n csscnth`m stcp whtf tfca, hs tcracd gcor, lr whtf tfc rthkmc @mgcor, tfc acndhnb lr rcstlr`-thln. Tf`t le klap`rhnb , tfc tcras nd tìhnb mhic erla mhic, wfhkf hs tfc ncxt a`tcrh`m stcp hntfc prlkcss le rcslmuthln, hs k`mmcd oy tfcaauiò`m`f klap`rhsln. Fcnkc tfc nàc le T`rhi`mgcor w` `mauiò`m` , ‖tfc actfld le rcstlr`thln `nd klap`rhsln‘, wfhkf lot`hncd àlnbtfc @ròs elr tfhs or`nkf le tfc @n`mythk `rt9 `nd fcnkc lur nàc le @mbcor`, erla Mcln`rdlle Zhs` ‘s cx`kt vcrshln le tfc @ròhk thtmc. Ehrhstìfr`gum a`gfum`t o` t`rái `mgcor w``mauiò`m`f ,53 Dc slmuthlnc qu`rundà quåsthlnua sckundua aldua @mbcor`c ct @maukfò`m`c .55

Tfc twl stcps lr lpcr`thlns, wfhkf f`vc tfus bhvcn nàc tl tfc actfld le `n`myshs, `rcprckhscmy wf`t hs cnglhncd whtflut dhsthnkthvc `ppcmm`thlns le tfca, hn tfc hntrldukthln le tfc`rhtfacthks le Dhlpf`ntus, wfcrc fc dhrckts, tf`t, he tfc qu`nththcs oc plshthvc ln oltf shdcs,mhic `rc tl oc tìcn erla mhic unthm lnc spckhcs oc cqu`m tl lnc spckhcs9 out, he ln chtfcr shdc lrln oltf, ny spckhcs oc ncb`thvc, tfc ncb`thvc spckhcs aust oc ddcd tl oltf shdcs, sl tf`t tfcy ocklac plshthvc ln oltf shdcs le tfc cqu`thln7 ètcr wfhkf mhic `rc `b`hn tl oc tìcn erla mhicunthm lnc spckhcs rca`hn ln c`kf shdc.52

Tfc Fhndu @mbcor`, nlt rcquhrhnb tfc tcras le tfc cqu`thln tl oc mm cxfhohtcd hn tfc elrale plshthvc qu`nthty, dlcs nlt dhrckt tfc prcmhahn`ry stcp lercstlrhnb ncb`thvc qu`nthty tl tfcèehra`thvc st`tc7 out prlkccds `t lnkc tl tfc lpcr`thln le cqu`m suotr`kthln (sà`sldf`n` )elr tfc dheecrcnkc le mhic tcras wfhkf hs tfc prlkcss dcnlahn`tcd oy tfc @ròh`n @mbcor`hstsklap`rhsln ( auiò`m`f ). Ln tf`t plhnt, tfcrcelrc, tfc @ròh`n @mbcor` f`s alrc èehnhty tltfc Brckh`n tf`n tl tfc Hndh`n `n`myshs.

@s tl tfc prlbrcss wfhkf tfc Fhndus f`d a`dc hn tfc `n`mythk `rt, ht whmm oc sccn, tf`t tfcyplsscsscd wcmm tfc `rhtfacthk le surd rllts956 tf`t tfcy wcrc `w`rc le tfc hnehnhtc qulthcntrcsumthnb erla tfc dhvhshln le ehnhtc qu`nthty oy khpfcr958 tf`t tfcy incw tfc bcncr`m rcslmuthlnle cqu`thlns le tfc scklnd dcbrcc9 `nd f`d tlukfcd upln tflsc le fhbfcr dcnlahn`thln9rcslmvhnb tfca hn tfc shapmcst k`scs, `nd hn tflsc hn wfhkf tfc slmuthln f`ppcns tl ocpr`kthkòmc oy tfc actfld wfhkf scrvcs elr qu`dr`thks92: tf`t tfcy f`d `tt`hncd ` bcncr`mslmuthln le hndctcrahn`tc prlomcas le tfc ehrst dcbrcc92m tf`t tfcy f`d `rrhvcd `t ` actfld elrdcrhvhnb ` aumthtudc le slmuthlns le `nswcrs tl prlomcas le tfc scklnd dcbrcc erla ` shnbmc`nswcr elund tcnt`thvcmy92? wfhkf hs `s nc`r `n `pprl`kf tl ` bcncr`m slmuthln le sukfprlomcas, `s w`s a`dc unthm tfc d`ys le M` Br`nbc, wfl ehrst dcalnstr`tcd tf`t tfc prlomca,

ln wfhkf tfc slmuthlns le `mm qucsthlns le tfhs n`turc dcpcnd, hs `mw`ys rcslmvòmc hn wflmc




24

nuaocrs. 2; Tfc Fhndus f`d mhicwhsc `ttcaptcd prlomcas le tfhs fhbfcr lrdcr oy tfc `ppmhk`-thln le tfc actfld wfhkf sueehkcs elr tflsc le tfc ehrst dcbrcc924 whtf hndccd vcry sk`ntysukkcss, `s ahbft oc cxpcktcd.

Tfcy nlt lnmy `ppmhcd `mbcor` oltf tl `strlnlay 23 `nd tl bclactry9 25 out klnvcrscmy`ppmhcd bclactry mhicwhsc tl tfc dcalnstr`thln le @mbcor`hk rumcs.22 Hn sflrt, tfcy kumthv`tcd

@mbcor` aukf alrc, `nd whtf brc`tcr sukkcss, tf`n bclactry9 `s hs cvhdcnt erla tfcklap`r`thvcmy mlw st`tc le tfchr inlwmcdbc hn tfc lnc,26 nd tfc fhbf phtkf le tfchr tt`hnacntshn tfc ltfcr7 `nd tfcy kumthv`tcd ht elr tfc sìc le `strlnlay, `s tfcy dhd tfhs kfhcemy elr`strlmlbhk`m purplscs. Tfc cxàpmcs hn tfcc`rmhcst `mbcor`hk trc`thsc cxt`nt (Or`facbupt ‘s)`rc alstmy strlnlahk`m7 nd fcrc tfc slmuthln le hndctcrahn`tc prlomcas hs slacthacs le rc`m`nd pr`kthk`m usc. Tfc hnst`nkcs hn tfc m`tcr trc`thsc le @mbcor` oy Of`sk`r` `rc alrc v`rhlus7a`ny le tfca bclactrhk9 out lnc `strlnlahk`m9 tfc rcst nuacr`m7 àlnb wfhkf ` brc`tnuaocr le hndctcrahn`tc9 `nd le tfcsc slac, tflubf nlt tfc brc`tcst p`rt, rcscaomhnb tfcqucsthlns wfhkf kfhcemy cnb`bc tfc `ttcnthln le Dhlpf`ntus. Out tfc bcncr`m kf`r`ktcr le tfcDhlpf`nthnc prlomcas `nd le tfc Fhndu unmhahtcd lncs hs oy nl ac`ns `mhic7 `nd scvcr`m hntfc stymc le Dhlpf`nthnc `rc nlthkcd oy Of`sk`r` hn fhs `rhtfacthk`m, hnstc`d le fhs `mbcor`hk,trc`thsc.28

Tl pursuc tfhs suaa`ry klap`rhsln eurtfcr, Dhlpf`ntus `ppc`rs tl f`vc occn`kqu`hntcd whtf tfc dhrckt rcslmuthln le èecktcd qu`dr`thk cqu`thlns9 out mcss eàhmh`r whtftfc a`n`bcacnt le tfca, fc scmdla tlukfcs ln ht. Kfhcemy oushcd whtf hndctcrahn`tc prlo-mcas le tfc ehrst dcbrcc, fc yct sccas tl f`vc plsscsscd nl bcncr`m rumc elr tfchr slmuthln. Fhscmcacnt`ry hnstrukthlns elr tfc prcp`r`thln le cqu`thlns rc sukkhnkt.6: Fhs nlt`thln, s ocelrcloscrvcd, sk`nty `nd hnklnvcnhcnt. Hn tfc wflmc skhcnkc, fc hs vcry e`r ocfhnd, tfc Fhndu wrhtcrs7 nlt whtfst`ndhnb tfc hnehnhtc hnbcnuhty, oy wfhkf fc aìcs up elr tfc w`nt le rumc7`nd `mtflubf prcscntcd tl us undcr tfc dhs`dv`nt`bc lr authm`thln9 he ht oc, hndccd, kcrt`hntf`t tfc tcxt le lnmy shx, lr `t alst scvcn, le tfhrtccn ollis wfhkf fhs hntrldukthln `nnlunkcs,f`s occn prcscrvcd. 60 Ht hs sueehkhcntmy kmc`r erla wf`t dlcs rca`hn, tf`t tfc mlst p`rt klumd nltf`vc cxfhohtcd ` aukf fhbfcr dcbrcc le `tt`hnacnt hn tfc `rt. Ht hs prcsuaòmc, tf`t sl aukf`s wc plsscss le fhs wlri, hs ` e`hr spckhacn le tfc prlbrcss wfhkf fc `nd tfc Brccis ocelrcfha (elr fc hs f`rdmy tl oc klnshdcrcd s tfc hnvcntlr, shnkc fc sccas tl trc`t tfc rt s `mrc`dyinlwn) f`d a`dc hn fhs thac.

Tfc plhnts, hn wfhkf tfc Fhndu @mbcor` `ppc`rs p`rthkum`rmy dhsthnbuhsfcd erla tfcBrcci, `rc, ocshdcs ` octtcr `nd alrc klaprcfcnshvc `mblrhtfa, —0st , Tfc a`n`bcacnt lecqu`thlns hnvlmvhnb alrc tf`n lnc uninlwn tcra. (Tfhs dds tl tfc twl km`sscs nlthkcd oy tfc @ròs, nàcmy shapmc `nd klaplund, twl, lr r`tfcr tfrcc, ltfcr km`sscs le cqu`thln) ?nd , Tfcrcslmuthln le cqu`thlns le fhbfcr lrdcr, hn wfhkf, he tfcy kfhcvcd mhttmc, tfcy f`d, t mc`st, tfcacrht le tfc `ttcapt, `nd `nthkhp`tcd ` aldcrn dhsklvcry hn tfc slmuthln le ohqu`dr`thks. ;rd ,Bcncr`m actflds elr tfc slmuthln le hndctcrahn`tc prlomcas le 0st `nd ?nd dcbrccs, hn wfhkftfcy wcnt e`r, hndccd, ocylnd Dhlpf`ntus, nd nthkhp`tcd dhsklvcrhcs le aldcrn @mbcor`hsts.4tf , @ppmhk`thln le @mbcor` tl `strlnlahk`m hnvcsthb`thln `nd bclactrhk`m dcalnstr`thln7 hn wfhkf `msl tfcy fht upln slac a`ttcrs wfhkf f`vc occn rchnvcntcd hn m`tcr thacs.

Tfhs orhnbs us tl tfc cxàhn`thln le slac le tfchr `nthkhp`thlns le aldcrn dhsklvcrhcs.Tfc rc`dcr‘s nlthkc whmm oc fcrc dr`wn tl tfrcc hnst`nkcs hn p`rthkum`r.

Tfc ehrst hs tfc dcalnstr`thln le tfc nltcd prlplshthln le Zytf`blr`s, klnkcrnhnb tfcsqu`rc le tfc o`sc le ` rckt`nbum`r trh`nbmc, cqu`m tl tfc squ`rcs le tfc twl mcbs klnt`hnhnb `rhbft`nbmc. Tfc dcalnstr`thln hs bhvcn twl w`ys hn Of`sk`r`‘s @mbcor`, ( Uhg`-b`nht` § 045).Tfc ehrst le tfca hs tfc sàc wfhkf hs dcmhvcrcd oy R`mmhs hn fhs trc`thsc ln `nbum`r sckthlns,(Kf.5.) `nd, `s e`r `s `ppc`rs, tfcn bhvcn elr tfc ehrst thac.6?

Ln tfc suogckt le dcalnstr`thlns, ht hs tl oc rca`ricd tf`t tfc Fhndu a`tfca`thkh`nsprlvcd prlplshthlns oltf `mbcor`hk`mmy, `nd bclactrhk`mmy7 `s hs p`rthkum`rmy nlthkcd oyOf`sk`r` fhascme, tlw`rds tfc kmlsc le fhs @mbcor`, wfcrc fc bhvcs oltf aldcs le prlle le `rca`riòmc actfld elr tfc slmuthln le hndctcrahn`tc prlomcas, wfhkf hnvlmvc e`ktua le twluninlwn qu`nththcs. Tfc rumc, wfhkf fc dcalnstr`tcs, hs le brc`t `nthquhty hn Fhndu @mbcor`7 ochnb elund hn tfc wlris le fhs prcdckcsslr Or`facbupt`, `nd ochnb tfcrc qult`thln erla `




23

alrc `nkhcnt trc`thsc9 elr ht hs hngudhkhlusmy kcnsurcd, `nd ` mcss s`thse`ktlry actfld oyunrcstrhktcd `rohtr`ry `ssuapthln bhvcn hn hts pm`kc. Of`sk`r` f`s rct`hncd oltf.

Tfc ncxt hnst`nkc, wfhkf whmm oc fcrc nlthkcd, hs tfc bcncr`m slmuthln le hndctcrahn`tcprlomcas le tfc ehrst dcbrcc. Ht w`s ehrst bhvcn alnb aldcrns oy O`kfct dc Aczhrh`k hn 05?4.6; F`vhnb sflwn flw tfc slmuthln le cqu`thlns le tfc elra `x-oy 1 k hs rcdukcd tl `x-oy 1 ° 0,

fc prlkccds tl rcslmvc tfhs cqu`thln7 `nd prcskrhocs tfc sàc lpcr`thln ln ` `nd o `s tl ehndtfc brc`tcst klaaln dhvhslr. Fc nàcs tfc rcshducs k, d, c, e , & k. `nd tfc m`st rca`hndcr hsnckcss`rhmy unhty7` `nd o ochnb prhac tl c`kf ltfcr. Oy rctr`khnb tfc stcps erla c ° 0 lr e ° 0(`kklrdhnb `s tfc nuaocr le rca`hndcrs hs cvcn lr ldd)

Tfc m`st nuaocrs Ü `nd whmm oc tfc sa`mmcst v`mucs le x `nd y. Ht hs loscrvcd, tf`t, he `nd o oc nlt prhac tl c`kf ltfcr, tfc cqu`thln k`nnlt suoshst hn wflmc nuaocrs unmcss k ocdhvhshomc oy tfc brc`tcst klaaln ac`surc le ` `nd o.

Fcrc wc f`vc prckhscmy tfc actfld le tfc Fhndu mbcor`hsts, wfl f`vc nlt e`hmcd, mhicwhsc,tl aìc tfc m`st khtcd loscrv`thln. [cc Or`fa . @mbcor`, sckthln 0 `nd Of`sk. Mhm. Kf.0?. Uhg .Kf.?. Ht hs sl prlahncnt hn tfc Hndh`n @mbcor` s tl bhvc nàc tl tfc lmdcst trc`thsc ln ht cxt`nt9`nd tl klnsthtutc dhsthnkt fc`d hn tfc cnuacr`thln le tfc dheecrcnt or`nkfcs le a`tfca`thk`minlwmcdbc hn ` p`ss`bc khtcd erla ` sthmm alrc `nkhcnt ùtflr. [cc Mhm . § ?46.

Klnehnhnb tfc klap`rhsln le Fhndu `nd aldcrn @mbcor`s tl klnsphkulus hnst`nkcs, tfcncxt elr nlthkc hs tf`t le tfc slmuthln le hndctcrahn`tc prlomcas le tfc ?nd dcbrcc7 elr wfhkf` bcncr`m actfld hs bhvcn oy Or`facbupt`, ocshdcs rumcs elr suolrdhn`tc k`scs7 `nd twlbcncr`m actflds (lnc le tfca tfc sàc whtf Or`fac bupt`‘s) ocshdcs spckh`m k`scs suoscrvhcntflwcvcr tl tfc unhvcrs`m slmuthln le prlomcas le tfhs n`turc9 `nd, tl lot`hn wflmc nuaocrs hn`mm khrkuast`nkcs, ` klaohn`thln le tfc actfld elr prlomcas le tfc ehrst dcbrcc whtf tf`t elrtflsc le tfc scklnd, capmlyhnb tfca `mtcrn`tcmy, lr, `s tfc Fhndu `mbcor`hst tcras ht,

prlkccdhnb hn ` khrkmc.Of`sk`r`‘s scklnd actfld ( Uhg . § 6:-60) elr ` slmuthln le tfc prlomca ln wfhkf `mmhndctcrahn`tc lncs le tfhs dcbrcc dcpcnd, hs cx`ktmy tfc sàc, wfhkf Mlrd Orlunkicr dcvhscdtl `nswcr ` qucsthln prlplscd oy w`y le kf`mmcnbc oy Ecra`t hn 0532. Tfc tfhnb rcquhrcd w`s` bcncr`m rumc elr ehndhnb tfc hnnuacròmc squ`rc nuaocrs, wfhkf aumthpmhcd oy ` prlplscd(nln- qu`dr`tc) nuaocr, `nd tfcn `ssuahnb `n unht, whmm aìc ` squ`rc. Mlrd Orlunkicr‘srumc, putthnbn elr `ny bhvcn nuaocr, r ? elr `ny squ`rc tìcn `t pmc`surc, `nd d elr dheecrcnkc

octwccn n `nd r ?(r ?~n ) w`s tfc squ`rc rcquhrcd. Hn tfc Fhndu rumc, ushnb tfc

sàc syaolms, hs tfc squ`rc rllt rcquhrcd. 64 Out nchtfcr Orlunkicr, nlr R`mmhs, wflfhascme klntrhvcd `nltfcr actfld, nlr Ecra`t, oy wfla tfc qucsthln w`s prlplscd, out wflsc aldc le slmuthln w`s ncvcr a`dc inlwn oy fha, (prloòmy ockùsc fc f`d nlt elund`nytfhnb octtcr tf`n R`mmhs nd Orlunkicr dhsklvcrcd)63 nlr Ercnhkmc, wfl trc`tcd tfc suogckt whtflut, flwcvcr, `ddhnb tl wf`t f`d occn dlnc oy R`mmhs `nd Orlunkicr,65 `ppc`r tl f`vc occn `w`rc le tfc haplrt`nkc le tfc prlomca `nd hts unhvcrs`m usc7 ` dhsklvcry, wfhkf, àlnbtfc aldcrns, w`s rcscrvcd elr Cumcr hn tfc ahddmc le tfc m`st kcntury. Tl fha, àlnb tfcaldcrns, wc lwc tfc rca`ri, wfhkf tfc Fhndus f`d a`dc alrc tf`n ` tflus`nd yc`rs ocelrc,62 tf`t tfc prlomca w`s rcquhshtc tl ehnd `mm tfc plsshomc slmuthlns le cqu`thlns le tfhsslrt. M` Br`nbc tìcs krcdht elr f`vhnb eurtfcr `dv`nkcd tfc prlbrcss le tfhs or`nkf le tfchndctcrahn`tc `n`myshs, sl m`tcmy `s 0252966 `nd fhs klapmctc slmuthln le cqu`thlns le tfc ?nddcbrcc `ppc`rcd nl c`rmhcr tf`n 0258.68

Ht f`s occn prctcndcd, tf`t tr`kcs le tfc `rt `rc tl oc dhsklvcrcd hn tfc wrhthnbs le tfcBrckh`n bclactcrs, `nd p`rthkum`rmy hn tfc ehvc ehrst prlplshthlns le Cukmhd‘s tfhrtccntf olli9 wfctfcr, s R`mmhs klngckturcs, wf`t wc tfcrc f`vc oc tfc wlri le Tfcln lr slac ltfcr `nkhcntskflmh`st, r`tfcr tf`n le Cukmhd fhascme7 @msl cxàpmcs le `n`mythk hnvcsthb`thln hn Z`ppus980

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`nd hndhk`thlns le actfld slacwf`t le ` mhic n`turc whtf mbcor`, lr `t mc`st tfc ceeckts le ht,hn tfc wlris le @rkfhacdcs `nd @plmmlnhus9 tflubf tfcy `rc supplscd tl f`vc vcry studhlusmyklnkc`mcd tfhs tfchr `rt le hnvcnthln.8?

Tfhs prlkccds ln tfc brlund le klnshdcrhnb @n`myshs `nd @mbcor`, `s hntcrkf`nbcòmctcras9 `nd `ppmyhnb tl @mbcor` Cukmhd‘s lr Tfcln‘s dcehnhthln le @n`myshs, ‖` tìhnb le tf`t `s

br`ntcd, wfhkf hsslubft9 `nd tfcnkc oy klnscqucnkcs `rrhvhnb `t wf`t hs klnecsscdmy truc.‘8;

Sndluotcdmy tfcy plsscsscd ` bclactrhk`m `n`myshs9 fhnts le tr`kcs le wfhkf cxhst hn tfc wrhthnbs le alrc tf`n lnc Brcci a`tfca`thkh`n, `nd cspckh`mmy hn tflsc le @rkfhacdcs. Outtfhs hs vcry dheecrcnt erla tfc @mbcor`hk K`mkumus. Tfc rcscaom`nkc cxtcnds, `t alst, tl tfcactfld le hnvcrshln9 wfhkf oltf Fhndus `nd @ròh`ns klnshdcr tl oc cnthrcmy dhsthnkt erlatfchr rcspckthvc @mbcor`s9 `nd wfhkf tfc elracr, tfcrcelrc, glhn whtf tfchr `rhtfacthk `ndacnsur`thln. 84

Hn ` vcry bcncr`m scnsc, tfc `n`mythk `rt, `s Fhndu wrhtcrs loscrvc, hs acrcmy s`b`khtycxcrkhscd9 nd hs hndcpcndcnt le syaolms, wfhkf dl nlt klnsthtutc tfc rt. Hn alrc rcstrhktcdscnsc, `kklrdhnb tl tfca, ht hs k`mkum`thln `ttcndcd whtf tfc a`nhecst`thln le hts prhnkhpmcs7`nd, `s tfcy eurtfcr hntha`tc ` actfld `hdcd oy dcvhkcs, àlnb wfhkf syaolms `nd mhtcr`mshbns `rc klnsphkulus.83 Dcehncd, `s `n`myshs oy `n hmmustrhlus aldcrn a`tfca`thkh`n,85 ‖àctfld le rcslmvhnb a `tfca`thk`m prlomcas oy rcdukhnb tfca tl cqu`thlns,‘ ht ssurcdmy hs nlttl oc elund hn tfc wlris le `ny Brckh`n wrhtcr cxt`nt, ocshdcs Dhlpf`ntus.

Hn fhs trc`thsc tfc rudhacnts le @mbcor` `rc kmc`rmy klnt`hncd. Fc dcmhvcrs hn ` sukkhnkta`nncr tfc @mblrhtfa le èehra`thvc `nd ncb`thvc qu`nththcs9 tc`kfcs tl elra `n cqu`thln9 tltr`nsplsc tfc ncb`thvc tcras9 nd tl orhnb lut ehn`m shapmc cqu`thln klaprhshnb shnbmc tcrale c`kf spckhcs inlwn `nd uninlwn.

@dahtthnb ln tfc brlund le tfc acnthln le ` a`tfca`thkh`n le fhs nàc, wflsc wlris wcrc klaacntcd oy Fyp`th` òlut tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc ehetf kcntury982 `nd ln tfc ùtflrhtyle tfc @ròhk `nn`ms le `n @racnh`n Kfrhsth`n986 wfhkf aìc fha klntcaplr`ry whtf Gumh`n9tf`t fc mhvcd tlw`rds tfc ahddmc le tfc elurtf kcntury le tfc Kfrhsth`n cr`9 lr, tl spcì whtfprckhshln, olut tfc yc`r ;5:9 88 tfc Brccis whmm ppc`r tl f`vc plsscsscd hn tfc elurtf kcntury

sl aukf le @mbcor`, `s hs tl oc ceecktcd oy dcxtcrlus `ppmhk`thln le tfc rcslmuthln le cqu`thlnsle tfc ehrst dcbrcc, `nd cvcn tfc scklnd, tl mhahtcd prlomcas9 `nd tl hndctcrahn`tc `msl, whtflut, flwcvcr, f`vhnb `tt`hncd ` bcncr`m slmuthln le prlomcas le tfhs m`ttcr km`ss.

Tfc @ròs `kquhrcd @mbcor` cxtcndhnb tl shapmc `nd klaplund (ac`nhnb qu`dr`thk)cqu`thlns9 out ht w`s klnehncd, sl e`r `s `ppc`rs, tl mhahtcd prlomcas le tflsc dcbrccs7 `ndtfcy plsscsscd ht sl c`rmy `s tfc kmlsc le tfc chbftf kcntury, lr klaacnkcacnt le tfc nhntf.Trc`thscs wcrc `t tf`t pcrhld wrhttcn hn tfc @ròhk m`nbu`bc ln tfc @mbcor`hk @n`myshs, oy twldhsthnbuhsfcd a`tfca`thkh`ns wfl emlurhsfcd undcr tfc @oo`sshdc @maàun7 `nd tfc alrc`nkhcnt le tfc twl, Aufàacd ocn Aus` @m Ifuw`rczah , hs rcklbnhscd àlnb tfc @ròh`ns`s tfc ehrst wfl a`dc @mbcor` inlwn tl tfca. Fc hs tfc sàc, wfl òrhdbcd, elr tfcbr`thehk`thln le @maàun, `n `strlnlahk`m wlri tìcn erla tfc Hndh`n systca hn tfcprckcdhnb `bc, undcr @ma`nsur. Fc eràcd tòmcs mhicwhsc, brlundcd ln tflsc le tfc Fhndus9 wfhkf fc prlecsscd tl klrrckt. @nd fc studhcd `nd klaaunhk`tcd tl fhs kluntryacn tfcHndh`n klapcndhlus actfld le klaput`thln9 tf`t hs, tfchr rhtfacthk, nd, s hs tl oc hnecrrcd,tfchr `n`mythk k`mkumus `msl.0::

Tfc Fhndus hn tfc ehetf kcntury, pcrf`ps c`rmhcr,0:0 wcrc hn plsscsshln le @mbcor`cxtcndhnb tl tfc bcncr`m slmuthln le oltf dctcrahn`tc `nd hndctcrahn`tc prlomcas le tfc 0st`nd ?nd dcbrccs7 `nd suoscqucntmy `dv`nkcd tl tfc spckh`m slmuthln le ohqu`dr`thks w`nthnbtfc scklnd tcra9 `nd le kuohks hn vcry rcstrhktcd `nd c`sy k`scs.

Zrhlrhty sccas tfcn dckhshvc hn e`vlur le oltf Brccis nd Fhndus b`hnst ny prctcnshlnsln tfc p`rt le tfc @ròh`ns, wfl hn e`kt, flwcvcr, prcecr nlnc, `s hnvcntlrs le @mbcor`. Tfcy wcrc `vlwcd olrrlwcrs hn skhcnkc7 `nd, oy tfchr lwn unv`rhcd `kinlwmcdbcacnt, erla tfcFhndus tfcy mc`rnt tfc skhcnkc le nuaocrs. Tf`t tfcy msl rckchvcd tfc Fhndu @mbcor`, hs aukf

alrc prloòmc, tf`n tf`t tfc sàc a`tfca`thkh`n wfl studhcd tfc Hndh`n `rhtfacthk `nd




22

tùbft ht tl fhs @ròh`n orctfrcn, sflumd f`vc fht upln @mbcor` un`hdcd oy `ny fhnt lrsubbcsthln le tfc Hndh`n `n`myshs.

Tfc @ròs ockàc `kqu`hntcd whtf tfc Hndh`n `strlnlay `nd nuacrhk`m skhcnkc, ocelrctfcy f`d `ny inlwmcdbc le tfc wrhthnbs le tfc Brckh`n `strlnlacrs `nd a`tfca`thkh`ns7 `ndht w`s nlt unthm ètcr alrc tf`n lnc kcntury, `nd nc`rmy twl, tf`t tfcy f`d tfc ocnceht le `n

hntcrprct`thln le Dhlpf`ntus, wfctfcr vcrshln lr p`r`pfr`sc, cxckutcd oy Aufàacd @oumwè` @m Ouzg`nh 9 wfl `ddcd, hn ` scp`r`tc elra, dcalnstr`thlns le tfc prlplshthlnsklnt`hncd hn Dhlpf`ntus9 `nd wfl w`s mhicwhsc ùtflr le Klaacnt`rhcs ln tfc @mbcor`hktrc`thscs le tfc Ifuw`rczahtc Aufàacd ocn Aus`, `nd le `nltfcr @mbcor`hst le mcss nltc`nd m`tcr d`tc, @oh X`fy`, wflsc mckturcs fc f`d pcrsln`mmy `ttcndcd.0:? @ny hnecrcnkc tl ocdr`wn erla tfchr inlwmcdbc `nd study le tfc @rhtfacthks le Dhlpf`ntus `nd tfchr sccahnb`dlpthln le fhs prcp`r`thln le cqu`thlns hn tfchr lwn @mbcor`, lr t mc`st tfc kmlsc rcscaom`nkcle oltf ln tfhs plhnt, hs le nl `v`hm `b`hnst tfc dhrckt cvhdcnkc, whtf wfhkf wc `rc eurnhsfcd oytfca, le prcvhlus hnstrukthln hn @mbcor` `nd tfc puomhk`thln le ` trc`thsc ln tfc `rt, oy `nùtflr klnvcrs`nt whtf tfc Hndh`n skhcnkc le klaput`thln hn `mm hts or`nkfcs.

Out tfc `bc le tfc c`rmhcst inlwn Fhndu wrhtcr ln @mbcor`, nlt ochnb whtf kcrt`hntyk`rrhcd tl ` pcrhld `ntcrhlr, lr cvcn quhtc cqu`m tl tf`t hn wfhkf Dhlpf`ntus hs ln prloòmcbrlunds pm`kcd, tfc rbuacnt le prhlrhty, sl e`r `s hnvcsthb`thln f`s yct prlkccdcd, hs hn e`vlurle Brckh`n hnvcnthln. Tfc Fhndus, flwcvcr, f`d kcrt`hnmy a`dc dhsthnbuhsfcd prlbrcss hn tfcskhcnkc, sl c`rmy `s tfc kcntury haacdh`tcmy elmmlwhnb tf`t hn wfhkf tfc Brckh`n tùbft tfcrudhacnts le ht. Tfc Fhndus f`d tfc ocnceht le ` blld `rhtfacthk`m nlt`thln7 tfc Brccis, tfcdhs`dv`nt`bc le ` o`d lnc. Nc`rmy `mmhcd `s `mbcor` hs tl `rhtfacthk, tfc hnvcnthln le tfc`mbcor`hk k`mkumus w`s alrc c`sy `nd n`tur`m wfcrc `rhtfacthk w`s ocst f`ndmcd. Nl sukfa`ricd hdcnthty le tfc Fhndu `nd Dhlpf`nthnc systcas hs loscrvcd, `s tl dcalnstr`tcklaaunhk`thln. Tfcy `rc sueehkhcntmy dhsthnkt tl gusthey tfc prcsuapthln, tf`t oltf ahbft ochnvcntcd hndcpcndcntmy le c`kf ltfcr.

He, flwcvcr, ht oc hnshstcd, tf`t fhnt lr subbcsthln, tfc sccd le tfchr inlwmcdbc, a`y f`vcrc`kfcd tfc Fhndu a`tfca`thkh`ns haacdh`tcmy erla tfc Brccis le @mcx`ndrh`, lr acdh`tcmytfrlubf tflsc le O`ktrh`, ht aust `t tfc sàc thac oc klnecsscd, tf`t ` smcndcr bcra brcw `nderukthehcd r`phdmy, `nd slln `tt`hncd `n `pprlvcd st`tc le a`turhty hn Hndh`n slhm.

Alrc whmm nlt oc fcrc klntcndcd elr7 shnkc ht hs nlt haplsshomc, tf`t tfc fhnt le tfc lnc`n`myshs a`y f`vc occn `ktu`mmy rckchvcd oy tfc a`tfca`thkh`ns le tfc ltfcr n`thln9 nlrunmhicmy, klnshdcrhnb tfc `rbuacnts wfhkf a`y oc orlubft elr ` prloòmc klaaunhk`thln lntfc suogckt le `strlmlby9 `nd `dvcrthnb tl tfc hntha`tc klnnckthln octwccn tfhs `nd tfc purca`tfca`thks, tfrlubf tfc acdhua le `strlnlay.

Tfc Fhndus f`d undluotcdmy a`dc slac prlbrcss `t `n c`rmy pcrhld hn tfc `strlnlaykumthv`tcd oy tfca elr tfc rcbum`thln le thac. Tfchr k`mcnd`r, oltf khvhm `nd rcmhbhlus, w`sblvcrncd kfhcemy, nlt cxkmushvcmy, oy tfc alln `nd sun7 `nd tfc althlns le tfcsc muahn`rhcs wcrc k`rceummy loscrvcd oy tfca7 nd whtf sukf sukkcss, tf`t tfchr dctcrahn thln le tfc alln‘ssynldhk`m rcvlmuthln, wfhkf w`s wf`t tfcy wcrc prhnkhp`mmy klnkcrncd whtf, hs ` aukf alrc

klrrckt lnc tf`n tfc Brccis cvcr `kfhcvcd. 0:; Tfcy f`d ` dhvhshln le tfc ckmhpthk hntl twcnty-scvcn nd twcnty-chbft p`rts, subbcstcd cvhdcntmy oy tfc alln‘s pcrhld hn d`ys9 nd sccahnbmytfchr lwn7 ht w`s kcrt`hnmy olrrlwcd oy tfc @ròh`ns.0:4 Ochnb mcd tl tfc loscrv`thln le tfcehxcd st`rs, tfcy lot`hncd ` inlwmcdbc le tfc plshthlns le tfc alst rca`riòmc9 `nd nlthkcd,elr rcmhbhlus purplscs, `nd erla supcrsththlus nlthlns, tfc fcmh`k`m rhshnb, whtf ltfcrpfcnlacn` le ecw. Tfc dlr`thln le tfc sun, le tfc pm`ncts, nd le tfc st`rs, hn klaaln whtftfc wlrsfhp le tfc cmcacnts, fcmd ` prhnkhp`m pm`kc hn tfchr rcmhbhlus loscrv`nkcs, cnglhncd oytfc Ucd`s 70:3 nd tfcy wcrc mcd klnscqucntmy oy phcty tl w`tkf tfc fc`vcnmy oldhcs. Tfcy wcrcp`rthkum`rmy klnvcrs`nt whtf tfc alst spmcndhd le tfc prha`ry pm`ncts9 tfc pcrhld le Guphtcr ochnb hntrldukcd oy tfca, hn klngunkthln whtf tflsc le tfc sun `nd alln, hntl tfc rcbum`thlnle tfchr k`mcnd`r, s`krcd `nd khvhm, hn tfc elra le tfc kcmcor`tcd kykmc le shxty yc`rs, klaalntl tfca `nd tl tfc Kf`mdc`ns, `nd sthmm rct`hncd oy tfca. Erla tf`t kykmc tfcy `dv`nkcd oyprlbrcsshvc st`bcs, `s tfc Kf`mdc`ns mhicwhsc dhd, tl m`rbcr pcrhlds9 `t ehrst oy klaohnhnb tf`t whtf ` nuaocr spckhehk`mmy subbcstcd oy ltfcr, lr alrc klrrcktmy dctcrahncd, rcvlmuthlns le




26

tfc fc`vcnmy oldhcs9 `nd ètcrw`rds, oy acrcmy ùbacnthnb tfc pm`kcs le ehburcs elr brc`tcrsklpc, (prcecrrhnb tfhs tl tfc alrc cx`kt actfld le klaohnhnb pcrhlds le tfc pm`ncts oy `n`mbcor`hk prlkcss9 wfhkf tfcy mhicwhsc hnvcsthb`tcd)0:5 unthm tfcy rrhvcd ehn`mmy t tfc unwhcmdykykmcs nàcd A`f`yub`s `nd K`mp`s. Out ht w`s elr tfc sìc le `strlmlby, tf`t tfcy pusfcdtfchr kumthv`thln le `strlnlay, cspckh`mmy tf`t le tfc ahnlr pm`ncts, tl tfc mcnbtf `mmudcd tl.Nlw dhvhn`thln, oy tfc rcm`thvc plshthln le tfc pm`ncts, sccas tl f`vc occn, hn p`rt `t mc`st, le` elrchbn brlwtf, `nd klap`r`thvcmy rckcnt hntrldukthln, àlnb tfc Fhndus. Tfc ocmhce hn tfchnemucnkc le tfc pm`ncts nd st`rs, upln fua`n ee`hrs, hs whtf tfca, hndccd, rcaltcmy nkhcnt9`nd w`s ` n`tur`m klnscqucnkc le tfchr krccd, wfhkf a`dc tfc sun ` dhvhnc ochnb, `nd tfcpm`ncts blds. Out tfc nlthln, tf`t tfc tcndcnky le tf`t supplscd hnemucnkc, lr tfc a`nncr hn wfhkf ht whmm oc cxcrtcd, a`y oc elrcsccn oy a`n, `nd tfc ceeckt tl oc prldukcd oy ht elrctlmd,tfrlubf ` inlwmcdbc le tfc plshthln le tfc pm`ncts `t ` p`rthkum`r alacnt, hs nl nckcss`ryrcsumt le tf`t krccd7 elr ht tìcs erla ochnbs ocmhcvcd dhvhnc, ercc-`bcnky hn ltfcr rcspckts, `shn tfchr vhshomc alvcacnts.

Rf`tcvcr a`y f`vc occn tfc pcrhld wfcn tfc nlthln ehrst lot`hncd, tf`t elrcinlwmcdbcle cvcnts ln c`rtf ahbft oc b`hncd oy loscrv`thlns le pm`ncts `nd st`rs, `nd oy `strlnlahk`mklaput`thln9 lr wfcrcvcr tf`t e`nky tlli hts rhsc9 kcrt`hn ht hs, tf`t tfc Fhndus f`vc rckchvcd

`nd wcmklacd klaaunhk`thlns erla ltfcr n`thlns ln tlphks le `strlmlby9 `nd `mtflubf tfcyf`d `strlmlbhk`m dhvhn`thlns le tfchr lwn `s c`rmy `s tfc d`ys le Z`r`s`r` `nd B`rb`, kcnturhcs ocelrc tfc Kfrhsth`n cr`, tfcrc `rc yct brlunds tl prcsuac tf`t klaaunhk`thlns suoscqucntmyp`sscd tl tfca ln tfc mhic suogckt, chtfcr erla tfc Brccis, lr erla tfc sàc klaaln slurkc(pcrf`ps tf`t le tfc Kf`mdc`ns) wfcnkc tfc Brccis dcrhvcd tfc brlsscr supcrsththlns cnbrètcdln tfchr lwn bcnuhnc `nd `nkhcnt `strlmlby, wfhkf w`s actclrlmlbhk`m.

Tfhs lphnhln hs nlt nlw subbcstcd elr tfc ehrst thac. Elracr lkk`shlns f`vc occn tìcn lehntha`thnb tfc sàc scnthacnt ln tfhs plhnt7 0:2 `nd ht f`s occn strcnbtfcncd oy eurtfcrklnshdcr`thln le tfc suogckt. @s tfc qucsthln hs kmlscmy klnncktcd whtf tfc tlphks le tfhsdhsscrt`thln, rc`slns elr tfhs lphnhln whmm oc st`tcd hn tfc suoglhncd nltc.0:6

Glhnhnb tfhs hndhk`thln tl tf`t le tfc dhvhshln le tfc zldh`k hntl twcmvc shbns, rcprcscntcd oy tfc sàc ehburcs le nha`ms, nd nàcd oy wlrds le tfc sàc haplrt whtf tfc zldh`k`m shbnsle tfc Brccis9 nd tìhnb hntl klnshdcr`thln tfc n`mlby, tflubf nlt hdcnthty, le tfc Ztlmca`hksystca, lr r`tfcr tf`t le Fhpp`rkfus, `nd tfc Hndh`n lnc le ckkcntrhk dcecrcnts `nd cphkykmcs, wfhkf hn oltf scrvc tl `kklunt elr tfc hrrcbum`rhthcs le tfc pm`ncts, lr `t mc`st tl klaputc tfca,nl dluot k`n oc cntcrt`hncd tf`t tfc Fhndus rckchvcd fhnts erla tfc `strlnlahk`m skfllms letfc Brccis.

Ht aust tfcn oc `dahttcd tl oc `t mc`st plsshomc, he nlt prloòmc, hn tfc òscnkc le dhrcktcvhdcnkc `nd plshthvc prlle, tf`t tfc hapcreckt `mbcor` le tfc Brccis, wfhkf f`d `dv`nkcd hntfchr f`nds nl eurtfcr tf`n tfc slmuthln le cqu`thlns, hnvlmvhnb lnc uninlwn tcra, `s ht hstùbft oy Dhlpf`ntus, w`s a`dc inlwn tl tfc Fhndus oy tfchr Brckh`n hnstruktlrs hnhaprlvcd `strlnlay. Out, oy tfc hnbcnuhty le tfc Fhndu skflm`rs, tfc fhnt w`s rcndcrcderuhteum, `nd tfc `mbcor`hk actfld w`s slln rhpcncd erla tf`t smcndcr ocbhnnhnb tl tfc

`dv`nkcd st`tc le ` wcmm `rr`nbcd skhcnkc, `s ht w`s tùbft oy @ry`-of`tt`, `nd `s ht hs elund hntrc`thscs klaphmcd oy Or`facbupt` `nd Of`sk`r`, oltf le wfhkf vcrshlns `rc fcrc prcscntcdtl tfc puomhk.

Nltc0.Blm`dfy`y` 9 lr mckturc ln tfc spfcrc. k.HH.§ 35. @s. _cs. vlm. 0?. p.?04.?. @s. _cs . Hohd. ;. Tflubf tfc a`ttcr oc hntrlduktlry, tfc prcmhahn`ry trc`thscs ln `rhtfacthk `nd `mbcor` a`y f`vc

occn `ddcd suoscqucntmy, `s hs fhntcd oy lnc le tfc klaacnt`tlrs le tfc `strlnlahk`m p`rt. ( U`rthk .)Tfc lrdcr tfcrc hntha`tcd pm`kcs tfca ètcr tfc klaput`thln le pm`ncts, out ocelrc tfc trc`thsc lnspfcrhks9 wfhkf klnt`hns tfc d`tc.

4. Nltc @. (Nltcs @ tl L rcecrrcd tl hn slac le tfc suoscqucnt elltnltcs `rc nlt rcprldukcd fcrc7 Cdhtlr )

3. Elr cxàpmc, oy [ury`d`s`, undcr Mhm`v`th , § 249 `nd sthmm alrc ercqucntmy oy _`nb`n`tf`.




28

5. Uhg`-B`nht` , § ?06.2. Hohd . § 0;0.6. Hohd. § 04?.8. Uhg`-B`nht` Kf.3. Nltc le [ury`d`s`. @mslUhg`-B`nht` § 0249 `nd Mhm . § ?45 `d ehnca.0:. Elr cxàpmc, undcr Mhm . Kf.00.

00. Nltc B.0?. Nltc O.0;. U`s`n`-of`sfy` oy Kf`turvcd` Zrhtfud`k` [wàh, sln le A`dfusud`n`, ln tfc Or`fa`-

shddf`nt` 9 (lr slacthacs Oràf`spfut`-shddf`nt` ).04. Tfcy letcn qultc erla tfc Or`fa`-shddf`nt` ètcr prcahshnb ` rcecrcnkc tl Or`facbupt`.03. Nltc K.05. Nltc D.02. @s. _cs. ?. ??3.06. Hohd . 8. ?4?.08. Nltc C.?:. @s. _cs . 5. 365.?0. [upr` .??. @s. _cs . 8. ;?8.?;. Hohd . 0?. p. ?03.?4. Nltc E.?3. B`ncs`, ` dhsthnbuhsfcd a`tfca`thkh`n `nd `strlnlacr.?5. [ur. ln Uhg`-b`nht` § 0?6.?2. Nltc B.?6. Nrhshnf` ln [ur . B`ncs` prce. tl Br`f. m`bf .?8. @s. _cs . ?. ?;3, ?4?, `nd ?449 `nd Nltc F.;:. Or`facbupt`, Kf.00. Tfc nàcs `rc @ud`y`k` erla Sd`y` rhshnb9 `nd @rdf`r`trhk` erla

@rdf`r`trh , ahdnhbft. Tfc tfhrd skfllm hs nlthkcd oy Of`ttltp`m` tfc skflmh`st le U`r`fàhfhr`, undcrtfc dcnlahn`thln le A`dfy`ndhn`s , `s `mmcbhnb tfc klaacnkcacnt le tfc `strlnlahk`m pcrhld `tnlln7 (erla A`dfy`ndhn` , ahd-d`y.)

;0. Tfc [`nskrht t , ht hs tl oc rcacaocrcd, hs tfc kf`r`ktcr le ` pckumh`r slund letcn ahstìcn elr r ,`nd wfhkf tfc @ròs wcrc mhicmy sl tl wrhtc, r`tfcr tf`n whtf `tc lr whtf ` tù . Tfc Fhndht hs bcncr`mmy wrhttcn oy tfc Cnbmhsf hn Hndh` whtf `nr . Cxàpmc7 Ocr (v`t`) , tfc Hndh`n ehb. vumb. O`nh`n trcc.

;?. [cc nltcs H, I, `nd N.;;. [ury`-d`s` ln Uhg`-B`nht` , Kf.3.;4. Nltc H.;3. (Nlt hndhk`tcd hn lrhbhn`m9 prloòmy `s hn ;47 Cdhtlr );5. [cc ocelrc `nd nltc E.;2. Nltc I.;6. [cc ocelrc `nd nltc C.

;8. Zlklkic‘s cdhthln `nd tr`nsm`thln, p.68.4:. Uhg`-b`nht` § 4.40. Tfc shbn le cqu`mhty w`s ehrst uscd oy _locrt _cklrdc, ockùsc, `s fc s`ys, nl twl tfhnbs k`n oc

alrc cqu`m tf`n ` p`hr le p`r`mmcms, lrbcalwc mhncs le lnc mcnbtf. Futtln .4?. Tfc shbns le rcm`thvc a`bnhtudc wcrc ehrst hntrldukcd hntl Curlpc`n `mbcor` oy F`rrhlt.4;. Uhg`-b`nht` § ?0.44. Mhm . § ;;.43. Uhg`-b`nht` `nd Or`fa . 06, p`ssha .45. Uhg`-b`nht` § 33.42. Uhg`-b`nht` § 02. Or`fa . k. 06, § ?.46. Uhg`-b`nht` Kf.5.

48. Uhg`-b`nht` § 000.3:. Uhg`-b`nht` § 045.




6:

30. Mhm . § ?5.3?. Uhg`-b`nht` § ?8.3;. Uhg`-b`nht` § 02.34. [tcvhnus hn mhic a`nncr hnkmudcd er`kthlns hn klceehkhcnts.33. Uhct` dhd sl mhicwhsc.

*Tr`nsmhtcr`tcd erla tfc lrhbhn`m Brcci mcttcrs7 Cdhtlr .35. @ wlrd le nc`rmy tfc sàc haplrt whtf tfc [`nskrht df`n` , wc`mtf, uscd oy Fhndu `mbcor`hsts elrtfc sàc shbnhehk`thln.

35`. Dce. 8. (_cecrcnkc nlt mcbhomc hn tcxt7 Cdhtlr )32. @s. _cs. 0?. 06;.36. Lr Z`khlmh, Z`khulml,—MH, & k. Elr tfc nàc hs v`rhlusmy wrhttcn oy Ht`mh`n ùtflrs.38. [cc Nltc M.5:. Uh`bbh , ?nd Cdht. vlm.?, p.5?.50. Klss`mh, Lrhbhnc dcmm‘@mbcor`, h. 5?. _locrt _cklrdc‘s Rfctstlnc le Rhttc. 5;. [cklndl nlh dctt` Zr`thk` [pckum`thv`. [uaa` 6.0.54. Kcnsus , quhkquhd elrtun`rua quhs fòct. [tcpf. Tfcs .53. Ifum`s`tumfhsò k. 6.K`mkutt` .55. Mhocr òo`kh , 8.03.;. A.[. hn A`bmhò. Mhor.52. Dce. 00.56. Or`fa . 06 § ?2-?8.Uhg`-b`nht` § ?8-3?58. Mhm § 43.Uhg`-b`nht` § 03-05 `nd § 0;3.2:. Uhg`-b`nht` § 0?8. `nd § 0;2—0;620. Or`fa . 06. § ;-06Uhg`-b`nht` 3;-2;. Mhm . § ?46—?53.2?. Or`fa . 06. § ?8-48.Uhg`-b`nht` § 23-88.2;. Aca. le @k`d. le Turhn7 `nd le Ocrmhn.24. Uhg`-b`nht` § ?:5 —?:2.23. Or`fa . 06. p`ssha. Uhg`-b`nht`. 25.Uhg`-b`nht` § 002—0?2. § 045-03?.22.Uhg`-b`nht` § ?0?—?04.26. Or`fa . 0?. § ?09 klrrcktcd flwcvcr hn Mhm . § 058—02:.28. Mhm . § 38—50, wfcrc ht `ppc`rs, flwcvcr, tf`t prckcdhnb wrhtcrs f`d trc`tcd tfc qucsthln

`mbcor`hk`mmy. [cc mhicwhsc § 0;8—045.6:. Dce. 00.60. Nltc A.6?. ([cc elmmlwhnb p`bc)6?. Fc dcshbn`tcs tfc shdcs K.D. O`sc O. [cbacnts x, . Tfcn

} `nd tfcrcelrc { Tfcrcelrc,Tfc Hndh`n dcalnstr`thln, whtf tfc sàc syaolms, hs

} Tfcrcelrc {

Tfcrcelrc6;. Zrlomèacs pm`hs`ns ct dèmcktòmcs quh sc elnt p`r mcs nlaorcs. ?nd Cdht. (05?4). M` Br`nbc‘s

`ddhthlns tl Cumcr‘s @mbcor`, hg. ;6?. (Cdh t. 06:2)64. Uhg`-b`nht` § 6:-60.

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60

63. R`mmhs, @mb. k. 86.65. Hohd .62. Of`sk`r` Uhg . § 02;, `nd § ?:2. [cc mhicwhsc Or`fa . @mb. [ck. 2.66. Aca. @k`d. dc Ocrmhn , vlm.?4.68. [cc Ercnkf tr`nsm`thln le Cumcr‘s @mbcor`, @ddhthlns, p.?65. @nd Mcbcndrc Tfclrhc dcs Nlaorcs

0. § 5. Nl.;5.8:. R`mmhs, @mbcor`, k. ?.80. Hohd . `nd Zrce`kc.8?. Hohd . `nd Nunèz @mbcor` 004.8;. R`mmhs, elmmlwhnb Uhct`‘s vcrshln, @mb. k. H. 84. Mhm . ;. 0. § 42. Ifum`s`t. Fhsò . k. 3.83.Uhg`-b`nht` § 00:, 024, ?03, ??4.85. D‘@mcaocrt. 82. [uhd`s, hn vlkc Fyp`th` .86. Brcblry @oume`r`g. Cx hhs cthà {ncapc pfhmlslpfhs quh prlpc tcaplr` Gumh`nh emlrucrunt}

Dhlpf`ntus, kugus mhocr, quca @mbcorà vlk`nt, kcmcorhs cst, hn quca sh haahscrht sc Mcktlr, lkc`nuaflk hn bcncrc rcpcrhct.— Zlklkic .

88. Gumh`n w`s capcrlr erla ;5: tl ;5;. [cc Nltc A.0::. Nltc N.0:0. [cc nltc H0:?. [cc nltc N.0:;. @s. _cs. ? `nd 0?.0:4. @s. _cs. 8, Css`y vh.0:3. @s. _cs. 6.0:5. Or`facbupt`, @mbcor`.0:2. @s. _cs. 0?.0:6. Nltc L.




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UHH

LZC_@THLN LEHNLKSM@THLN LE TFC[ A@MMZLV @[ZC_EL_ACD HNOCNB@MM

(Erla _l. Klumt tl Dr Lmhvcr Klumt hn ‖@n `kklunt le tfc dhsc`scs le Ocnb`mm‘ (K`mkutt`, d`tcd Ecoru`ry0:, 02;0).)

Fcrc elmmlws lnc `kklunt le tfc lpcr`thln le hnlkum`thln le tfc sa`mmplx `s pcrelracd fcrc hnOcnb`mm tìcn erla tfc klnkurrhnb `kklunts le scvcr`m Ofà`ns `nd pfyshkh`ns le tfhs p`rt leHndh`.

Tfc lpcr`thln le hnlkum`thln k`mmcd oy tfc n`thvcsthi`f f`s occn inlwn hn tfc ihnbdlale Ocnb`mm `s nc`r `s H k`n mc`rn, òlut 03: yc`rs `nd `kklrdhnb tl tfc Ofà`nh`n rcklrds w`sehrst pcrelracd oy lnc Dununt`ry, ` pfyshkh`n le Kfàp`n`bcr, ` sa`mm tlwn oy tfc shdc letfc B`nbcs òlut f`me w`y tl Klsshao`z`r wflsc acalry hs nlw flmdcn hn brc`t cstcca `s ochnb tflubft tfc ùtflr le tfhs lpcr`thln, wfhkf sckrct, s`y tfcy, fc f`d haacdh`tcmy le Bld

hn ` drcà.Tfchr actfld le pcrelrahnb tfhs lpcr`thln hs oy tìhnb ` mhttmc le tfc pus (wfcn tfcsa`mmplx `rc klac tl a`turhty `nd `rc le ` blld ihnd) `nd dhpphnb tfcsc hn tfc plhnt le `prctty m`rbc sf`rp nccdmc. Tfcrcwhtf aìc scvcr`mm punkturcs hn tfc flmmlw undcr tfc dcmtlhdauskmc lr slacthacs hn tfc elrcfc`d, ètcr wfhkf tfcy klvcr tfc p`rt whtf ` mhttmc p`stc a`dcle olhmcd rhkc.

Rfcn tfcy w`nt tfc lpcr`thln le tfc hnlkum`tcd a`ttcr tl oc quhki tfcy bhvc tfc p`thcnt` sa`mm olmus a`dc le ` mhttmc le tfc pus, `nd olhmcd rhkc haacdh`tcmy ètcr tfc lpcr`thln wfhkfhs rcpc`tcd tfc twl elmmlwhnb d`ys `t nlln.

Tfc pm`kc wfcrc tfc punkturcs wcrc a`dc klaalnmy ecsturcs `nd klacs tl ` sa`mmsupplr`thln, `nd he nlt tfc lpcr`thln f`s nl ceeckt `nd tfc pcrsln hs sthmm mhòmc tl f`vc tfc

sa`mmplx out ln tfc klntr`ry he tfc punkturcs dl supplr`tc `nd nl ec`vcr lr crupthln hnsucs,tfcn tfcy `rc nl mlnbcr suogckt tl tfc hneckthln.Tfc punkturcs om`kicn `nd dry up whtf tfc ltfcr pustumcs.Tfc ec`vcr hnsucs m`tcr lr sllncr, `kklrdhnb tl tfc `bc `nd strcnbtf le tfc pcrsln

hnlkum`tcd, out klaalnmy tfc tfhrd lr elurtf d`ys. Tfcy iccp tfc p`thcnt undcr tfc kllmcstrcbhacn tfcy k`n tfhni lee ocelrc tfc ec`vcr klacs ln `nd ercqucntmy usc klmd o`tfhnb.

He tfc crupthln hs supprcsscd tfcy `msl usc ercqucnt klmd o`tfhnb. @t tfc sàc thac tfcybhvc w`ra acdhkhnc hnw`rdmy, out he tfcy prlvc le tfc klnemucnt ihnd, tfcy usc nl klmd o`tfhnb, out (iccp) tfc p thcnt vcry kllmm `nd bhvc kllmmhnb acdhkhnc.

H k`nnlt s`y `ny tfhnb le tfc sukkcss le tfhs lpcr`thln lr le tfchr actfld le kurc hn tfhsdhsc`sc, out H hntcnd tl hnelra ayscme pcrecktmy wfcn tfc thac le tfhs dhstcapcr rcturns wfhkf

hs hn @prhm `nd A`y.




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UHH @ N @ KKLSNT LE TFCA @NNC_ LEHNLKSM@THNB EL_ TFC

[ A@MMZLV HN TFCC @[THNDHC[ (Oy G.W. Flmwcmm, E._.[. `ddrcsscd tl tfc Zrcshdcnt `nd Acaocrs le tfc Klmmcbc le Zfyshkh`ns

hn Mlndln. (@.D. 0252))

Ln pcrushnb m`tcmy slac tr`kts upln tfc suogckt le hnlkum`thln, H dctcrahncd tl put tlbctfcr ècw nltcs rcm`thvc tl tfc a`nncr le hnlkum`thln, pr`kthscd, thac lut le ahnd oytfc Oràhns le Hndlst`n 9 tl tfhs H w`s kfhcemy hnsthb`tcd, oy klnshdcrhnb tfc brc`t ocnceht tf`t a`y `rhsc tla`nihnd erla ` inlwmcdbc le tfhs elrchbn actfld, wfhkf sl rca`riòmy tcnds tl supplrt tfcpr`kthkc nlw bcncr`mmy elmmlwcd whtf sukf a`rvcmmlus sukkcss.

Oy Dr [kfumtz‘s `kklunt le hnlkum`thln, p`bc 53, nltc (8), ht sflumd scca , tf`t tfc wlrmdf`s occn `mrc`dy lomhbcd whtf ` pcrelra`nkc le tfc ihnd wfhkf H f`vc nlw undcrtìcn, oy `Dutkf ùtflr ` erhcnd le Ar Kf`hs9 out `s tfhs hs `mm H inlw le tf`t wlri, ht sf`mm nlt dhsklur`bcay prlkccdhnb whtf ay lwn, tfc alrc spckh`mmy `s tf`t pcrelra`nkc hs hn ` elrchbn m`nbu`bc,`nd a`y nlt aukf ocnceht ay kluntry.

@s a`ny yc`rs f`vc cm`pscd, shnkc ` tfcac le tfhs n`turc f`s capmlycd ay tflubfts `nd`ttcnthln9 H whmm flpc elr cvcry e`vluròmc hndumbcnkc erla tfc k`ndlr le tf`t mc`rncd `ndrcspcktòmc Oldy, tl wflsc gudbacnt H alst rc`dhmy suoaht tfc elmmlwhnb fhstlry `ndloscrv`thlns.

Ht f`s occn m`tcmy rca`ricd oy ` mc`rncd `nd gudhkhlus lrnàcnt le tfc Klmmcbc leZfyshkh`ns, ‖Tf`t tfc @rt le Acdhkhnc f`s, hn scvcr`m hnst`nkcs, occn brc`t my hndcotcd tl`kkhdcnt9 nd tf`t slac le hts alst v`muòmc haprlvcacnts f`vc occn rckchvcd erla tfc f`ndsle hbnlr`nkc `nd o`ro`rhsa9 ` trutf, rca`riòmy cxcapmhehcd hn tfc pr`kthkc le hnlkum`thln letfc sa`mm plx.‘ Flwcvcr gust hn bcncr`m tfhs mc`rncd bcntmca`n‘s rca`ri a`y oc, fc whmm `s tl

fhs p`rthkum`r rcecrcnkc , oc surprhscd tl ehnd, tf`t nc`rmy tfc sàc s`mut`ry actfld, nlw slf`pphmy pursucd hn Cnbm`nd, (flwslcvcr ht f`s occn sccahnbmy omundcrcd upln) f`s tfcs`nkthln le rcaltcst `nthquhty9 out hndccd whtf slac v`rh`thlns, tf`t whmm r`tfcr hmmustr`tc tfcprlprhcty le tfc prcscnt pr`kthkc, nd prlaltc tfc lovhlus vcry mùdòmc hntcnthln, whtf wfhkftf`t bcntmca`n puomhsfcd fhs m`tc css`y ln tfhs hntcrcsthnb suogckt.

Tfc bcncr`m st`tc le tfhs dhstcapcr hn tfc prlvhnkcs le Ocnb`mm (tl wfhkf tfcscloscrv`thlns `rc mhahtcd) hs sukf tf`t elr ehvc `nd slacthacs shx yc`rs tlbctfcr, ht p`sscs hn à`nncr unnlthkcd, erla tfc ecw tf`t `rc `tt`kicd whtf ht9 elr tfc klapmcxhln le ht hn tfcsc yc`rs hs bcncr`mmy sl ocnhbn `s tl kùsc vcry mhttmc `m`ra9 `nd nltwhtfst`ndhnb tfc aumthtudcstf`t `rc cvcry yc`r hnlkum`tcd hn tfc usu`m sc`sln, ht `dds nl a`mhbnhty tl tfc dhsc`sc tìcn hntfc n`tur`m w`y, nlr sprc`ds tfc hneckthln, s hs klaalnmy ha`bhncd hn Curlpc. Cvcry scvcntf yc`r, whtf sk`rkcmy `ny cxkcpthln, tfc sa`mmplx r`bcs cphdcahk`mmy hn tfcsc prlvhnkcs, durhnbtfc alntfs le A`rkf, @prhm `nd A`y9 `nd slacthacs unthm tfc `nnu`m rcturnhnb r`hns, òluttfc ahddmc le Gunc, put ` stlp tl hts eury. Ln tfcsc pcrhldhk`m rcturns (tl elur le wfhkf H f`vc occn ` whtncss) tfc dhsc`sc prlvcs unhvcrs`mmy le tfc alst a`mhbn`nt klnemucnt ihnd erla wfhkf ecw chtfcr le tfc n`thvcs lr Curlpc`ns csk`pcd, tf`t tlli tfc dhstcapcr hn tfc n`tur`m w`y, klaalnmy dyhnb ln tfc ehrst, scklnd, lr tfhrd d`y le tfc crupthln9 `nd yct, hnlkum`thln hntfc C`st, f`s n`tur`m ec`rs `nd supcrsththlus prcgudhkcs tl cnkluntcr, `s wcmm `s hn tfc Rcst.Tfc usu`m rcslurkc le tfc Curlpc`ns hs tl emy erla tfc scttmcacnts, `nd rcthrc hntl tfc kluntry ocelrc tfc rcturn le tfc sa`mmplx sc`sln.

Ht hs shnbum`rmy wlrtf rca`rihnb, tf`t tfcrc f`rdmy cvcr w`s `n hnst`nkc le ` n`thvc le tfcHsm`nd le [t. Fcmcn`, a`n lr wla`n, tf`t w`s schzcd whtf tfhs dhstcapcr hn tfc n`tur`m w`y(wfcn rcshdcnt hn Ocnb`mm) wfl csk`pcd whtf mhec9 `mtflubf ht hs ` inlwn e`kt tf`t tfc dhsc`scncvcr yct blt ellthnb upln tf`t Hsm`nd. Kmc`rmy tl `kklunt elr tfhs, hs nlt `n c`sy a`ttcr9 H whmm vcnturc, flwcvcr, ` ecw klngckturcs ln tfc lkk`shln. Tfcsc pclpmc r`rcmy ahbr`tc erla tfcHsm`nd ocelrc tfcy `rrhvc `t yc`rs le a`turhty9 tfc o`shs le tfchr dhct tfcrc, erla tfchr hne`nky,




63

hs ` rllt k`mmcdyà , le ` sir`nsfcc ihnd, ` tcra tfcy usc tl cxprcss hts `krhd, unwflmcslacqu`mhthcs, wfhkf ercqucntmy suogckts tfca tl cphdcahk `nd d`nbcrlus dyscntcrhcs `ndslacthacs cphdcahk putrhd slrc tfrl`ts. Tfc omlld tfus kf`rbcd, aust nckcss`rhmy klnsthtutc` alst unmukiy fòht le oldy tl klao`t whtf `ny `kutc hnemàa`tlry dhsc`sc wf`tslcvcr, outalrc cspckh`mmy le tfc ihnd undcr klnshdcr`thln (sl ercqucntmy `ttcndcd whtf ` fhbf dcbrcc leputrce`kthln) `mw`ys e`t`m tl tfcsc pclpmc, cvcn hn tflsc sc`slns wfcn tfc dhsc`sc hs ahmd `nde`vluròmc tl ltfcrs7 Out hndccd ht hs ` bcncr`m rca`ri, tf`t ` [t Fcmcnh`n r`rcmy csk`pcs wfcnschzcd whtf tfc sa`mmplx hn wf`tslcvcr p`rt le tfc Bmloc fc f`ppcns tl rcshdc. Tfc sàc f`s occn loscrvcd le tfc @erhk`n Kleerhcs, `mtflubf H inlw nlt wf`t kùsc tl `skrhoc ht tl, unmcss wc supplsc lnc shahm`r tl tf`t òlvc acnthlncd, tl wht, slac eundàcnt`m `bbr`v`thnbprhnkhpmc hn tfchr kfhce dhct. Oc tfhs `s ht a`y, tf`t tfcsc twl plrthlns le tfc fua`n spckhcsscca pckumh`rmy a`ricd `s vhkthas tl tfhs dhsc`sc, hs ` e`kt hndhsputòmc, mct tfc kùsc oc wf`tht whmm.

F`vhnb tfus e`r prcahscd tlukfhnb tfc bcncr`m st`tc le tfhs dhstcapcr hn tfc prlvhnkcs leOcnb`mm, (wfhkf H ocmhcvc hs nc`rmy `ppmhkòmc tl cvcry ltfcr p`rt le tfc Caphrc) H whmm lnmy `dd` ecw wlrds rcspckthnb tfc dur`thln le ht hn Hndlst`n, nd tfcn f`stcn tl tfc prhnkhp`m hntcnthlnle tfhs sflrt css`y.

Tfc mc`rncd Dlktlr Erhcnd hn fhs Fhstlry le Zfyshk erla tfc thac le B`mcn, f`s tfhsrca`riòmc p`ss`bc7 ‖Oy tfc c`rmhcst kklunt wc f`vc le tfc sa`mmplx, wc ehnd ht ehrst `ppc`rcdhn Cbypt hn tfc thac le La`r, sukkcsslr tl A`flact9 tflubf nl dluot, shnkc tfc Brccis incwnltfhnb le ht, tfc @ròh`ns orlubft ht erla tfchr lwn kluntry9 `nd ahbft dcrhvc ht lrhbhn`mmyerla slac le tfc alrc dhst`nt rcbhlns le tfc C`st.‘ Tfc s`b`khty le tfhs klnkmushln, m`tcr thacs`nd dhsklvcrhcs f`s eummy vcrhehcd, `t tfc pcrhld hn wfhkf tfc @ubftlrr`f Of`dc skrhpturcs letfc Bcntlls wcrc prlaumb`tcd, (`kklrdhnb tl tfc Oràhns tfrcc tflus`nd tfrcc fundrcd `ndshxty-shx yc`rs `bl) tfhs dhsc`sc aust tfcn f`vc occn le slac st`ndhnb, `s tflsc skrhpturcshnsthtutc elra le dhvhnc wlrsfhp, whtf Zllg`fs lr leecrhnbs, tl ` eca`mc dhvhnhty, stymcd oy tfcklaaln pclpmc Blltcc i` T`bllr`n (tfc blddcss le splts), wflsc `hd `nd p`trln`bc `rchnvlicd durhnb tfc klnthnu`nkc le tfc sa`mmplx sc`sln, `msl hn tfc ac`smcs, `nd cvcrykut`nclus crupthln tf`t hs hn tfc sa`mmcst dcbrcc cphdcahk`m. Duc wchbft ochnb bhvcn tl tfhskhrkuast`nkc, tfc mlnb dur`thln le tfc dhsc`sc hn Hndlst`n whmm a`nhecstmy ppc`r9 nd wc a`y`dd tl tfc s`b`khlus klngckturc gust qultcd, tf`t nlt lnmy tfc @ròh`ns, out tfc Cbypth`ns msl, oy tfchr c`rmy klaacrkc whtf Hndh` tfrlubf tfc _cd [c` `nd Bume le Alkf`, alst kcrt`hnmydcrhvcd lrhbhn`mmy tfc sa`mm plx (`nd prloòmy tfc ac`smcs mhicwhsc) erla tf`t kluntry, wfcrctflsc dhsc`scs f`vc rchbncd erla tfc c`rmhcst inlwn thacs.

Hnlkum`thln hs pcrelracd hn Hndlst`n oy ` p`rthkum`r trhoc le Oràhns, wfl `rc dcmcb`tcd`nnu`mmy elr tfhs scrvhkc erla tfc dheecrcnt Klmmcbcs le Ohndllound, Cmcò`s, Ocn`rcs, & k. lvcr`mm tfc dhst`nt prlvhnkcs9 dhvhdhnb tfcascmvcs hntl sa`mm p`rthcs, le tfrcc lr elur c`kf, tfcypm`n tfchr tr`vcmmhnb khrkuhts hn sukf whsc `s tl `rrhvc `t tfc pm`kcs le tfchr rcspckthvcdcsthn`thln slac wccis ocelrc tfc usu`m rcturn le tfc dhsc`sc9 tfcy `rrhvc klaalnmy hn tfcOcnb`mm prlvhnkcs c`rmy hn Ecoru`ry, mtflubf tfcy slac yc`rs dl nlt ocbhn tl hnlkum`tc ocelrcA`rkf, dcecrrhnb ht unthm tfcy klnshdcr tfc st`tc le tfc sc`sln, `nd `kquhrc hnelra`thln le tfcst`tc le tfc dhstcapcr.

Tfc yc`r hn Ocnb`mm k`n prlpcrmy oc dhvhdcd hntl tfrcc sc`slns lnmy, le elur alntfs c`kf9erla tfc ahddmc le Gunc tl tfc ahddmc le Lktlocr hs tfc r`hny sc`sln9 erla tfc ahddmc leLktlocr tl tfc ahddmc le Ecoru`ry hs tfc klmd sc`sln, wfhkf ncvcr rhscs tl dcbrcc le ercczhnb9tfc wflmc bmloc dlcs nlt yhcmd alrc dcshròmc lr dcmhbfteum kmha`tc tf`n Ocnb`mm durhnb tfcscelur alntfs, out tfc erccdla le mhvhnb, wfhkf tfc Curlpc`ns e`mm hntl `t tfhs sc`sln, slw tfcsccds le tflsc dhsc`scs wfhkf sprhnb up hn `mm tfc sukkccdhnb alntfs le tfc yc`r. Erla tfcahddmc le Ecoru`ry tl tfc ahddmc le Gunc hs tfc flt, whndy, dry sc`sln9 durhnb wfhkf nl r`hne`mms out wf`t klacs hn stlras le ehcrkc whnds `nd trcacndlus tfundcr `nd mhbftnhnb, k`mmcdNlrtf Rcstcrs, tfc qu`rtcr tfcy `mw`ys rhsc erla9 `nd tfc prlvhnkcs, p`rthkum`rmy Ocnb`mm, hsalrc lr mcss fc`mtfy, hn prlplrthln tl tfc nuaocr le tfcsc stlras9 wfcn hn tfhs sc`sln tfc `hr

hs ercqucntmy `bht`tcd `nd rcercsfcd whtf tfcsc Nlrtf Rcstcrs, `kklap`nhcd whtf r`hn, (elrtfcy rc letcn dry) `nd tfc hnfòht`nts dl nlt cxplsc tfcascmvcs tl tfc hntcnsc sun nd vhlmcnt




65

flt whnds tf`t omlw hn A`rkf, @prhm `nd A`y, ht hs bcncr`mmy elund tl oc tfc alst fc`mtfy letfc yc`r9 ltfcrwhsc (`s hn tfc yc`r 0244, wfcn wc f`d nl r`hn erla tfc twcnthctf le Lktlocr tltfc twcnthctf le Gunc) tfhs sc`sln prldukcs fhbf hnemàa`tlry dhslrdcrs le tfc mhvcr, orc`st,pmcur`, `nd hntcsthncs, whtf dyscntcrhcs, `nd ` dcpmlròmc spckhcs le tfc sa`mmplx.

Erla tfc ahddmc le Gumy (tfc scklnd alntf le tfc r`hny sc`sln) tfcrc hs mhttmc lr nl whnd,

` st`bn`thln le `hr elmmlws, `nd durhnb tfc rca`hndcr le tfhs alntf, `nd tfc alntfs le @ubust`nd [cptcaocr, tfc `talspfcrc hs ml`dcd whtf sueelk`thnb fc`t `nd alhsturc, tfc p`rcnts leputrce`kthln9 nd ncrvlus putrhd ecvcrs (`pprl`kfhnb slacthacs tl pcsthmcnth`m) tìc tfc mc`d,`nd a`ri tfc d`nbcrlus sc`sln9 erla tfcsc ecvcrs tfc n`thvcs ercqucntmy rcklvcr, out tfcCurlpc`ns scmdla, cspckh`mmy he tfcy hn tfc prckcdhnb A`y `nd Gunc hndumbcd tll erccmy hntflsc twl ocwhtkfhnb dcmhk`khcs, A`nblcs `nd A`nbl Ehsf, hndhskrhahn`tcmy whtf tfc ercc uscle emcsf `nd whnc9 elr tfcsc (`mm tlbctfcr) ml`d tfc wflmc fòht whtf hapurhthcs, `nd ncvcr e`hmle yhcmdhnb dc`tf ` pmcntheum f`rvcst, hn tfc tfrcc m`st alntfs le tfhs putrhd sc`sln7 He `ny `rcschzcd whtf tfc sa`mmplx hn tfcsc alntfs, ht hs cvcr le tfc alst a`mhbn`nt ihnd, `nd usu`mmye`t`m. Ht whmm nlt, H flpc, oc dccacd uscmcss dhbrcsshln, he H ocstlw ecw rca`ris ln tfc n`turcle tfhs Ocnb`mm ecvcr.

@ d`y lr twl ocelrc tfc schzurc, tfc p`thcnt ehnds fhs `ppcthtc e`mm lee, eccms `nun`kkluntòmc m`sshtudc, `nd e`hmurc hn tfc n`tur`m alhsturc le tfc alutf, hs mlw sphrhtcd whtflut `ny `pp`rcnt kùsc, `nd k`nnlt smccp `s usu`m9 out f`vhnb nl `kutc klapm`hnt wf`tslcvcr, nlr prctcrn`tur`m fc`t, tf`t sflumd hndhk`tc ecvcr, fc ttrhoutcs tfc wflmc tl tfcfc`t le tfc sc`sln, hs s`thsehcd whtf e`sthnb `nd klnehncacnt tl fhs flusc, lr blcs òrl`dàlnbst fhs erhcnds tl ‖sfìc ht lee‘, `s tfc klaaln pfr`sc hs9 out ln tfc tfhrd d`y, ehndhnbcvcry lnc le tfcsc syaptlas hnkrc`sc, fc ocbhns tl tfhni slactfhnb hs rc`mmy tfc a`ttcr whtffha, nd tfc pfyshkh`n hs k`mmcd hn7 tfus tfc lnmy pcrhld hs mlst wfcrchn rt ahbft oc le ny usc9elr hn tfc klursc le chbftccn yc`rs pr`kthkc H ncvcr incw `n hnst`nkc le rcklvcry erla tfhsbcnuhnc ecvcr, wfcrc tfc ehrst tfrcc d`ys f`d cm`pscd whtflut sshst`nkc nd tfc p`thcnt hn tfhsk`sc dhcd ln tfc ehetf lr scvcntf d`y. Hn slac, tfhs ecvcr hs `ttcndcd whtf ` eumm cqu`m,undhsturocd pumsc, out lovhlusmy brc`tmylpprcsscd 9 hn ltfcrs whtf ` mlw `nddcprcsscd lnc, out cqu`m `nd undhsturocd `msl, `nd yct oltf rcquhrcd tfc sàc trc`tacnt. Ncwklacrs hn tfcprlecsshln, f`vc occn letcn e`t`mmy ahsmcd oy tfc eumm pumsc, wfhkf tfcy tflubft hndhk`tcd tfcmlss le omlld9 tfcy elmmlwcd tfc subbcsthln, tfc pumsc suddcnmy ecmm, `nd wfcn tf`t f`ppcnserla tfhs kùsc, tfc `rt le a`n k`n ncvcr r`hsc ht `b`hn, tfc p`thcnt dhcs ln tfc ehetf lr scvcntfd`y9 `nd tfc klnscqucnkc w`s cx`ktmy tfc sàc, he n`turc, ochnb lvcrml`dcd, `ttcaptcd tl erccfcrscme le p`rt le tfc ourdcn oy ` n`tur`m f`calrrf`bc, lr oy tfc hntcsthncs, ln tfc scklnd lrtfhrd d`y, (wfhkf H f`vc letcn sccn) tfcy prlvcd cqu`mmy e`t`m `s tfc m`nkct. Snthm tfc kmlsc letfc shxtf d`y tfc sihn `nd urhnc prcscrvcd ` n`tur`m st`tc9 out he `t tfhs pcrhld le tfc ecvcr tfcsihn suddcnmy `kquhrcd `n hntcnsc fc`t, `nd tfc urhnc brcw krudc `nd mhaphd, ht w`s ` surcprcs`bc le dc`tf ln tfc scvcntf. Tfc n`tur`m krhshs le tfhs ecvcr, wfcn `tt`kicd hn tfc vcry ocbhnnhnb, `nd trc`tcd gudhkhlusmy, w`s rcbum`rmy ln tfc cmcvcntf d`y, `nd `ppc`rcd hn àumthtudc le sa`mm olhms, kfhcemy upln tfc fc`d lr hn sa`mm w`tcry om`ddcrs tfrlwn lut uplntfc sure`kc le tfc sihn, out hn tfc brc`tcst ound`nkc ln tfc orc`st, ncki, tfrl`t, nd elrcfc`d9 oltf le tfcsc krhthk`m `ppc`r`nkcs `rc klnst`ntmy prckcdcd, ln tfc tcntf d`y, oy ` klphlusscdhacnt `nd scp`r`thln hn tfc urhnc. He oy `ny hn`dvcrtcnt cxplsurc tl tfc klmd `hr, tfcsckrhthk`m crupthlns wcrc struki hn, tfc rcpcmmcd a`ttcr hnst`ntmy ecmm upln tfc or`hn, `ndklnvumshlns, `nd dc`tf elmmlwcd hn ` ecw flurs, `nd sa`mm purpmc splts rca`hncd hn tfc pm`kcsle tfc crupthlns. [ukf hs tfc bcnuhnc putrhd ncrvlus ecvcr le Ocnb`mm , wfhkf ncvcr b`vc w`yprlpcrmy tl `ny trc`tacnt out tf`t le omhstcrs `ppmhcd unhvcrs`mmy, supplrtcd oy tfc strlnbcst`mcxhpf`rahks9 slacthacs H f`vc sccn tfc krhshs (oy unsihmeum a`n`bcacnt) spun lut tl tfctwcnty-ehrst d`y, out ht f`s occn cvcr hapcreckt, `nd tfc p`thcnt hs f`r`sscd whtf hntcrahttcntslr dh`rrflc`s, `nd klaalnmy dhcs hn tfc ocbhnnhnb le tfc klmd sc`sln9 out he fc hs le ` strlnbklnsthtuthln, fc mhnbcrs ln, hn ` dyhnb w`y, unthm tfc alntf le Ecoru`ry, wfhkf usu`mmy bhvcsslac turn hn fhs e`vlur, out fhs fc`mtf hs f`rdmy cvcr rc-cstòmhsfcd ocelrc tfc s`mut`rya`nblsc`sln , wfhkf eruht, c`tcn whtfahmi, prlvcs `n ceecktu`m `nd ncvcr-e`hmhnb rcstlr`thvc. Out tlrcsuac lur suogckt.




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Tfc hnfòht`nts le Ocnb`mm, inlwhnb tfc usu`m thac wfcn tfc hnlkum`thnb Oràhns`nnu`mmy rcturn, loscrvc strhktmy tfc rcbhacn cnglhncd, wfctfcr tfcy dctcrahnc tl ochnlkum`tcd lr nlt9 tfhs prcp`r`thln klnshsts lnmy hn òst`hnhnb elr alntf erla ehsf, ahmi, ndbfcc (` ihnd le outtcr a`dc bcncr`mmy le ouee`ml‘s ahmi)9 tfc prlfhohthln le ehsf rcspckts lnmytfc n`thvc Zlrtubucsc `nd A`flacd`ns, wfl òlund hn cvcry prlvhnkc le tfc caphrc.

Rfcn tfc Oràhns ocbhn tl hnlkum`tc, tfcy p`ss erla flusc tl flusc `nd lpcr`tc `t tfcdllr, rceushnb tl hnlkum`tc `ny wfl f`vc nlt, ln ` strhkt skruthny, dumy loscrvcd tfcprcp`r`tlry klursc cnglhncd tfca. Ht hs nl unklaaln tfhnb elr tfca tl `si tfc p`rcnts flwa`ny plkis tfcy kfllsc tfchr kfhmdrcn sflumd f`vc7 U`nhty, wc sflumd tfhni, urbcd qucsthlnln ` a`ttcr sccahnbmy sl unkcrt`hn hn tfc hssuc9 out truc ht hs, tf`t tfcy f`rdmy cvcr cxkccd, lr`rc dcehkhcnt, hn tfc nuaocr rcquhrcd.

Tfcy hnlkum`tc hndheecrcntmy ln `ny p`rt, out he mcet tl tfchr kflhkc, tfcy prcecr tfc lutshdcle tfc `ra, ahdw`y octwccn tfc wrhst `nd tfc cmolw, elr tfc a`mcs9 `nd tfc sàc octwccn tfccmolw `nd tfc sflumdcr elr tfc eca`mcs. Zrcvhlus tl tfc lpcr`thln tfc Lpcr`tlr tìcs ` phckcle kmltf hn fhs f`nd, (wfhkf ocklacs fhs pcrquhshtc he tfc eàhmy hs lpumcnt) `nd whtf ht bhvcs `dry erhkthln upln tfc p`rt hntcndcd elr hnlkum`thln, elr tfc sp`kc le chbft lr tcn ahnutcs, tfcn whtf ` sa`mm hnstruacnt fc wlunds, oy a`ny smhbft tlukfcs, òlut tfc klap`ss le ` shmvcrbrl`t, 0 gust aìhnb tfc sa`mmcst `ppc`r`nkc le omlld, tfcn lpcnhnb ` mhncn dluomc r`b (wfhkffc mw`ys iccps hn kmltf rlund fhs w`hst) tìcs erla tfcnkc sa`mm pmcdbct le klttln kf`rbcd whtf tfc v`rhlmlus a`ttcr, wfhkf fc alhstcns whtf twl lr tfrcc drlps le tfc B`nbcs R`tcr, n`ppmhcs ht tl tfc wlund, ehxhnb ht ln whtf ` smhbft o`nd`bc, `nd lrdcrhnb ht tl rca`hn ln elr shxflurs whtflut ochnb alvcd, tfcn tfc o`nd`bc tl oc tìcn lee, `nd tfc pmcdbct tl rca`hn unthmht e`mms lee htscme9 slacthacs (out r`rcmy) fc squcczcs ` drlp erla tfc pmcdbct, upln tfc p`rt, ocelrc fc `ppmhcs ht9 erla tfc thac fc ocbhns tfc dry erhkthln, tl tyhnb tfc inlt le tfc o`nd`bc,fc ncvcr kc`scs rckhthnb slac plrthlns le tfc wlrsfhp `pplhntcd, oy tfc @ubftlrr`f Of`dc ,tl oc p`hd tl tfc eca`mc dhvhnhty ocelrc acnthlncd, nlr quhts tfc alst slmcan kluntcn`nkc `mmtfc wfhmc. Tfc klttln, wfhkf fc prcscrvcs hn dluomc k`mmhkl r`b, hs s`tur`tcd whtf a`ttcr erlatfc hnlkum`tcd pustumcs le tfc prckcdhnb yc`r, elr tfcy ncvcr hnlkum`tc whtf ercsf a`ttcr, nlr whtf a`ttcr erla tfc dhsc`sc kùbft hn tfc n`tur`m w`y, flwcvcr dhsthnkt `nd ahmd tfc spckhcs.Fc tfcn prlkccds tl bhvc hnstrukthlns elr tfc trc`tacnt le tfc p`thcnt tfrlubf tfc klursc letfc prlkcss, wfhkf `rc alst rcmhbhlusmy loscrvcd9 tfcsc `rc `s elmmlws7

Fc cxtcnds tfc prlfhohthln le ehsf, ahmi `nd bfcc, elr lnc alntf erla tfc d`y lehnlkum`thln9 c`rmy ln tfc alrnhnb sukkccdhnb tfc lpcr`thln, elur klmm`ns (`n c`rtfcn pltklnt`hnhnb òlut twl b`mmlns) le klmd w`tcr `rc lrdcrcd tl oc tfrlwn lvcr tfc p`thcnt, erlatfc fc`d dlwnw`rds, `nd tl oc rcpc`tcd cvcry alrnhnb `nd cvcnhnb unthm tfc ecvcr klacs ln,(wfhkf usu`mmy hs òlut tfc kmlsc le tfc shxtf d`y erla tfc hnlkum`thln) tfcn tl dcshst unthm tfc`ppc`r`nkc le tfc crupthlns, (wfhkf klaalnmy f`ppcns `t tfc kmlsc le tfc tfhrd klapmctc d`yerla tfc klaacnkcacnt le tfc ecvcr) `nd tfcn tl pursuc tfc klmd o`tfhnb `s ocelrc, tfrlubftfc klursc le tfc dhsc`sc, nd unthm tfc skòs le tfc pustumcs drlp lee. Tfcy rc lrdcrcd tl lpcn`mm tfc pustumcs whtf ` ehnc sf`rp plhntcd tflrn, `s slln `s tfcy ocbhn tl kf`nbc tfchr klmlur,`nd wfhmst tfc a`ttcr klnthnucs hn emuhd st`tc. Klnehncacnt tl tfc flusc hs oslmutcmy elrohd,`nd tfc hnlkum`tcd `rc lrdcrcd tl oc cxplscd tl cvcry `hr tf`t omlws9 `nd tfc utalsthndumbcnkc tfcy `rc `mmlwcd wfcn tfc ecvcr klacs ln, hs tl oc m`hd ln ` a`t `t tfc dllr9 out,hn e`kt, tfc crupthvc ecvcr hs bcncr`mmy sl hnklnshdcròmc `nd trhemhnb, `s vcry scmdla tl rcquhrctfhs hndumbcnkc. Tfchr rcbhacn hs lrdcrcd tl klnshst le `mm tfc rcerhbcr`thnb tfhnbs tfc kmha`tc`nd sc`sln prldukcs, `s pm`nt`hns, sub`r-k`ncs, w`tcr acmlns, rhkc, brucm a`dc le wfhtcplppy-sccds, `nd klmd w`tcr, lr tfhn rhkc brucm elr tfchr lrdhn`ry drhni. Tfcsc hnstrukthlns ochnb bhvcn, `nd n hngunkthln m`hd ln tfc p`thcnts tl aìc ` tf`nisbhvhnb Zllg`f , lr leecrhnb,tl tfc blddcss ln tfchr rcklvcry, tfc Lpcr`tlr tìcs fhs ecc, wfhkf erla tfc pllr hs ` pund leklwrhcs , cqu`m tl òlut ` pcnny stcrmhnb, `nd blcs ln tl `nltfcr dllr, dlwn lnc shdc le tfcstrcct `nd up ln tfc ltfcr, `nd hs tfus capmlycd erla alrnhnb unthm nhbft, hnlkum`thnbslacthacs chbft lr tcn hn ` flusc. Tfc rcbhacn tfcy lrdcr, wfcn tfcy `rc k`mmcd tl `ttcnd tfcdhsc`sc tìcn hn tfc n`tur`m w`y, hs unhelramy tfc sàc. Tfcrc usu`mmy ocbhns tl oc dhskf`rbcerla tfc sk`rhehk`thln ` d`y ocelrc tfc crupthln, wfhkf klnthnucs tfrlubf tfc dhsc`sc, `ndslacthacs ètcr tfc skòs le tfc plki e`mm lee, `nd ` ecw pustumcs bcncr`mmy `ppc`r rlund tfc




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cdbc le tfc wlund9 wfcn tfcsc twl khrkuast`nkcs `ppc`r lnmy, whtflut ` shnbmc crupthln ln`ny ltfcr p`rt le tfc oldy, tfc p`thcnt hs dccacd `s sckurc erla euturc hneckthln, `s he tfccrupthln f`d occn bcncr`m.

Rfcn tfc ocelrc rckhtcd trc`tacnt le tfc hnlkum`tcd hs strhktmy elmmlwcd, ht hs ncxt tl àhr`kmc tl fc`r, tf`t lnc hn ` ahmmhln e`hms le rckchvhnb tfc hneckthln, lr le lnc tf`t ahsk`rrhcs

undcr ht9 le tfc aumthtudcs H f`vc sccn hnlkum`tcd hn tf`t kluntry, tfc nuaocr le pustumcs f`vc occn scmdla mcss tf`n ehety, `nd f`rdmy cvcr cxkccdcd twl fundrcd. [hnkc, tfcrcelrc, tfhspr`kthkc le tfc C`st f`s occn elmmlwcd whtflut v`rh`thln, `nd whtf unhelra sukkcss erla tfcrcaltcst inlwn thacs, ht hs out gusthkc tl klnkmudc, ht aust f`vc occn lrhbhn`mmy elundcd lntfc o`shs le r`thln`m prhnkhpmcs `nd cxpcrhacnt.

@mtflubf H w`s vcry c`rmy prcgudhkcd hn prcecrcnkc le tfc kllm rcbhacn nd ercc dahsshlnle `hr, hn tfc trc`tacnt le tfhs dhsc`sc, yct, ln ay `rrhv`m hn Ocnb`mm, H tflubft tfc pr`kthkc letfc Oràhns k`rrhcd oltf tl ` olmd, r`sf, `nd d`nbcrlus cxtrcac9 out ` ecw yc`rs cxpcrhcnkcb`vc ac eumm klnvhkthln le tfc prlprhcty le tfchr actfld9 tfhs hnemucnkcd ay pr`kthkc, `nd tfcsukkcss w`s `dcqu`tc9 `nd H whmm vcnturc tl s`y, tf`t cvcry bcntmca`n hn tfc prlecsshln wfldhd nlt `dlpt tfc sàc aldc, (aìhnb ` nckcss`ry dhsthnkthln `nd `mmlw`nkc octwccn tfcklnsthtuthlns le tfc n`thvcs `nd Curlpc`ns) f`vc mlst a`ny ` p`thcnt, wfhkf ahbft ltfcrwhscf`vc occn s`vcd9 `s H klumd prlvc hn a`ny hnst`nkcs, wfcrc H f`vc occn k`mmcd hn tll m`tc tl ocle `ny `sshst`nkc. Out tl elra ` gudbacnt le tfc prlprhcty le tfhs c`stcrn pr`kthkc whtf alrcprckhshln, ht whmm oc ocst tl `n`mysc ht, erla tfc pcrhld le tfc cnglhncd prcp`r`thln, tl tfc cndle tfc prlkcss9 `s tfcrcoy `n lpplrtunhty prcscnts htscme le dhspm`yhnb tfc prhnkhpmcs ln wfhkftfc Oràhns `kt, `nd oy wfhkf tfcy gusthey tfchr shnbum`r actfld le pr`kthkc.

Ht f`s occn mrc`dy s`hd, tf`t tfc prcp`r`thvc klursc klnshsts lnmy hn ost`hnhnb erla ehsf,ahmi `nd bfcc9 rcspckthnb tfc ehrst, ht hs inlwn tl oc ` vhskhd `nd hnemàa`tlry dhct, tcndhnbtl elum `nd lostrukt tfc kut`nclus bm`nds `nd cxkrctlry dukts, `nd tl krc`tc hn tfc stla`kf`nd ehrst p`ss`bcs ` tlubf, smhay pfmcba, fhbfmy hngurhlus tl tfc fua`n klnsthtuthln9 `s tfcsc`rc tfc bcncr`mmy supplscd qu`mhthcs le tfhs dhct, ht sccas elrohddcn upln tfc gustcst brlunds.

Tlukfhnb ahmi, wfhkf hs tfc o`shs (ncxt tl rhkc) le `mm tfc n`thvcs elld, H klnecss H w`s

surprhscd tl ehnd ht lnc le tfc elrohddcn `rthkmcs, unthm H w`s a`dc `kqu`hntcd whtf tfchr rc`-slnhnb ln tfc suogckt. Tfcy s`y tf`t ahmi ocklacs fhbfmy nutrhthlus, nlt lnmy erla hts n`tur`mqu`mhthcs, out prhnkhp`mmy erla hts rc`dy `dahsshln hntl tfc omlld, `nd quhki `sshahm`thln whtfht9 `nd tf`t ht klnscqucntmy hs ` w`ra fc`thnb dhct, `nd aust f`vc ` rcaltc tcndcnky tlhnemàa`thln, wfcncvcr tfc omlld hs tfrlwn hntl `ny prctcrn`tur`m ecracnt, `nd tfcrcelrc,tf`t ahmi hs ` elld fhbfmy haprlpcr, `t ` sc`sln wfcn tfc prctcrn`tur`m ecracnt`thln tf`tprldukcs tfc sa`mmplx lubft tl oc ec`rcd, `nd bu`rdcd `b`hnst oy cvcry pcrsln wfl inlwsfhascme mhòmc tl tfc dhsc`sc, lr dctcrahncd tl prcp`rc fhascme elr rckchvhnb ht, chtfcr erlan`turc lr `rt. Spln tfhs prhnkhpmc `nd rc`slnhnb ht hs, tf`t tfchr wlacn, durhnb tfc klursc letfchr pcrhldhk`m vhsht`thlns, rc strhktmy elrohd, nd rcmhbhlusmy ost`hn erla, tfc usc le ahmi, mcstht sflumd, upln `ny `kkhdcnt`m klmd, dhsplsc tfc utcrus tl hnemàa`thln `nd umkcr`thln9 `nderla tfc sàc pprcfcnshln, tfc usc le ht hs s strhktmy prlfhohtcd durhnb tfc emlw le tfc mlkfh`,

`nd hs `vlhdcd `s sl aukf plhsln9 lur Curlpc`n wlacn, rcshdcnt hn Hndh`, f`vc `dlptcd tfcsàc prckùthln erla cxpcrhcnkc le tfc ceeckt, `nd whmm nlt, ln `ny klnshdcr`thln, `t tflscthacs, ahx tfc sa`mmcst qu`nthty whtf tfchr tc`, ` mcssln tfcy dcrhvc erla tfchr ahdwhvcs, wfl`rc `mm n`thvcs, `nd bcncr`mmy `rc hnstruktcd hn tfchr k`mmhnb oy tfc Oràhns, `nd ltfcrpr`kththlncrs hn pfyshk.

Klnkcrnhnb tfc tfhrd hntcrdhktcd `rthkmc, tfcy `mmcbc, tf`t undcrtf`t hs hapmhcd `prlfhohthln le mm e`t nd lhmy suost`nkcs, s tfchr qu`mhthcs rc nc`rmy shahm`r whtf tflsc le ehsf,`nd shahm`r hn tfchr ceeckts le elumhnb tfc ehrst p`ss`bcs hn fhbf dcbrcc olvc ny ltfcr hmacnttf`t hs tìcn hntl tfca9 tf`t tfcy slln `kquhrc `n `krhalny hn tfc klursc le dhbcsthln, `ndklnvcy tfc sàc hntl tfc omlld `nd guhkcs9 tfcsc prcahscs ochnb br`ntcd, wfhkf H tfhni k`nf`rdmy oc dcnhcd, tfcrc `ppc`rs sueehkhcnt kùsc elr prlfhohthnb tfc usc le tfc wflmc trhoc9 tfcalrc cspckh`mmy, `s bfcc `nd lhm `rc tfc csscnth`m hnbrcdhcnts uscd hn kllihnb tfchr vcbctòmcdhct.




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Tfus e`r tfc systca le pr`kthkc pursucd oy tfc Oràhns whmm, H ha`bhnc, `ppc`r r`thln`mcnlubf, `nd wcmm elundcd9 out tfcy f`vc ltfcr rc`slns elr p`rthkum`rmy prlfhohthnb tfc usc letfcsc tfrcc `rthkmcs, wfhkf tl slac a`y `ppc`r purcmy spckum`thvc, he nlt kfhacrhk`m. Tfcy m`yht dlwn `s ` prhnkhpmc, tf`t tfc haacdh`tc (lr hnst`nt) kùsc le tfc sa`mmplx cxhsts hn tfcalrt`m p`rt le cvcry fua`n `nd `nha`m elra9 ? tf`t tfc acdh`tc (lr scklnd) `kthnb kùsc, wfhkf sthrs up tfc ehrst , `nd tfrlws ht hntl ` st`tc le ecracnt`thln, hs aumthtudcs lehapcrkcpthomc `nha`mkum`c eml`thnb hn tfc `talspfcrc9 tf`t tfcsc `rc tfc kùsc le `mmcphdcahk`m dhsc`scs, out alrc p`rthkum`rmy le tfc sa`mm plx9 tf`t tfcy rcturn `t p`rthkum`rsc`slns hn brc`tcr lr mcsscr nuaocrs9 tf`t tfcsc oldhcs, hapcrkcpthomc s tfcy rc tl tfc fua`nlrb`ns le vhshln, haprhsln tfc alst a`mhbn`nt trhocs le tfc e`mmcn `nbcmhk sphrhts7 Tf`t tfcsc`nha`mkum`c tlukf nd dfcrc tl cvcry tfhnb, hn brc`tcr lr mcsscr prlplrthlns, kklrdhnb tl tfcn`turc le tfc sure`kcs wfhkf tfcy cnkluntcr9 tf`t tfcy p`ss nd rcp`ss hn nd lut le tfc oldhcsle `mm `nha`ms hn tfc `kt le rcsphr`thln, whtflut hngury tl tfcascmvcs, lr tfc oldhcs tfcy p`sstfrlubf9 tf`t sukf hs nlt tfc k`sc whtf tflsc tf`t `rc tìcn hn whtf tfc elld, wfhkf, oya`sthk`thln, `nd tfc dhbcsthvc e`kumthcs le tfc stla`kf `nd hntcsthncs, `rc krusfcd `nd`sshahm`tcd whtf tfc kfymc, `nd klnvcycd hntl tfc omlld, wfcrc, hn ` kcrt`hn thac, tfchra`mhbn`nt guhkcs cxkhtc ` ecracnt`thln pckumh`r tl tfchaacdh`tc (lr hnst`nt ) kùsc, wfhkfcnds hn `n crupthln ln tfc sihn. Tf`t tfcy `dfcrc alrc kmlscmy, `nd hn brc`tcr nuaocrs, tlbmuthnlus, e`t, `nd lhmy suost`nkcs, oy wfhkf tfcy `rc hn ` a`nncr tìcn prhslncrs9 tf`t ehsf,ahmi, `nd bfcc , f`vc tfcsc qu`mhthcs hn ` alrc cahncnt `nd d`nbcrlus dcbrcc, `nd `tt`kf tfc`nha`mkum`c, `nd klnvcy tfca hn brc`tcr qu`nththcs hntl tfc omlld, `nd elr tfcsc rc`slns,`ddcd tl tflsc ocelrc `sshbncd, tfcy `rc elrohd tl oc tìcn hn elld durhnb tfc prcp`r`thvcklursc. Tfcy `dd, tf`t tfc sa`mm plx hs alrc lr mcss cphdcahk`m, alrc ahmd lr a`mhbn`nt, hnprlplrthln s tfc hr hs kf`rbcd whtf tfcsc nha`mkum`c, nd tfc qu`nthty le tfca rckchvcd whtftfc elld. Tf`t tflubf wc `mm rckchvc, whtf lur `hmacnt, ` plrthln le tfca, yct ht hs nlt `mw`yssueehkhcnt hn qu`nthty tl r`hsc tfhs pckumh`r ecracnt, `nd yct a`y oc cqu`m tl sctthnb tfc sccdsle ltfcr dhsc`scs hn althln9 fcnkc tfc rc`sln wfy `ny cphdcahk`m dhslrdcr scmdla `ppc`rs`mlnc. Tf`t wfcn lnkc tfhs pckumh`r ecracnt, wfhkf prldukcs tfc sa`mmplx, hs r`hscd hn tfc omlld, tfc haacdh`tc (hnst`nt) kùsc le tfc dhsc`sc hs tlt`mmy cxpcmmcd hn tfc crupthlns, lr oy

ltfcr kf`nncms9 `nd fcnkc ht hs, tf`t tfc omlld hs nlt suskcpthomc le ` scklnd ecracnt`thln letfc sàc ihnd. Tf`t hnlkum`thnb elr tfhs dhsc`sc w`s lrhbhn`mmy fhntcd oy tfcdhvhnhty prcshdhnblvcr tfc haacdh`tc (hnst`nt) kùsc , tfc tflubft ochnb aukf òlvc tfc rc`kf le fua`n whsdla `nd elrcshbft. Tf`t tfc brc`t `nd lovhlus ocnceht `kkruhnb erla ht, klnshsts hn tfhs,tf`t tfc ecracnt`thln ochnb cxkhtcd oy tfc `kthln le ` sa`mm plrthln le a`ttcr (shahm`r tl tfchaacdh`tc kùsc) wfhkff`d mrc`dy p`sscd tfrlubf st`tc le ecracnt`thln, tfc ceeckts aust oc aldcr`tc `nd ocnhbn9 wfcrc`s tfc ecracnt`thln r`hscd oy tfc a`mhbn`nt guhkcs le tfc`nha`mkum`c rckchvcd hntl tfc omlld whtf tfc `hmacnt, bhvcs nckcss`rhmy `ddhthln`m elrkc `ndstrcnbtf tl tfc ehrst ceehkhcnt kùsc le tfc dhsc`sc.

Tf`t nlxhlus nha`mkum`c, eml`thnb hn tfc talspfcrc, rc tfc kùsc le mm pcsthmcnth`m, ndltfcr cphdcahk`m dhslrdcrs, hs dlktrhnc tfc Oràhns rc nlt shnbum`r hn9 flwcvcr, slac le tfcklnkmushlns dr`wn erla ht, `rc purcmy tfchr lwn. @ spckum`thvc bcnhus a`y àusc htscme oy`sshbnhnb tfhs lr tf`t ceehkhcnt kùsc, lr ehrst prhnkhpmc le tfhs dhsc`sc9 out tfc ocst klngckturc wfhkf tfc whsdla le a`n k`n eràc, whmm `ppc`r v`buc `nd unkcrt`hn9 nlr hs ht le aukfalacnt, hn tfc prcscnt k`sc, tl puzzmc tfc ha`bhn`thln, oy ` ahnutc cnquhry hntl tfc csscnkcle ` kùsc fhddcn erla us, wfcn tfc ceeckts `rc sl vhshomc, `nd kfhcemy k`mm elr lur rcb`rd7 out he wc aust `sshbn ` kùsc , wfy cvcry p`rt le tfc bmloc,`t p`rthkum`r sc`slns , hs alrc mhòmc tlpckumh`r a`mhbn`nt cphdcahk`m dhsc`scs, tf`n`t ltfcrs , (wfhkf cxpcrhcnkc a`nhecsts) H scc nllnc tf`t sl aukf wc`rs tfc klapmcxhln le prloòhmhty, `s tf`t le pcsthmcnt `nha`mkum`c, drhvcn oy st`tcd whnds, lr bcncr`tcd ln tfc splt oy w`tcr `nd `hr hn ` st`tc le st`bn`thln, (`ndklnscqucntmy hn ` st`tc le putrce`kthln e`vluròmc tl tfchr prlp`b`thln) `nd rckchvcd hntl tfcfòht whtf lur elld `nd rcsphr`thln. Rc yc`rmy scc, hn ` brc`tcr lr mcsscr dcbrcc, tfc o`nceumceeckts le tfcsc hnsckts hn omhbfts, `mtflubf `t tfchr ehrst schzurc le ` pm`nt tfcy `rc hnvhshomc,cvcn whtf tfc `sshst`nkc le tfc ocst bm`sscs9 `nd H flpc H sf`mm nlt oc tflubft tl rcehnc tllaukf ln tfc `rbuacnt, he H bhvc ht `s ay lphnhln, tf`t cphdcahk`m omhbfts, `nd cphdcahk`m




8:

dhsc`scs le lnc ihnd lr ltfcr, a`y oc loscrvcd tl bl letcn f`nd hn f`nd whtf c`kf ltfcr, erlatfc sàc hdcnthk`m kùsc. Out tl prlkccd hn lur `n`myshs.

Tfc aldc oy wfhkf tfc C`stcrn hnlkum`tlrs klnvcy tfc v`rhlmlus t`hnt hntl tfc omlld, f`snltfhnb unklaaln hn ht, unmcss wc cxkcpt tfc prckcdhnb erhkthln upln tfc p`rt hntcndcd elrhnlkum`thln, nd alhstcnhnb tfc s`tur`tcd pmcdbct, ocelrc tfc ppmhk`thln le ht9 elr tfhs pr`kthkc

tfcy `mmcbc tfc elmmlwhnb rc`slns9 tf`t oy erhkthln tfc khrkum`thln hn tfc sa`mm s`nbuhn`ry vcsscms hs `kkcmcr`tcd, `nd tfc a`ttcr ochnb dhmutcd oy ` sa`mm plrthln leB`nbcs R`tcr, hs,erla oltf kùscs, alrc rc`dhmy `nd c`bcrmy rckchvcd, `nd tfc lpcr`thln `t tfc sàc thacs`nkthehcd. Tfc erhkthln `nd dhmuthln le tfc a`ttcr, f`s kcrt`hnmy tfc s`nkthln le vcry blldklaaln scnsc9 `nd tfc B`nbcs R`tcr, H dluot nlt, a`y f`vc `s aukf ceehk`ky `s `ny ltfcrflmy w`tcr wf`tslcvcr. Tfhs m`st khrkuast`nkc, flwcvcr, iccps up tfc phcty `nd slmcanhty whtf wfhkf tfc lpcr`thln hs klnduktcd erla tfc ocbhnnhnb tl tfc cnd le ht9 ht tcnds `msl tl bhvcklnehdcnkc tl tfc p`thcnt, `nd sl e`r hs vcry mùdòmc. Tfc rc`slns tfcy `sshbn elr bhvhnb tfcprcecrcnkc tl a`ttcr le tfc prckcdhnb yc`r, `rc shnbum`r `nd gudhkhlus9 tfcy urbc, ht hs alrckcrt`hn hn hts ceeckts9 tf`t nckcsshty ehrst plhntcd lut tfc e`kt, (tfc v`rhlmlus a`ttcr slac yc`rsnlt ochnb prlkuròmc) `nd cxpcrhcnkc klnehracd ht7 tfcy `dd, tf`t wfcn tfc a`ttcr hsceecktu`mmy sckurcd erla tfc `hr, ht undcrblcs `t tfc rcturn le tfc sc`sln `nhapcrkcpthomc

ecracnt`thln , wfhkf bhvcs ercsf vhblur tl hts kthln. Ht hs nl unklaaln tfhnb tl hnlkum`tc whtfa`ttcr elur lr ehvc yc`rs lmd, out tfcy bcncr`mmy prcecr tf`t le ` yc`r lmd, klnkchvhnb tf`t tfcecracnt`thln wfhkf klnsthtutcs hts supcrhlrhty lvcr ercsf a`ttcr, hs yc`rmy mcsscncd, `ndklnscqucntmy tfc csscnth`m sphrht le `kthln wcìcncd, ètcr tfc ehrst yc`r.

Tfc ncxt `rthkmc le tfc C`stcrn pr`kthkc, wfhkf leecrs hn tfc klursc le lur dhskusshln, hstfchr smuhkhnb tfchr p`thcnts lvcr fc`d `nd c`rs, alrnhnb `nd cvcnhnb, whtf klmd w`tcr, unthmtfc ecvcr klacs ln9 hn wfhkf tfc hnlkum`thnb Oràhns `rc, ocylnd klntrlvcrsy, shnbum`r7 out ocelrc wc k`n pcnctr`tc tfc brlunds `nd rc`slns elr tfhs pr`kthkc, ht ocklacs nckcss`ry tl ocstlw ` ecw wlrds ln tfc usu`m a`nncr le klmd o`tfhnb hn tfc C`st, wfcn acdhk`mmy `ppmhcd, wfhkf hs shapmy tfhs9 tfc w`tcr hs tìcn up lvcr nhbft, hn tfrcc, elur, lr ehvc vcsscms, ocelrcdcskrhocd, (`kklrdhnb tl tfc strcnbtf le tfc p`thcnt) nd mcet hn tfc lpcn hr, tl rckchvc tfc dcwsle tfc nhbft, wfhkf bhvcs ht `n hntcnsc klmdncss9 tfcn hn tfc alrnhnb, ocelrc tfc sun rhscs, tfc w`tcr hs plurcd whtflut hntcrahsshln, oy twl scrv`nts, lvcr tfc oldy, erla tfc dhst`nkc le shxlr twcmvc hnkfcs olvc tfc fc`d. Tfhs aldc le klmd o`tfhnb f`s occn dlptcd erla tfc C`stcrnprlecsslrs le pfyshk, oy `mm tfc Curlpc`n pr`kththlncrs, `nd oy klnst`nt cxpcrhcnkc elundòund`ntmy alrc ceehk`khlus tf`n tf`t oy haacrshln, hn `mm k`scs wfcrc tf`t vcry k`pht`mrcacdy w`s hndhk`tcd9 nltwhtfst`ndhnb ht f`s occn cvcr tfc rckchvcd lphnhln, tf`t tfc sukkcssle klmd o`tfhnb, hs `s aukf, lr r`tfcr alrc, lwhnb tl tfc wchbft `nd prcssurc le tfckhrkuaàohcnt oldy le w`tcr, tf`n tfc sflki . Tfc rca`riòmc supcrhlr ceehk`ky le tfhs C`stcrnactfld le klmd o`tfhnb, k`n lnmy oc kkluntcd elr, erla tfc sflki ochnb hnehnhtcmy brc`tcr, ndle mlnbcr klnthnu`nkc, tf`n tf`t rckchvcd oy haacrshln9 wfhkf hs ` e`kt hndhsputòmc, `s whmm oc `kinlwmcdbcd oy cvcry lnc wfl blcs tfrlubf ` klursc le oltf actflds9 tfc scvcrhty le tfclnc ochnb nltfhnb klap`ròmc tl tfc ltfcr7 tfhs H `sscrt erla ay lwn pcrsln`m eccmhnbs9 `nd Hncvcr f`d ` p`thcnt tf`t dhd nlt `vcr tfc sàc, wfl f`d undcrblnc oltf trh`ms7 hndccd, tfcsflki le tfhs C`stcrn actfld hs sl brc`t, tf`t, hn a`ny k`scs, wfcn tfc suogckt w`s dccpmycxfùstcd `nd rcm`xcd, H elund ht òslmutcmy nckcss`ry tl ocbhn tfc klursc lnmy whtf `qu`rt le w`tcr.

He tfc inlwn ceeckts le klmd o`tfhnb `rc `ttcndcd tl, `nd hts slvcrchbn vhrtucs dumyklnshdcrcd, hn tfc vcry dheecrcnt khrkuast`nkcs le p`mshcs, rfcua`thsa, bcncr`m rcm`x`thln letfc slmhds, `nd p`rthkum`r rcm`x`thln le tfc stla`kf `nd hntcsthncs, wc sf`mm nlt oc mlnb `t `mlss tl `kklunt elr tfhs p`rt le tfc C`stcrn pr`kthkc hn tfc klursc le hnlkum`thln7 Tfcy `mmcbc hndcecnkc le ht, tf`t oy tfc suddcn sflki le tfc klmd w`tcr, `nd klnscqucnt hnkrc`scd althln letfc omlld, `mm leecnshvc prhnkhpmcs `rc elrkhomy drhvcn erla tfc fc`rt, or`hn, `nd ltfcr hntcrhlrp`rts le tfc oldy, tlw`rds tfc cxtrcahthcs `nd sure`kc, `nd `t tfc sàc thac tfc hntcndcdecracnt`thln hs tfcrcoy alrc spccdhmy `nd kcrt`hnmy prlaltcd9 (fcnkc ht prloòmy hs, tf`t tfcecvcr bcncr`mmy klaacnkcs sl c`rmy `s òlut tfc kmlsc le tfc shxtf d`y). Rfcn tfc ecvcr`ppc`rs, tfcy dcshst erla tfc usc le tfc klmd w`tcr, ockùsc wfcn tfc ecracnt`thln hs lnkc ocbun, tfc omlld sflumd nlt, tfcy s`y, rckchvc `ny `ddhthln`m klaalthln unthm tfc crupthln




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`ppc`rs, wfcn tfcy `b`hn rcsuac tfc klmd w`tcr, `nd klnthnuc ht tl tfc cnd le tfc dhsc`sc9`sscrthnb, tf`t tfc usc le ht `mlnc, oy tfc d`hmy ercsfhapctus ht bhvcs tl tfc omlld, cnòmcs htuttcrmy tl cxpcm `nd drhvc lut tfc rca`hndcr le tfchaacdh`tc kùsc le tfc dhsc`sc hntl tfcpustumcs. H f`vc occn ayscme `n cycwhtncss tl a`ny hnst`nkcs le hts a`rvcmlus ceeckt, wfcrctfc pustumcs f`vc suni, `nd tfc p`thcnt `ppc`rcd hn haahncnt d`nbcr, out `malst hnst`ntmyrcstlrcd oy tfc ppmhk`thln le tfrcc lr elur klmm`ns le klmd w`tcr, wfhkf ncvcr e`hms le ehmmhnb tfcplki, `s ht wcrc oy cnkf`ntacnt9 `nd sl brc`t hs tfc strcss m`hd oy tfc C`stcrn pr`kththlncrs lntfhs prcp`r`thvc (elr `s tfc tfrcc hntcrdhktcd `rthkmcs hn elld hs prcp`r`thvc tl tfc hnlkum`thln,sl tfhs a`y oc dccacd prcp`r`thvc tl tfc crupthln) tf`t wfcn tfcy rc k`mmcd hn, nd ehnd, uplncnquhry, tf`t khrkuast`nkc (`nd lpcnhnb tfc pustumcs) f`s nlt occn `ttcndcd tl, tfcy rceusc`ny eurtfcr `ttcnd`nkc.

Tfc ncxt `nd m`st `rthkmc le tfc C`stcrn pr`kthkc, wfhkf e`mms undcr lur klnshdcr`thln hstf`t gust òlvc acnthlncd, vhz. tfc lpcnhnb le tfc pustumcs wfhmst tfc a`ttcr klnthnucs hn èmuhd st`tc. Tf`t ` khrkuast`nkc sl haplrt`nt, sl scme-cvhdcntmy r`thln`m `nd csscnth`m, sflumdf`vc occn sl mlnb untflubft le, `ppc`rs alst wlndcreum! @nd he ay acalry e`hms ac nlt,Fcmvcthus hs tfc lnmy wrhtcr upln tfc suogckt le tfc sa`mmplx, tf`t fhntcd ht hn pr`kthkc ocelrcDlktlr Thsslt9 tfhs `kkur`tc `nd ocncvlmcnt pfyshkh`n f`s cnelrkcd ht whtf sukf strcnbtf le

gudbacnt `nd `rbuacnt, tf`t fc mc`vcs mhttmc rlla (cxkcpt e`kts) tl `dd tl fhs p`tfcthkpcrsu`shvc9 hn tfhs fc hs supplrtcd oy fhs mc`rncd `nd cmcb`nt klaacnt`tlr `nd tr`nsm`tlrDlktlr Ihrip`trhki, ( pp.??5 `nd ??2) `nd H à nlt whtflut flpcs ht whmm, klntr`ry tl DlktlrThsslt‘s cxpckt`thln, ‖ocklac ` bcncr`m pr`kthkc‘9 tfc alrc cspckh`mmy, wfcn ht hs elund tl f`vchnv`rhòmc sukkcss, `nd vcncròmc `nthquhty, elr hts s`nkthln.

[l brc`t hs tfc dcpcndcnkc wfhkf tfc C`stcrn pr`kththlncrs f`vc ln lpcnhnb tfc pustumcs,hn cvcry a`mhbn`nt ihnd le tfc dhsc`sc, tf`t wfcrc tfc emuhd st`tc le tfc a`ttcr f`s occnsueecrcd tl cm`psc whtflut ochnb cv`ku`tcd, tfcy prlnlunkc tfc hssuc e`t`m, `nd ht bcncr`mmyprlvcs sl9 tfcy lrdcr ht hn cvcry ihnd, cvcn tfc alst dhsthnkt9 elr `mtflubf hn tfcsc ht sflumdscca sk`rkcmy nckcss`ry, yct tfcy klnkchvc ht ceecktu`mmy prcvcnts hnemàa`thln `nd wcìncssle tfc cycs, ohmcs, `nd ltfcr crupthlns `nd dhslrdcrs, wfhkf sl klaalnmy sukkccd tfc dhsc`sc,flwcvcr ocnhbn9 hn vcry krhthk`m k`scs, tfcy whmm nlt trust tfc lpcr`thln le lpcnhnb tfc pustumcstl tfc nurscs lr rcm`thlns, out cnb`bc hn ht tfcascmvcs, whtf à`zhnb p`thcnkc `nd slmhkhtudc9`nd H f`vc ercqucntmy inlwn tfca tfus capmlycd elr a`ny flurs tlbctfcr9 `nd wfcn ht f`s occn zc`mlusmy pcrscvcrcd hn, H f`rdmy cvcr incw ht e`hm, le chtfcr cnthrcmy prcvcnthnb, tfcscklnd ecvcr , lr ahthb`thnb ht hn sukf slrt, `s tl rcndcr ht le nl klnscqucnkc9 hn v`rhlus hnst`nkcs, wfhkf H f`vc occn ` whtncss tl, hn ay lwn, `nd ltfcrs pr`kthkc, H f`vc sccn tfc pustumcs hn tfcklnthbulus ihnd, upln ochnb sukkcsshvcmy lpcncd, ehmm `b`hn tl tfc elurtf `nd ehetf, `nd hn tfcklnemucnt , tl tfc shxtf, scvcntf, nd chbftf thac9 hn tfc vcry dhsthnkt slrt tfcy whmm nlt ehmm b`hnalrc tf`n lnkc lr twhkc, nd slacthacs nlt t mm, wfhkf w`s ` pm`hn hndhk`thln, tf`t tfc wflmc vhrus le tfc dhsc`sc w`s cxpcmmcd hn tfc ehrst crupthln.

Tfc C`stcrn pr`kththlncrs, whtf brc`t aldcsty, `rr`hbn tfc Curlpc`n pr`kthkc lepfmcoltlay nd k`tf`rthks hn ny st`bc le tfc dhsc`sc, out alrc p`rthkum`rmy wfcn dcshbncd tlprcvcnt, lr ahthb`tc tfc scklnd ecvcr9 `mmcbhnb, tf`t tfc ehrst wcìcns tfc n`tur`m plwcrs, `ndtf`t tfc m`ttcr kluntcr`kts tfc rcbum`r klursc le n`turc , wfhkf hn tfhs dhsc`sc hnv`rhòmy tcndstl tfrlw lut tfc leecndhnb kùsc upln tfc sihn 9 tf`t sfc letcn prlvcs uncqu`m tl tfc cnthrccxpumshln le tfc cncay, hn wfhkf k`sc, fcr whsc purplscs rc tl oc sshstcd oy rt, hn tf`t tr`ki, wfhkf sfc fcrscme plhnts lut, `nd nlt oy ` dhvcrshln le tfc usu`m krhshs hntl `nltfcr kf`nncm9tf`t tfhs sshst`nkc k`n lnmy oc ttcaptcd whtf prlprhcty, oy captyhnb tfc pustumcs, s tfcrcoyercsf rlla hs bhvcn hn tfca elr tfc rckcpthln le tfc khrkum`thnb a`ttcr sthmm rca`hnhnb hn tfc omlld, `nd wfhkf klumd nlt oc klnt`hncd hn tfc ehrst crupthln9 oy wfhkf ac`ns cvcry cnd `ndpurplsc le `vcrthnb, lr suoduhnb tfc scklnd ecvcr hs lot`hncd, whtf ` alr`m kcrt`hnty9 wfhmstpfmcoltlay nd k`tf`rthks, dahnhstcrcd whtf tfhs vhcw, rc oltf hrr`thln`m nd prck`rhlus9 s ochnb lpplshtc tl tfc klnst`nt lpcr`thln le n`turc hn fcr a`n`bcacnt le tfhs drc`deum dhsc`sc.

Ht rca`hns lnmy tf`t H dd ` wlrd lr twl upln tfc C`stcrn a`nncr le lpcnhnb tfc pustumcs,

wfhkf (`s ocelrc acnthlncd) hs dhrcktcd tl oc dlnc whtf ` vcry ehnc sf`rp plhntcd tflrn7Cxpcrhcnkc f`s cstòmhsfcd tfc usc le tfhs n`tur`m hnstruacnt hn prcecrcnkc tl chtfcr tfc




8?

skhsslrs, m`nkct, lr nccdmc9 tfc pr`kththlncrs pcrelr`tc tfc alst prlahncnt p`rt le tfc pustumc,`nd whtf tfc shdcs le tfc tflrn prcss lut tfc pus9 `nd f`vhnb lpcncd òlut ` dlzcn, tfcyòslro tfc a`ttcr whtf ` k`mhkl r`b, dhppcd hn w`ra w`tcr `nd ahmi9 `nd prlkccd tfus unthmtfc wflmc `rc dhskf`rbcd9 tfc lrhehkc a`dc oy tfc tflrn hs sl cxtrcacmy sa`mm, tf`t ht kmlscshaacdh`tcmy ètcr tfc a`ttcr hs prcsscd lut, sl tf`t tfcrc hs nl `dahsshln le tfc cxtcrn`m `hrhntl tfc pustumc, wfhkf wlumd suddcnmy klntr`kt tfc alutfs le tfc cxkrctlry vcsscms, `ndklnscqucntmy tfc eurtfcr sckrcthln le tfc v`rhlmlus a`ttcr erla tfc omlld wlumd oc tfcrcoylostruktcd9 elr tfhs klnshdcr`thln, tfc actfld rcklaacndcd oy Dlktlr Thsslt, le kmhpphnb tfcpustumcs whtf sf`rp plhntcd skhsslrs, hs kcrt`hnmy mhòmc tl logckthln, `s tfc `pcrturc wlumd octll m`rbc9 wfcn hn tfc truc klnemucnt ihnd, nl dhsthnkt pustumcs prcscnt, tfcy pcrelr`tc tfc alstprlahncnt `nd prlahshnb p`rts, hn a`ny pm`kcs, `t tfc dhst`nkc le ` tcntf le `n hnkf, usu`mmy ocbhnnhnb `t tfc cxtrcahthcs9 `nd H f`vc letcn sccn tfc pustumcs hn tfcklnthbulus , `nd tfcpcrelr`tcd p`rts hn tfc klnemucnt ihnd, ehmm `b`hn ocelrc tfc lpcr`thln f`s occn f`me lvcr9 ycttfcy dl nlt rcpc`t tfc lpcnhnb unthm ` ecw flurs cm`psc, klnkchvhnb ht prlpcr tf`t tfc a`ttcrsflumd rckchvc slac dcbrcc le klnklkthln hn tfc pustumcs ocelrc ht hs `b`hn dhskf`rbcd.

He tfc elrcblhnb css`y ln tfc C`stcrn aldc le trc`thnb tfc sa`mmplx, tfrlws `ny ncw `nd ocncehkh`m mhbfts upln tfhs krucm `nd dcstrukthvc dhsc`sc, lr mc`ds tl supplrt `nd klnehra tfc

prcscnt sukkcsseum nd f`ppy actfld le hnlkum`thln, hn sukf whsc s tl hntrldukc, hntlrcbum`r`nd unhvcrs`m pr`kthkc, tfc kllm rcbhacn `nd ercc `dahsshln le `hr , (tfc klntr`ry f`vhnbprlvcd tfc o`nc le ahmmhlns) H sf`mm, hn chtfcr k`sc, tfhni tfc sa`mm thac `nd trluomc ocstlwcdhn putthnb tfcsc e`kts tlbctfcr alst àpmy rcklapcnscd.

Nltcs0. Tfc hnstruacnt tfcy aìc usc le, hs le hrln, òlut elur hnkfcs `nd ` f`me mlnb, `nd le tfc shzc le `

m`rbc krlw quhmm, tfc ahddmc hs twhstcd, `nd tfc lnc cnd hs stccmcd `nd em`ttcd òlut `n hnkf erla tfccxtrcahty, `nd tfc chbftf le `n hnkf orl`d9 tfhs cxtrcahty hs orlubft tl ` vcry iccn cdbc, `nd twl sf`rpklrncrs9 tfc ltfcr cnd le tfc hnstruacnt hs `n c`rphkicr, `nd tfc hnstruacnt hs prckhscmy tfc sàc `s tfcO`rocrs le Hndlst`n usc tl kut tfc n`hms, `nd dcpur`tc tfc c`rs le tfchr kustlacrs, (elr hn tf`t kluntry, wc `rc òlvc pcrelrahnb chtfcr le tfcsc lpcr`thlns lurscmvcs).

Tfc Lpcr`tlr le hnlkum`thln flmds tfc hnstruacnt `s wc flmd ` pcn, `nd whtf dcxtcrlus cxpcdhthlnbhvcs òlut ehetccn lr shxtccn ahnutc sk`rhehk`thlns (whtfhn tfc klap`ss òlvc acnthlncd) whtf lnc letfc sf`rp klrncrs le tfc hnstruacnt, `nd tl tfcsc v`rhlus mhttmc wlunds, H ocmhcvc a`y oc `skrhocd tfcdhskf`rbc wfhkf `malst klnst`ntmy emlws erla tfc p`rt hn tfc prlbrcss le tfc dhsc`sc. H k`nnlt fcmptfhnihnb tf`t tll aukf f`s occn s`hd (prl `nd kln) òlut nltfhnb, rcspckthnb tfc dheecrcnt actfldsprcecrrcd oy dheecrcnt pr`kththlncrs le pcrelrahnb tfc lpcr`thln9 prlvhdcd tfc a`ttcr hs tfrlwn hntl tfc omlld, ht hs kcrt`hnmy, ` klnshdcr`thln le alst trhvh`m haplrt oy wf`t ac`ns ht hs ceecktcd9 he `ny km`has `prcecrcnkc, H sflumd klnkmudc ht sflumd oc tf`t actfld wfhkf ohds e`hrcst elr sckurhnb ` pmcntheumdhskf`rbc erla tfc umkcr.

?. Hn `n cphdcahk sc`sln le tfc klnemucnt sa`mmplx, turicys, Kfhttyblnb elwms, A`dr`ss k`plns, `ndltfcr plumtry, `rc k`rrhcd lee oy tfc dhsc`sc hn brc`t nuaocrs9 `nd f`vc tfc syaptlas usu`mmy`kklap`nyhnb cvcry st`bc le tfc dhstcapcr. H f`d ` e`vlurhtc p`rrlt tf`t dhcd le ht hn tfc yc`r 02449 hnfha H f`d ` e`hr lpplrtunhty le loscrvhnb tfc rcbum`r prlbrcss le tfc dhslrdcr9 fc shkicncd, `nd f`d `n`rdcnt ecvcr eumm twl d`ys ocelrc tfc crupthln, `nd dhcd ln tfc scvcntf d`y le tfc crupthln9 ln lpcnhnbfha, wc elund fhs tfrl`t, stla`kf, `nd wflmc kf`nncm le tfc ehrst p`ss`bcs, mhncd `s tfhki whtf tfcpustumcs `s tfc sure`kc le fhs oldy, wfcrc, elr tfc alst p`rt, tfcy rlsc klnthbulus, out hn ltfcr pm`kcstfcy r`n tlbctfcr.




8;

HVTFC ACTFLD LE A @IHNB TFCOC[T AL_T@_ @TA @D_@[[ HN

C @[THNDH@ (Oy Fln‘omc Hs``k Zyic, Csq9 Blvcrnlr le [t. Fcmcn` (Zuomhsfcd 02;?).)

Tìc ehetccn ousfcms le ercsf, pht-s`nd, wcmm shetcd9 `dd tfcrctl ehetccn ousfcms le stlnc-mhac7Mct ht oc alhstcncd lr sm`ki‘d whtf w`tcr hn tfc klaaln a`nncr, nd sl m`hd twl lr tfrcc D`ystlbctfcr.

Tfcn dhsslmvc ?: mo le g`bbcry , wfhkf hs kl`rsc sub`r (lr tfhki alm`sscs) hn w`tcr, `ndsprhnimhnb tfhs mhqulr lvcr tfc alrt`r, oc`t ht up tlbctfcr thmm `mm oc wcmm ahxcd `ndhnklrplr`tcd, `nd tfcn mct ht mhc oy hn ` fc`p.

Tfcn olhm pcki lebràa (wfhkf hs slrt le br`hn mhic t`rc , lr octwccn tf`t nd pc` )tl ` gcmmy, `nd str`hn ht lee tfrlubf ` kl`rsc k`nv`ss, `nd prcscrvc tfc mhqulr tf`t klacs erlaht.

Tìc `msl ` pcki le ayròlm`ns , `nd olhm tfca mhicwhsc tl ` gcmmy, prcscrvhnb tf`t w`tcr`msl `s tfc ltfcr9 `nd he ylu f`vc ` vcsscm m`rbc cnlubf, ylu a`y put tfcsc tfrcc w`tcrstlbctfcr9 tf`t hs, tfc g`bbcry -w`tcr, tfc brà -w`tcr, nd tfc ayròlm`n . Tfc Hndh`ns usu`mmyput ` sa`mm qu`nthty le ehnc mhac tfcrchn, tl iccp tfchr mòlurcrs erla drhnihnb le ht.

Tfc alrt`r oc`t up, `nd wfcn tll dry, sprhnimcd whtf tfhs mhqulr, prlvcs cxtr`lrdhn`rhmyblld elr m`yhnb orhki lr stlnc tfcrcwhtf9 iccphnb slac le tfc mhqulr `mw`ys `t f`nd elr tfc wlria`n tl wct fhs orhkis tfcrcwhtf9 `nd he tfhs mhqulr prlvc tll tfhki, dhmutc ht whtf ercsf w`tcr.

Loscrvc `msl, tf`t tfc alrt`r fcrc hs nlt lnmy tl oc wcmm oc`tcn `nd ahxcd tlbctfcr, out`msl m`hd vcry wcmm, `nd cvcry orhki, lr phckc le orhki, smusfcd hn whtf tfc alrt`r, `nd cvcrykr`nny ehmmcd up, yct nlt hn tfhki glhnts, mhic tfc klaaln Cnbmhsf alrt`r9 `nd `msl lvcr cvcryklursc le orhkis, slac tl oc tfrlwn ln vcry tfhn7 @nd wfcrc tfc wlri f`tf stlld, tflubf outelr orcìe`st lr ` dhnhnb-thac, ocelrc ylu ocbhn b`hn wct ht wcmm whtf tfhs mhqulr whtf m`dmc,`nd tfcn m`y ln ylur ercsf alrt`r9 elr tfhs alrt`r, nltwhtfst`ndhnb hts ochnb tfus wcttcd, drhcsaukf sllncr tf`n lnc nlt uscd tl ht wlumd klnkchvc, out cspckh`mmy hn flt wc`tfcr.

Elr slac vcry strlnb wlri, tfc sàc alrt`r òlvc hs haprlvcd `s elmmlws7Tìc kl`rsc tlw `nd twhst ht mllscmy hntl o`nds `s tfhki `s ` a`n‘s ehnbcr (hn Cnbm`nd lx-

f`hr hs uscd hnstc`d le tfhs tlw) tfcn kut ht hntl phckcs le òlut `n hnkf mlnb `nd untwhst ht sl`s tl mhc mllsc9 tfcn strcw ht mhbftmy lvcr tfc ltfcr alrt`r wfhkf hs `t tfc sàc thac tl oc icptturnhnb lvcr, `nd sl tfhs stuee tl oc oc`t hntl ht, iccphnb mòlurcrs klnthnu`mmy oc`thnb hn `trlubf, `nd ahxhnb ht thmm ht oc wcmm hnklrplr`tcd whtf `mm tfc p`rts le tfc alrt`r. @nd wfcrc`sht whmm oc suogckt tl dry vcry e`st, ht aust oc ercqucntmy sletcncd whtf slac le tfc èlrcs`hd

mhqulr le g`bbcry, brà, nd ayròlm`ns , nd slac ercsf w`tcr9 nd wfcn ht hs sl alhstcncd,`nd oc`t, ht whmm ahx wcmm, `nd whtf tfhs tfcy ouhmd (tflubf ht oc nlt usu`m tl ouhmd klaalnflusc-w`mms tfus) wfcn tfc wlri hs hntcndcd tl oc vcry strlnb9 `s elr hnst`nkc, A`dr`ss Kfurkf [tccpmc, tf`t w`s ouhmdhnb wfcn H w`s m`st tfcrc9 `nd `msl elr slac lrnàcnts, `sklmuans, blld `rkfcd wlri, lr ha`bcry sct up hn b`rdcns, ht hs tfus a`dc.

Tflubf elr klaaln ouhmdhnbs òlut A`dr`ss, wfcrc tfc r`hny sc`sln flmds nlt òlvctfrcc alntfs hn tfc yc`r, `nd slacthacs mcss, tfcy usu`mmy m`y `mm tfc klaaln orhki-wlri hn `mlày km`y, `nd pm`stcr ht lvcr ln oltf shdcs whtf tfhs alrt`r, wfhkf hs yct eurtfcr tl ochaprlvcd. Tfus e`r elr ouhmdhnb-alrt`r.

F`vhnb ylur alrt`r tfus prcp`rcd, `s hs ocelrc dcskrhocd, ylu aust scp`r`tc slac le ht,`nd tl cvcry f`me ousfcm, ylu `rc tl tìc tfc wfhtc le ehvc lr shx cbbs, `nd elur lunkcs lebfcc (lr lrdhn`ry uns`mtcd outtcr) `nd ` phnt le outtcr-ahmi, oc`tcn `mm wcmm tlbctfcr7 Ahx ` mhttmc le ylur alrt`r whtf tfhs, unthm `mm ylurbfcc , wfhtcs le cbbs, `nd outtcr-ahmi oc slìcd up9 tfcnsletcn tfc rcst wcmm whtf pm`hn ercsf w`tcr, nd sl ahx mm tlbctfcr, nd mct ht oc brlund, trlwcm




84

eumm t thac, ln stlnc whtf stlnc-rlmmcr, hn tfc sàc a`nncr tf`t kflklm`tc hs usu`mmy a`dc,lr brlund hn Cnbm`nd 9 `nd mct ht st`nd oy hn ` trlubf elr usc. @nd wfcn ylu usc ht, hn k`sc ht octll dry, alhstcn ht whtf slac w`tcr, lr tfc ocelrc acnthlncd mhqulr. Tfhs hs tfc scklnd kl`t lepm`stcrhnb.

Nltc , wfcn ylur ehrst kl`t le pm`stcrhnb hs m`hd ln, mct ht oc wcmm ruoocd ln whtf f`rdcnhnb

trlwcm, lr whtf salltf orhki, nd strcwcd whtf brhtty s`nd, alhstcncd, s lkk`shln rcquhrcs, whtf w`tcr, lr tfc ocelrc acnthlncd mhqulr, `nd tfcn wcmm f`rdcncd ln b`hn9 wfhkf, wfcn f`medry, tìc tfc m`st acnthlncd klaplshthln elr ylur ehnc pm`stcrhnb, `nd wfcn ht hs `malst dry,m`y ln ylur wfhtcnhnb v`rnhsf9 out he ylur wlri sflumd oc quhtc dry, tfcn ylurkfhnà mhqulraust oc w`sfcd lvcr tfc wlri whtf ` orusf.

Tfc ocst slrt le wfhtcnhnb v`rnhsf hs tfus a`dc. Tìc lnc b`mmln letlddy , phnt le outtcr-ahmi, `nd sl aukf ehnc kfhnà , lr mhac, `s sf`mm oc prlpcr tl klmlur ht9 `dd tfcrcuntl slac letfc kfhnà mhqulr ocelrc acnthlncd, w`sf ht bcntmy lvcr tfcrcwhtf9 `nd wfcn ht hs quhtc drhcdhn, dl tfc sàc b`hn. @nd pm`stcr tfus a`dc hs alrc duròmc tf`n slac slet stlnc, nd flmdstfc wc`tfcr octtcr hn Hndh , tf`n `ny le tfc orhkis tfcy aìc tfcrc.

Hn slac le tfc ehnc Kfhnà tf`t hs tl cndurc tfc wc`tfcr, `nd wfcrc ht hs mhicmy tl ocsuogckt tl aukf r`hn, tfcy put bhnbcrmy lhm(Lmcua [csàh .) hnstc`d lebfcc , `nd `msl hn slactfcy olhm tfc o`ri le tfc a`nbl trcc, `nd ltfcr o`ris le `strhnbcnt n`turcs, `nd `mlcs , wfhkfbrlw fcrc hn brc`t pmcnty oy tfc sc`-sflrc9 out tl `mm le tfc ehnckfhnà , tf`t hs elr lutshdcpm`stcrhnb, tfcy put outtcr-ahmi, wfhkf hs fcrc k`mmcdtlyrc . @nd elr hnshdc wlri tfcy usc bmuca`dc vcry tfhn `nd wcì, hnstc`d le shzc, elr wfhtc-w`sfhnb9 `nd slacthacs tfcy `dd ` mhttmcbua tl ht.

N.O. Rfcrc`s sundry hnbrcdhcnts fcrc acnthlncd `rc nlt tl oc f`d hn Cnbm`nd , ht a`ynlt oc àhss tl suosthtutc slactfhnb alrc pmcntheum fcrc, wfhkf H ha`bhnc tl oc le tfc sàcn`turc.

@s tl `mm tfc `strhnbcnt o`ris, H tìc lìcn-o`ri tl oc `s blld `s `ny.Hnstc`d le`mlcs , chtfcr turpcnthnc , lr tfc o`ri `nd or`nkfcs le tfc smlc trcc. Tflubf

turpcnthnc oc nlt sl strlnb, yct he uscd hn brc`tcr qu`nthty, a`y scrvc tfc sàc purplsc.Out tfcrc hs ` slrt le @mlcs Fcp`thk` , letcn vcry kfc`p. Hnstc`d leayròlm`ns slac guhkc

le `mlcs ( [mlcs. )9 `msl hnstc`d le g`bbcry, kl`rsc sub`r, lr alm`sscs , whmm dl9 hnstc`d letlddy , wfhkf hs ` slrt le p`ma whnc, tfc mhqulr erla tfcohrkf trcc klacs nc`r tl ht.

Nltc , tf`t hn Kfhn` , `nd slac ltfcr p`rts, tfcy tcapcr tfchr alrt`r whtf omlld le `nyslrts le k`ttmc9 out tfc hnbrcdhcnts ocelrc acnthlncd `rc s`hd tl oc `s ohndhnb, `nd dl eumm `s wcmm, `nd dlcs nlt aìc tfc alrt`r le sl d`ri ` klmlur `s omlld whmm dl.

Tfc pm`stcrhnb òlvc dcskrhocd, hs tflubft hn Hndh v`stmy tl cxkccd `ny slrt lestukkl wlri, lr pm`stcr le Z`rhs 9 nd H f`vc sccn rlla dlnc whtf tfhs slrt le tcrr`ss-alrt`r tf`t f`seummy klac up tl tfc ocst slrt le w`hnsklt-wlri, hn salltfncss `nd hn ocùty.








82

VHS [C[ LE TFC [ LN @NDA @NSE@KTS_HNB LEF HNDL[T@NZ @ZC_

(Oy Mt Klm Hrlnshdc Ypuomhsfcd 0224Q.)

Tfhs usceum pm`nt,0 H ocmhcvc, hs kumthv`tcd mm lvcr Fhndlst`n. Tfc sccds rc slwn hn Gumy, ocelrctfc r`hns ocbhn9 tfcy sflumd oc slwn nc`r tl lnc `nltfcr, tl aìc tfc stca rhsc fhbfcr, alrccrckt, whtf ecwcr or`nkfcs, `nd tl hnkrc`sc tfc prldukc. Ht emlwcrs hn Lktlocr, `nd hs tìcn uphn Dckcaocr.

Tfc om`ki m`dhcs usc tfc sccds, rcdukcd tl plwdcr nd ahxcd whtf lhm, elr tfchr f`hr, upln` supplshthln, tf`t tfhs klaplshthln whmm aìc tfchr f`hr brlw tl brc`t mcnbtf, wfhkf tfcy rc vcry elnd le.

Erla tfc o`ri `rc a`dc `mm ihnds le rlpc, p`kihnb kmltfs, ncts, & k. `nd erla tfcsc, wfcnlmd, alst le tfc p`pcr, hn tfhs kluntry, hs prcp`rcd9 elr tfcsc purplscs, tfc ercsf pm`nt hsstccpcd elur d`ys hn w`tcr, ètcrw`rds drhcd, `nd trc`tcd `s tfc k`nnòhs elr fcap, tl wfhkf

ht hs sl shahm`r wfcn prcp`rcd, tf`t Curlpc`ns bcncr`mmy supplsc ht tl oc tfc prldukc le tfcsàc pm`nt. @s tfc suost`nkcs, prldukhnb kmltfs, rlpcs, `nd p`pcr, `rc ecw hn prcscnt usc, tfhs pm`nt

a`y pcrf`ps oc kumthv`tcd whtf dv`nt`bc, hn slac le tfc Orhthsf Rcst Hndh` [cttmcacnts, ndhn ltfcr kluntrhcs dcsthtutc le fcap `nd em`x. Ht hs nlt haprloòmc, tf`t ht a`y oc r`hscd hn tfc w`racr kmha`tcs le Curlpc, `s ht rhpcns fcrc hn whntcr. H k`nnlt s`y, wf`t slhms ht a`y rceusc9 wfcrc H f`vc sccn ht, hn tfc brc`tcst pmcnty `nd pcreckthln, f`s bcncr`mmy occn upln `n c`rtfklaplscd le km`y, k`mk`rclus brht, `nd s`nd.

Tfcrc `rc ltfcr vcbctòmc suost`nkcs uscd fcrc elr tfc purplsc le rlpc aìhnb9 lnc letfca hs ` spckhcs le tfc fhohskus, ` dcskrhpthln le wfhkf H prlplsc elr tfc suogckt le `nltfcrp`pcr7 H k`n sk`rkc dluot, out tf`t ht hs lnmy elr w`nt le cxpcrhacnts, wc f`vc nlt ` brc`tcrnuaocr le vcbctòmcs rcndcrcd usceum hn tfhs a`nncr. Tfc km`ss Aln`dcmpfh` , le Mhnn`cus,prlahscs e`hr elr trh`ms le tfhs ihnd.




86

TFC FHNDL[T@N ACTFLD LE A@NSE@KTS_HNB Z@ZC_

Tfc a`nue`kturcr purkf`scs lmd rlpcs, kmltfs, `nd ncts, a`dc erla tfc sln pm`nt, `nd kutstfca hntl sa`mm phckcs, a`kcr`tcs tfca hn w`tcr, elr ` ecw d`ys, bcncr`mmy ehvc, w`sfcs tfcahn tfc rhvcr hn ` o`sict, `nd tfrlws tfca hntl ` g`r le w`tcr mldbcd hn tfc brlund9 tfc w`tcr hsstrlnbmy haprcbn`tcd whtf mhxhvhua lescdbhautth ? shx p`rts nd quhki mhac scvcn p`rts. @etcrrca`hnhnb hn tfhs st`tc chbft lr tcn d`ys, tfcy `rc `b`hn w`sfcd, `nd wfhmc wct, orlicn hntlehorcs, oy tfc stàphnb mcvcr, Ehb 0. YDh`brà HQ, `nd tfcn cxplscd tl tfc sun, upln ` kmc`ntcrr`kc, ouhmt elr tfhs purplsc9 etcr wfhkf, tfcy rc b`hn stccpcd, hn ercsf mhxhvhua, s ocelrc. Rfcn tfcy f`vc undcrblnc tfrcc lpcr`thlns le tfhs ihnd, tfcy rc eht elr a ihnb kl`rsc orlwnp`pcr9 ètcr scvcn lr chbft lpcr`thlns, tfcy `rc prcp`rcd elr aìhnb p`pcr, le ` tlmcròmc wfhtcncss.

Tfc r`bs, tfus prcp`rcd, rc ahxcd whtf w`tcr hn tfc khstcrn, ( Ehb.?) t tfc cdbc le wfhkf,tfc lpcr`tlr shts, nd rcalvhnb tfc sthki, fc cxtcnds tfc skrccn ( Ehb.; ) upln tfc eràc ( Ehb.4) whtf wfhkf fc `bht`tcs tfc w`tcr hn tfc khstcrn, unthm ht `ppc`rs le ` ahmiy wfhtcncss, oy tfceml`thnb p`rthkmcs le tfc r`bs9 fc tfcn dhps tfc eràc `nd skrccn, hn ` pcrpcndhkum`r a`nncr,`nd r`hscs tfca bcntmy, hn ` flrhzlnt`m plshthln, tl tfc sure`kc le tfc w`tcr, wfcrc fc bhvcs tfceràc ` bcntmc althln, erla shdc tl shdc, lr erla cnd tl cnd, tl aìc tfc p`rthkmcs le tfc r`bse`mm hn `n cqu`m m`ycr upln tfc skrccn, `nd tfcn fc mhets tfca lut le tfc w`tcr, `nd rcsts tfcaelr tfc sp`kc le ` ahnutc upln tfc sthki ; ( Ehb. ; ). @etcr rcpc`thnb tfc dhp lnkc alrc hn tfcsàc a`nncr, tfc ncw sfcct le p`pcr hs elracd9 tfcn, tìhnb lee tfc cxtcnslrs, OO, le tfcskrccn, fc rlmms hnw`rds, elr òlut `n hnkf, tfc uppcr p`rt le tfc skrccn `nd sfcct, oy wfhkf

ac`ns, sl aukf le tfc sfcct whmm oc scp`r`tcd erla tfc skrccn9 tfc skrccn hs tfcn hnvcrtcd, ndtfc `mrc`dy scp`r`tcd cnd le tfc p`pcr hs m`hd upln tfc a`t ( Ehb. 3 ), `nd tfc skrccn hs bcntmyr`hscd erla tfc p`pcr. Hn tfhs a`nncr fc elras sfcct ètcr sfcct, unthm fc f`s a`dc ?3:, fhs




88

d`y‘s t`si, m`yhnb tfca `mm upln tfc ehrst sfcct, hn ` rcbum`r a`nncr9 tfcn fc klvcrs tfc wflmc whtf ` kl`rsc kmltf le tfc sln -pm`nt, cqu`m hn shzc, whtf tfc p`pcr9 òlvc tfhs fc m`ys ` tfhkipm`ni, slacwf`t m`rbcr tf`n tfc p`pcr. Tfhs oy hts wchbft prcsscs lut tfc w`tcr erla tfc wctsfccts9 tl sshst wfhkf, tfc lpcr`tlr shts upln ht elr slac thac. Tfcn tfc fc`p hs sct tl lnc shdcunthm alrnhnb, wfcn tfc sfccts `rc tìcn up, lnc oy lnc, `nd sprc`d whtf tfc orusf, ( Ehb. 5),upln tfc kmc`n pm`stcrcd w`mms le tfc flusc9 `s tfcy dry, tfcy rc`dhmy pccm lee, `nd `rc sprc`dupln ` kmc`n a`t lr kmltf, `nd whtf ` phckc le om`nict, dhppcd hn tfhn rhkc p`stc w`tcr, ruoocd`mm lvcr, `nd haacdh`tcmy funb up, tl dry, upln strhnbs run `krlss tfc flusc elr tfhs purplsc. Rfcn sueehkhcntmy drhcd, tfcy rc kut hntl ` qu`dr`nbum`r elra, `kklrdhnb tl ` st`nd`rd sfcct, wfhkf scrvcs `s ` buhdc tl tfc inhec ( Ehb. 2 ). Erla tfhs lpcr`thln, tfcy `rc k`rrhcd tl `nltfcrpcrsln, wfl ruos cvcry sfcct salltf whtf ` bmloum`r phckc le allrstlnc br`nhtc, wfhkf fcflmds hn oltf f`nds. Tfcn fc elmds tfc sfccts elr s`mc. Tfc ehncr p`pcr hs plmhsfcd ` scklndthac. @mm tfc kutthnbs, `nd dà`bcd sfccts, `rc tràpmcd tl phckcs hn w`tcr, `nd rcnlv`tcd `sòlvc.

HN[T_SACNT[ S[CD HN A@IHNB TFC Z@ZC_ (DH@B_@A H) Ehb. H `. @ stàphnb mcvcr, tcn ecct mlnb, `nd scvcn hnkfcs squ`rcd thaocr.

o. Twl phckcs le wlld, ehxcd hn tfc emllr, tl supplrt tfc xhs le tfc mcvcr.k. Tfhs cnd le tfc mcvcr hs prcsscd dlwn oy tfc ecct le twl acn.d. Hs ` sthki, suspcndcd erla tfc rlle le tfc flusc, tl wfhkf rc e`stcncd elur rlpcs

wfhkf supplrt tfc `ras le tfc wlriacn.c. Tfc fc`d le tfc stàpcr elur ecct mlnb, `nd elur hnkfcs squ`rcd thaocr, olund

`nd sfld `t tfc plhnt whtf hrln.ee. @ pcrpcndhkum`r sckthln le tcrr`kcd khstcrn, dub hn tfc brlund-emllr olut 4 lr 3

ecct squ`rc.bb. @ squ`rc stlnc, hn tfc olttla le tfc khstcrn, cxk`v`tcd hn tfc ahddmc, tl rckchvc

tfc fc`d le tfc stàpcr, oy wfhkf tfc r`bs rc oc`t tl phckcs. @ pcrsln hs st`thlncdhn tfc khstcrn, tl suppmy tfc stàpcr whtf r`bs.

Ehb. ? 0.0. @ tcrr`kcd khstcrn, dub hn tfc emllr, 4 lr 3 ecct squ rc, f`vhnb twl mhttmc cahncnkcs.?.?. @t tfc cdbc, tl supplrt tfc sthki.;. Lkk`shln`mmy.4. @ g`r, mldbcd hn tfc emllr, tl flmd hn rc`dhncss tfc prcp`rcd r`bs.

Ehb ; Hs a`dc hn tfc a`nncr le tfc Kfhncsc oàoll whndlw-skrccns. Tfc tr`nsvcrscmhncs `rc ehnc rusf, lr ` br`ss, nc`tmy olund whtf flrsc f`hrs, wfhkf aìcs tfcmlnbhtudhn`m mhncs.

@@. Twl sthkis, tl wfhkf tfc skrccn hs e`stcncd, `nd cxtcndcd oy tfc twl sthkis.OO. Lkk`shln`mmy.

Ehb. 4 @ elra le wlld, whtf scvcn o`rs, tl supplrt tfc skrccn ( Ehb. ;) . Tfc o`rs `rc slehxcd, `s tf`t tfchr `kutc cdbcs lnmy tlukf tfc skrccn, tf`t tfcrc a`y oc nllostrukthln tl tfc p`ss`bc le w`tcr tfrlubf tfc skrccn.

Ehb.3 ``. Hs ` tcrr`kc, 4 lr 3 ecct squ`rc, hnkmhncd ` ecw hnkfcs, tf`t w`tcr a`y rc`dhmy runerla ht.

oo. @ a`t lr ol`rd m`hd upln tfc tcrr`kc.k. Tfc ncw elracd sfcct le p`pcr m`hd upln tfc a`t.

Ehb. 5 @ em`t f`hr orusf elr sprc`dhnb tfc wct p`pcr upln tfc w`mms le tfc flusc. Ehb. 2 Tfc dluomc cdbcd inhec whtf wfhkf tfc p`pcr hs kut hntl ` prlpcr elra.

Nltcs




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0. YTfc [`n7·ÈxÈQ Tfhs pm`nt hs dcskrhocd oy Mhnn`cus, undcr tfc nàc le Krlt`m`rh` gunkc`, vhd. [pck. Zm`nt. 0::4. @ ehburc le ht hs bhvcn oy Cfrct hn Trcws Zm`nt. [cmckt.t. 42. `nd `nltfcrhn tfc Flrt. A`mò. 8.p. 42.t.?5. Oltf tfcsc ehburcs `rc blld.?. [cdbhautth hs n c`rtf, klnt`hnhnb m`rbc plrthln le elsshm mi`mh. Tfcn`trln (Tr`nsmhtcr`tcderla tfc lrhbhn`m hn Brcci7 Cdhtlr .) le tfc `nkhcnts. Ht hs elund hn brc`t pmcnty hn tfhs kluntry,

`nd unhvcrs`mmy uscd hn w`sfhnb, omc`kfhnb, sl`p aìhnb, `nd elr v`rhlus ltfcr purplscs.




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VHHHNDH@N @ B_HKSMTS_C

(Oy A`glr Bcncr`m [hr @mcx`ndcr R`micr (khrk` 06?:))

@brhkumturc le A`mò`r. Fhndll Fuso`ndry hn bcncr`m —Klndcancd oy Curlpc`ns. Flw e`r tf`t kcnsurc hs gust< Tfchr pmlubfs `nd hapmcacnts le Fuso`ndry. Tfc prhnkhpmcs le `brhkumturc undcrstlld out hapcdcd oy tfc w`nt le k`pht`m `ndhaplvcrhsfcd klndhthln le tfc pclpmc. U`rhlus lphnhlns `nd st`tcacnts. T`nis, Drhmm Zmlubfs7 hrrhb`thln `nd tr`nspm`nthnb. Lphnhln ln tfc `brhkumturc le Buzcr`t `nd Dckk`n. A`mò`r Fuso`ndry. _hkc —klndhthln le tfc pclpmc dheecrcnt7 m`rbc e`ras. Zrlprhctlrs. Tcn`nts. [m`vcs `nd fhrcd Mòlurcrs. [lhm.

@brhkumturc hs tfc `rt le kumthv`thnb tfc brlund. Ht hs tfc rt le r`hshnb `mm ihnds le trccs, pm`nts,eruhts nd br`hns.m Ht hs hn ehnc tfc alst ceecktu`m nd cxpcdhthlus actfld le prlkurhnb ound`ntf`rvcsts. Tfhs systca k`nnlt oc pcreckt whtflut tfc usc le ` klnshdcròmc nuaocr le tllms `nd

hnstruacnts, `nd le `nha`ms suoducd tl mòlur. Tfc systca whmm oc alrc lr mcss mòlrhlus `ndtrluomcslac, `kklrdhnb tl tfc n`turc le tfc kmha`tc `nd slhm. Tfcsc `rc shapmc `nd lovhlusprlplshthlns tl wfhkf cvcry lnc whmm bhvc fhs `sscnt. Ht hs nckcss`ry flwcvcr tf`t tfcy sflumd oc rcacaocrcd hn tfc klursc le tfc elmmlwhnb rca`ris. Tfc st`tc le brhkumturc hn A`mò`r whmmelra strlnb klntr`st, whtf tf`t le tfc ehrst Fuso`ndacn, wfl f`d nchtfcr pmlubfs nlr oc`stsle ourdcn. Ht whmm `msl oc `dahttcd, tf`t tfc `rt le kumthv`thnb tfc slhm hs tfc alst haplrt`nt lefua`n mòlurs. Ht hs tfc ehrst stcp hn tfc prlbrcss le khvhmhs`thln7 ` klap`kt `nd nuacrlusplpum`thln hs tfc rcsumt le tfc hndustry `nd hnbcnuhty wfhkf prldukcs elld.

Ht hs ln tfc plwcr le ubacnthnb tfc ac`ns le suoshstcnkc, tf`t tfc hnkrc`sc le tfc pclpmcdcpcnds.

Hn A`mò`r tfc inlwmcdbc le fuso`ndry sccas `s `nkhcnt `s tfchr Fhstlry. Ht hs tfce`vlurhtc capmlyacnt le tfc hnfòht`nts. Ht hs cndc`rcd tl tfca oy tfchr aldc le mhec, `nd tfcprlpcrty wfhkf tfcy plsscss hn tfc slhm. Ht hs ` tfcac elr tfchr wrhtcrs9 ht hs ` suogckt ln wfhkftfcy dcmhbft tl klnvcrsc, nd whtf wfhkf mm r`nis prlecss tl oc kqu`hntcd. Tfcy f`vc prlvhdcd` kldc le rumcs elr blld fuso`ndry. @ systca hs m`hd dlwn elr tfc prlpcr kumthv`thln le tfc slhm.Tfc rhbfts le tfc prlprhctlr `nd le tfc acrc lkkuphcr le m`nd `rc dhsthnbuhsfcd `nd cxpm`hncd.Tfc Fuso`nda`n hs prltcktcd. Tfc prlprhctlr hs sckurcd `b`hnst o`d a`n`bcacnt, wfhmc tfckumthv`tlr lr haprlvcr hs cnklur`bcd. Tfcrc hs ` kurhlus `n`mlby octwccn tfchr `brhkumtur`mKldc `nd tf`t le tfc [k`ndhn`vh`ns. Tfc kustlas le oltf pclpmc b`vc ` mcb`m s`nkthln tl tfcprhvhmcbcs le tfc kumthv`tlr. Tfc duthcs le tfc m`ndmlrd `nd tfc tcn`nt `rc dcehncd9 tflsc le tfcA`stcr `nd scrv`nt. ? Tfc Olndh `nd tfc Kfhrahr wcrc tfc Fuso`ndacn9 tfcy wcrc tfc sm`vcsle tfc slhm, out yct undcr mcb`m prltckthln. Tfc prhkc le mòlur w`s p`hd hn Uhktu`m7 tfhs pr`kthkc w`s `nkhcntmy hn A`mò`r, `nd hs sthmm hn a`ny hnst`nkcs elmmlwcd. Tfc e`rahnb mc`scs klnt`hncd

`rr`nbcacnts elr tfc a`n`bcacnt le tfc m`nd. @nltfcr unelrtun`tc rcscaom`nkc klnshstcd hnlomhbhnb tfc pc`s`nts `nd `rths`ns tl wlri `t mlw r`tcs elr Blvcrnacnt. ; Lnc le tfc alstrca`riòmc le tfc rhtcs le Fhndll wlrsfhp prloòmy lwcs hts lrhbhn tl tfchr rcspckt elr`brhkumturc. Tfchr s`krcd Oumms, `nd tfchr supcrsththlus rcb`rd elr tfc klw, f`vc tfchrelund`thln hn tfc brc`t scrvhkc tfcy rcndcrcd tl fuso`ndry. Sndcr `mm tfcsc khrkuast`nkcs lee`vlur `nd cnklur`bcacnt, wc sflumd cxpckt tf`t ht wlumd oc tfc study le tfhs pclpmc tlhaprlvc tfc `rt le kumthv`thnb tfc brlund, `nd tf`t tfcy wlumd hn sukf ` mcnbtf le thac f`vcdhsklvcrcd tfc alst klnvcnhcnt `nd ceecktu`m hnstruacnts elr tfc purplsc. Tfhs flwcvcr f`s occn strcnulusmy dcnhcd oy tflsc wfl whsf tl `kklaald`tc tfc hdc`s `nd fòhts le Curlpc`nFuso`ndry tl tf`t le A`mò`r. Tfcy rcprl`kf tfc Fhndlls elr capmlyhnb rudc `nd hapcreckthnstruacnts. Tfhs kcnsurc k`nnlt `ppmy cqu`mmy tl cvcry p`rt le Hndh` wfcrc v`rhlushnstruacnts `rc hn usc, `nd le dheecrcnt klnstrukthln. Tfc pmlubf hs tfc ehrst `nd alst

haplrt`nt a`kfhnc hn brhkumturc. Hn Buzcr`t ht hs mhbft nd nc`t hnstruacnt. Ht f`s nl Klumtcr out f`s ` sfc`tfhnb le hrln7 tfc eurrlws le tfc Fuso`nda`n `rc `s str`hbft `s ` mhnc, `nd le




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sueehkhcnt dcptf tl prldukc tfc alst òund`nt krlps. Tfhs hs tfc rc`m `nd lnmy usceum tcst leblld e`rahnb.

Tfc elra le tfc pmlubf hn A`mò`r hs nc`rmy tfc sàc, out ht hs sthmm mhbftcr, `nd alrcrudcmy klnstruktcd. @ a`n a`y k`rry lnc le tfca ln fhs o`ki. Tfcy `rc ncvcrtfcmcssklnvcnhcnt, `kklaald`tcd tl tfc slhm `nd tfc mòlur. Tfc strukturc le tfcsc hnstruacnts, `mm

lvcr Hndh` hs vcry shapmc9 out tfcy `nswcr tfc purplsc le tfc Fuso`nda`n wfcrc tfc slhm hsmhbft, unlostruktcd oy stlncs, `nd sletcncd whtf w`tcr.Hn ` kmha`tc wfcrc tfc prldukthvc plwcrs `rc sl brc`t, ht hs lnmy nckcss`ry tl put tfc sccd

` mhttmc w`y hntl tfc brlund. He ht w`s ourhcd dccpcr, ht wlumd rlt `nd dck`y ocelrc ht klumdbcrahn`tc, lr ht wlumd rca`hn dlra`nt hn tfc c`rtf. Tfhs hs tfc k`sc whtf scvcr`m rllts `ndsccds, wfcn tfcy rc put dccp hn tfc brlund nd `s ht wcrc hntcrrcd9 tfc prlkcss le bcrahn`thlnkc`scs. Ht rca`hns dlra`nt elr yc`rs, unthm tfc sccd hs `b`hn orlubft tl tfc sure`kc, `ndcxplscd tl tfc vhvheyhnb r`ys le tfc sun.

Ht hs nlt nckcss`ry hn tfhs ahmd `nd rcbum`r kmha`tc, tl prltckt tfc sccd erla erlst `nd klmd.Cxpcrhcnkc hs tfc ocst tcst le cvcry tfhnb. Ht aust oc ` strlnb prlle tf`t tfc Hndh`n pmlubf hsnlt hmm `d`ptcd elr hts purplsc, wfcn wc scc `rhshnb lut le tfc eurrlws ht kuts, tfc alstòund`nt `nd muxurhlus krlps. Rf`t k`n oc dcshrcd alrc tf`n tfhs< Tfc mòlur `nd cxpcnsc ocylnd tfhs plhnt aust oc supcremulus. Tfc Hndh`n pc`s`nt hs klaalnmy wcmm cnlubf hnelracd`s tl fhs hntcrcst, nd fc hs bcncr`mmy hntcmmhbcnt nd rcemckthnb. Tfhs hs tfc kf`r`ktcr le fhs km`sscvcrywfcrc. Fc hs `tt`kfcd tl fhs lwn aldcs, ockùsc tfcy `rc c`sy `nd usceum9 out eurnhsffha whtf hnstrukthln `nd ac`ns, `nd fc whmm `dlpt tfca, prlvhdcd tfcy oc elr fhs prleht. Fc whmm nlt oc mcd `w`y oy spckum`thln `nd tfclry, wfhkf fc k`nnlt èelrd tl elmmlw9 out fc whmmnlt rceusc `ny alrc cklnlahk`m, `nd mcss mòlrhlus aldc le kumthv`thln. Fc aust f`vcprcgudhkcs `nd `nkhcnt fòhts, wfhkf ht wlumd oc dheehkumt tl sfìc9 out mct fha kmc`rmyundcrst`nd tf`t tfc kf`nbc wlumd bhvc fha mcss trluomc `nd octtcr krlps, `nd fc wlumd `dlptht.

Tfcy f`vc occn `mw`ys rc`dy tl rckchvc tfc rllts `nd sccds le Curlpc, tf`t suhtcd tfchrkmha`tc, `nd f`vc `dlptcd scvcr`m wfhkf tfcy elund tl `nswcr tfchr purplsc hntl tfchr rcbum`rklursc le kumthv`thln. @mm lvcr tfc wlrmd acn `rc `tt`kfcd tl tfchr c`rmy fòhts `nd `nkhcntkustlas. Tfc Fhstlry le lur lwn `rthsts `nd a`nue`kturcrs wlumd èelrd a`ny strlnbhnst`nkcs le tfhs. @mtflubf acn le supcrhlr cduk`thln `nd hntcmmhbcnkc, ht f`s letcn occn vcrydheehkumt tl aìc tfca `mtcr tfchr cstòmhsfcd actflds ètcr skhcnkc `nd pfhmlslpfy f`ddctcktcd tfchr crrlrs.

H rcacaocr tf`t `malst 4: yc`rs `bl `n cxpcrhacnt w`s a`dc ln [`mscttc oy dcmhvcrhnbtl tfc n`thvcs Cnbmhsf pmlubfs `nd `brhkumtur`m hapmcacnts. [lac `kthvc `nd cntcrprhshnbA`fr`tt`f Fuso`ndacn wfl f`d out ecw prcgudhkcs wcrc prlkurcd7 ` vhmm`bc w`s ouhmt elrtfca, tfcy wcrc eurnhsfcd whtf sccd `nd k`ttmc. Tfcy cntcrcd ln tfc trh`m le tfchr lwn `kklrd`nd kflhkc. F`vhnb `dlptcd tfc ac`surc ht w`s tfchr hntcrcst tf`t ht sflumd sukkccd, `nd tfcrc w`s nl rc`sln tf`t H klumd cvcr dhsklvcr tf`t ht e`hmcd tfrlubf `ny ncbmhbcnkc lr ahsklndukt letfchrs. Tf`t ht dhd e`hm flwcvcr hs kcrt`hn, nd s usu`m wc haputcd tfc e`hmurc tl tfc prcgudhkcs,

smltf, `nd losthn`ky le tfc n`thvcs. H ehramy ocmhcvc flwcvcr tf`t tfcy gudhkhlusmy rcgcktcd tfc wflmc le tfc kuaorlus Curlpc`n a`kfhncry. Tfcy logcktcd tf`t tfc pmlubf w`s tll fc`vy7tf`t tfc mòlurcr nd fhs lxcn wcrc nccdmcssmy e`thbucd7 tf`t ht tfcrcelrc pcrelracd mcss wlri,`nd tf`t tfhs w`s nlt octtcr dlnc elr tfc purplsc rcquhrcd tf`n tfc wlri le tfchr lwn pmlubf.Ht w`s ncxt loscrvcd tf`t tfc pmlubf w`s tll klstmy, `nd shahm`r logckthlns wcrc a`dc tl tfcbrc`tcst p`rt le tfc Curlpc`n cquhpacnt. H wlumd nlt s`y tf`t tfhs cxpcrhacnt w`s dckhshvc,lr tf`t tfcy f`vc nltfhnb tl mc`rn erla us, out ocelrc wc kf`rbc tfca whtf hbnlr`nkc `ndlosthn`ky elr ncbmckthnb tl `dlpt lur rcklaacnd`thlns, wc sflumd ehrst oc surc le twl tfhnbs9tf`t tfc ncw systca wlumd bhvc tfca alrc ound`nt f`rvcsts, t mcss cxpcnsc nd mòlur9 `ndtf`t wc f`vc tìcn `mm tfc ac`ns `nd k`rc tf`t wcrc whtfhn lur plwcr, elr tfchr hnstrukthln hntfc `rt< Ht sflumd `msl oc wcmm klnshdcrcd flw e`r lur `brhkumtur`m prlkcss hs suhtcd tl tfckumthv`thln le rhkc, tfc brc`t krlp le Hndh`, `nd le wfhkf wc f`vc nl cxpcrhcnkc.

Tfc ehburc `nd plwcr le tfc hnstruacnt aust oc suhtcd tl tfc slhm `nd kmha`tc. Tfc @acrhk`n pmlubf le _fldc Hsm`nd dlcs nlt wchbf alrc pcrf`ps tf`n 4: mos. Ht f`s nl Klumtcr




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`nd ` a`n k`n c`shmy k`rry ht hn fhs `ras9 out ht wlumd oc òsurd tl cxpckt tf`t tfhs pmlubf wlumd `nswcr `ny wfcrc out hn tfc mhbftcst slhms.

Tfc `brhkumtur`m slkhcty wfhkf f`s occn elracd hn K`mkutt` a`y dheeusc inlwmcdbc `ndklrrckt slac crrlrs7 tfcy klntcapm`tc tfc hntrldukthln le ncw `nd usceum pm`nts9 tfchaprlvcacnt le hapmcacnts le fuso`ndry `nd stlki9 4 out tfc Hndh`n Fuso`nda`n aust oc

rcndcrcd hndcpcndcnt nd eurnhsfcd whtf k`pht`m ocelrc fc k`n cntcr hntl tfc cxpcnshvc dct`hms`nd a`kfhncry le tfc Cnbmhsf e`racr. Ht k`n oc le mhttmc haplrt`nkc tl fha tl rc`r stlki elr tfcpurplsc le elld, wfcrc ht hs lnmy c`tcn hn `ny qu`nthty oy ` f`ndeum le Curlpc`ns. Cvcn tfhscnklur`bcacnt f`s bcncr`mmy, he nlt mw`ys, occn sueehkhcnt tl sckurc `t tfc Curlpc`n st`thlns,`n òund`nt suppmy le cxkcmmcnt `nd wflmcslac ac`t.

Rc lubft msl tl rcacaocr tf`t Hndh` f`s vcry mhttmc lkk`shln elr tfc hntrldukthln le ncwpm`nts elr elld. Tfcrc `rc alrc ihnds le br`hn kumthv`tcd pcrf`ps, tf`n hn `ny ltfcr p`rt le tfc wlrmd. [fc f`s `msl ` v`st v`rhcty le nutrhthvc rllts, `nd `s ` eruht, tfc pm`nt`hn `mlnc suppmhcsfcr whtf tfc alst nlurhsfhnb dhct.

Tfc plt`tl hs kumthv`tcd hn a`ny p`rts le Hndh`9 `nd H f`vc sccn Orà`ns aìhnb tfchrrcp`st ln ht9 out tfc yà hs cqu`mmy pmc`s`nt, `nd pcrf`ps ` alrc `mhacnt`m elld. H à `t ` mlsstl inlw wf`t csscnth`m prcscnt wc k`n aìc tl Hndh`. [fc f`s `mm tfc br`hns tf`t wc f`vc `nda`ny ihnds alrc le fcr lwn. He wc sflumd bhvc fcr slac eruhts `nd vcbctòmcs, wc sflumd ehrst oc kcrt`hn tf`t tfcy `rc `brccòmc tl fcr t`stc. Alst le lur eruhts wlumd oc tll slur, lr wlumddcbcncr`tc hn tfc kmha`tc. Tfc hnstruacnt le t`stc hs mhicwhsc vcry v`rhlus. Tfcrc hs ` n`thln`m`s wcmm `s `n hndhvhdu`m rcmhsf elr elld. Ht hs unnckcss`ry tl mlli elr cxàpmcs, `s cvcry a`n‘slwn cxpcrhcnkc, `nd cvcry n`thln le Curlpc whmm suppmy tfca.

Nltfhnb sflumd surprhsc us alrc hn tfc prcscnt klndhthln le tfc Hndh`n kumthv`tlr tf`nfhs pcrscvcrhnb hndustry, `nd wcmm kumthv`tcd ehcmds.

@ny ltfcr tf`n ` pclpmc le ` vcry ouly`nt sphrht wlumd f`vc suni undcr tfcsckhrkuast`nkcs.

Tfc Fhndlls f`vc occn mlnb hn plsscsshln le lnc le tfc alst ocùtheum `nd usceumhnvcnthlns hn `brhkumturc. Tfhs hs tfc Drhmm Zmlubf. Tfhs hnstruacnt f`s occn hn usc erla tfcrcaltcst thacs hn Hndh`. H ncvcr flwcvcr loscrvcd ht hn A`mò`r, `s ht hs nlt rcquhrcd hn rhkckumthv`thln hn wfhkf hts `dv`nt`bcs f`vc occn supcrscdcd oy tr`nspm`nthnb. Tfc systca letr`nspm`nthnb hs lnmy hn e`kt `nltfcr actfld le lot`hnhnb tfc sàc logckt `s oy DrhmmFuso`ndry. Ht wlumd oc out gust tl ddukc tfhs, s nltfcr prlle le tfc hnbcnuhty le tfhs pclpmc`nd le tfchr sukkcsseum `ttcnthln tl tfhs or`nkf le mòlur. Tfcy f`vc dheecrcnt ihnds le pmlubfs, oltf Drhmm `nd klaaln, `d`ptcd tl dheecrcnt slrts le sccd, `nd slhms.

Tfcy f`vc v`rhcty le hapmcacnts elr fuso`ndry purplscs, slac le wfhkf f`vc lnmy occnhntrldukcd hntl Cnbm`nd hn tfc klursc le lur rckcnt haprlvcacnts. Tfcy kmc`n tfchr ehcmds oltf oy flchnb `nd f`nd wccdhnb9 tfcy f`vc wccdhnb pmlubfs, wfhkf rllt lut `nd cxthrp`tc tfc wccds. @ rlmmcr wlumd oc uscmcss ln rhkc brlunds, wfhkf `rc `mw`ys wct, `nd ercqucntmy `ncqu`m ahxturc le w`tcr `nd aud. Tfc pm`kc le tfc rlmmcr hs suppmhcd oy `n hnstruacnt wfhkfmcvcms lr salltfs tfc brlund, whtflut turnhnb ln `n `xhs. Tfcy f`vc `msl A`mmcts elr orcìhnbkmlds, tfc usu`m `sslrtacnt le Flcs, F`rrlws `nd _ìcs. 3

Ht f`s occn logcktcd tl tfcsc hnstruacnts tf`t tfcy `rc shapmc, kmuasy `nd krudc. Tfhsdlcs nlt flwcvcr aìc tfca mcss usceum. [hapmhkhty k`nnlt surcmy oc kluntcd ` eùmt9 hn slacle lur dhstrhkts tfc pmlubf hs oy e`r tll klapmhk`tcd ` a`kfhnc. Tfcy `rc nlt unf`ndy tl tfcpclpmc wfl f`vc occn hn tfc fòht le ushnb tfca. Tfcy ppc`r wiw`rd tl us ockùsc wc f`vcnlt occn hn tf`t fòht, nd ockùsc tfc Hndh`n Fuso`nda`n k`n eelrd tl tfrlw w`y nltfhnbln lrnàcnt. Tfc sàc hnstruacnt p`hntcd `nd salltfcd oy tfc pm`nc wlumd f`vc bhvcn ` vcry dheecrcnt hdc` le hts v`muc. Tfc gudbcacnt le tfc cyc dckhdcs alrc tf`n wc ha`bhnc. @mmtfhs flwcvcr dcpcnds r`tfcr upln t`stc `nd lpumcnkc, tf`n ln uthmhty. Tfc khrkuast`nkcs le`n Hndh`n Fuso`nda`n `rc nlt tl oc klap`rcd tl tflsc le lur suost`nth`m tcn`nts. Tfcy k`nstudy ceeckt `nd `ppc`r`nkc, wfhkf `rc hn e`kt csscnth`m tl tfchr krcdht `s blld e`racrs. Ht hs

nlt flwcvcr vcry mlnb shnkc wc f`vc p`hntcd `nd plmhsfcd lur pmlubfs. H f`vc sccn tfca whtfhn tfcsc ecw yc`rs hn slac p`rts le tfc kluntry klvcrcd oy tfc unrcalvcd o`ri le tfc trcc.




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Tfc nuacrlus pmlubfhnbs le tfc Fhndll Fuso`nda`n f`vc occn urbcd `s ` prlle le tfchapcreckthln le fhs hnstruacnt9 out hn rc`mhty tfcy `rc ` prlle le tfc pcreckthln le fhs `rt. Ht hsnlt lnmy tl cxthrp`tc wccds tf`t tfc Hndh`n Fuso`nda`n rcpmlubfs `nd krlss-pmlubfs9 ht hs`msl tl mllscn tfc slhm, `pt tl ocklac f`rd `nd dry undcr ` trlphk`m sun9 `nd fcnkc ht ocklacsnckcss`ry tl lpcn tfc c`rtf elr `hr, dcw `nd r`hn. Tfcsc `dv`nt`bcs k`n lnmy oc lot`hncd oycxplshnb ` ncw sure`kc erla thac tl thac tl tfc `talspfcrc. Hn Hndh` dcws e`mm aukf alrcklphlusmy tf`n tfcy dl whtf us, `nd tfcy `rc plwcreum `bcnts hn ecrthmhshnb m`nd. Rccds `mslhnkrc`sc whtf quhkincss, nd muxurh`nkc, le wfhkf wc k`n elra out `n hapcreckt hdc` hn tfhskluntry. Tfcsc `rc sueehkhcnt kùscs elr tfc ercqucnt lpcr`thln le pmlubfhnb, whtflut tfcnckcsshty le omàhnb chtfcr tfc Fuso`nda`n lr fhs hapmcacnt. Tfc ercqucnky le pmlubfhnbaust dcpcnd cvcry wfcrc ln tfc n`turc le tfc slhm, hts shtu`thln, `nd tfc purplsc elr wfhkf hths hntcndcd. Hn slac k`scs, lur e`racrs hn tfhs kluntry, pmlubf tfrcc lr elur, nd cvcn s letcn`s shx thacs.5

Ht hs tfc pr`kthkc hn a`ny p`rts le Hndh`, tl slw dheecrcnt spckhcs le sccds hn tfc sàc ehcmd.Tfhs pr`kthkc f`s occn kcnsurcd, out ht hs prloòmy dlnc elr tfc sàc rc`sln tf`t lur e`racrsslw ryc br`ss `nd kmlvcr whtf wfc`t, o`rmcy9 lr l`ts9 t`rcs whtf ryc9 oc`ns `nd pc`s9 vctkfcs`nd klrn, ctk.

Ht f`s occn elund oy cxpcrhcnkc tf`t tfcsc krlps nlt lnmy tfrhvc hn tfc sàc ehcmd9 outhaprlvc c`kf ltfcr. _yc `nd l`ts elr hnst`nkc, scrvc tl supplrt tfc wcì krccphnb t`rcs, `nd`dd ocshdcs tl tfc oumi le tfc krlp oy brlwhnb tfrlubf tfc hntcrsthkcs. Kmlvcr nd ryc br`ss rcsfcmtcrcd oy tfc klrn. Tfhs `n`mlby whmm `ppmy tl tfc Fuso`ndry le Hndh`. Tfcsc shahm`rcxpcrhacnts a`y oc k`rrhcd eurtfcr, wfcrc tfc kmha`tc nd slhm rc supcrhlr. Hn Hndh` dheecrcntihnds le sccds wfcn slwn hn tfc sàc ehcmd `rc icpt scp`r`tc oy tfc Drhmm, lr tfcy `rc ahxcdtlbctfcr, `nd slwn orl`dk`st. Hn tfc m`st k`sc tfcy `rc klaalnmy kut dlwn `s elr`bc. @ pm`ntk`mmcd slt` blw`r, hs slwn orl`dk`st whtf sub`r k`nc, hn Buzcr`t. Tfc blw`r scrvcs s ` sfcmtcrtl tfc sub`r k`nc, erla tfc vhlmcnt fc`t le tfc sun, durhnb tfc alst sklrkfhnb sc`sln le tfc yc`r. Gl`r `nd o`dbcry `rc slwn tlbctfcr, hn tfc sàc kluntry m`tc, nlt elr tfc sìc le ` krlp, out elr str`w, wfhkf hs vcry nutrhthvc, `nd vcry òund`nt. Tfhs hs lnc le tfc hnst`nkcs hn wfhkftfc n`thvcs prlvhdc ` brccn krlp elr tfchr k`ttmc. Ltfcr br`hns `rc slwn oltf tlbctfcr `ndscp`r`tcmy, acrcmy elr tfchr str`w. [llndc`, d`rry` gl`r, r`tccg` `nd bllbr`gl`r `rc slwntlbctfcr7 out whtf tfc cxkcpthln, le bllbr`gl`r wfhkf hs `mmlwcd tl rhpcn, tfc rcst `rc rc`pcd wfhmc tfcy `rc brccn.2

Ht hs cvhdcnt tf`t tfcsc cxàpmcs `rc nlt elundcd ln o`d prhnkhpmcs, `nd tf`t tfcy `rc hnklnelrahty whtf tfc ocst pr`kthkc le e`rahnb. Tfcy cvhnkc tfc k`rc le tfc Fhndll Fuso`nda`ntl prlvhdc elld elr fhs mòlurhnb k`ttmc. Tfhs hs `n logckt tl wfhkf H f`vc bcncr`mmy sccn fha`ttcnthvc9 out hn a`ny p`rts le Hndh` durhnb tfc dry sc`sln ht hs cxtrcacmy dheehkumt, `nd letcncxkccds tfc haplvcrhsfcd ac`ns le tfc kumthv`tlr, tl m`y hn ` sueehkhcnt suppmy. Fc hs scnshomccnlubf le tfc w`nt, `nd dlcs fhs utalst tl skr`pc tlbctfcr, `mm tfc fctcrlbcnclus suost`nkcstf`t `rc whtfhn fhs rc`kf. Hn slac p`rts le Hndh`, f`y hs nlt a`dc, hn ltfcr p`rts ht hs ` rcbum`rkrlp, st`kicd `nd prcscrvcd. Tfhs hs tfc k`sc hn Buzcr`t, `nd slac ltfcr pcrbunn`fs. Tfc f`yhs kut dlwn nlt oy tfc skytfc out oy tfc rc`pcrs flli7 Ht hs drhcd `nd orlubft flac hn k`rts.Tfc st`kis `rc bcncr`mmy le `n lomlnb sf`pc slactfhnb mhic lur lwn, out letcn le aukf m`rbcrdhacnshlns tf`n ny tf`t H f`vc sccn hn Cnbm`nd. Tfc st`ki hs nlt tf`tkfcd acrcmy, out klvcrcd`nd prltcktcd, oy ` alvcòmc rlle. Hn tflsc p`rts le Hndh` wfcrc f`y hs nlt a`dc `nd wfhkf`rc H ocmhcvc une`vluròmc tl tfhs ihnd le krlp, tfc k`ttmc `rc ecd whtf tfc rllts le br`ss, vcrymhic lur ehlrhn, whtf str`w, `nd cspckh`mmy whtf tfc str`w le gl`rcc, `mm le wfhkf `rc klnshdcrcdtl oc vcry nlurhsfhnb elld. Tfc rllts le tfhs br`ss `rc prcecrrcd oy lur lwn pclpmc hn tfcK`rn`thk tl f`y. Ocshdcs tfc Fhndll hn a`ny p`rts le Hndh`, prcp`rcs v`rhlus krlps le pumsc,slmcmy elr tfc usc le fhs dlacsthk `nha`ms. Hn slac pm`kcs fc eccds tfca whtf k`rrlts. M`tcmy,`n hnbcnhlus bcntmca`n f`s slwn whtf brc`t sukkcss, nc`r I`hr` hn Buzcr`t, kmlvcr.6 Tfc sccd w`s lot`hncd erla Ouss`r` `nd prldukcd ` alst òund`nt krlp. Ht ecd k`v`mry rcbhacnt, ndicpt ht hn cxkcmmcnt lrdcr.8




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Ht wlumd rcquhrc ` vlmuac tl pursuc `mm tfc dct`hms le Fhndll Fuso`ndry. H sf`mm flwcvcracnthln slac ltfcr prhnkhp`m ec`turcs. Hn a`ny p`rts le Hndh` tfc ehcmds `rc ecnkcd `ndcnkmlscd. Tfhs hs tfc k`sc wfcrcvcr tfc pclpmc mhvc hn quhct nd sckurhty. Ht hs sueehkhcnt tl sflw wf`t w`s tfc `nkhcnt pr`kthkc, wfcn tfc Blvcrnacnt w`s blld `nd tfc kluntry nlt cxplscdtl tfc r`v`bcs le w`r. Hn Buzcr`t tfhs `ttcnthln tl tfc sckurhty le prlpcrty w`s scmdlancbmcktcd. Cvcn durhnb tfc n`thvc Blvcrnacnt, tfc _ylt w`s prltcktcd hn fhs rcvcnuccnb`bcacnts9 hn k`sc fc ahbft nlt oc òmc tl eumehm tfca, chtfcr erla w`r lr `dvcrsc sc`slns.Tfhs w`s ceecktcd, oy cxcapthnb fha hn fhs mc`sc, ln tfc cvcnt le `ny le tfcsc khrkuast`nkcslkkurrhnb, oy tfc pfr`sc ‖@sa`nh [umt`ncc‘. Tfc cnkmlsurcs rc bcncr`mmy le squ`rc elra. Tfcdhvhshlns `rc scmdla vcry m`rbc, `nd `rc le uncqu`m shzcs `kklrdhnb tl tfc gudbacnt, hntcrcst,lr t`stc le tfc prlprhctlr. Tfcy `rc rca`riòmy nc`t, icpt kmc`n, `nd wcmm drcsscd. Tfcsc ehcmdsf`vc ercqucntmy orl`d br`ssy a`rbhns wfhkf rc mcet elr p`sturc, sukf s `rc sccn hn slac p`rtsle Xlrisfhrc. Tfc wflmc wlrmd dlcs nlt prldukc ehncr `nd alrc ocùtheummy kumthv`tcd ehcmdstf`n tflsc hn Buzcr`t. Hn tfc nchbfolurflld le tlwns, tfcy rc klaalnmy pm`ntcd t tfc cdbc, whtf eruht, `nd ltfcr trccs. Tfhs bhvcs tfca tfc `ppc`r`nkc le lur Fcdbc-rlws, `nd tfcy a`y oc klap`rcd tl tfc ehncst p`rts le Cnbm`nd.

Tfhs `ppc`r`nkc hs nlt pckumh`r tl Buzcr`t7 Ht a`y oc elund hn a`ny ltfcr kluntrhcs le

Hndh`. H à dcshrlus tf`t tfcsc rca`ris sflumd nlt oc klnshdcrcd `s cxtcndhnb tl Ocnb`m, le wfhkf H f`vc f`d nl pcrsln`m loscrv`thln. Tfc bcntmcacn wfl f`vc rcshdcd hn tf`t prlvhnkcscca tl `brcc hn bhvhnb `n une`vluròmc `kklunt le hts `brhkumturc, `nd le hts pclpmc. Tfcydcskrhoc tfc n`thvcs s kf`r`ktcrhscd oy tfc mlwcst nd alst dhsbusthnb vhkcs. He tfhs oc sl, tfcysflumd nlt oc klnshdcrcd `s èelrdhnb ` gust nlthln le tfc rcst le Hndh`. Ht f`s flwcvcr `ktu`mmy occn oy tfhs a`ri tf`t tfc puomhk gudbacnt f`s occn hn ` brc`t dcbrcc elracd le tfc qu`mhthcsle pcrf`ps ?:: ahmmhlns le fua`n ochnbs, sprc`d lvcr ` v`st kluntry, `nd dhvhdcd hntl a`nyn`thlns, slac le wfla `rc tlt`mmy uninlwn hn Ocnb`m. Tfhs spckhcs le à`mbà`thln f`s f`p-pcncd erla tfc supcrhlr wc`mtf `nd plmhthk`m haplrt`nkc le Ocnb`m, erla lur klnnckthln whtfht, `nd erla tfc e`mm`khlus pr`kthkc le dr`whnb ` unhvcrs`m klnkmushln erla ` p`rthkum`r e`kt.0:

Ay lwn cxpcrhcnkc `brccs cnthrcmy whtf tfc nc`t, `kkur`tc `nd klaprcfcnshvc vhcw tf`tKlmlncm Rhmis f`s bhvcn le tfc Fuso`ndry le Aysllr.00 H f`vc sccn erla K`pc Klalrhn tl tfcBume le Iutkf dct`hms le tfc alst mòlrhlus kumthv`thln, le tfc klmmckthln le a`nurc, le br`hnsslwn elr elddcr, le br`hn slwn prlahskulusmy elr tfc sàc purplsc9 le `n `ttcnthln tl tfckf`nbc le sccd, le e`mmlws, `nd rlt`thln le krlps. Tfc rlt`thln a`y slacthacs oc hapcrecktmyelmmlwcd9 out ht hs ` systca undcrstlld `nd `ktcd upln tfrlubflut Hndh`, whtf alrc lr mcsssihmm `nd hntcmmhbcnkc. @mm tfc kf`nbcs flwcvcr wfhkf `rc nckcss`ry elr prcscrvhnb tfc ecrthmhtyle m`nd hn Curlpc, a`y nlt oc cqu`mmy csscnth`m tl tfc eckundhty le slhm, undcr ` kmha`tc mhictf`t le Hndh`. Hn @acrhk`, vhrbhn lr ncw m`nd klnthnucs elr a`ny yc`rs tl prldukc krlp ètcrkrlp, whtflut tfc `sshst`nkc le a`nurc. Hn Mhtfu`nh` tfcrc hs ` rcbum`r sukkcsshln le tfc sàckrlps7 cvcn hn Orht`hn hn tfc nchbfolurflld le tlwns, wfcrc tfcrc hs ` pcrpctu`m klaa`nd lea`nurc, tfc rcbum`r rlt`thln hs ercqucntmy ncbmcktcd whtflut haplvcrhsfhnb tfc m`nd. Hn tfc Rcst Hndhcs, wfcrc tfcrc hs nl kumthv`thln out tfc sub`r k`nc, tfc sàc krlp hs klnst`ntmyprldukcd.

Rc a`y scc erla `mm tfcsc hnst`nkcs, tf`t tflubf ht hs rumc le blld fuso`ndry tl `vlhd èrcqucnt rcpcththln le tfc sàc spckhcs9 yct ht a`y undcr p`rthkum`r khrkuast`nkcs oc cnthrcmydhsrcb`rdcd whtflut `ny o`d klnscqucnkcs. [lac pm`kcs `rc alrc hndcotcd elr blld krlps tltfc n`tur`m ecrthmhty le tfchr slhm tf`n tl `rthehkh`m mòlur `nd sihmm.

_hkc hs supplscd tl oc tfc mc`st cxfùsthnb le ny krlp. Ht lkkuphcs tfc brlund out ` sflrtthac `nd ohnds ht mcss tf`n `ny ltfcr kumahecrlus pm`nt.0? Tfc w`tcr `nd alhsturc oy wfhkf hths klnthnu`mmy surrlundcd, iccps tfc slhm slet, dhvhdcd, nd pumvcrhscd. Ht hs oy slac kùscs mhictfcsc, tf`t tfc Hndh`n e`racr hs cnòmcd tl rcpc`t tfc sàc krlp elr a`ny yc`rs hn tfc sàcehcmd whtf tfhs spckhcs le br`hn. Rc aust mmlw slactfhnb msl tl tfc cxtr`lrdhn`ry eruhteumncssle tfc slhm, `nd tfc rcbum`rhty le tfc kmha`tc.0;




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Hn cvcry p`rt flwcvcr tf`t H f`vc vhshtcd tfc `ppmhk`thln le a`nurc elr rckruhthnb `ndrcstlrhnb m`nd hs wcmm undcrstlld. Tfc pclpmc scca tl f`vc `mm tfc rcslurkcs tf`t wc f`vc hntfhs rcspckt. Oy mhttcrhnb tfchr k`ttmc whtf str`w, tfcy hnkrc`sc tfc qu`nthty le a`nurc. Tfcyklmmckt mc`vcs, `nd putrcskcnt suost`nkcs. Rfcn tfcy f`vc nl ac`ns le rltthnb tfc str`w, tfcyahx ht whtf dry dunb, lmd br`ss `nd cvcn or`nkfcs le trccs, wfhkf tfcy pm`kc hn ` fc`p `nd sctehrc tl ht. Tfc sfcs rc tfcn sprc`d ln tfc brlund. Tfc smhac nd olttlas le t`nis rc dub up,`nd klnshdcrcd tl oc ` v`muòmc a`nurc.

Ht a`y oc klnshdcrcd `s ` p`rt le Hndh`n Fuso`ndry, tflubf oy nl ac`ns ` unhvcrs`mkustla, `s ht hs lnmy hn p`rthkum`r shtu`thlns pr`kthkòmc, tl sct ehrc tl tfc mlnb `nd muxurh`ntbr`sscs wfhkf tfc k`ttmc f`vc nlt klnsuacd. Tfhs hs nlt pr`kthscd hn `ròmc fuso`ndry wfcrcht hs unnckcss`ry. Tfc stuoomc le ` rhkc ehcmd hs pmlubfcd hntl tfc brlund hn tfc sàc w`y `s whtf us9 out ht hs rcslrtcd tl elr rcdukhnb tfc n`tur`m p`sturcs le tfc fhmms, wfhkf `rc ocylndtfc rc`kf le tfc pmlubf. Tfcsc muxurh`nt br`sscs rc ournt nd dcklaplscd hn lrdcr tl nlurhsf` ncw brlwtf. Ht hs tfc sàc lpcr`thln, `nd elr tfc sàc purplsc, `s tf`t le ournhnb fc`tfcrelr haprlvhnb sfccp p`sturc. Tfhs hs usu`m pr`kthkc hn tfc Klnk`n `nd Dckk`n9 out ht hs nlt slbcncr`mmy rcslrtcd tl hn Buzcr`t, lr hn A`mò`r, `s ht hs nlt sl wcmm suhtcd tl tfc khrkuast`nkcsle tflsc kluntrhcs. Tfc pr`kthkc le ournhnb br`ss hs lnmy elmmlwcd ln o`rc `nd nìcd

alunt`hns. Hn tflsc tf`t `rc klvcrcd whtf trccs, sukf `s tfc Bf`ts hn A`mò`r, ht wlumd ocdcstrukthvc, `nd hs nlt tfcrcelrc f`d rcklursc tl. Hn tfc Klnk`n, `nd wfcrc tfc fhbf m`nds `rcbcncr`mmy whtflut wlld, `nd wfcrc tfc br`ss brlws tl tfc muxurh`nkc `malst le rccds, tfc ournhnb systca hs pursucd. Rfcrcvcr ht hs pr`kthscd, tfc n`thvcs klnshdcr ht `s ` prlle le o`rrcnncss, `nd kùscd oy ` kursc le lnc le tfchr blds. Tfc fc`t le tfc sun, n`tur`m `nd`rthehkh`m alhsturc, `nd tfc hnund`thlns le rhvcrs, iccps tfc slhm hn Hndh` hn ` st`tc le pcrpctu`meckundhty `nd rcndcrs ht eruhteum yc`r ètcr yc`r, `s w`s tfc k`sc undcr tfc sàc khrkuast`nkcshn Cbypt.

Tfc Hndh`n e`racr hs `b`hn rcprl`kfcd elr ushnb fhs dunb elr eucm9 out `n cxpm`n`thln letfc e`kt whmm hn slac ac`surc vhndhk`tc fha erla tfhs kcnsurc. Tfc dunb wfhkf hs capmlycd hntfhs w`y (` sa`mm qu`nthty ètcr `mm) hs lot`hncd prhnkhp`mmy erla wf`t tfc `nha`m mcts e`mm lntfc fhbf rl`d, nd wfhkf wlumd ltfcrwhsc oc mlst. Olys nd bhrms `rc capmlycd whtf o`sicts tlb`tfcr ht up erla tfc rl`ds `nd strccts s hn lur lwn kluntry. Tfcsc kfhmdrcn rc scmdla tflscle tfc kumthv`tlrs, out le `ny le tfc hnfòht`nts, alst klaalnmy le vcry pllr pclpmc, wfl ahxtfc ercsf dunb whtf kf`rkl`m lr str`w, aìc ht hntl kìcs, `nd dry tfca hn tfc sun. 04 Tfc olys`nd bhrms a`y oc sccn hn a`ny p`rts le tfc Nlrtf le Cnbm`nd capmlycd hn tfc sàc w`y9 `nd Hf`vc occn tlmd tf`t hn nl vcry rcaltc thac ` shahm`r a`nue`ktlry w`s k`rrhcd ln `mm lvcr tfhskluntry.

H f`vc `mrc`dy acnthlncd tfc Drhmm Fuso`ndry, `s `n hnvcnthln le tfc Fhndlls9 tf`t letr`nspm`nthnb wfhkf f`s tfc sàc logckt hn vhcw, hs cqu`mmy usceum `nd ocùtheum. Ht bhvcs tfcehcmd tfc rcbum`rhty le ` b`rdcn, `nd cvcry v`k`nt sp`kc hs ehmmcd up. Tfc lpcr`thln letr`nspm`nthnb hs k`mkum`tcd tl èelrd lnc elurtf alrc le prldukc tf`n tfc orl`dk`st actfld lekumthv`thln. A`ny le tfc dct`hms le Fhndll Fuso`ndry `rc kurhlus `nd lrhbhn`m.

Tfc pr`kthkc le w`tcrhnb `nd hrrhb`thln hs nlt pckumh`r tl tfc fuso`ndry le Hndh`, out htf`s prloòmy occn k`rrhcd tfcrc tl ` brc`tcr cxtcnt, nd alrc mòlrhlus hnbcnuhty dhspm`ycd hnht tf`n hn `ny ltfcr kluntry. Tfc v`st `nd nuacrlus t`nis, rcscrvlhrs, `nd `rthehkh`m mìcs `s wcmm `s dàs le slmhd a`slnry hn rhvcrs wfhkf tfcy klnstruktcd elr tfc purplsc le ecrthmhshnbtfchr ehcmds, sflw tfc cxtrcac slmhkhtudc wfhkf tfcy f`d tl sckurc tfhs logckt.03

Tfcsc wlris wcrc nlt `mw`ys cxckutcd `t tfc cxpcnsc le Blvcrnacnt9 tfcy wcrc letcndcer`ycd oy tfc zc`m le wc`mtfy hndhvhdu`ms, `nd slacthacs oy wlacn. Tfc nàcs le tfcsc ocnce`ktlrs `rc sthmm prcscrvcd9 out tfcy ercqucntmy scrvc lnmy tl klaacalr`tc ` dry splt, `ndtl plhnt lut wfcrc ` t`ni f`d occn. Zcrf`ps nl khrkuast`nkc k`n alrc strlnbmy sflw tfcdckmhnc le Hndh` tf`n tfc dck`y le tflsc wlris, wfhkf wcrc `t lnc thac nckcss`ry tl suppmy whtf elld `n òund`nt plpum`thln. Tfc olttlas le a`ny le tfc t`nis `rc nlw klnvcrtcd hntlrhkc ehcmds, `nd tfc w`tcrs le ltfcrs run w`stc. Tfc dry olttlas sthmm rct`hn alhsturc, `nd `stfcy `rc cnrhkfcd whtf tfc `mmuvh`m dcplshts le ` elracr `bc, tfcy `rc c`bcrmy schzcd oy tfc




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Fuso`nda`n, wfl hs surc tl oc rcw`rdcd oy `n òund`nt krlp. Tfc ruhn le tfcsc ocncehkcntmòlurs k`nnlt out bhvc tl tfc tr`vcmmcr hn p`sshnb, acm`nkflmy `nd unpmc`s`nt rcemckthlns.

Tfc Alfàacd`ns wcrc prloòmy cxkhtcd oy tfc cxàpmc 05 `nd hntcrklursc le tfcFhndlls tl kumthv`tc tfc `rts le pc`kc, `nd tfcy `msl capmlycd tfcascmvcs hn klnstrukthnba`ny a`bnhehkcnt rcscrvlhrs elr w`tcr. Tfcrc w`s ` brc`t dhsthnkthln flwcvcr hn bcncr`m

octwccn tfc wlris le tfc twl pclpmc.Elr tfc alst p`rt tfc t`nis le tfc Ausscma`ns wcrc ouhmt elr muxury, lstcnt`thln `ndlrnàcnt. A`ny vcry cxpcnshvc lncs wcrc uneht elr hrrhb`thln. @mh Acrduns k`n`m flwcvcr, `nlomc `nd usceum wlri, w`s `n cxkcpthln tl tfhs rca`ri.

Ocshdcs tfc brc`t rcscrvlhrs elr w`tcr, tfc kluntry hs klvcrcd whtf nuacrlus wcmms wfhkf`rc capmlycd elr w`tcrhnb tfc ehcmds. Tfc w`tcr hs r`hscd oy ` wfccm chtfcr oy acn lr oy oummlkis, `nd ht hs ètcrw`rds klnvcycd oy mhttmc k`n`ms wfhkf dhvcrbcd ln `mm shdcs, sl `s tlklnvcy ` sueehkhcnt qu`nthty le alhsturc tl tfc rllts le tfc alst dhst`nt pm`nts. 02 Rfcn tfcsc`rc sccn hn lpcr`thln ht bhvcs tfc alst kfccreum phkturc le quhct `nd usceum hndustry, tf`t k`nlkkur cvcn tl tfc ha`bhn`thln. Tfc vcry shbft le ht klnvcys tl tfc ahnd pc`kc `nd tr`nquhmmhty.

H aust rcpc`t tf`t H f`vc sccn hn Hndh` tfc alst òund`nt krlps ‖tfc klrn st`ndhnb `stfhki ln tfc brlund `s tfc m`nd klumd wcmm oc`r ht‘9 ehcmds nc`t, kmc`n `nd bcncr`mmy whtflut ` wccd. Hnehnhtc p`hns `rc tìcn tl cxthrp`tc tfcsc, `nd scvcr`m hnbcnhlus hnstruacnts f`vc occnklntrhvcd elr tfc purplsc.

Ht hs f`rdmy plsshomc tf`t ` wccd k`n oc elund hn ` tr`nspm`ntcd ehcmd, wfcrc cvcry st`mi hsput hn oy tfc f`nd, `nd k`rceummy pm`ntcd.

Tfc Fuso`nda`n hn ehnc mòlurs hnkcss`ntmy tl hnkrc`sc fhs prldukc, v`ryhnb fhslpcr`thlns `kklrdhnb tl khrkuast`nkcs, `nd `kthnb `mw`ys wfcn fc k`n, ln ehxcd prhnkhpmcs. @systca le rlt`thln hs `ttcndcd tl, out tfc mmuvh`m dcplshts aìc ht hn a`ny pm`kcs unnckcss`ry,`nd mlk`m pckumh`rhthcs, mlk`m lpprcsshlns, `nd tfc w`nt le rcslurkcs klapcms tfc kumthv`tlr tlelrcbl a`ny `dv`nt`bcs7 fc hs lomhbcd nl dluot oy sl a`ny prcsshnb nckcsshthcs tll letcn tldcvh`tc erla tfc ocst pm`n9 tl suoaht tl sukf sfhets `nd cxpcdhcnts `s `rc whtfhn fhs plwcr.[lac mmlw`nkc sflumd oc a`dc elr tfc khrkuast`nkcs le tfc pclpmc, bcncr`m s wcmm s p`rthku-m`r. [lac klap`sshln sflumd oc ecmt elr tfchr shtu`thln, `nd wfcn wc scc lnc dhstrhkt fhbfmykumthv`tcd, `nltfcr hn plvcrty, `nd tfc wrckis cvcrywfcrc le ` brc`tcr `brhkumtur`m prlspcrhtyhn elracr thacs, wlumd ht nlt oc cquhtòmc `nd gust tl klnkmudc tf`t hbnlr`nkc `nd stuphdhty wcrc nlt tfc slmc kùscs le tfcsc `nla`mlus `ppc`r`nkcs< Tfc emyhnb survcys, p`rth`m, `ndf`sty rcplrts tf`t f`vc s yct lnmy occn a`dc le tfchr brhkumturc, rc nlt tl oc dcpcndcd upln.Ht wlumd rcquhrc tfc mchsurc `nd `ppmhk`thln le yc`rs, aukf p`thcnkc `nd inlwmcdbc le tfcsuogckt, `nd ` gudhkhlus `mmlw`nkc elr tfc pckumh`rhthcs le tfc kmha`tc, tl `pprckh`tc chtfcr tfcacrhts lr dceckts le Fhndll Fuso`ndry. Hn tfc prcscnt plmhthk`m st`tc le Hndh`9 tfc klnnckthln`nd dcpcndcnkc le tfc brc`tcst p`rt le tf`t ehnc kluntry ln tfc Orhthsf Blvcrnacnt, rcndcrs ht`n hapcrhlus duty elr us tl usc cvcry prudcnt `nd prlpcr ac`ns elr tfc haprlvcacnt le htsklndhthln9 out wc sflumd oc k`rceum hn tfcsc ttcapts t acmhlr`thln nlt tl tfrlw ht o`ki, ndtl lostrukt hts prlbrcss, oy tll f`sthmy klndcanhnb tfc pr`kthkcs le tfc kluntry, wfhkf f`vc occn s`nkthlncd oy cxpcrhcnkc, `nd f`vc tfchr uthmhty hn mlk`m khrkuast`nkcs. Tfc ahnds `ndhnkmhn`thln le tfc pclpmc sflumd oc klnsumtcd wfcrcvcr tfchr lwn hntcrcsts `rc klnkcrncd. Hnbcncr`m tfchr cxpcrhcnkc hs tfc ocst buhdc. Ht hs hn v`hn tl subbcst cxpcnshvc haprlvcacnts wfcrc tfcrc hs nl k`pht`m, wfcrc tfc rcnt hs tìcn `s ` t`x oy Blvcrnacnt, `nd wfcrc tfcprlprhctlry rhbft le tfc slhm hs dhsputcd. Tfc kumthv`thln le br`hn hn slac pm`kcs yhcmds nl prlehttl tfc Fuso`nda`n, ocylnd fhs acrc suoshstcnkc. 06 Hn tfhs k`sc tfcrc hs nchtfcr ac`ns, nlrsthaumus elr haprlvcacnt. Nltwhtfst`ndhnb `mm tfcsc dhs`dv`nt`bcs, tfc st`tc le `brhkumturcàlnb tfc Fhndlls hs rcspcktòmc7 H a`y s`y wlndcreum. [lac le tfc dct`hms le tfchra`n`bcacnt wlumd eurnhsf hnelra`thln tl tfc Curlpc`n e`racr9 wfcn tfcy elmmlw ` o`dsystca, ht hs nlt erla hbnlr`nkc le tfc truc prhnkhpmcs le tfc `rt, out erla plvcrty `ndlpprcsshln9 rcalvc tfcsc `nd haprlvcacnt wlumd elmmlw. Tfc Fhndlls, wf`tcvcr a`y octfchr alr`m qu`mhthcs, rc tcapcr`tc nd n hndustrhlus pclpmc, inlwhnb, nd wcmm kqu`hntcd whtf tfchr lwn hntcrcsts. Hn tfc klursc le lur hntcrklursc whtf tfca tfcy f`vc `dlptcd a`nytfhnbs erla Curlpc, nd tfcy rc klnthnu`mmy ddhnb wfcn ht suhts tfchr t`stc nd klnvcnhcnkc.




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He tfchr systca le `brhkumturc hs o`d, tfcy whmm `mtcr ht `s slln `s wc k`n sflw tfca ` kfc`pcr`nd n c`shcr w`y le prlkurhnb alrc ound`nt f`rvcsts9 out tfhs whmm nlt oc prldukcd oy acrctfclrcthk`m rcklaacnd`thlns. Rc sflumd sukkccd hn mtcrhnb a`ny le tfc fòhts `nd pr`kthkcsle Hndh`, prlvhdcd ht wcrc plsshomc tl klapcm lur lwn fòhts tl ahx whtf tfc mòlurs le tfcpclpmc. Ht hs alrc tf`n prloòmc tf`t `ny brc`t kf`nbc dcpcndhnb ln tfc hntrldukthln leCurlpc`n `rts `nd a`nncrs whmm oc hntrldukcd oy tfc F`me-k`stcs (h.c., tflsc le ahxcd Hndl-Curlpc`n p`rcnt`bc. — Cdhtlr. ) wfl rc nlw sprc`dhnb nd aumthpmyhnb hn tfc usu`m hnkrc`shnbr`thl le plpum`thln. H sf`mm klnkmudc tfcsc bcncr`m rca`ris oy `n cxtr`kt erla ` mcttcr le ` v`muòmc erhcnd wflsc hntcmmhbcnkc `nd lpplrtunhthcs le loscrvhnb tfc pr`kthkc le Hndh`nFuso`ndry, `rc nlt H ocmhcvc cxkccdcd oy `ny a`n hn tf`t kluntry.

‖Hn Buzcr`t, `nd hndccd hn tfc Dckk`n, out cspckh`mmy hn Buzcr`t, k`rceum `nd sihmeum`brhkumturc, hs prloòmy, `s aukf studhcd `s hn Cnbm`nd. Hn a`ny plhnts `n Cnbmhsf e`racrahbft klndcan tfc pr`kthkc t ehrst shbft9 out hn thac fc wlumd mc`rn, tf`t aukf le wf`t fc dhdnlt pprlvc, undcr n hdc` tf`t tfc sàc systca hn mm rcspckts tf`t sukkccds hn Cnbm`nd lubfttl oc elmmlwcd fcrc, w`s le tfc ehrst haplrt`nkc9 w`s hn e`kt wf`t klnsthtutcd tfc brc`t ac`nsle sukkcss hn tfhs kmha`tc `nd tf`t tl dcp`rt erla tfc cxhsthnb pr`kthkc wlumd oc elmmy. Elrhnst`nkc s tl pmlubfhnb hn tfhs kluntry, ht hs klndcancd s nlt ochnb dccp cnlubf. Tfc n`thvc

flwcvcr inlws erla cxpcrhcnkc tf`t tfc slhm `t tfc sure`kc, `nd wfhkf f`s occn wcmm fc`tcd oy cxplsurc tl tfc sun, hs tf`t wfhkf yhcmds tfc ocst rcturn. Ht hs nlt unklaaln tl scc tfca ocelrc tfc flt sc`sln pmlubf tfchr alrc v`muòmc m`nds rlubfmy, sl `s tl cxplsc `s aukf `splsshomc le tfc slhm tl tfc rcvhvheyhnb hnemucnkc le tfc sun. Ht hs ` e`kt tll, tf`t hn alst slhms hnNlrtfcrn Buzcr`t, tfc m`nds `rc alrc prldukthvc, wfcn icpt klnthnu`mmy erla yc`r tl yc`rundcr kumthv`thln, tf`n wfcn `mmlwcd tl mhc e`mmlw7 sukf slhms flwcvcr `s haprlvc oy ` yc`r lrtwl‘s rcsphtc, `mw`ys rckchvc ht. Tfhs hs nlt unklaaln hn tfc [ur`t, `nd cvcn hn tfc Orl`kfdhstrhkt, `nd hn slac p`rts le tfc Dckk`n. Lnc le a`ny prlles tf`t wcrc rcquhshtc, tfc systcale tfc n`thvcs, hs tll wcmm elundcd ln cxpcrhcnkc tl rcgckt ht.‘ 08

Ht hs nlw thac tl rcturn tl tfc alrc haacdh`tc suogckt le tfhs `rthkmc, tfc fuso`ndry leA`mò`r. Tfc pr`kthkc v`rhcs hn a`ny rcspckts erla tfc Nlrtfcrn p`rts le Hndh`, lr wfcrc tfcybrlw wfc`t, nd ltfcr br`hns wfhkf rc nlt kumthv`tcd hn A`mò`r. Tfc pr`kthkc hs rcbum`tcd oytfc slhm, tfc sure`kc `nd tfc krlps. Hn c`kf rcbhln le Hndh` tfcrc hs slac pckumh`rhty hn tfc aldc`nd rthkmcs le kumthv`thln, wfhkf aust oc `d`ptcd tl tfc kmha`tc, tfc dheecrcnkc le sc`slns, `ndtfc n`turc le tfc brlund.

Hn A`mò`r9 `brhkumturc, hs `n haplrt`nt, `nd `n flnlròmc lkkup`thln. Tfhs hs tfcklnscqucnkc le tfhs spckhcs le prlpcrty ochnb wcmm cstòmhsfcd, `nd `n hntcrcst krc`tcd wfhkfrcquhrcs, tf`t cvcry prlprhctlr sflumd undcrst`nd slactfhnb le `n `rt ln wfhkf nlt lnmy fhsklaelrt, out fhs supplrt aust dcpcnd. Alst le tfcsc acn tfcrcelrc `rc qu`mhehcd tl dhrckt tfcmòlurs le tfchr kumthv`tlrs, `nd a`ny le tfc N`yrs flmd tfc pmlubf tfcascmvcs. [lac le tfcprlprhctlrs e`ra tfchr cst`tcs tl tcn`nts, `nd mhvc ln tfc rcnt9 out alst le tfca rcscrvc slacm`nd hn tfchr lwn f`nds, `nd ltfcrs f`vc m`rbcr e`ras. Tfc lrdcr `nd `rr`nbcacnt `rc nltdheecrcnt erla wf`t wc ehnd hn Curlpc. Tfc shzc le tfc e`ras v`ry erla lnc pmlubf tl ?:. TfcKfhrahrs pcrelra brc`t p`rt le tfc mòlur, out nlt tfc wflmc. Cvcry cst`tc f`s slac Kfhrahrs`tt`kfcd tl ht. [lac le tfc m`rbcst e`ras f`vc erla 3: tl 0:: Kfhrahrs, acn, wlacn `ndkfhmdrcn. Tfc lxcn nd klws rc c`kf olut tfc sàc nuaocr s tfc sm`vcs. [ukf e`racrs f`vc`msl ` nuaocr le fhrcd scrv`nts, `nd vcry letcn ` I`rrhb`r lr supcrhntcndcnt, wfl dhrckts tfcmòlur le tfc rcst, out dlcs nlt wlri fhascme. Tfc duty `nd kf`r`ktcr le tfhs pcrsln rcscaomcstf`t le lur O`hmhee lr Lvcrsccr.

Tfcsc cstòmhsfacnts `rc rcspcktòmc, tfcy klnvcy `n `hr le wc`mtf `nd klaelrt, scmdlasccn àlnb tfc pc`s`ntry hn ltfcr p`rts le Hndh`. Tfcy rck`mm tl ahnd tfc prlprhctlrs `nde`racrs le lur lwn kluntry. ?:

H dl nlt ac`n tl cntcr hntl `mm tfc dct`hms le A`mò`r Fuso`ndry wfhkf whmm oc ocstcxpm`hncd oy tfc `nncxcd tòmc.( Lahttcd fcrc.— Cdhtlr ) @ bcncr`m dcskrhpthln flwcvcr hsnckcss`ry. Tfc m`nd hs bcncr`mmy wcmm ecnkcd `nd suodhvhdcd. Tfc mlnb, n`rrlw `nd ocùtheum v`mmhcs elra hndccd n`tur`m dhvhshlns. Tfc `rthehkh`m dhvhshlns `rc klaalnmy sa`mm, elr tfcklnvcnhcnkc le hrrhb`thln, `nd tl a`ri tfc sf`rcs le hndhvhdu`ms. Tfc ehcmds, lr dhvhshlns, `rc




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elracd hntl nc`t `nd lomlnb squ`rcs. Hn prcp`rhnb tfc brlund elr rhkc, tfcy pmlubf twhkc, `ndcvcn tfrhkc kklrdhnb tl khrkuast`nkcs, ocelrc tfcy slw. Tfc ehrst lpcr`thln hs tl surrlund tfcehcmd whtf o`nis, nd tfcn tl lvcremlw ht. Tfc o`nis rc olut twl ecct orl`d, `nd r`hscd r`tfcralrc pcrf`ps òlvc tfc mcvcm le tfc brlund. Tfcy scrvc `s wcmm `s tl iccp hn tfc w`tcr, `selltp`tfs. Rhtflut tfca tfc pclpmc wlumd oc lomhbcd tl w`dc tfrlubf aud `nd w`tcr, chtfcr wfcn tfcy w`ntcd tl hnspckt tfchr ehcmds, lr hn prlsckuthln le a`ny le tfchr nckcss`ry mòlurs.Tfc dcptf le w`tcr hn ` rhkc ehcmd dcpcnds ln tfc p`rthkum`r shtu`thln9 ht v`rhcs erla shx hnkfcstl ` ellt, `nd cvcn ` ellt `nd ` f`me.

Hn slac k`scs rhkc ehcmd hs icpt undcr w`tcr unthm tfc scklnd pmlubfhnb. Ht hs tfcn malst`n cqu`m ahxturc le aud `nd w`tcr. Tfc k`ttmc hn tfhs st`tc `rc le `s aukf usc `s tfc pmlubf.Tfc w`tcr ehrst rlts tfc wccds nd br`ss, nd etcrw`rds nlurhsfcs tfc pm`nt. R`tcr hs tfc alstnckcss`ry bcnt le vcbct`thln. Tfc sccd klrn hs slacthacs, out nlt mw`ys, slìcd elr ?: lr ;:flurs hn w`tcr. Ht hs tfcn m`hd hn ` fc`p elr scvcr`m d`ys9 hn tfhs st`tc ht sfllts `nd brlws. Tfcbrlund hs ehn`mmy prcp`rcd, chtfcr elr slwhnb lr pm`nthnb, oy dr`bbhnb ` pm`ni lvcr hts sure`kc oy k`ttmc. Tfhs mcvcms `nd salltfs tfc brlund9 `nd ahnbmcs cvcry tfhnb tlbctfcr. Tfc w`tcr hs`mmlwcd tl run lut ocelrc tfc sccd hs slwn. Ht hs tfcn slwn orl`dk`st, lr pm`ntcd.

Tfc pm`nthnb lr tr`nspm`nthnb hs pcrelracd hn tfhs a`nncr. Rfcn tfc rhkc pm`nts `ppc`r` ecw hnkfcs òlvc tfc brlund, tfcy `rc tìcn up, thcd hn mhttmc oundmcs, `nd `b`hn put hntl tfcsàc brlund, lr rcalvcd tl `nltfcr ehcmd `s a`y oc nckcss`ry lr klnvcnhcnt. Tfhs wlri hspcrelracd oy tfc f`nd, nd vcry klaalnmy oy wlacn. Tfc ehcmd hs b`hn lvcremlwcd nd icptsl unthm tfc br`hn hs nc`rmy rhpc. Tfc o`nis `rc tfcn ehn`mmy kut `nd tfc w`tcr csk`pcs.

Bcncr`mmy spcìhnb òlut tfrcc p`rts le tfc st`mi le tfc pm`nt rca`hns òlvc tfc w`tcr.Tfc prlkcss hn Ocnb`m hs vcry dheecrcnt erla tfhs.

Tfcrc hs kumthv`tcd hn A`mò`r upw`rds le ehety ihnds le rhkc. Tfcy `rc c`kf dhsthnbuhsfcd oy ` scp`r`tc nàc, oy slac pckumh`r qu`mhty, `nd dheecrcnt aldcs le kumthv`thln `rc le klurscpursucd. [lac ihnds brlw ln tfc fhmms `nd dl nlt rcquhrc hrrhb`thln. Tfcsc `rc k`mmcd Zllnua`nd Aldun. Tfcy `rc aukf mlnbcr hn rhpcnhnb tf`n tfc usu`m kumthv`thln. Tfcrc hs lnc spckhcs wfhkf hs prlp`b`tcd oy kutthnbs, ` aldc wfhkf H ncvcr fc`rd le cxkcpt hn A`mò`r. @n kklunt

le `mm tfc dheecrcnt ihnds le rhkc kumthv`tcd hn tfhs prlvhnkc, whmm oc elund hn tfc tòmcs, `t tfccnd le tfhs `rthkmc.(Lahttcd fcrc.— Cdhtlr )Tfc slutfcrn p`rts le A`mò`r `rc alrc ecrthmc tf`n tfc nlrtfcrn p`rts. Tfc elracr hn

a`ny shtu`thlns hs k`pòmc le prldukhnb tfrcc krlps ` yc`r, lr r`tfcr hn 04 alntfs, wfhmc vcryecw pm`kcs hn tfc m`ttcr prldukc twl, `nd hn tfc Ryn``d òlvc tfc Bf`ts lnmy lnc krlp hsprlkurcd. ?0

[lac ihnds le rhkc rc elund tl rhpcn c`rmhcr tf`n ltfcrs, nd tl tfrhvc hn dheecrcnt dcbrccsle alhsturc7 tfcy f`vc fcnkc nlt `mm tfc sàc sc`slns le rc`phnb `nd slwhnb. Tfcy f`vc tfchrp`rthkum`r shtu`thlns nd slhm. Hn tfc fuso`ndry le A`mò`r tfc sihmm le tfc Iudh`n lr kumthv`tlr,hs tfcrcelrc cxcrtcd, tl dhsklvcr tfc brlunds ocst `d`ptcd tl c`kf. Fc f`s dhsklvcrcd tf`t ht hsusceum tl kf`nbc fhs sccd7 out lnc krlp le rhkc elmmlws `nltfcr hn ctcrn`m sukkcsshln. Tfc fhmmrhkc rcquhrcs 6 lr 8 alntfs tl rhpcn, `nd tf`t ln tfc hnund`tcd ehcmds out tfrcc. Tfc fhmm krlphs alrc prck`rhlus, `s ht dcpcnds cnthrcmy ln ` e`vluròmc sc`sln le r`hn. Hn tfc uppcr m`ndstfcy loscrvc ` rcbum`r rlt`thln. Ht hs hn tfcsc shtu`thlns wfcrc tfcy brlw tfchr brccn krlps7tfcsc `rc klnehncd tl ` ecw ihnds le pumsc, `nd bhnbcmmy lr cmmu. Hn tfcsc fhmms tfcy pmlubf elrslac ihnds le kumturc `s letcn `s scvcn thacs. Out rhkc hs tfc brc`t `rthkmc le kumthv`thln hnA`mò`r7 tfcy msl kumthv`tc, tfc sub`r k`nc nd dflmm9 nd tfc kmha`tc wlumd prloòmy `nswcrelr `mm tfc trlphk`m pm`nts.

Tfc supcrhlrhty le prldukthln hs v`stmy le w`ra kmha`tcs. Tfc wflmc yc`r hs ecrthmc. Tfcbrc`t dr`wo`ki hs tfc w`nt le alhsturc `nd r`hn. Rfcn tfc rcbum`r suppmy le w`tcr e`hms,nltfhnb k`n prcvcnt ` stcrhmc f`rvcst. A`mò`r hs flwcvcr r`rcmy, he cvcr, cxplscd tl tfhsk`màhty. Hn tfhs rcspckt ht f`s tfc `dv`nt`bc le `malst cvcry ltfcr p`rt le Hndh`. Hn A`mò`rtfc kumthv`thln le rhkc a`y oc sccn t mm sc`slns le tfc yc`r, nd t tfc sàc thac hn cvcry st`bcle hts prlbrcss. Nltfhnb k`n oc alrc rhkf `nd hntcrcsthnb tf`n tfhs phkturc. Tfc `ppc`r`nkc letfc kluntry hs ocùtheum `nd v`rhlus. @t lnc vhcw a`y oc sccn tfc lpcr`thln le slwhnb lr




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tr`nspm`nthnb hn lnc ehcmd7 hn `nltfcr tfc pm`nt sfllthnb òlvc tfc w`tcr, `nd cmscwfcrc ht hsquhtc rhpc.

Tfc pclpmc le A`mò`r f`vc twl slrts le pmlubfs9 lnc hs fc`vhcr tf`n tfc ltfcr, out tfcyf`vc oltf tfc sàc shapmc klnstrukthln. Tfc A`mò`r pmlubfs f`vc lnmy lnc f`ndmc. Ht hskurhlus tf`t tfhs hs tfc k`sc msl whtf tfc pmlubf le tfc slutf le Er`nkc, tf`t le [ueelmi, nd tfc

[fctm`nd Hsm`nds. Tfhs hs lnc le tflsc rcscaom`nkcs wfhkf ocmlnbs tl t`stc `nd e`nky, r`tfcrtf`n tl haht`thln. Rc a`y oc surprhscd tf`t pclpmc wfl mhvc sl rcaltc erla c`kf ltfcr, `ndundcr sukf dheecrcnt khrkuast`nkcs, sflumd f`vc klac tl `dlpt tfc sàc `pp`rcntmy eccomc`nd hnklnvcnhcnt strukturc le tfhs hndhspcnsòmc hnstruacnt. Rc k`n lnmy `nswcr, tf`t tfcyaust f`vc occn mcd tl ht oy slac pr`kthk`m lr ha`bhn`ry `dv`nt`bc, `nd tf`t fòht f`s a`dc htklnvcnhcnt.

Tfc lost`kmcs tl kumthv`thln fcrc `rc ecw. @ e`racr hn Curlpc wlumd elmmlw tfc sàcprhnkhpmc. Fhs pmlubfs `rc klnstruktcd tl suht tfc n`turc le tfc slhm, `nd tfc wlri tfcy f`vc tlpcrelra. Tfc sàc slrt le pmlubfhnb tf`t hs nckcss`ry elr ` wfc`t krlp, wlumd nlt oc prlpcrhn tfc kumthv`thln le rhkc. Fuso`ndry hs ncvcr dhsbr`kcd hn A`mò`r oy ylihnb tlbctfcr nha`msle ` dheecrcnt spckhcs. Alscs elrohds tfc Hsr`cmhtcs tl pmlubf whtf `n lx `nd `n `ss tlbctfcr `s` mcssln le alr`m hnstrukthln7 ‖Oc nlt uncqu`mmy ylicd, ctk.‘

Tfc A`mò`r pmlubf hs dr`bbcd oy ` p`hr le lxcn, `nd drhvcn oy lnc a`n. TfcFuso`nda`n rcp`hrs tl tfc ehcmd ocelrc tfc d`wn le d`y `nd mc`vcs ht `t sunsct. Fc tìcs fhsrcp`st, `nd rcst undcr tfc sf`dc le ` trcc. Fhs whec `nd kfhmdrcn `kklap`ny fha.

Mhic tfc Fhndlls, tfc Brccis nd tfc Cbypth`ns f`d nl Klumtcr tl tfchr pmlubf. [ukf msl`rc tflsc uscd hn tfc slutf le Er`nkc, `nd hn bcncr`m hn `mm flt kluntrhcs.?? Ht f`s occn erlatfhs klngckturc tf`t thmm`bc w`s hnvcntcd oy tflsc n`thlns wfhkf hnfòhtcd ` mhbft `nd mllscslhm.?;

Tfc `nkhcnts, `msl mhic tfc pclpmc le @sh`, a`dc usc lnmy le lxcn hn thmm`bc. Tfc Brccis wfl spcì le O`kkfus `s tfc hnvcntlr le brhkumturc, s`y fc w`s tfc ehrst tf`t orlubft lxcn lutle Hndh` hntl Curlpc.?4 Rc a`y hnecr erla tfhs tf`t tfcy klnshdcrcd tfc `rt le kumthv`thnb tfcbrlund, tl f`vc klac erla Hndh`.

Tfc klrn hs rc`pcd oy tfc shkimc, acn nd wlacn cnb`bhnb hn tfhs mòlur. Ht hs nlt mmlwcdtl rca`hn mlnb hn tfc str`w, `nd hs scp`r`tcd hn tfc ehcmd oy tfc `nkhcnt, `nd shapmc actfld letrc`dhnb ht lut oy lxcn. Ht hs cvhdcnt tf`t tfhs actfld klumd lnmy `nswcr hn ` kluntry, wfcrctfc kmha`tc w`s rcbum`r, `nd tfc sun plwcreum. Tfc prlkcss le tfr`sfhnb, dryhnb `nd whnnlwhnb, rc `mm ehnhsfcd tlbctfcr. Tfc br`hn hs k`rrhcd flac hn o`sicts, lr hn o`bs, wfhkf hspcrelracd oy acn `nd oummlkis. Ht hs tfcn put hntl m`rbcr o`sicts, pm`stcrcd hn tfc hnshdc whtfklw-dunb, tl cxkmudc tfc `hr, `nd tl prltckt tfc klrn erla vcrahn. Ht hs m`stmy dcplshtcd hn `br`n`ry. Hn slac ltfcr p`rts le Hndh` tfc o`sicts rc ourhcd hn tfc c`rtf, out tfhs k`n lnmy tìcpm`kc hn ` dry slhm `nd lnc wfhkf dlcs nlt òlund hn sprhnbs, wfhkf hs nlt tfc k`sc hn A`mò`r.

Hn A`mò`r tfc n`thvcs aìc usc le nl wfccm k`rrh`bcs. @mm tfc mòlur le klnvcy`nkc hspcrelracd oy oummlkis nd acn. Tfhs hs tfc k`sc msl hn Zcrsh` nd alnb tfc @ebf`ns.?3 Rf`tkùscs klumd f`vc prcvcntcd tfcsc n`thlns erla `dlpthnb lnc le tfc alst usceum `rts< Tfcyaust f`vc occn kqu`hntcd whtf hts dv`nt`bcs oy tfchr nchbfflurs, wfl k`rry ln tfchr hnm`ndklaacrkc ln k`rts9 `nd kf`rhlts scca tl f`vc occn p`rt le tfc w`rmhic a`kfhncry le rudcpclpmc. Tfc n`turc le tfc kluntry, `nd tfc rhkc kumthv`thln le A`mò`r, `rc une`vluròmc tlk`rrh`bcs9 out tfcsc lost`kmcs klumd nlt lpcr`tc hn cvcry shtu`thln, `nd klumd nlt oc vcrydheehkumt tl lvcrklac.

Ht hs cvhdcnt tf`t tfc n`turc le tfc slhm, aust f`vc brc`t hnemucnkc hn dctcrahnhnb tfclpcr`thlns le tfc Fuso`nda`n. Tfc ecrthmhty le m`nd hn Hndh`, dcpcnds ln tfc `kkcss tl w`tcr,`nd tfc rcbum`rhty le tfc pcrhldhk`m r`hns, `s aukf `s ln tfc eruhteumncss le tfc slhm. Tfcscsuppmhcs `rc p`rthkum`rmy rcquhshtc hn ` kluntry wfcrc tfc slhm hs f`rd `nd klfcshvc durhnb tfcf`me le tfc yc`r, cxkcpt ln tfc sc`-sflrc wfcrc ht hs s`ndy.

Hn A`mò`r tfc slhm hs km`sscd hn plhnt le prldukthvcncss undcr tfrcc slrts. Tfcy elra

tfchr gudbacnt le hts qu`mhty oy tfc elmmlwhnb cxpcrhacnts `nd prlkcss.




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Tfc ehrst slrt hs k`mmcd Z`sfcca`f Illr. Tfhs hs tfc fhbfcst qu`mhty le slhm, `nd klnshsts lerhkf km`y. Hn lrdcr tl dhsklvcr hts rcm`thvc prlpcrthcs, tfcy dhb ` pht òlut ` y`rd dccp, `nd `saukf whdc. He tfc slhm hs le tfc ihnd hn qucsthln, tfc flmc whmm nlt rckchvc, tfc c`rtf tf`t w`sdub lut le ht, wfcn rcturncd o`ki, oy ` klnshdcròmc qu`nthty. Tfc n`thvcs `ssurc us tf`t tfcflmc k`nnlt oc a`dc tl klnt`hn tfc wflmc le tfc c`rtf cvcn oy prcssurc, `s oy stàphnb whtftfc ellt, `nd oc`thnb ht dlwn whtf ` sp`dc, lr ` phckc le wlld. Tfhs c`rtf hs vcry `dfcshvc `ndunktulus. Ht sthkis wfcn f`ndmcd tl tfc ehnbcrs mhic brc`sc9 fcnkc, hts nàc, Z`sfcc shbnhehcsp`stc lr brc`sc, `nd Illr, ihnd rcm`thvcmy klnshdcrcd.

Tfc scklnd hs k`mmcd _`sfcc Z`sfcca`f Illr9 brlund le `n cqu`m lr ahddmhnb slrt. Tldctcrahnc hts qu`mhty, tfcy dhb ` flmc `s ocelrc9 out ln rcturnhnb tfc c`rtf hntl tfc flmc ht whmm oc cx`ktmy ehmmcd, `nd `ppc`r mcvcm whtf tfc rcst le tfc ehcmd. Tfhs c`rtf whmm `msl sthki tl tfcehnbcrs, out nlt sl `dfcshvcmy `s tfc ehrst. Ht f`s tfcrcelrc tfc cphtfct _`sfcc, wfhkf hapmhcs àhxturc le c`rtf `nd s`nd, wfhkf `rc unhtcd whtf tfc rhkf km`y le tfc elracr slhm.

Tfc tfhrd ihnd le slhm hs shapmy k`mmcd _`sfcc Illr, ` tcra dcskrhpthvc le hts plvcrty. Tfhshs vcry pllr mhbft m`nd. Tfc c`rtf hn tfhs cxpcrhacnt, wfcn rcturncd hntl tfc flmc, whmm nlt ehmmtfc pht. Tfhs slhm klnshsts acrcmy le mllsc s`nd.

Ht hs kurhlus `nd nlt ` mhttmc hntcrcsthnb tf`t tfcsc cxpcrhacnts klrrcsplnd cx`ktmy whtftflsc le Mlrd I`hrns hn fhs tfclry le ecrthmhshnb slhms. Fc s`ys7 ‖[lac c`rtfs ehmm nlt tfc flmc lutle wfhkf tfcy wcrc dub7 slac dl alrc tf`n ehmm ht. Zlvcrty lkk`shlns tfc elracr9 tfc plrcs `rcdhahnhsfcd oy f`ndmhnb wfhkf aìcs ht alrc klap`kt. [lmhdhty lkk`shlns tfc m`ttcr9 km`y swcmms oy sthrrhnb `nd klnthnucs sl, thmm hts elracr slmhdhty oc rcstlrcd oy tfc plwcr le br`vhty.‘ ?5 Ht hscqu`mmy rca`riòmc tf`t tfcsc cxpcrhacnts le tfc A`mò`r e`racr, sflumd klrrcsplnd whtf [hrF. D`vy‘s pfhmlslpfhk`m loscrv`thln9 ‖tf`t tfc ecrthmhty le slhms hs hn prlplrthln tl tfchr plwcrle òslrohnb alhsturc‘. ‖@muahn`, lr purc km`y,‘ fc s`ys, ‖hs tfc c`rtf tl wfhk f slhms lwc tfchrecrthmhty.‘ Fc `dds7 ‖[lhm whtf tll brc`t ` prlplrthln le s`nd hs òslmutcmy stcrhmc.‘ ?2

Ht hs kcrt`hnmy ` shnbum`r khrkuast`nkc, tf`t tfhs tfclry, tfc dhsklvcry le skhcnkc, sflumd oc undcrstlld `nd `ktcd upln oy tfc Fhndll pc s`nts.

Ht f`s occn loscrvcd tf`t `mtflubf tfc Fhndlls mhvc kfhcemy ln vcbctòmc dhct, tfcy

kumthv`tc ecw flrthkumtur`m pm`nts, `nd p`y mhttmc `ttcnthln tl b`rdcnhnb. Hn tfhs kmha`tc tfc wflmc kluntry a`y oc k`mmcd ` b`rdcn, `nd n`turc eurnhsfcs a`ny tfhnbs splnt`nclusmy wfhkfcmscwfcrc k`n lnmy oc lot`hncd oy tfc alst mòlrhlus cxcrthlns. Tfchr òstcahlus fòhts `rcc`shmy s`thsehcd, `nd ` sa`mm splt hs sueehkhcnt tl r`hsc `mm tfc pm`nts wfhkf tfcy rcquhrc7 Tfcsc`rc klnehncd tl sphnn`bc nd slac le tfc Or`sshk` trhoc. Tfc kfhmmy lr rcd pcppcr, slac o`dgcclr sphnn`bc, slac kukuaocrs nd puapihns, nd ecw emlwcrs, klaplsc tfc prhnkhp`m rthkmcshn tfchr mhttmc b`rdcns. Tfhs hs acrcmy ockùsc tfcsc `rthkmcs `rc d`hmy `nd flurmy w`ntcd elrtfchr kumhn`ry purplsc, `nd tl s`vc tfc trluomc le blhnb hntl tfc ehcmds elr tfca. Kukuaocrs,acmlns, puapihns, tfc orhng`m, ocndy, ` v`rhcty le oc`ns, lr pumsc, `nd yà, `rc kumthv`tcd ln` alrc cxtcnshvc sk`mc. Tfcsc `rc rc`rcd hn tfc klaaln ehcmds, `nd `s ` rcbum`r krlp,p`rthkum`rmy tfc yà, wfhkf `tt`hns brc`t pcreckthln hn A`mò`r. Out klrn `nd eruht trccs `rctfc brc`t logckts le `ttcnthln. Tfc slhm le tfc A`mò`r v`mmhcs hs `mmuvh`m c`rtf.

Tfcy study whtf p`rthkum`r k`rc tfc kf`nbcs le wc`tfcr `nd tfc sc`slns. @t tfc eumm `ndncw alln, r`hn `nd dcw e`mm alrc klphlusmy `nd tfc Fuso`nda`n rcbum`tcs a`ny le fhslpcr`thlns oy tfc pf`scs le tfhs pm`nct.

Tfc st`rs rc klnsumtcd nd tfc strlmlbcr lpcns fhs ollis. Out ht hs nlt mtlbctfcr n hdmcsupcrsththln, tf`t pm`nts rhpcn `nd brlw e`stcr undcr slac le tfcsc kf`nbcs. Ht w`s prloòmy whtf alrc rc`sln, tf`n wc `rc w`rc le, tf`t tfc st`rs wcrc elracrmy klnsumtcd cvcn hn Curlpc, ocelrc tfc e`racr klaahttcd fhs sccd tl tfc brlund. Ht w`s strhktmy rcklaacndcd tf`t tfcysflumd nlt ocbhn tl slw ocelrc tfc sctthnb le tfc st`rs. ?6 Tfcy f`d hn Curlpc, `s wcmm `s hnHndh`, `strlmlbcrs, tl elrctcmm tfc sc`slns, `nd tl wrhtc flrlsklpcs.

O`kln s`ys hn fhs N`tur`m Fhstlry, tf`t sccds, f`hr, n`hms, fcdbcs, `nd fcros, whmm brlwsllncst, he sct lr kut hn tfc hnkrc`sc le tfc alln.

Tfc A`mò`rs rc tt`kfcd, s wc f`vc sccn, tl kluntry mhec. Tfc N`yrs nd Nàollrhcsmhvc hn fluscs, t dhst`nkc erla c`kf ltfcr. [cbrcb`thln hs tfc klnscqucnkc le rur`m slkhcty.




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Tfhs hs tfc lnmy w`y hn wfhkf brl vcs k`n oc cnglycd, `nd mòlur k`rrhcd ln. ‖Rfcn tfcrc w`snlt rlla cnlubf elr tfchr fcrds tl eccd, tfcy oy klnscnt scp`r`tcd `nd cnm`rbcd tfchrp`sturc.‘ ?8 Ht hs tl tfhs aldc le mhec, `nd tfc c`sy khrkuast`nkcs, tf`t usu`mmy `ttcnd ht, tf`t wc`rc tl `skrhoc tfc nc`tncss `nd kmc`nncss le tfc fluscs `nd vhmm`bcs le A`mò`r. Tfc sàckhrkuast`nkcs, prldukc tfc sàc ceeckt ln tfchr pcrslns. Ht hs nlt ` acrc erccdla erla dhrt lrehmtf, out nc`tncss le drcss, nd kmc`nmhncss le pcrsln erla fc`d tl fccm. Tfc sàc nc`tncssa`y oc sccn tfrlubf cvcry p`rt le tfc kluntry. Ht hs dhspm`ycd hn tfchr `brhkumturc. Ht hs nlt ehncfluscs, out n`turc nd tfc orl`d K`nlpy le Fc`vcn, tf`t tfcy klntcapm`tc whtf dcmhbft. Tfcyf`vc cvcrywfcrc undcr tfchr cyc, a`bnhehkcnt `nd ecrthmc m`ndsk`pcs. Tfcsc tfcy haprlvc `ndlrnàcnt oy pm`nthnb eruht lr uaor`bclus trccs, wfhkf rcercsf tfc tr`vcmmcr.

Nltc0. Blbuct vlm.H p.63.?. Cdhnourbf _cvhcw Nl. 52, p. ?:0.;. Tfhs spckhcs le elrkcd scrvhkc prcv`hms hn `mm dcsplthk Blvcrnacnts. [crvhkc `b`hnst tfc whmm w`s

inlwn cvcn hn `nkhcnt Brcckc. Ht w`s k`mmcd elrkcd scrvhkc.4. [cc ` Glurn`m elr 06?:, ;623. [cc Ehburcs le tfc Zmlubf `nd le `mm tfcsc hnstruacnts erla 33 tl 54. YNlt hnkmudcd hn lrhbhn`m.—

Cdhtlr Q5. ‖Rfcn H splic le tfrcc pmlubfhnbs elr sfcnh (shk) H sk`rkcmy mmlwcd cnlubf7 tfcy lubft tl f`vc elur

lr cvcn ehvc, cspckh`mmy he tfc m`nd oc `t `mm fc`vy.‘ Ouric‘s mcttcrs. 2. [cc ` vcry hntcmmhbcnt `brhkumtur`m acalr`ndua erla K`pt`hn @. _locrtsln.6. Mukcrnc, H ocmhcvc.8. Tfc fhstlry le tfhs cxpcrhacnt aust oc elund hn slac le tfc rckcnt dhsp`tkfcs erla Olao`y. F`s

ht occn icpt up, lr hs ht dhsklnthnucd<Hn ` sc`sln le brc`t sk`rkhty, Dr. Bhmdcr kumthv`tcd Mukcrnc tl ` klnshdcròmc cxtcnt, sl aukf sl `s tl

w`rr`nt fhs klnshdcrhnb tf`t fc klumd brlw ` sueehkhcnt qu`nthty le ht elr tfc usc le ` Dr`blln _cbhacnt`nd fc leecrcd tl cnb`bc tl dl sl, out tfc leecr w`s nlt `kkcptcd. H ocmhcvc tfc klnst`nt usc le brccnelr`bc hn qu`rtcrs w`s klnshdcrcd logckthlnòmc. Durhnb tfc sàc sc`sln, fc elund k`rrlts usceum `s èlld elr flrscs, `nd fc suppmhcd ` klnshdcròmc qu`nthty le tfcsc `nd le fhs Mukcrnc tl tfc K`v`mry9 outln tfc rcturn le ` e`vluròmc f`y-f`rvcst oltf wcrc dhsklnthnucd. @t prcscnt a`ny bcntmcacn kumthv`tcMukcrnc elr tfchr prhv`tc sfcds. He rcbum`rmy w`tcrcd `nd lkk`shln`mmy wccdcd, ht oc`rs kutthnb `mm tfc yc`r tfrlubf, lnkc cvcry ?: lr ?3 d`ys, yhcmdhnb ` fc vy krlp. Ht whmm tfus prldukc elr scvcr`m yc rs. Tfcn`thvcs le Hndh` f`vc ` br`ss le ` vcry nutrhthlus qu`mhty wfhkf hs brlwn hn tfc sàc w`y, `nd wfhkf a`y oc kut cvcry alntf. Ht w`s durhnb tfc eàhnc `dvcrtcd tl tf`t ht w`s orlubft tl ay nlthkc oy O`ppllAfct`, wfl blt slac le tfc sccd erla @facdò`d. Ht sukkccdcd vcry wcmm, out H dhd nlt klnthnuc tlbrlw ht ètcr f`y ockàc òund`nt. M`tcmy hn If`ndchsf durhnb sk`rkhty H scnt tl Buzcr`t elr ` qu`nthtyle tfc sccd, out wf`t w`s scnt dhd nlt klac. H k`nnlt `t prcscnt rcklmmckt tfc nàc le tfhs br`ss, out hths wcmm inlwn hn Buzcr`t.

0:. Hn tfc Dckk`n tfc kumthv`thln hs `s blld `s tf`t hn Buzcr`t, `nd tfc pclpmc `rc hn cvcry rcspckt `s`kthvc `nd `s hntcmmhbcnt `s wcmm `s alr`m `nd hndcpcndcnt `s tflsc le tf`t kluntry. H dluot wfctfcr tfcOcnb`mmcrs `rc rc`mmy `s dcpr`vcd `s tfcy `rc s`hd tl oc.

00. Klm. Rhmi‘s Fhstlry vlm.0. p.?:8. Tfc wflmc le tfc nltc hs hnstrukthvc. Ht hs tfc rcsumt le loscrv`thln`nd study ln tfc splt. Ht sflws tf`t tfc pr`kthkc le tfc Hndh`n e`racr hs elundcd ln tfc alst cnmhbftcncdprhnkhpmc le aldcrn e`rahnb.

0?. Mlrd I`hrns.0;. _hkc m`nds `rc `mw`ys a`nurcd tl tfc utalst le tfc zàcrs(shk) òhmhthcs. Tfcy sp`rc nl cxpcnsc

hn tfhs. Hn tfc Klnk`n tfcy klvcr tfc ehcmds whtf ` tfhki m`ycr le mc`vcs, orusf wlld `nd cvcn f`y `nd sctehrc tl ht. Cvcn hn Olao`y rhkc ehcmds `rc a`nurcd oy ushnb f`y elr tfhs purplsc. Tfhs a`nurc hs nlt blt whtflut klnshdcròmc trluomc `nd cxpcnsc, `nd alrc tf`n tfhs, nltfhnb sflws alrc tfc k`rc `nd sihmmle tfc kumthv`tlr.

04. Rfhkf hs dlnc elr eucm.03. If`ndhcsf òlunds whtf tfcsc `nd a`ny le tfca klst v`st suas le alncy. Hn tfc m`tc dhsturocd

st`tc le tf`t prlvhnkc elr a`ny yc`rs, a`ny le tfca f`vc blnc tl ruhn, out tfc Blvcrnacnt le Olao`yhs rcp`hrhnb tfca `t ` brc`t cxpcnsc.




00;

05. Rc a`y supplsc tf`t tfhs cxàpmc prldukcd tfhs ceeckt, `s tfc kf`r`ktcr le tfc Alfàacd`ns w`s alrc ahmd nd tlmcr`thnb hn Hndh` `nd tfchr klndukt alrc dhrcktcd tl haprlvcacnt `nd khvhmhs`thlntf`n hn `ny ltfcr kluntry wfcrc tfcy f`vc cstòmhsfcd tfcascmvcs.

02. Tfhs sthmm hs tfc k`sc hn a`ny p`rts le Hndh` `s ht hs hn Cbypt. [cc Or`kc‘s Tr`vcms `nd tflsc le Dr[m`tcr.

06. Ar. Klmcorllic‘s [t`tcacnt le Ocnb`m Fuso`ndry. Tfc cxtr`lr dhn`ry ecrthmhty le tfc slhm hn Ocnb`mhs prloòmy une`vluròmc tl tfc Fhndll Fuso`nda`n. Fc f`s `mw`ys `malst ` supcr òund`nkc. Hnslac p`rts le Zlm`nd tfc n`tur`m eckundhty le tfc m`nd prldukcs splnt`nclus krlps le wfc`t. Tfcklnscqucnkc hs, alst hbnlr`nt nd unsihmmeum systca le fuso`ndry. Hn [kltm`nd b`hn wfhkf lwcs mhttmctl n`turc, `nd wfcrc nltfhnb hs lot`hncd whtflut cxkcsshvc mòlur, `brhkumturc hs hndcotcd elr slac letfc ehncst haprlvcacnts.

08. Cxtr`kt le ` mcttcr d`tcd 8tf @prhm 06?:. Tfhs prlkcss hn e`kt hs ` spckhcs le e`mmlw.?:. Elr `n `kklunt le A`mò`r e`ras scc Dr Oukf`n`n elr slac kurhlus `nd hntcrcsthnb

khrkuast`nkcs. @ gudhkhlus `nd sflrt cxtr`kt ahbft oc a`dc. Cvcn tfc Dr Oukf`n`n spcìs e`vluròmyle A`mò`r `brhkumturc7 tfhs kluntry w`s nlt hn ` st`tc le lpprcsshln7 fcrc tfc Blvcrnacnt dhd nltrcquhrc `mm tfc rcnt.

?0. Tfc klntr`st octwccn tfc ecrthmhty le A`mò`r `nd tfc alst ecrthmc p`rt le Hndh` w`s lnkc strlnbmy orlubft tl ay `ttcnthln hn ` klnvcrs`thln whtf ` n`thvc leehkcr wfl w`s ln dct`kfacnt whtf ac hn tfc

hntcrhlr le slutfcrn A`mò`r, `nd wfl f`d klac erla tfc uppcr prlvhnkcs le Ocnb`m. Fhs nàc w`sOùmd`y [hnb, ` nàc wfhkf H sthmm f`vc ` pmc`surc hn rcacaocrhnb. Fc w`s ` vcry f`ndslac a`nupw`rds le shx ecct fhbf, `nd ` or`vc slmdhcr. Oùmd`y [hnb `kklrdhnb tl tfc kf`r`ktcr le fhs kluntryacn w`s dcskrhohnb hn r`tfcr bmlwhnb klmlurs tfc n`tur`m ecrthmhty le fhs n`thvc kluntry, hts ocùty `nd `mm tfcf`pphncss fc cnglycd tfcrc. ‖Tfcn Oùmd`y, wf`t althvc hndukcd ylu tl mc`vc tf`t ehnc kluntry `nd tlrcmhnquhsf `mm tfcsc pmc`surcs<‘ Tfc suddcnncss le tfc qucsthln pcrf`ps `t ehrst surprhscd fha, out ètcr` alacnt‘s pùsc fc rcpmhcd, ‖H mcet ay kluntry tl scc str`nbc `nd wlndcreum tfhnbs, `nd tf`t H ahbftf`vc tfc pmc`surc le rcm`thnb tfca ln ay rcturn.‘ ‖Rf`t k`n ylu f`vc tl tcmm erla A`mò`r<‘ ‖H sf`mm ocòmc tl tcmm,‘ s`hd Oùmd`y whtf `n capf`shs wfhkf sflwcd tfc strcnbtf le tfc haprcsshln ln fhs ahnd,‖tf`t H f`vc occn hn ` kluntry wfhkf yhcmds tfrcc krlps le rhkc hn ` yc`r!‘ Out Oùmd`y ncvcr rcturn cd tlfhs kluntry.

??. Blbuct vlm.0, p.80.?;. Hohd.?4. Hohd.?3. Ar. Cmpfhnstlnc hn fhs kklunt le Kòllm, H tfhni, st`tcs tfhs e`kt9 out ht sflumd oc cxàhncd wfhkf

H f`vc nlt `t prcscnt `n lpplrtunhty le dlhnb oy rcecrrhnb tl fhs hntcrcsthnb wlri.?5. Bcntmca`n E`racr, p.;52.?2. [hr Fuapfrcy D`vy‘s Kfcahstry. ?6. Orlwn‘s Uumb`r Crrlrs— Klmuacmm`.?8. Mlki.




004

VHHHLN TFC D_HMMF S[O@ND_X LE

[ LSTFC_N HNDH@ (Oy K`pt`hn Tfls F`mkltt (d`tcd ;0st Dckcaocr, 0283 `nd 0:tf G`nu`ry, 0285).)

Snthm m`tcmy H ha`bhncd tfc Drhmm pmlubf tl oc ` aldcrn Curlpc`n hnvcnthln9 out ` sflrt thac`bl, rhdhnb lvcr ehcmd, H loscrvcd Drhmm pmlubf t wlri, vcry shapmc hn hts klnstrukthln, wfhkfupln hnquhry H ehnd hs hn bcncr`m usc fcrc, nd f`s occn sl erla thac haacalrh`m. Tfhs mcd actl aìc slac eurtfcr hnquhrhcs hntl tfchr aldc le Fuso`ndry fcrc, `nd H ehnd tfc DrhmmFuso`ndry hs unhvcrs`mmy pr`kthscd hn tfc Hnn`klnd`f dhstrhkt, hn tfc kumturc le `mm br`hns,cxkcpt flrsc-br`hn, `nd hs `msl uscd hn tfc kumturc le tlo`kkl, klttln, `nd tfc k`stlr-lhm pm`nt.Hn tfc pr`kthkc le tfhs Fuso`ndry tfcy f`vc twl ltfcr pmlubfs hn usc fcrc, cxkmushvc le tfcDrhmm pmlubf, `nd tfc klaaln pmlubf7 lnc le tfcsc f`s ` flrhzlnt`m sf`rc, `nd haacdh`tcmyelmmlws tfc Drhmm pmlubf t wlri. Ht hs sct hntl tfc c`rtf olut tfc dcptf le scvcn lr chbft hnkfcs,`nd p`sscs undcr tfrcc drhmms `t lnkc. Ht lpcr`tcs oy `bht`thnb tfc c`rtf sl `s tl aìc tfc shdcsle tfc drhmms e`mm hn, `nd klvcr tfc sccd-br`hn, wfhkf ht dlcs sl ceecktu`mmy `s sk`rkcmy tl mc`vc`ny tr`kcs le ` drhmm. Tfc ltfcr pmlubf `mmudcd tl, hs uscd ètcr tfc klrn hs òlut chbft lr tcnhnkfcs fhbf. Ht kuts up tfc wccds octwccn tfrcc drhmms `t lnkc, `nd c`rtfs-up tfc rllts le tfcklrn `t tfc sàc thac. H k`nnlt, oy wrhthnb, bhvc ylu `n `dcqu`tc dcskrhpthln le tfc tfrccpmlubfs, out whmm scnd ylu ` sct le tfca, he ylu whsf ht, `kklap`nhcd oy ` a`n wfl f`s occnhn tfc pr`kthkc le wlrihnb tfca.

H f`vc slac rc`sln tl tfhni tfhs Drhmm pmlubf, shapmc `s ht hs, plsscsscs `n `dv`nt`bc tf`ttfc p`tcnt Drhmm pmlubf dlcs nlt9 elr H rcacaocr rc`dhnb hn slac puomhk`thln, tf`t tfc p`tcntDrhmm pmlubf w`s dceckthvc hn nlt drlpphnb tfc br`hn cqu`mmy9 tfhs pmlubf f`s nl dceckt le tf`tihnd. Ht f`s tfrcc tcctf olut chbftccn hnkfcs mlnb, nd tcn hnkfcs sundcr9 tfrlubf tfc uppcrcnd le c`kf tlltf, nc`r tfc o`ki, hs hnscrtcd flmmlw oàoll le n hnkf hn dhàctcr, nd oluttfrcc ecct hn mcnbtf, tfcsc tfrcc oàolls `rc sct uprhbft, `nd tfchr uppcr cnds `rc orlubftnc`rmy tlbctfcr, hn tfc elra le ` trh`nbmc, `nd hnscrtcd tfrlubf tfc olttla le ` wlldcn kup.Tfhs `pp`r`tus hs supplrtcd `nd a`dc stc`dy oy klrds, hn tfc w`y le sfrluds, wfhkf mc`d tldheecrcnt p`rts le tfc pmlubf.

Hn wlrihnb tfc pmlubf, tfc kup hs nlt ehmmcd whtf br`hn, out hs ecd oy f`nd9 tfhs mòlur hspcrelracd oy ` wla`n, wfl w`mis ln tfc mcet shdc le tfc pmlubf whtf ` o`b lr m`rbc plkict lebr`hn ocelrc fcr, fcr rhbft `ra strctkfcd lut, `nd fcr wrhst rcsthnb ln tfc cdbc le tfc kup9 fcrf`nd hs ehmmcd whtf br`hn, `nd oy alvhnb fcr ehnbcrs sfc mcts drlp hntl tfc kup `s aukf br`hn`s suppmhcs tfc tfrcc drhmms hn duc prlplrthln. Rfcn tfc br`hn hn fcr rhbft f`nd hs nc`rmycxpcndcd, sfc ehmms ht b`hn erla fcr mcet f`nd, loscrvhnb ncvcr tl tìc fcr rhbft f`nd erla tfckup, wfhmc tfc pmlubf hs hn althln, `s tf`t wlumd mc`vc ` v`k`nt sp`kc hn tfc ehcmd. Tfc Drhmm

pmlubf, wfhkf drlps tfc br`hn oy slac phckc le ackf`nhsa, whmm prloòmy ncvcr slw ` ehcmd slcqu`mmy `s hs dlnc hn tfhs w`y9 `nd fcrc hs ` rcacdy elr tfc dceckt klapm`hncd le hn tfc CnbmhsfDrhmm pmlubf. Rfctfcr tfc cxpcnsc le twl pcrslns tl wlri tfhs pmlubf, a`y lr a`y nlt aìc`b`hnst hts ochnb hntrldukcd hntl Cnbm`nd, hn prcecrcnkc tl tf`t nlw hn usc, H sf`mm mc`vc tl ocdctcrahncd oy tflsc wfl rc octtcr kqu`hntcd whtf tfc suogckt9 yct wfcn ht hs klnshdcrcd, tf`tsuppmyhnb tfc kup hs ` mòlur pcrelracd oy wlacn, `nd flw slln `n `krc hs slwn hn tfhs w`y,pcrf`ps ht ahbft nlt oc rcgcktcd ln `kklunt le tfc `ddhthln`m cxpcnsc, wfhkf wlumd oc outtrhemhnb. Tfc ehrst klst le ` pmlubf le tfhs ihnd wlumd oc out ` ecw sfhmmhnbs, wfcrc`s tfc p`tcntDrhmm pmlubf hs `n cxpcnshvc a`kfhnc.

@ bcntmca`n wfl hs nlw fcrc ln ` vhsht, hnelras ac tf`t fhs br`nde`tfcr, wfl e`ras p`rtle fhs lwn cst`tc, pr`kthkcs tfc Drhmm Fuso`ndry, out elund tfc Drhmm pmlubf drlppcd tfc br`hnsl uncqu`mmy, tf`t fc m`hd ht `shdc9 `nd nlw, erla ` klnvhkthln le tfc supcrhlrhty le tfc DrhmmFuso`ndry, uscs ` drhmm rlmm, wfhkf f`s ` nuaocr le pcbs upln ht, `nd aìcs flmcs hn str`hbftmhncs, hntl wfhkf tfc sccd-br`hn hs drlppcd oy f`nd. Tfhs hs ` tcdhlus w`y, `nd fc hnelras ac




003

f`s `msl hts dceckts, `s ht hs dlnc oy kfhmdrcn wflsc f`nds, hn tfc klmd sc`sln wfcn wfc`t hsslwn, rc pt tl bct nuao, nd tfcy letcn drlp tll a`ny br`hns hntl c`kf flmc. Flwcvcr, a`nyprcecr tfhs actfld tl tfc Drhmm pmlubf `t prcscnt hn usc. Rfctfcr tfc pmlubf whtf ` flrhzlnt`msf`rc elr klvcrhnb hn tfc drhmms hs hn usc hn Cnbm`nd, H inlw nlt9 he nlt, ht whmm oc `n `kquhshthlntl tflsc wfl pr`kthkc tfc Drhmm Fuso`ndry. H à `msl cqu`mmy unhnelracd, wfctfcr tfchnstruacnt uscd fcrc elr kutthnb up tfc wccds octwccn tfc drhmms hs inlwn hn Cnbm`nd. Ht hsshapmy tfrcc sa`mm aàlthcs sct upln tfrcc tcctf, pm`kcd t tfc sàc dhst`nkc erla c`kf ltfcr`s tfc tcctf le tfc Drhmm pmlubf.

Oy ay scndhnb ylu tfcsc hnstruacnts, ylu whmm f`vc ` octtcr hdc` le tfca tf`n H k`nklnvcy hn wrhthnb9 out `s H à hnelracd oy ` a`n erla tfc K`rn`thk, tf`t tfc Drhmm Fuso`ndryhs uscd hn slac p`rts le ht tl tfc wcstw`rd, ylu a`y plsshomy f`vc sccn tfcsc pmlubfs, `nd hntf`t k`sc ht whmm oc unnckcss`ry.

Xlu klrrcsplnd lkk`shln`mmy whtf tfc Ol`rd le @brhkumturc9 sflumd ylu tfhni tfcschnstruacnts wlumd oc usceum hn tfc Drhmm Fuso`ndry `t flac, H whmm tf`ni ylu tl elrw`rd tfcsct (Tfc sct le tfrcc pmlubfs w`s dumy rckchvcd oy tfc Ol`rd le @brhkumturc hn Mlndln `ndsictkfcs le tfca wcrc hnkmudcd (`mlnb whtf tfc òlvc n`rr`thvc) hn tfc ehrst vlmuac le‖Klaaunhk`thlns tl tfc Ol`rd le @brhkumturc‘ (0282). Tfcsc sictkfcs `rc rcprl dukcd fcrc `sEhburcs H `nd HH.— Cdhtlr .) H sf`mm scnd ylu, tl tfca. He, flwcvcr, ylu sflumd ehnd tf`t tfcschnstruacnts f`vc occn `mrc`dy dcskrhocd hn `ny puomhk`thln, `nd tf`t ht hs ` a`ttcr inlwnàlnb Curlpc`ns, tf`t tfc Drhmm Fuso`ndry f`s mlnb occn pr`kthkcd hn tfhs kluntry, ht whmm leklursc oc wlrtf nl e`rtfcr `ttcnthln. Out sl e`r `s H inlw `t prcscnt, H à tfc ehrst Curlpc`ntf`t cvcr nlthkcd ht, elr `mtflubf ht f`s occn pr`kthkcd undcr tfc cycs le cvcry oldy hn tfcBuntllr Khrk`r, nl lnc tf`t H acnthlncd ht tl cvcr loscrvcd ht ocelrc, nlr dhd H loscrvc htayscme thmm m`tcmy.

Gurrcklnd`f, 0:tf G`nu`ry, 0285.

Tfhs hs nlt rhkc kluntry, out K`rn`thk a`n, wflsc eàhmy pr`kthkcs tfc Drhmm Fuso`ndryslacwfcrc tl tfc wcstw`rd le A`dr`s, hnelras ac, tf`t ht hs tfcrc uscd hn tfc kumturc le rhkc,`nd hs v`stmy supcrhlr tl tfc actfld bcncr`mmy uscd le aìhnb ` sccd ocd, `nd tr`nspm`nthnb ht oy f`nd.

@t tfc klaacnkcacnt le tfc r`hns, fc s`ys, tfc p`ddy-ehcmd, ètcr ochnb wcmm pmlubfcd whtf tfc klaaln pmlubf, hs slwn oy tfc drhmm pmlubf, `nd mcet tl tfc n`tur`m r`hns thmm ht bctshntl c`r, `nd ht hs tfcn, `nd nlt thmm tfcn, emlldcd oy `rt9 sl tfcrc hs nlt lnmy ` brc`t s`vhnb lemòlur, out le w`tcr, wfhkf hn yc`rs wfcn tfc r`hns `rc sk`nty, hs ` alrc a`tcrh`m s`vhnb, tf`ncvcn tf`t le mòlur.

Fc hnelracd ac, tf`t tfc Drhmm Fuso`ndry tl tfc wcstw`rd le A`dr`s w`s lnmy p`rth`mmyuscd, `nd tf`t, kfhcemy oy tfc wc`mtfhcst `nd alst hntcmmhbcnt le tfc _ylts. H `sicd fha, flw htklumd f`ppcn tf`t tfc pllrcr slrt dhd nlt `v`hm tfcascmvcs le sl lovhlus `n `dv`nt`bc< Fcs`hd tf`t tfc pclpmc wcrc pllr `nd hbnlr`nt, `nd ht klumd nlt oc `ttcaptcd oy tflsc wfl f`d

mcss tf`n tfrcc ylic le stlut lxcn, lnc elr tfc Drhmm pmlubf, `nltfcr elr tfc flrhzlnt`m pmlubf wfhkf elmmlws, `nd `mmlw`nkc a`dc elr tfc `kkhdcnt`m màcncss `nd shkincss le k`ttmc9 tfc wcìcr `rc nlt òmc hn ` ahry slhm, sukf `s p`ddy-ehcmd, tl dr`w tfc pmlubf sl str`hbft `s hsrcquhrcd, `nd ouee`mlcs `rc scmdla sl a`n`bcòmc `s tl pmlubf vcry str`hbft9 tfcsc, s`hd fc,`rc tfc rc`slns wfy tfc Drhmm Fuso`ndry hs nlt alrc bcncr`mmy `dlptcd hn tfc kumturc le rhkc,elr `mm `brcc hn tfhs, tf`t ht s`vcs ` brc`t cxpcnsc le mòlur `nd le w`tcr.

Cvcry tfhnb hn tfhs dhstrhkt, cxkcpt flrsc-br`hn, hs kumthv`tcd oy tfc Drhmm Fuso`ndry9 H a`yacnthln fcap hn `ddhthln tl tfc `rthkmcs H ocelrc cnuacr`tcd. Le hts supcrhlrhty hn tfc kumturcle klttln, H f`d klnvhnkhnb prlle tfc ltfcr d`y, wfcn H s`w alrc wccds kut up oy tfc aàltypmlubf ocelrc dcskrhocd, hn `n flur, tf`n klumd f`vc occn dlnc oy f`nd oy a`ny kllmhcs, hn ` wflmc d`y.

Tfhs klttln w`s le ` dw`re spckhcs, `nd slwn oy tfc Drhmm pmlubf9 H s`w `nltfcr ehcmd le `dheecrcnt ihnd, tfc drhmms òlut tfhrty hnkfcs `sundcr9 tfhs H undcrst`nd w`s slwn oy f`nd9 tfcdrhmms wcrc a`dc oy tfc klaaln pmlubf. Hn tfc sàc w`y hs slwn tfc k`stlr-lhm sccd, tfc drhmms




005

òlut ` y`rd `sundcr9 hn sflrt, tfc Drhmm Fuso`ndry hs pr`kthkcd oy cvcry _ylt hn tfhs dhstrhkt, whtflut ` shnbmc cxkcpthln.




002

VHUH_LN R L_I[ @T _ @A@N@I@ZCTT@F

(Oy Dr. Ocngàhn Fcync (0st [cptcaocr 0283).)

Lwhnb tl tf`t n`tur`m hapumsc wfhkf H eccm le `ttcndhnb kmlscmy tl sukf logckts `s f`vc lnkc occn vlmunt`rhmy tìcn hn f`nd ay ahnd f`s ercqucntmy rckurrcd tl ay m`st rcplrt le tfcMctkfcaplrà Hrln Rlris9 tfhnihnb tf`t `n `ttcnthln tl tfhs or`nkf le skhcnkc, lr r`tfcrHndh`n a`nue`kturc, a`y prlvc le csscnth`m ocnceht9 wfhkf f`s hndukcd ac, tl `v`hm ayscme letfc ehrst lpplrtunhty tf`t leecrcd, le scchnb wlris le tfc sàc ihnd, `t ltfcr pm`kcs9 wfhmst H`msl cntcrt`hncd tfc flpcs, le ochnb tfcrcoy cnòmcd tl plhnt lut ` pm`kc wfcrc wlris le tf`tn`turc, le klnscqucnkc, ahbft oc crcktcd, whtf eumm prlspckt le sukkcss, he ht sflumd oc tflubft`dvhsòmc tl cstòmhsf tfca hn tfhs kluntry.

Ht sl f`ppcncd `msl tf`t ay cxkurshln tl tfc dhàlnd ahncs le A`mm`vhmmy, prlvcde`vluròmc hn tfhs rcspckt, elr H mc`rncd ln tfc rl`d, tf`t a`ny pm`kcs hn tfc Nllzccd

Wcahnd`ry, eurnhsfcd hrln elr klaaln usc9 `nd tfc nc`rcst pm`kc tl tfc A`mm`vhmmy, w`s, elrlovhlus rc`slns, prcecrrcd tl ltfcrs alrc dhst`nt. Tfhs w`s _à`nì`pctt`f, ` vhmm`bc ; klss erla Nllzccd tl tfc nlrtfw`rd. Tfc w`y tl ht erla tfcnkc, hs alstmy tfrlubf ` gunbmc tfcbrc`tcr p`rt le wfhkf, mhcs, hn tfc vhkhnhty le slac ehnc m`rbc t`nis, erla wfhkf hn e`vluròmcsc`slns ` vcry sueehkhcnt qu`nthty le w`tcr ahbft oc eurnhsfcd tl prldukc ` vcry pmcntheum f`r- vcst le p`ddy, wcrc tfcrc f`nds cnlubf elr kumthv`thln.

@ brc`t nuaocr le p`macr` trccs brlwhnb hn tfc tfhkicst p`rt le tfc gunbmc, sueehkhcntmycvhnkc tfc cxhstcnkc le elracr vhmm`bcs `nd brc`tcr plpum`thln.

Tfc slhm hn tfc fhbf brlund, oltf kumthv`tcd, nd unkumthv`tcd, ahxcd whtf br`vcm nd km`y,letcn le tfc ihnd wfhkf tfc Bcntlls k`mm _`w`d`, h.c. km`y ahxcd whtf br`vcm.

_à`nì`pctt`f, f`s aukf octtcr ouhmdhnbs tf`n Nllzccd. Tfc strccts `rc vcry orl`d,`nd tfc fluscs, hn tfc e`sfhln le tfc n`thvcs, blld nd m`rbc. @ Kflumtry, lnc le tfc ocst H f`vcsccn hn tfc Khrk`rs hs hn tfc ahddmc le tfc vhmm`bc, `nd ` ehnc m`rbc t`ni nc`r ht, tl tfc slutfèelrds lnc le tfc brc`tcst klaelrts tl tfc hnfòht`nts. Tfc nc`rcst le tfc fhmms, `rc tl tfc c`st- w`rd9 `nd elras ` ihnd le àpfhtfc`trc, lpcnhnb tl tfc slutfw`rd. Hn tfhs mhcs tfc vhmm`bc nd`mm tfc hrln ahncs. Ocelrc tfc eàhnc,(Tfc rcecrcnkc hs cvhdcntmy tl tfc eàhnc le 028:-? wfhkfrcdukcd tfc plpum`thln le tfc Nllzccd Wcahnd`ry erla 0,::,;24 hn 0265 tl 32,653 `t tfc cndle 028;. ([cc rcplrt erla Nllzccd Klaahttcc7 Zrlkccdhnbs, A`dr`s Ol`rd le _cvcnuc,05.0.0284),— Cdhtlr .) tfcrc wcrc ocshdcs 4: sacmthnb eurn`kcs, ` brc`t nuaocr le shmvcr `ndklppcr sahtfs, fcrc, wfl wcrc hn ` st`tc le èemucnkc9 out tfchr survhvlrs `rc nlw pllr `nd hn` wrctkfcd shtu`thln.

Tfc hrln ahncs rc tl tfc nlrtfw`rd, ahmc erla tfc vhmm`bc nd f`me ahmc erla tfc fhmms9erla wfcnkc tfcy orhnb tfc lrc, hn o`sicts, tl tfc eurn`kcs tf`t `rc kmlsc tl tfc vhmm`bc. Hn

elracr thacs, tfcy scca tl f`vc elund tfc lrc nc`rcr tl ht. Tfc sacmtcrs dl nlt, fcrc, `s `tMctkfcaplrà, tfcascmvcs, wlri hn tfc ahncs, nlr dl tfcy ourn tfchr kl`ms, out r`tfcr ouy oltf `rthkmcs, tfc elracr hn o`sicts erla tfc ahncs `nd tfc m`ttcr erla mòlurcrs wfl orhnbtfca erla tfc fhmms.

Tfc lrc runs hn ocds lr m`ycrs, haacdh`tcmy undcr tfc ehrst str`tua le tfc brlund (wfhkfklnshsts `s ocelrc s`hd le br`vcm `nd s`nd) `nd hs sk`rkcmy lnc `nd ` f`me ellt hn tfhkincss.Tfcsc m`ycrs `rc le ` sa`mm cxtcnt, `nd le `mm dhacnshlns9 scmdla orl`dcr tf`n twl ecct, `nderla twl tl elur hn tfhkincss. Tfc lrc hs vcry c`shmy wlricd, s ht klnshsts le sa`mm rlund stlncs, wfhkf `rc hn nl w`y klnncktcd. Ht oy nl ac`ns dcrhvcs hts eushohmhty erla tfc `dahxturc lekfunà (lr mhac) `s dlcs tf`t `t Mctkfcaplrà. Nchtfcr hs `ny `ddhthln le ltfcr c`rtfs uscd,hn lrdcr tl prlaltc tf`t qu`mhty. @mtflubf ht dlcs nlt p`rtìc le tfc n`turc le `ny le tfcklaaln hrln lrcs hn Curlpc, ht klacs nc`rcst, tl tfc f`ca`thtcs. Ht f`s elr hts prlpcrthcs, tf`tle sthkihnb ln hts er`kturc tl tfc mhps, wfcn alhstcncd9 `nd hs le sl ehnc ` br`hn, tf`t ht `dahtsle ochnb a`dc hntl vcry ehnc plwdcr, wfhkf sccas smhbftmy tl ceecrvcskc whtf khds. Ht `ppc`rs




006

tl f`vc vcry mhttmc le ` shmhkhlus dahxturc, cxkcpt slac stlncs tf`t klnshst cnthrcmy le ` shmhkhlus`bbrcb`tc kcacntcd tlbctfcr whtf lkkfrc`khlus km`y, out tfcsc tfc sacmtcrs phki lut s uscmcss.F`vhnb nl mldcstlnc H k`nnlt s`y wfctfcr tfc hrln hn ht hs hn ` st`tc `tt`kfòmc oy ht9 out ahbftH oc `mmlwcd tl bucss, H tfhni ht aust cxhst hn ` scah-rcbumhnc st`tc, wfhkf H ehnd tl ay brc`ts`thse`kthln hs `dahttcd oy slac mc`rncd ahncr`mlbhsts wfhkf hs `n lphnhln tf`t H acrcmyleecrcd `s ay lwn hn ay rcplrt ln tfc Mctkfcaplrà wlris.

Le tfc lutw`rd `ppc`r`nkc le tfc ahncs H k`n s`y nltfhnb, out tf`t erla ` dhst`nkc tfcy oc`r, ` strhihnb rcscaom`nkc tl elx‘s flmcs. Tfchr eurn`kcs wfhkf wcrc elrty hn nuaocr ocelrctfc eàhnc, rc nlw rcdukcd tl tcn, nd rc hn nl w`ys dheecrcnt erla tflsc le Mctkfcaplrà9nlr dlcs tfchr aldc le prlkccdhnb, dheecr hn `ny csscnth`m dcbrcc.

Tfc kl`ms tfcy usc hn klaaln, `rc erla Ahals` [undr` le Dr _lxourbf, (`nd [`ndr` letfc Bcntlls) wfhkf H à tlmd brlws ln tfc nc`rcst fhmms hn òund`nkc. Tfcy flwcvcr ehnd `nyltfcr ehra wlld `nswcr tfchr purplsc `s wcmm. Elur bunny o`bs le kl`ms hs slmd elr lnc rupcc`nd twl `nn`s, ht hs tfc qu`nthty rcquhrcd elr cvcry sacmthnb9 Elr tfc lrc, tfcy p`y lnc Duoo pcr o`sict, le wfhkf 0? `rc rckilncd sueehkhcnt elr lnc sacmthnb9 tfc lrc hs nlt rcdukcd hntlsa`mmcr phckcs, out tfrlwn hntl tfc eurn`kc gust `s ht hs dub up. Tfc sklrh`s `rc mct lut lnmytwhkc, tfc m`st thac gust ocelrc tfcy kc`sc wlrihnb tfc ocmmlws.

Rhtf rcspckt tl tfc suoscqucnt nckcss`ry `ddhthln le kl`m `nd lrc, ètcr tfc sacmthnb hs ocbun, `nd tfc ehrst `rthkmc klnsuacd, tfcy prlkccd alrc r`thln`mmy tf`n `t Mctkfcaplrà9 oy dhsklnthnuhnb tl tfrlw tfcsc `rthkmcs hntl tfc eurn`kc, alrc tf`n `n flur ocelrc tfcyrcalvc tfc lot`hncd act`m.

Tfc wflmc prldukc le 0 aùnd, hs slmd elr ? rupccs ètcr ht f`s occn fc`tcd `ndfàacrcd, tl scp`r`tc tfc sklrh` whtf wfhkf ht òlunds. Elr hts alrc rc`dy dhspls`m, tfcyaìc ht hntl sa`mm phckcs, wchbfhnb ? plunds. Ht hs sthmm flwcvcr hn ` vcry krudc st`tc, out le `slet n`turc, `nd sl tfc alrc c`shmy `ppmhcd tl klaaln purplscs. Tfcrc hs ` brc`tcr dca`ndelr ht tf`n tfcy k`n plsshomy suppmy tflubf tfc brc`tcst p`rt le tfc yc`r tfcy `rc capmlycd hntfc sacmthnb oushncss.

Tfcrc hs nl dluot, out tf`t, tfhs pm`kc whmm oc elund cahncntmy dcscrvhnb le nlthkc, hn tfc

cvcnt le `dlpthnb `ny m`rbc wlris le tfhs ihnd, hn tfc Klap`ny‘s plsscsshlns. Tfc lrc k`n ocprlkurcd hn `ny qu`nthty tf`t hs rcquhrcd, `nd prloòmy `t ` mcss cxpcnsc tf`n `nywfcrc cmsc.Tfc nc`rcst fhmms èelrd wlld elr kl`ms hn pmcnty9 `nd wf`t hs le sthmm alrc klnscqucnkc, tfcrc`rc a`ny pclpmc wfl wlumd oc bm`d tl oc capmlycd hn ` oushncss, wfhkf, undcr tfchr lwnklntr`ktcd a`n`bcacnt, (Tfc klntr`ktcd a`n`bcacnt sccas tl f`vc rcsumtcd erla tfc dhs-rupthln kùscd oy tfc eàhnc. Tfc ‖klnst`nt drc`d‘, tfc hrln -aìcrs mhvcd undcr, acnthlncd oy Dr Fcync hn `nltfcr `kklunt, ‖mcst tfcy sflumd oc prcsscd elr tfc purplsc le k`rryhnb ourdcns elr str`nbcrs Yh.c., tfc Orhthsf ray `nd khvhm pcrslnncmQ erla lnc vhmm`bc tl `nltfcr, `tfhnb wfhkf letcn f`ppcns hn tfc vcry sc`sln wfcn ht hs hn tfchr plwcr tl capmly tfchr thac tlalst `dv`nt`bc tl tfcascmvcs‘, `msl sccas tl f`vc `ddcd tl sukf kln tr`ktcd a`n`bcacnt. — Cdhtlr. ) f`s fhtfcrtl èelrdcd out ` sk`nty suoshstcnkc.

Cvcry eurn`kc rcquhrcs `t prcscnt, nhnc acn, wfl `rc kfhcemy capmlycd hn wlrihnb tfc ocmmlws, `n lpcr`thln ahbft oc slln `nd c`shmy haprlvcd oy ` prlpcr ackf`nhk`m `pp`r`tus,tfrlubf tfc acdhua le ehrc lr w`tcr, lr oltf, oy wfhkf tfc nuaocr le f`nds wlumd oc c`shmyrcdukcd.

Ocshdcs tfhs vhmm`bc H a tlmd tfcrc rc shx alrc hn tfc Nllzccd kluntry nd hn wfhkf hrlnhs klnst`ntmy eòrhk`tcd, le wfhkf flwcvcr H dl nlt `s yct inlw `ny tfhnb alrc tf`n tfchrnàcs. Out `s slln `s lpplrtunhthcs leecr tl ac le cxàhnhnb tfcsc, lr `ny ltfcr wlris le tfcsàc n`turc, H sf`mm nlt e`hm tl bhvc tfc suogckt tfc ocst `ttcnthln hn ay plwcr9 sl `s tl cnòmcac tl eurnhsf `ny eurtfcr hnelra`thln wfhkf ay mhahtcd inlwmcdbc a`y cnòmc ac tl leecr.




008

VUTFC ALDCLEA @NSE@KTS_HNBH_LN

HN KCNT_@MHNDH@ (Oy A`glr Gàcs Er`nimhn, Ocnb`m @ray, E._.[., A._.@.[., (khrk` 06?8).)

@n lpplrtunhty èelrdcd oy tfc Blvcrnacnt le Ocnb`m hn 06?6-8, f`vhnb cnòmcd ac tlcxàhnc scvcr`m hrln ahncs hn tfc kcntr`m p`rt le Hndh`, nd tl aìc cxpcrhacnts ln tfc Hndh`naldc le a`nue`kturhnb hrln, H ocb tl leecr tfc rcsumt le ay loscrv`thlns tl tfc fln‘omc klurtle dhrcktlrs le tfc C`st Hndh` Klap`ny `nd H dcshrc alrc p`rthkum`rmy tl dr`w `ttcnthln tl tfcshapmc elrbc `nd rcehncry, oy ac`ns le wfhkf tfc prlkcss le sacmthnb `nd dck`rolnhs`thln hspcrelracd.

Tfcsc ahncs `rc shtu`tcd hn tfc dhstrhkts le Gò`mpur, O`r`b`ln, Z`nn`, I`tlm`, `nd [`bur , hn tfc ocd le ` brc`t kcntr`m kf`nncm, wfhkf hntcrsckts tfc fc`rt le Hndh`9 `nd tfchrmlk`mhthcs `rc `s elmmlws.

H_LN AHNC[ LE G@O@MZS_

Hn tfc dhstrhkt le Gò`mpur tfc ocst ahncs `rc `t @bbcrhy`, B`tn`, O`hm`, A`b`hm`, Glwmh, Hamhy`, `nd O`r`b`ln , `nd tfc lrc (Nl.0?) le tfc ehrst elur, hs ahk`kclus, rcscaomhnb hn htsmcss lxhd`tcd klndhthln Hrln Bm`nkc9 `t @bbcrhy`, B`tn` `nd O`hm ht hs hntcrstr`thehcd whtfs`ndstlnc , `nd cxpmlhtcd erla ` sa`mm fhmm k`ppcd whtfm`tcrhtc90 out `t tfc ltfcr pm`kcs, ht hshn er`bacnts, ourhcd hn ecrrubhnlus br`vcmmy km`y, òlut ehvc lr shx ecct ocmlw tfc sure`kc9 htacmts c`shmy9 `nd ln `ktu`m cxpcrhacnt, 02: scrs le lrc, sacmtcd oy 04: le kf`rkl`m, prldukcd2: scrs le krudc hrln cn a`ssct , hn tcn flurs, wfhkf hs cqu`m tl 4: pcr kcnt9 tfc lrc le A`b`hm`hs mcss lxhd`tcd tf`n tfc ltfcrs9 ht smhbftmy èeckts tfc nccdmc wfcn fc`tcd, `nd slacthacskryst`mmhscs9 hts strcì hs kfcrry rcd, `nd erla hts f`rdncss, ht hs prhnkhp`mmy sacmtcd elr stccm.Tfc sàc ihnd le lrc (Nl.0;) sthmm mcss lxhd`tcd, hs hn brc`t òund`nkc, hntcrstr`thehcd whtfqu`rtz s`ndstlnc , `nd elras alunt`hn a`sscs, cxfhohthnb ` v`rhcty lr klntlrthlns, `s hn tfcMlrh fhmms9 hn tfhs st`tc, ht hs sfhnhnb, spmcndcnt, `nd cvcn bmhttcrhnb, out ht hs ncvcr sacmtcd, ockùsc tfcrc hs octtcr lrc ln tfc sàc splt.

Tfc lrc le Glwmh (Nl.03) hs tfclkfrcy v`rhcty le rcd lxhdc, ht hs `malst ` purc lxhdc, `ndèelrds blld phbacnt9 ht slhms tfc ehnbcrs dccpmy, nd hts st`hn ln kmltf hs dheehkumt tl w`sf lut9ht acmts alrc c`shmy tf`n tfc elracr, `nd ln `ktu`m cxpcrhacnt 063 scrs, sacmtcd oy 053 lekf`rkl`m, prldukcd 22 scrs le krudc hrlncn a`ssct , hn slactfhnb mcss tf`n tcn flurs, wfhkf hsnc`rmy 4? pcr kcnt9 ht hs `sslkh`tcd whtf ` klap`kt v`rhcty, (Nl.05 `nd 02) wfhkf `ppc`rs tlklnt`hn spckum`r lrc, erla tfc omlld rcd klmlur rcemcktcd erla hts sa`mm kryst`ms wfcn ercsferla tfc ahnc9 ht mhcs nc`r tfc olrdcr le ` r`nbc le tr`p fhmms, `nd hs kmc`rmy ` dcplsht, lr ` vchn,

hn tfc ehssurc le ` rlki rcscaomhnbflrnstlnc (Nl.06) wfhkf f`s prloòmy occn tfus kf`nbcd oy klnt`kt whtf tfc tr`p.[lutf le tfc rhvcr Ncra`d` nc`r tfc vhmm`bc le D`nbr`h , tfc ahk`kclus v`rhcty (Nl.08) hs

elund hn tfhkicr màhn`c, hntcrstr`thehcd whtfqu`rtz s`ndstlnc , wfhkf scp`r`tcs hntlrflaolhds9 ht hs cxtr`ktcd oy orcìhnb tfc rlki, out hts hrln hs o`d, nd s ht sk`rkcmy rcp`ys tfccxpcnsc `nd mòlur, ht hs r`rcmy sacmtcd.

Tfc bcncr`m kf`r`ktcr le tfc lrc le tfcsc ahncs `ppc`rs tl r`nbc hn tfc km`ss, wfhkf tfcKlatc dc Olurnln dcnlahn`tcs ecr lxydc ù a`xhaua 9 tfc ahk`kclus ihnd hs `t thacs slfhbfmy lxhd`tcd, tf`t ht hs nc`rmy pumvcrumcnt, nd tfclkfrcy v`rhcty hs malst purc lxhdc9 tfcklap`kt spckhcs hs r`rc, `nd ehorlusfca`thtc (Nl.08) hs sthmm alrc sk`rkc9 hn cvcry hnst`nkc hths elund nc`r tfc sure`kc, nd `mm tfc v`rhcthcs, cxkcpt tf`t le A`b`hm`, yhcmd cxkcmmcnt a`mmcòmchrln.




0?:

H_LN AHNC[ LE O@_@B@LN, M@ATC_@ & CAMHX@

Tfc ahncs le O`r`b`ln, Màtcr` `nd Camhy` hn tfc pcrbunn`f le Ocmf`rh, rc shtu`tcd ln tfcnlrtf shdc le tfc v`mmcy, nd ht hs rca`riòmc tf`t nc`r tfhs rhdbc, tfcrc hs kf`nbc hn tfc n`turcle tfc lrc9 ht mhcs nc`r tfc sure`kc caocddcd hn ecrrubhnlus s`ndy km`y, `nd hs unklnncktcd whtf `ny rlki, tflubf tfc suog`kcnt str`tua hs s`ndstlnc 9 hn tfc twl ehrst le tfcsc ahncs, tfclrc hs br`num`r, `rbhmm`kclus (Nl.?:) hn bmloum`r br`hns, òlut tfc shzc le ` pc`, wfhkf `rckcacntcd tlbctfcr hntl ` slmhd a`ss, oy ecrrubhnlus km`y9 tfc ltfcr hs tfc mcnthkum`r v`rhcty letfc sàc ihnd le lrc (Nl.?0) dheecrhnb erla tfc elracr hn tfc shzc nd em`tncss le hts phckcs9 outhts kcacnt hs le tfc sàc n`turc, lnmy mcss f`rd, `nd tfc nldumcs le lrc ochnb alrc c`shmyscp`r`tcd, ppc`rs tl bhvc ht supcrhlrhty lvcr tf`t le O`r`b`ln , tfc br`hns le wfhkf nlt ochnbdhvhshomc, hts lrc hs pcrf`ps èecktcd oy slac vhth`thnb prlpcrty klnt`hncd hn tfc kcacnt, tfcact`m ochnb vcry orhttmc.

H_LN AHNC[ LE TFC DH[T_HKT LE Z@NN@

Tfc ocst ahncs le tfc Z`nn` dhstrhkt `rc nc`r Orhgpur, tfc lrc hs klaaln `rbhmm`kclus myhnb hn` tfhn str`tua, octwccn ocds le rcddmc `nd ycmmlw c`rtf (Nl.??) tfc elracr ocmlw, `nd tfcltfcr òlvc ht9 oltf tfcsc c`rtfs `dfcrc smhbftmy tl tfc tlnbuc, `nd e`mm tl phckcs hn w`tcr, outdl nlt elra ` p`stc, tfc elracr dhsslmvcs r`phdmy, tfc m`ttcr ètcr ` smhbft coummhthln e`mms ehrst hnemìcs, `nd ehn`mmy hntl plwdcr9 ln k`mkhn`thln tfc ycmmlw c`rtf `ssuacs ` mhvcmy klmlur—mhicCnbmhsf rcd, nd tfcy oltf wlumd elra usceum phbacnts9 tfc lrc yhcmds o`d nd orhttmc hrln9 outtfcrc hs `nltfcr ihnd le rcd lrc cxpmlhtcd `nd sacmtcd `t tfc vhmm`bc le [haacrhy` wfhkfprldukcs octtcr act`m.

H_LN AHNC[ LE TFC DH[T_HKT LE I@TLM@

Tfc dhstrhkt le Z`nn` prldukcs dhàlnds, `nd tfc tr`kt hn wfhkf tfcy `rc elund, olrdcrs lntfc hrln ahncs le I`tlm`9 tfc Icn rhvcr ochnb tfc olund`ry octwccn tfca9 `nd tflubf tfhskhrkuast`nkc hs elrchbn tl ay prcscnt logckt, ht hs `t mc`st kurhlus, `s ht a`y pcrf`ps scrvc tlsflw, tfc klnnckthln, octwccn tfc bca `nd ecrrubhnlus a`ttcr7 tfc hrln ahncs le I`tlm` `rchn ` kmustcr? le fhmms wfhkf cxtcnd octwccn tfc Icn `nd Dcss`n rhvcrs, `nd tfc lrc, whtf lnccxkcpthln lnmy, klnshsts le v`rhcthcs le tfc rcd lxhdc, hts kf`nbcs ochnb erla tfc alst klap`ktelra, f`vhnb ` act`mmhk mustrc, hntl klaaln `rbhmm`kclus, `kklrdhnb tl tfc qu`ntua le km`y,`sslkh`tcd whtf ht9 tfc n`turc le wfhkf whmm oc ocst undcrstlld erla tfc spckhacns wfhkf `rcscnt fcrcwhtf.

Klaacnkhnb erla tfc Icn rhvcr `nd prlkccdhnb wcstw`rd, tfc ehrst ahnc hs hn tfc Z`ndu` fhmm (Nl.?;) out `s ht hs nc`rmy cxfùstcd, H p`ss ln tl tflsc le @arlwnh`, A`gb`ln ,`nd Altcfh 9 tfc lrc le tfc ehrst `nd scklnd le tfcsc pm`kcs (Nl.?4) rcscaomcs tf`t le Dclr` tl oc dcskrhocd fcrcètcr, `nd tf`t le tfc tfhrd (Nl.?3) hs hn tfc elra le w`tcr wlrn pcoomcs le v`rhlus shzcs, wfhkf `rc caocddcd hn ecrrubhnlus s`ndy km`y9 tfc ahncs `rc shtu`tcd nc`r tfcellt le tfc Ohnd`kfcm fhmms wfhkf `rc fcrc klaplscd les`ndstlnc klnbmlacr`tc , `nd k`ppcd whtf tfc ncwcr flrhzlnt`ms`ndstlnc , wfhkf cvcrywfcrc hs uppcralst hn tfhs r`nbc9 tfc hrlnstlnc pcoomcs `rc òlut ehetccn ecct ocmlw tfc sure`kc, `nd `rc hntcrahxcd whtf omlkis, `nder`bacnts le s`ndstlnc , tfc wflmc oc`rhnb cvhdcnt a`ris le `ttrhthln9 tfc act`m a`dc erlatfca hs nlt cstccacd.

Ncxt hn sukkcsshln sthmm prlkccdhnb wcstw`rd, `rc tfc ahncs le Dclr` , tfc lrc le wfhkf(Nl.?5) hs le twl ihnds, lnc klap`kt whtf ` act`mmhk mustrc, `nd tfc ltfcr klnt`hnhnb ` m`rbcplrthln le km`y9 tfc scklnd le tfcsc hs elund fhbf up hn tfc fhmms, `nd hn ` vchn, lr dcplsht,haacdh`tcmy ocmlw tfc uppcrs`ndstlnc 9 ht yhcmds vcry blld a`mmcòmc hrln, nlt orhttmc mhic tf`tle Altcfh , out sukf `s a`y oc dr`wn hntl tfhn pm`tcs whtflut oursthnb.

@olut ehvc ahmcs e`rtfcr wcst `rc tfc ahncs le Ilt`f, out tfc hrln hs o`d, `nd H tfcrcelrcp`ss ln tl tfc alrc kcmcor`tcd ahncs le tfhs dhstrhkt, vhz. tflsc le [`hbcrf `nd Kf`ndr`pur` , wfhkf `rc shtu`tcd ln tfc krcst le tfc Ohnd`kfcm r`nbc, `nd nc`r tfc plhnt wfcrc tfc w`tcrsscp`r`tc9 hn tfhs rcspckt tfcy klrrcsplnd whtf tfc ahncs le O`r`b`ln `nd Camhy` ocelrcacnthlncd, `nd mhic tfca `msl, tfc lrc (Nl.?2 `nd ?6) dheecrs oltf hn n`turc `nd kf`r`ktcr,




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erla `mm tfc ltfcr lrcs le tfhs dhstrhkt9 ht mhcs hn ` tfhn vchn, hn ecrrubhnlus s`ndy, lr br`vcmmykm`y — vcry nc`r tfc sure`kc9 `nd hts strcì, hn slac spckhacns hs ycmmlw, hn ltfcrs ycmmlwhsf orlwn, wfhmst tf`t le `mm tfc ltfcr lrcs hs rcd9 hn bcncr`m `ppc`r`nkc, ht slacwf`t rcscaomcstfc lrc le O`r`b`ln , out tfc br`hns `rc nlt sl pcrecktmy elracd9 hts hrln hs cxkcmmcnt, plsscsshnbtcn`khty nd a`mmcòhmhty hn fhbf dcbrcc e`r cxkcmmhnb cvcry ltfcr dcskrhpthln le hrln prldukcdhn tfhs dhstrhkt9kl`m sf`mc krlps lut hn hts nchbfolurflld, nd hn mm prloòhmhtykl`m cxhsts nc`rtfc ahncs, out whtf `mm tfcsc `dv`nt`bcs, tfc w`nt le w`tcr k`rrh`bc whmm cvcr prcvcnt tfcaerla ocklahnb alrc v`muòmc tf`n tfcy nlw `rc.

Rcst le tfc òlvc, `rc tfc ahncs le Zhpcrhy`, _cgilh `nd I`ngr` , tfc lrc le tfc elracr(Nl.?8) hs slactfhnb mhic tf`t le [`hbcrf , `nd hs usu`mmy ahxcd whtf tfc ltfcr twl, tl klrrckttfca9 tf`t le _cgilh (Nl.;:) ochnb nc`rmy klap`kt, `nd tf`t le I`ngr` (Nl.;0) klnt`hnhnbalrc `rbhmc.

Ncxt hn sukkcsshln, sthmm prlkccdhnb wcstw`rd, hs tfcKf`p`r fhmms nc`r tfc tlwn le O`gn` wfhkf òlunds hn hrln, `nd vhcwcd `t ` dhst`nkc ht `ppc`rs `s he om`kicncd oy ehrc9 hts o`sc hssurrlundcd oy prltrushlns le brccnstlnc, `nd hts str`thehk`thln `ppc`rcd tl ac tl cxfhohta`ris le dcr`nbcacnt9 `t tfc ellt le ht hs ` k`vcrn, `nd ` kf`sa, ehmmcd whtf w`tcr tl tfc dcptfle ??: ecct, nd n hslm`tcd er`bacnt hn hts nchbfolurflld sccas tl f`vc occn scp`r`tcd erlahts p`rcnt alunt`hn oy vhlmcnkc9 tfcsc `ppc`r`nkcs `rc vcry strhihnb, `nd eurnhsf brlunds elrspckum`thln, out ay prcscnt oushncss hs whtf hts ahncs, wfhkf rc shtu`tcd t O`gn`, Icrht`nb`, `nd [ui` , nc`r tl [ur`gpur` 9 tfc lrc le `mm wfhkf hs nc`rmy klap`kt9 tfc elracr (Nl.;?) hs lntfc suaaht le tfc fhmm, hn m`rbc àlrpflus a`sscs, tfc lrc `ppc`rhnb tl f`vc pcnctr`tcd tfcs`ndstlnc rlki erla ` ehssurc le wfhkf ht hs cxk`v`tcd9 tfc scklnd (Nl.;;) hs ` vchn, hn [ycnhtcòlut f`me w`y up tfc fhmm, `nd tfc tfhrd (Nl.;4) hs hn ` sa`mm `dglhnhnb klmmhnc9 tfcrc `rc slacrlundcd pcoomcs le hrln stlnc—dub lut le ecrrubhnlus km`y nc`r tfc vhmm`bc le Oflgpur` — outtfcy kmlscmy rcscaomc tflsc le Altcfh `nd dcscrvc nl eurtfcr nlthkc.

Tfc m`st le tfc ahncs le tfhs dhstrhkt `rc `t [crw`, Fhr`pur, Thbflr`, `nd A`ndcwr` , tfcelracr le wfhkf hs hn ` sa`mm klmmhnc nc`r tfc vhmm`bc, `nd tfc lrc (Nl.;3) dlcs nlt `ppc`r tldcscrvc nlthkc9 tf`t le tfc m`ttcr (Nl.;5) hs le tfc sàc ihnd9 out tfc lrc le Fhr`pur hs rhkf, ndhts hrln hn brc`t rcqucst9 ht hs `msl kfc`pcr, `nd ochnb shtu`tcd ln ` blld rl`d ht hs letcnpurkf`scd hn hts krudc st`tc, `nd k`rrhcd cmscwfcrc tl rcehnc.

Tfcrc rc ltfcr hrln ahncs sthmm eurtfcr wcst wfhkf rc shtu`tcd hn shahm`r kmustcr le fhmms octwccn tfc Dcss`n `nd Gành rhvcrs, `s `t Rcmd`n`, [`r`h, Dflrh [`b`r & k.—`nd tlw`rdstfc nlrtf-wcst hrln òlunds hn cvcry p`rt le tfc fhmms erla tfc ahncs le I`tlm` tl tflsc leBu`mhlr.

Tfc I`tlm` ahncs cxtcnd erla tfc Icn tl tfc Dcss`n rhvcrs, `nd ht hs rca`riòmc tf`t tfclrc hs klnehncd tl tfc kmustcr le fhmms, wfhkf mhc octwccn tflsc plhnts—ncvcr ochnb elundnlrtfw`rds le tfca —`nd lnmy hn ` ecw hnst`nkcs, hn tfcs`ndstlnc r`nbc slutf le tfca9 tfhskmustcr, mhic tfc dct`kfcd fhmms leK`mmhnbcr `nd @dgycbcrf , f`vc `mm tfc `ppc`r`nkc le f`vhnblnkc elracd p`rt le tfc brc`t r`nbc9 tfchr o`scs rc mm klaplscd le [ycnhtc lr [ycnhthk Br`nhtc,`nd tfchr k`ps le s`ndstlnc , `nd tfcrc hs strlnb rc`sln tl klnkmudc tf`t tfc hrln lrc, fcrc

elund, hs `n `sslkh`tc le tfc m`ttcr rlki9— whtf lnc cxkcpthln lnmy —ht klnshsts, `s H f`vc st`tcdòlvc, le v`rhcthcs le tfc rcd lxhdc, `nd hn nl hnst`nkc f`vc H elund ht èeckt tfc nccdmc, unmcssht hs fc`tcd, `nd cvcn hn tf`t k`sc, ht hs tfc klap`kt v`rhcty `mlnc, wfhkf dlcs èeckt ht smhbftmy9hts prhnkhp`m vhth`thnb klnsthtucnt hs km`y — wfhkf tfc n`thvc sacmtcrs dl nlt a`n`bc wcmm—`ndtfhs pcrf`ps hs tfc rc`sln le tfchr lot`hnhnb sl mhttmc prldukc9 tfc rcehncrs msl f`vco`d us`bcs hn tfchr rcehnhnb prlkcss hn klaaln whtf ltfcr p`rts le Hndh`, `nd tflubf ht k`nnlt oc s`hdtf`t tfcy rc unòmc tl aìc blld hrln he tfcy pmc`sc, yct ht hs e`kt tf`t tfcy f`vc n logckthlntl aìc ht blld elr o`z``r s`mc, cxkcpt hn tfc sf`pc le kumhn`ry lr ltfcr utcnshms wfhkf yhcmd ` octtcr prleht9 tfchr eurn`kcs oltf m`rbc nd sa`mm, nd `msl tfchr rcehncrhcs, rc cx`ktmy tfc sàc`s tflsc le Tcndui`hr` hn elra, `nd tfc lnmy dheecrcnkc hn tfchr prlkcss klnshsts hn iccphnbtfc whnd tuocs scp`r`tc, `s `t Gò`mpur.




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H_LN AHNC[ LE TFC [@B@_ DH[T_HKT Erla tfc I`tlm` ahncs, H sf`mm prlkccd up tfc Fhr`pur p`ss `nd `skcnd tfc tòmcm`nd, wfhkf ochnb cnthrcmy klaplscd les`ndstlnc , nd tr`p rlkis, hs nlt rhkf hn hrln lrc9 tfcrc rc flwcvcr` ecw splts wfcrc ht hs elund hn tfc [`bur dhstrhkt, out `s ht hs nlt wrlubft hn `ny p`rt, tl `ncxtcnt sueehkhcnt tl `ttr`kt nlthkc, H p`ss ln tl tfc ahncs le Tcndui`hr`.

TCNDSI@H_@ Tfc Tcndui`hr` ahncs `rc shtu`tcd hn ` alrc wcstw`rdmy plshthln le tfc sàc v`mmcy, `s tflscle Gò`mpur, `nd `rc òlut lnc ahmc `nd ` f`me dhst`nt erla tfc vhmm`bc Tcndui`hr`9 tfcy `rcnc`r ` mlw r`nbc le fhmms klaplscd lestr`thehcd qu`rtz rlki wfhkf cvhdcntmy klnt`hns ecmsp`r,`nd tfhs rlki hs tfc b`nbuc (Nl.0) le tfc lrc9 `t thacs ht `ssuacs tfc kf`r`ktcr le flrnstlnc ,`nd wfcn klnthbulus tl tfc lrc, ht hs pcnctr`tcd oy nuacrlus smcndcr vchns, wfhkf `mtflubfehmmcd whtf tfc lxhdc le hrln rc vcry dheecrcnt erla lrdhn`ry dcndrhthk ppc`r`nkcs, s tfcy rc`mw`ys hn sfllts, hntcrsckthnb c`kf ltfcr, `nd ncvcr rolrcskcnt, nd ht sccas quhtc haplsshomctf`t tfcy klumd f`vc occn prldukcd oy hnehmtr`thln.

Tfc lrc hs ncvcr elund nc`r tfc sure`kc `s `t Gò`mpur out `mw`ys òlut ;: ecct ocmlw ht,`nd hn m`rbc a`sscs, lr ocds, hn k`vhthcs octwccn tfc str`t` le tfc rlki, wfhkf hn slac k`scssccas tl f`vc sust`hncd vhlmcnkc9 ht hs tfc orlwnfydrl-lxhdc , oltf ehorlus, `nd klap`kt9 outtfc elracr hs oy e`r tfc alst prcv`hmhnb9 hts bcncr`m kf`r`ktcr, `nd `ppc`r`nkc hs lp`quc, `ndc`rtfy, out wfcn ht f`s act`mmhk mustrc, hts ehorcs rc ocùtheummy ehnc, nd klnst`ntmy r`dh`tcd9hts alst klaaln elra hs hrrcbum`r klnkcntrhk màcmm`r, tfc màcmm`c le wfhkf `rc scp`r`tcd oy` dheecrcnt klmlur, usu`mmy ycmmlw, lr ycmmlwhsf orlwn9 ht hs slacthacs, tflubf vcry r`rcmy,kryst`mmhscd, slacthacs `msl ht hs aàhmm`ry `ndoltrylhd`m out H f`vc nlt act whtf `ny ltfcrhaht`thvc elra9 ht klnt`hns a`nb`ncsc `nd shmcx, out sumpfur hs hts prhnkhp`m vhth`thnbklnsthtucnt9 hts prldukc whmm oc sflwn fcrcètcr9 out fcrc ht a`y oc loscrvcd, tf`t ht yhcmdsalst cxkcmmcnt a`mmcòmc hrln, eht elr `mm uscs, `nd `msl stccm `t nc`rmy tfc sàc prhkc `s hrln9tfcrc `rc ehvc dhsthnbuhsfhnb nàcs elr ht, wfhkf H sf`mm bhvc hn tfc tcras uscd oy tfc n`thvcahncrs `nncxhnb tfcrctl —tfchr Curlpc`n synlnyas7 Bumill (Nl.?) hnkmudcs `mm tfc w`tcrwlrn pcoomcs wfhkf `rc caocddcd hn dhmuvh`m br`vcm octwccn tfc `mmuvhua `nd tfc rlki,undcr wfhkf tfc lrc mhcs9 ht hs ` ahxcd `nd o`d ihnd le lrc.

[ura` (Nl.4) hs dhsthnbuhsfcd oy hts rcd `ppc`r`nkc `nd hs usu`mmy elund ahxcd whtf tfcòlvc, ht pcrf`ps klnt`hns `rscnhk `nd hs `mw`ys k`rceummy phkicd lut, `nd tfrlwn `w`y9 Zccr` (Nl.;) lr ycmmlw lrc, hs tfc ycmmlwhsf orlwn v`rhcty —`mw`ys hntcrahxcd whtf tfc ltfcr ihnds,`nd a`rihnb oy hts dheecrcnkc le klmlur tfchr klnkcntrhk màcmm`r elra, ht r`rcmy lkkurs scp`r`tc,hts strcì hs ycmmlw.

I`m` (Nl.3) lr om`ki lrc, hs tfc klap`kt c`rtfy orlwn lxhdc, `mw`ys d`ri klmlurcd,bcncr`mmy `pprl`kfhnb tl om`ki, slacthacs out vcry r`rcmy act`mmhk (Nl.5) `nd kryst`mmhscd(Nl.2), hts strcì hs orlwn, `nd ht hs ` vcry blld ihnd le lrc9 Dcvh [`fh (Nl.6) lr v`rhcb`tcd, hstfc klnkcntrhk màcmm`r v`rhcty (Nl.0: `nd 00) strcìcd whtf tfc ycmmlw lxhdc9 ht f`s ` ehorlus

tcndcnky tflubf lp`quc, out slacthacs ht hs act`mmhk `s Fca`tc (Nl.8), `nd hn tfhs k`sc htsehorcs `rc cxtrcacmy ehnc, `nd le ` shmiy mustrc, hts strcì hs ycmmlwhsf orlwn `nd ht hs rckilncdtfc ocst ihnd le lrc, prldukhnb alst òund`ntmy, blld a`mmcòmc hrln, `nd `msl tlmcròmy blldstccm.

KF@_KL@M Kf`rkl`m hs unhvcrs`mmy uscd hn Hndh` elr sacmthnb hrln, `s tfc n`thvcs f`vc nl inlwmcdbc lekl`m, nlr klumd tfcy usc ht whtf tfchr prcscnt rcehncrhcs, ockùsc tfcy `rc tlt`mmy hn`dcqu`tc tltfc rcdukthln le fhbfmy k`rolnhscd act`m9 tfcy `rc eummy `w`rc le tfc ceeckt le kcrt`hn ihnds le wlld ln tfc qu`mhty le hrln `nd inlw erla cxpcrhcnkc tflsc wfhkf `rc ocst suhtcd elr tfchrpurplsc9 out `s tfcy k`nnlt `mw`ys lot`hn tfc trccs tfcy prcecr —tfcy usc ` ahxturc elr tfchr

sacmthnb prlkcss, cxkmudhnb lnmy sukf s rc nltlrhlusmy pcrnhkhlus9 out hn tfchr rcehncrhcs tfcyusc cxkmushvcmytcì, alw`, lr oàoll , tl tfc m`st le wfhkf tfcy bhvc tfc prcecrcnkc9 hn tfchrprcp`r`thln le ht, tfcy rc cxpcrt erla fòht nd nl acn rc omc tl aìc octtcr kf`rkl`m9 tfcy




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usu`mmy `mmlw ` alntf elr dryhnb tfc wlld ètcr ecmmhnb, `nd tfchr actfld le phmhnb ht, elr ournhnb, hs hn klnhk`m fc`ps9 tfc rca`hndcr le tfc prlkcss ochnb cx`ktmy shahm`r tl tfc pr`kthkcle Curlpc.

ES_N@KC[

Tfchr sacmthnb eurn`kcs, tflubf krudc hn `ppc`r`nkc, `rc ncvcrtfcmcss vcry cx`kt hn tfchrhntcrhlr prlplrthlns, `nd ht f`s letcn surprhscd ac tl scc acn wfl `rc unqucsthlnòmyhbnlr`nt le tfchr prhnkhpmc, klnstrukt tfca whtf prckhshln, hn sl shapmc ` a`nncr9 tfchr unht leac`surc hs tfc orc`dtf le ` ahddmc shzcd a`n‘s ehnbcr9 ?4 le wfhkf klnsthtutc tfchr m`rbc `nd?: tfchr sa`mm kuoht9 tfus tfcrc hs ` klnst`nt r`thl le 5 tl 3 prcv`hmhnb tfrlubflut tfcsceurn`kcs, nlr hs ht le tfc mc`st klnscqucnkc, tf`t tfchr dhacnshlns rc m`rbcr lr sa`mmcr, sl mlnb`s mm tfc p`rts `rc hn tfc sàc prlplrthln9 tfc mcnbtf le tfcsc ac`surcs hs ln n vcr`bc 08.?:Cnbmhsf hnkfcs elr tfc m`rbc kuoht, `nd 05 Cnbmhsf hnkfcs elr tfc sa`mm lnc.

@s tfcy f`vc nl st`nd`rd ac`surc tfchr ehnbcrs, tfchr sp`n, nd tfchr `ra rc suosthtutcd oy wfhkf ` phckc le sthki hs ac`surcd wfhkf tfcy usc hn pr`kthkc9 nchtfcr hs tfc dhvhshln le tfckuoht nckcss`ry tflubf tfc m`rbc lnc hs supplscd tl oc dhvhdcd hntl shx p`rts nd tfc sa`mm lnchntl ehvc, le elur ehnbcrs c`kf—`s tfc ac`surcacnt hs hnv`rhòmy `skcrt`hncd oy tfchr ehnbcrs9tfc mcnbtf le tfcsc p`rts hs ln `n `vcr`bc ;.?: Cnbmhsf hnkfcs.Bclactrhk`m Klnstrukthln le tfc Eurn`kc

Tl klnstrukt tfc lutmhncs le tfc eurn`kc bclactrhk`mmy (Dh`brà H7 ehb 0 `nd ?) rumc n hndcehnhtcmhnc @.O. wfhkf supplsc cqu`m tl ` m`rbc kuoht le ?4 dhbhts lr 08.?: Cnbmhsf hnkfcs, `nd dhvhdcht hntl 5 p`rts9 `t K crckt ` pcrpcndhkum`r, tfcn erla K tl C sct lee 5 p`rts `nd ht whmm a`ri tfckcntr`m plhnt le tfc brc`tcst oumbc, `nd klnscqucntmy tfc plhnt le brc`tcst fc`t9 ncxt, erla Ctl E sct lee 5 alrc plhnts, `nd ht whmm a`ri tfc plhnt le krca`thln9 tfcn `b`hn erla E tl B, 5p`rts alrc, whmm a`ri tfc mhnc, wfcrc ht hs nckcss`ry tl rckf`rbc tfc eurn`kc, ètcr tfc ourdcnf`s suni tfus mlw, `nd erla B tl D —twl p`rts alrc9 whmm bhvc tfc pcrpcndhkum`r fchbft le tfceurn`kc, hn ?: p`rts cqu`m tl 3 ecct 4 hnkfcs le Cnbmhsf ac`surc.

Tl klapmctc tfc ehburc, rumc mhncs p`r`mmcm tl tfc o`sc, tfrlubf tfc plhnts C, E, B, `nd D, `nderla D, ehb 0, sct lee tfrcc p`rts tl tfc mcet f`nd elr tfc tlp9 ohsckt ht `t G, ohsckt `msl tfc olttla`t F, dr`w F, G, rhbft `nbmcd `t I, `nd ht whmm oc tfc lomhquc `xhs le tfc eurn`kc (ehb 0. I —G) ohsckthnb `mm tfc p`r`mmcms klrrcsplndhnb whtf KD (ehb ?)—tfcn aìc tfc p`r`mmcms @O shxp`rts, —C shx p`rts, E ehvc p`rts, `nd D tfrcc p`rts9 rumc mhncs tfrlubf `mm tfcsc plhnts, `nd tfcbclactrhk`m lutmhnc whmm oc klapmctcd, tfc sua le tfc p`r`mmcms hn p`rts, klrrcsplndhnb whtftflsc le tfc pcrpcndhkum`r.

Zr`kthk`m Klnstrukthln le tfc Eurn`kc

Tl klnstrukt ht pr`kthk`mmy —dhb ` elssc ; ecct dccp hn tfc `nncxcd elra (Dh`brà ;, ehb ?) tfcscahkhrkum`r p`rt le wfhkf klnt`hns tfc eurn`kc O, tfc w`mms KKK ochnb klaplscd le unournt orhkis le m`rbc dhacnshlns9 tfc ehrst strukturc hs krudc, prcscrvhnb lnmy `n `pprlxha`thln tltfc rcquhrcd elra, tfc hntcrhlr ochnb ètcrw`rds kut `w`y9 ` m`rbc stlnc k`pòmc le klnt`hnhnbfc`t hs pm`kcd `t tfc olttla9 `nd hn tfhs st`tc ht hs sueecrcd tl rca`hn unthm tflrlubfmy dry9 tfcncxt lpcr`thln hs pcrelracd oy ` alrc sihmeum `rthst wfl kuts `w`y tfc hntcrhlr, `nd pm`stcrs ht whtf km`y, ushnb tfc ac`surcs òlvc dcskrhocd tl `dgust hts dhacnshlns9 fc ehrst ehnhsfcs tfctlp, nd erla tfc kcntrc le tfc o`ki p`rt le ht, fc drlps pmuaact, tl skcrt`hn tfc splt wfcrctfc kcntrc le tfc erlnt p`rt le tfc stlnc hs tl rcst9 tfhs pmuaact mhnc klrrcsplnds whtf tfcpcrpcndhkum`r KD le tfc bclactrhk`m ehburcs 0 nd ?—`nd tfus fc lot`hns nlt lnmy tfc rcquhrcdlomhquhty le tfc eurn`kc, out tfc plhnts alst csscnth`m elr tfc `dgustacnt le `mm tfc rcst.

Rfcn tfc eurn`kc hs tfus e`r prcp`rcd ht hs `b`hn sueecrcd tl dry, `nd hn tfc ac`n-thac,ltfcr `ppcnd`bcs k`mmcd oy tfc Hndh`n sacmtcrsBud`hr`, Z`kf`r, B`rr`hrh , `nd @i`hr` (nàcs wfhkf f`vc nl synlnyas hn tfc Cnbmhsf m`nbu`bc), `rc klnstruktcd9 tfc @i`hr` hnp`rthkum`r hs alst cxtr`lrdhn`ry hapmcacnt, (Dh`brà H, ehbs 4 nd 39 `nd Dh`brà ?, ehb 0+)9cxtcrn`mmy vhcwcd ht hs ` kmuasy a`ss le km`y cnvcmlphnb tfc whnd tuocs (Dh`brà H, ehb 8) out




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wfcn ht hs klnshdcrcd tf`t tfc klapmctc eushln le tfhs a`ss, `nd tfc pcreckt klapmcthln le tfcsacmthnb prlkcss aust oc shaumt`nclus rcsumts, tfc hapmcacnt ocklacs tfc alst haplrt`ntle mm tfc ppcnd`bcs9 tfus elr hnst`nkc he ht hs tll sa`mm, lr tll m`rbc, hts ceeckt whmm haacdh`tcmy oc pcrkchvcd9 hn tfc elracr k`sc tfc a`ssct le krudc hrln whmm oc eumm le hapurhty, `nd hn tfcm`ttcr tfc hrln whmm oc klnsuacd, `nd he ht kr`kis durhnb tfc lpcr`thln le sacmthnb, tfcrc hs nlrcacdy elr sukf `n `kkhdcnt —sflrt le dhsa`ntmhnb tfc eurn`kc `nd klaacnkhnb tfc wlri`b`hn.

H elund ètcr nuacrlus cxpcrhacnts tf`t hts ac`n mcnbtf sflumd oc 4± p`rts, hts ac`n orc`dtf ; p`rts, `nd hts ac`n tfhkincss 0± p`rts `nd ht hs slacwf`t rca`riòmc tf`t tfcprldukt le tfcsc dhacnshlns, sflumd cx`ktmy cqu`m twcnthctf p`rt le tfc kuohk klntcnts le tfceurn`kc wfcn ehttcd elr usc9 tfhs klhnkhdcnkc a`y `rhsc erla tfc pckumh`r n`turc le tfc km`y leTcndui`hr`, ; tfc hnbrcdhcnts le wfhkf `rc wcmm `sslrtcd, out tfc rumc whmm ncvcrtfcmcss `ppmybcncr`mmy — ockùsc km`y oy `dahxturc hs suskcpthomc le ochnb rcndcrcd àcnòmc tl rumc9 `ndtfcrcelrc tfhs hapmcacnt whmm oc elund hn mm Hndh`n eurn`kcs tl f`vc (lr oy tcapcrhnb tfc km`ya`y oc a`dc tl f`vc) tfc sàc klrrcsplndhnb dhacnshlns.

Tfc Budd`hr` hs ` wcdbc le km`y uscd tl `dgust tfc vcrthk`m plshthln le tfc @i`hr` wfcnpm`kcd hn tfc eurn`kc9 `nd tfc Z`kf`r hs `n lomlnb pm`tc le km`y, uscd hn w`mmhnb up tfc lrhehkcètcr tfc @i`hr` hs pm`kcd, nd dgustcd9 tfcsc ehburcs nd dhacnshlns rc bhvcn hn Dh`brà H—ehb 2 `nd 69 tfc Bur`hry (Dh`brà H, ehb 5) hs ` klnvcx pm`tc le km`y9 pcrelr`tcd whtf flmcs `nduscd `s ` br`tc —tfrlubf wfhkf tfc sklrh` `rc dr`wn lee.

Rfcn tfc ppcnd`bcs `rc rc`dy, `nd tfc eurn`kc tflrlubfmy dry, ht hs prcp`rcd elr usc hntfc elmmlwhnb a`nncr.

Tfc erlnt p`rt hs w`mmcd up erla tfc tlp tl tfc mhnc [[— @i`hr` tl tfc tlp (Dh`brà H, ehb0 `nd ;) wfhkf mhnc hs `skcrt`hncd oy tfc sa`mm kuoht9 lnc cnd ochnb pm`kcd `t K, tfc ltfcr whmmac`surc KO `nd K[ (ehb 0)—tfc br`tc hs ncxt put hn, hts mlwcr cdbc rcsthnb upln tfc cdbc le tfcstlnc9 `nd tfc sp`kc hs ehmmcd— whtf ` ahxturc le pumvcrhscd klw dunb `nd Ildl str`w —up tltfc dlttcd mhnc (Dh`brà H, ehb 0) upln wfhkf hs pm`kcd tfc @i`hr`9 hts shdcs ochnb cvcry wfcrc0± p`rts dhst`nt erla tfc w`mms le tfc eurn`kc—`s rcprcscntcd hn Dh`brà H—ehb 4 `nd

Dh`brà HH—ehb 0+9 wfcrc `, o, k, d, `rc tfc w`mms le tfc eurn`kc, ehb. 3 `nd 0+ tfc @i`hr`9 tfcBud`hr`4 lr wcdbc, hs ncxt hntrldukcd hn lrdcr tl dgust hts vcrthk`m nbmc (Dh`brà H, ehb 0) `ndtfhs ochnb pm`kcd s`thse`ktlrhmy, tfc Z`kf`r hs hnscrtcd `nd tfc wflmc f`s tfcn tfc `ppc`r`nkcrcprcscntcd hn Dh`brà H, ehb ;, wfcrc Nl.3, 5, 2 `nd 6, `rc tfc @i`hr`, Bud`hr`, Z`kf`r, `ndB`rr`hrh9 nltfhnb nlw rca`hns out tl mutc tfc wflmc whtf km`y, mc`vhnb tfc cnds le tfc whndtuocs lpcn tl rckchvc tfc ocmmlws.




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OCMMLR[ Tfc ocmmlws `rc `s shnbum`r hn tfchr klnstrukthln `s tfc @i`hr`, `nd `rc wlricd oy tfc f`nd9tfcy `rc a`dc le ` shnbmc bl`t sihn, tfc dhacnshlns le wfhkf lubft tl oc 2 p`rts hn orc`dtf wfcn dluomcd, nd 6 p`rts hn mcnbtf9 sukf prlplrthlns ochnb rcquhrcd elr khrkum`r ocmmlws le 3p`rts dhàctcr, `nd wfhkf wfcn wlricd oy ` a`n le lrdhn`ry strcnbtf whmm rhsc 5 p`rts hn

fchbft —f`vhnb 00½ khrkum`r elmds9 tfc wlldcn nlzzmc tfrlubf wfhkf tfc om`st hs klnvcycd hntltfc eurn`kc sure`kcs tfc @i`hr` hn hts klapmcx n`turc, nd sl mhttmc hs hts prhnkhpmc undcrstlld—tf`t tfc `rt le aìhnb ht w`s lnkc mlst `t Tcndui`hr` , `nd w`s `b`hn rcstlrcd oy tfc sacmtcrsle I`tlm` .

Klnstrukthln le tfc Nlzzmc le tfc Ocmmlws

Tl klnstrukt hts ehburc bclactrhk`mmy, rumc ` mhnc @O cqu`m ; p`rts (Dh`brà HH, ehb ?) dhvhdc hthntl elur, bhvhnb lnc le tflsc dhvhshlns tl c`kf le tfc mcbs, `nd twl elr tfc sp`kc hn tfc kcntrc9sct lee ` pcrpcndhkum`r erla K tl D cqu`m ; p`rts9 ohsckt ht `nd tfc ahddmc plhnt whmm a`ri tfc`pcx le tfc kcntr`m `nbmc9 tfcn tfrlubf tfc plhnt D rumc ` mhnc p`r`mmcm tl @O `nd erla ht `s `kcntrc sct lee c`kf w`y ¾ le ` p`rt aìhnb tlbctfcr 0± p`rts9 dhvhdc ht `msl hntl elur, bhvhnblnc le c`kf tl tfc mcbs, `nd twl elr tfc sp`kc hn tfc kcntrc `s ocelrc9 `nd tfcn oy rumhnb mhncstl klnnckt `mm tfcsc plhnts, tfc lutmhnc whmm oc klapmctc9 tfc cxtcrhlr le tfc hapmcacnt hs pm`hn out tfc hntcrhlr hs klapmcx `nd k`nnlt oc dcskrhocd cxkcpt oy ` rcecrcnkc tl Dh`brà HH7 ehb ; wfhkf rcprcscnts ht, dhvhdcd hn tfc ahddmc, tl sflw hts hntcrn`m strukturc.




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Tfhs kurhlus `ppcnd`bc hs e`stcncd tl tfc ocmmlws oy mc`tfcrn tflnbs, `nd tfc om`st hselrkcd tfrlubf ht `t `n `nbmc le ?4 dcbrccs out wfcn ht hs mutcd tl tfc whnd tuocs le tfc @i`hr`,tfc om`st cntcrs tfc eurn`kc `t `n `nbmc le 0? dcbrccs, oltf vcrthk`mmy 3 `nd flrhzlnt`mmy — ockùsc tflsc tuocs `rc pm`kcd sl `s tl rcdukc tf`t `nbmc9 Dh`brà HH, ehb 0+ rcprcscnts tfc wflmc `pp`r`tus mutcd tlbctfcr `nd pm`kcd hn tfc eurn`kc tfc w`mms le wfhkf `rc a`ricd `, o,k, d, `nd ht cxfhohts `t lnc vhcw, tfc wflmc le tfc ackf`nhsa le tfhs klapmcx a`kfhncry9 tfceurn`kc wfcn kmlscd up whtf km`y, `nd tfc ocmmlws mutcd hn, hs rcprcscntcd cnthrc hn Dh`bràHHH `nd HU9 tfc dlttcd mhncs sflwhnb tfc kfhancy — @ tfc lutcr w`mms, O, ` alund le c`rtf tlstrcnbtfcn tfc w`mms, K `n uppcr kfhancy le alvcòmc orhkis, D pm`nis m`hd `krlss tfc trcnkftl supplrt tfc ocmmlws `nd tfc a`n wfl wlris tfca, C ` stlnc supplrthnb lnc cnd le tfcpm`ni, E elricd or`nkfcs supplrthnb `n hrln o`r ln wfhkf tfc ltfcr cnd le tfc pm`nis rcsts,`nd B ` shapmc `pp`r`tus elr prcvcnthnb tfc ocmmlws erla rhshnb erla tfc pm`nis wfcn tfcy`rc wlricd.

Tfc olvc dcskrhpthln hs nlt elundcd ln tfclrcthk`m klnkmushlns9 tfc ac`surcacnts bhvcn`rc dcrhvcd erla tìhnb tfc ac`n le scvcr`m `nd tfc rcsumts wcrc prlvcd hn eurn`kcs undcr aylwn supcrhntcndcnkc9 tfc klhnkhdcnkcs le tfc scvcr`m p`rts `rc vcry strhihnb, tfus elr hnst`nkc,tfc pcrpcndhkum`r `nd p`r`mmcm mhncs le tfc bclactrhk`m lutmhnc `rc cqu`m hn qu`nthty (Dh`brà

H, ehb ?)9 `nd tfc tlp, oumbc `nd olttla ochnb ;, 5, `nd 4± p`rts rcspckthvcmy, sflw tf`t tfceurn`kc hs cx`ktmy klnstruktcd, `nd tf`t ht klrrcsplnds wcmm cnlubf whtf tfc alst rcbum`reurn`kcs le Curlpc (Dh`brà H, ehb 0)9 ht hs `msl kurhlus, tflubf pcrf`ps le nl haplrt`nkc tlloscrvc, tf`t tfc ac`n le tflsc nuaocrs, ochnb squ`rcd `nd aumthpmhcd oy tfc tcras le tfcpcrpcndhkum`r lr xhs, bhvc tfc kuohk rc` le tfc eurn`kc, nd sflw tf`t ht hs twcnty thacs m`rbcrtf`n tfc kuohk klntcnt, le tfc @i`hr`9 tfc `nbmc le tfc om`st hs `msl wlrtfy le nlthkc, `s wcmm `stfc shapmhkhty oy wfhkf oltf ht `nd tfc lomhquhty le tfc eurn`kc hs lot`hncd9 `mm tfcsc scrvc tlsflw tf`t tfc lrhbhn`m pm`n le tfhs shnbum`r eurn`kc aust f`vc occn tfc wlri le `dv`nkcdhntcmmhbcnkc, `nd tf`t hts bclactrhk`m prlplrthlns f`vc occn prcscrvcd oy shapmc ac`surcs9fcnkc tflubf hts lrhbhn`m elra a`y oc kf`nbcd oy k`prhkc lr hbnlr`nkc, hts prhnkhpmc ncvcr k`n oc mlst sl mlnb `s f`nds `nd ehnbcrs rca`hn.




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_CEHNC_HC[ Tfc rcehncry hs `s krudc hn hts `ppc`r`nkc, `nd `s nlvcm hn hts klnstrukthln `s tfc eurn`kc, tl wfhkf ht sccas tl f`vc occn purplscmy d`ptcd7 twl rcehncrhcs ochnb rcquhrcd elr lnc sacmthnbeurn`kc9 tl klnstrukt ht tfcy usc tfc sa`mm kuoht le ?: dhbhts, lr wf`t hs sthmm alrc `v`hmòmc, tfcsp`kc lr dhst`nkc octwccn tfc thps le tfc tfuao `nd mhttmc ehnbcr le ` ahddmc shzcd a`n wfcncxtcndcd whtflut elrkc, twl sukf sp`ns ochnb klnshdcrcd cqu`m tl tfc kuoht9 tfc ehrst prlkcsshs tl `rr`nbc ` nuaocr le squ`rc unournt orhkis, `s hn tfc brlund pm`n (Dh`brà U, ehb 0) hn wfhkf `, , `, , `rc tfc w`mms— @ hs tfc kfhancy, O tfc rcehnhnb eurn`kc, K tfc sc`t le tfc rcehncr,`nd D tfc `nvhm9 scc `msl ehb ? elr ` shdc vhcw le ht—dhvhdcd hn tfc ahddmc elr tfc purplsc lesflwhnb tfc hntcrhlr strukturc, hn wfhkf C hs ` phckc le krudc hrln undcr tfc prlkcss ledck`rolnhs`thln9 tfc dhacnshlns le tfc kfhancy `rc nlt a`tcrh`m — out ht hs usu`mmy òlut lnckuoht orl`d, lnc dccp `nd shx hn mcnbtf9 tfc lv`m p`rt wfcrc tfc lpcr`tlr shts hs `mtlbctfcr è`nkheum `ppcnd`bc, ochnb acrcmy ` alund le c`rtf hn wfhkf ` mlb le wlld hs hnscrtcd elrrckchvhnb tfc `nvhm—`nd hts cmcv`thln scrvcs tfc eurtfcr purplsc le bhvhnb tfc wlriacn `purkf`sc hn ushnb tfc fàacr9 wfcn tfc w`mms le tfc kfhancy `rc ehnhsfcd, tfc tlp hs klvcrcd whtf unournt orhkis le `n lv`m sf`pc, em`t ocmlw nd klnvcx olvc `nd tfcsc rc mutcd tlbctfcr oy ` pm`stcrhnb le km`y —ehb. ; hs ` erlnt vhcw —sflwhnb tfc lpcnhnb le tfc eurn`kc nd Dh`brà UH cxfhohts tfc rcehncry klapmctc, whtf tfc rcehncr `t wlri ln fhs sc`t, tfc ocmmlws-a`n pmyhnbtfc ocmmlws, `nd v`rhlus hapmcacnts myhnb òlut— @ tfc lutshdc le tfc kfhancy —O ` alundle c`rtf tl strcnbtfcn hts w`mm—K tfc rcehnhnb eurn`kc—D ` phckc le krudc hrln undcrblhnb tfcprlkcss le dck`rolnhs`thln (hn dlttcd mhncs)—C tfc ocmmlws-a`n pmyhnb tfc ocmmlws—E tfcrcehncr whtf `n hrln sphic hn fhs f`nd rcbum`thnb tfc lpcr`thln (tfc dlttcd mhncs sflwhnb tfchntcrhlr le tfc eurn`kc)—B ` tfhki pm`tc le hrln pm`kcd `t tfc olttla le tfc rcehncry (hn dlttcdmhncs)—F ` elssc elr tfc fàacra`n —H tfc `nvhm—I hapmcacnts, `nd M ` fc`p le kf`rkl`m.

Tfc eurn`kc le tfc rcehncry hs tfc lnmy p`rt wfhkf rcquhrcs sihmm hn hts klnstrukthln, `ndtfhs hs usu`mmy dlnc oy tfc lpcr`tlr fhascme9 hts bclactrhk`m lutmhnc hs rcprcscntcd (Dh`brà U, ehb 4) `nd hts klnstrukthln hs `s elmmlws. _umc ` mhnc @O cqu`m ehvc p`rts, dhvhdc ht hntl shx—sct lee elur le tfcsc dhvhshlns elr tfc tlp—mct e`mm ` pcrpcndhkum`r erla tfc kcntrc K—sct leetfrcc dhvhshlns erla K tl D elr tfc dcptf —rumc ` mhnc tfrlubf D—p`r`mmcm tl @O `nd aìc httwl dhvhshlns, nlw rumc tfc lutmhnc— ohsckt tfc pcrpcndhkum`r `nd tfc kcntrc p`r`mmcm whmm occqu`m tl tfrcc dhvhshlns.

Tfc kcntrc p`r`mmcm hs tfc alst haplrt`nt p`rt le tfc eurn`kc `nd ncxt tl ht hs tfc `kkur`tc`dgustacnt le tfc `nbmc le tfc om`st9 H f`vc ercqucntmy sccn tfc Hndh`n rcehncrs lomhbcd tldhsklnthnuc tfchr wlri ln kklunt le slac crrlr hn tfhs plhnt9 tfc usu`m ac`surc elr tfc elracrhs tfc sp`n òlvc acnthlncd `ppmhcd oltf mlnbhtudhn`mmy `nd tr`nsvcrscmy `s hn Dh`brà U, ehb0, O wfcrc ` brlund pm`n le tfc eurn`kc hs cxfhohtcd—tfc hnncr khrkmc le wfhkf klrrcsplnds whtf tfc kcntrc p`r`mmcm le ehb 4—tfhs ac`surc ncvcr dheecrs aukf erla 6 hnkfcs, `nd tf`tqu`nthty a`y oc ssuacd s e`hr vcr`bc9 —tfc lutcr khrkmco le tfc sàc ehburc hs hndcehnhtc—tfc sp`kc octwccn tfc twl — ochnb acrcmy ` smlpc, kfàecrhnb erla tfc hnncr cdbc, `ndbr`du`mmy cxp`ndhnb, unthm ht hs mlst hn tfc shdcs le tfc eurn`kc, sl tf`t hn e`kt ht hs rcvcrocr`tlry9

whtf rcb`rd tl tfc om`st, ht hs òslmutcmy nckcss`ry tf`t ht sflumd oc dhrcktcd, `t `n `nbmc leòlut 0? dcbrccs, upln tfc lpplshtc cdbc le tfc hnncr khrkmc lr tl tfc plhnt k ehb 0, O9 tfc n`thvcsf`vc nl hnstruacnts tl cnòmc tfca tl dl tfhs cx`ktmy out tfc wlrihnb le tfc eurn`kc slln tcmmstfca wfcrc tfcrc hs `n crrlr `nd tfcy inlw wcmm cnlubf flw tl klrrckt ht9 —tfc ocmmlwsrcscaomc tflsc le tfc sacmthnb eurn`kc, out hnstc`d le tfc wlldcn nlzzmc, tfcy `rc eurnhsfcd whtf mlnb hrln tuocs—`s hn Dh`brà U, ehb 3 wfhkf `rc sl pm`kcd, tf`t tfc `nbmc le tfc om`sttfrlwn tfrlubf tfca hs ?4 dcbrccs, tfc sàc `s tf`t le tfc wlldcn nlzzmc.




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[ACMTHNB ES_N@KC Dh`brà UHH7 ehb 0 nd ? rcprcscnt tfc erlnt nd o`ki vhcw le ` sa`mm khrkum`r sacmthnb eurn`kc, wfhkf hs vcry klaaln hn Hndh—hts ac`surcacnt a`y oc tìcn erla tfc sk`mc le tfc dh`bràchtfcr hn p`rts lr hnkfcs9 tfc ocmmlws `rc tfc sàc `s ehb 37 Dh`brà U, `nd tfc elra le tfchntcrhlr lr kfhancy hs cxfhohtcd oy dlttcd mhncs9 ehb ; `nd 4 le tfc sàc dh`brà sflw `nltfcrdcskrhpthln le rcehncry uscd kfhcemy elr dck`rolnhshnb m`rbc a`sscs elr tfc a`nue`kturc le`nvhms & k. wlricd oy twl p`hrs le ocmmlws—tfhs rcehncry ahbft oc alrc cxtcnshvcmy `ppmhcd9sukf `s elr tfc a`nue`kturc le `dmctrcss* lr ltfcr fc`vy wlri. 5 Ehb 3 hs ` sa`mm ehcmd om`kisahtf‘s elrbc, klns truktcd le tfc sàc ihnd le lv`m orhkis, `s tflsc wfhkf `rc uscd elrklvcrhnb hn tfc rcehncry, `nd mutcd tlbctfcr oy km`y9 tfhs `pp`r`tus a`y oc klnstruktcd hn f`me`n flur9 `nd hs ` usceum ehcmd-sahtfy9 ehb 5 hs ` tuoc le km`y, uscd hn tfc rcehncry tl prcscrvc tfccnds le tfc ocmmlws—ehb 2 hs ` tuoc le tfc sàc ihnd uscd hn tfc sa`mm khrkum`r eurn`kcs.ALDC LE [ACMTHNB @ND _CEHNHNB Hn tfc prlkcss le tfchr a`nue`kturc tfc Hndh`n sacmtcrs usc kf`rkl`m lnmy9 tfc lrc hs orlicnhntl phckcs olut tfc shzc le w`mnut, out ht hs nlt w`sfcd, nlr hs ht rl`stcd mtflubf ht hs inlwntl klnt`hn ` m`rbc qu`nthty le sumpfur wfhkf ahbft oc dhsshp`tcd oy tf`t actfld9 tfcyklaacnkc oy ehmmhnb tfc kfhancy le tfc eurn`kc whtf kf`rkl`m wfhkf tfcy sueecr tl ourn unthm`mm alhsturc hs cxpcmmcd9 tfcy tfcn tfrlw hn ` sa`mm o`sict le lrc, `nd upln ht ` m`rbcr lnc lekf`rkl`m, ètcr wfhkf tfc ourdcn hs `mmlwcd tl shni `s mlw `s tfc mhnc B (Dh`brà H, ehb 0 `nd ?)

wfcn ht hs `b`hn kf`rbcd—`ndètcrw`rds lrc `nd kf`rkl`m `rc`mtcrn`tcmy bhvcn hn tfc sàcprlplrthlns unthm tfc lpcr`thlnhs klapmctc9 tfc sklrh` ocbhn tlemlw whtfhn tfc sp`kc le `n flur,`nd oy tf`t thac, ht hs inlwn wfctfcr tfc eurn`kc whmm wlri wcmm lr hmm—tfc sklrh` ochnb `surc hndhk`thln9 ht hs mct lut oyphcrkhnb tfc br`tc whtf `n hrlnsphic, `nd tfc lrhehkc hs `b`hnkmlscd whtf km`y `s slln `s ht hsdr`wn lee9 tfc ocmmlws `rc wlricd oy tfrcc acn — wfl tìcht oy turns9 `nd tfcy sflumd ocicpt klnst`ntmy pm`yhnb unthm tfcprlkcss hs klapmctcd9 tfc thac le wfhkf hs `skcrt`hncd oyhntrldukhnb ` fllicd phckc lehrln tfrlubf tfc whnd tuocs,hntl tfc eurn`kc, wfhkf sflwsflw aukf le tfc @i`hr`rca`hns9 elr `s H f`vc sflwn ocelrc, ht hs hndhspcnsòmynckcss`ry tf`t tfhs `ppcnd`bcsflumd oc tlt`mmy euscd ocelrctfc lpcr`thln hs klapmctc, `nd wfcn tfhs hs tfc k`sc, ht wlumd ocuscmcss tl klnthnuc mlnbcr, ockùsc tfc eurn`kc wlumd kc`sctl wlri prlpcrmy9 ht usu`mmy

klnthnucs 0? flurs out aukf dcpcnds ln tfc ocmmlws-a`n, `nd `msl ln tfc wlrihnb le tfceurn`kc.




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Tfc act`m hs ncvcr klapmctcmy acmtcd oy tfhs prlkcss—tfc fctcrlbcnclus ahxturc le tfclrc mlnc hs euscd nd tfrlwn lee hn sklrh`, nd tfc hrln ochnb erccd erla ht e`mms oy hts supcrhlrbr`vhty tl tfc olttla le tfc eurn`kc, `nd tfcrc kl`bum`tcs hntl ` a`ss lr a`ssct9 ht hs ncvcr vcry fhbfmy k`rolnhscd, `nd slacthacs ht hs p`rth`mmy a`mmcòmc cvcn hn hts krudc st`tc9 wfcntfc prlkcss hs ehnhsfcd, tfc ocmmlws rc rcalvcd9 tfc erlnt p`rt le tfc eurn`kc dcalmhsfcd9 ndtfc rcd flt a`ssct dr`bbcd lut, `nd dhvhdcd oy m`rbc `dcs* ocelrc ht f`s thac tl kllm, fcnkc htf`ppcns tf`t tfc p`rts le tfc eurn`kc tfus orlicn up, rcquhrc d`hmy rcncw`m.

Tfhs klapmctcs tfc oushncss le tfc sacmthnb eurn`kc—tfc prlkcss le dck`rolnhs`thln ochnb pcrelracd hn tfc rcehncry, `nd Dh`brà UH7 ehb. D, rcprcscnts f`me ` a`ssct—prlpcrmypm`kcd hn ` rcehncry `nd undcrblhnb tf`t lpcr`thln9 `s ht ocklacs dck`rolnhscd, ht drlps hntltfc flmmlw le tfc eurn`kc upln tfc pm`tc le hrln B—`nd wfcn ` sueehkhcnt qu`nthty f`s`kkuaum`tcd, ht hs tìcn lut `nd fàacrcd hntl alrc khrkum`r muaps wfhkf `rc sccn hn cvcry o`z`r9 tfc kf`rkl`m uscd hn tfc lpcr`thln hs `mw`ys le f`rd wlld, sukf `s tcì (tcktln`br`ndhs), alw` (e`n` m`thelmh`)* lr oàoll9 tfhs hs tfc p`rt le tfc a`nue`kturc hn wfhkf tfcHndh`n a`nue`kturcrs pm`y trhkis9 elr hn tfc ehrst pm`kc tfcy dl nlt `mmlw thac elr tfc krudca`ss tl ocklac prlpcrmy dck`rolnhscd nd tfcn b`hn tfcy f`vc ` alst pcrnhkhlus pr`kthkc leinlkihnb lee klrncrs nd sa`mm phckcs erla tfc a`ssct hn hts krudc st`tc hntl tfc dck`rolnhshnb

emuhd, `nd hnstc`d le w`hthnb p`thcntmy unthm tfc wflmc le tfc a`ssct hs dck`rolnhscd tfcy letcntfrlw hn m`rbc muaps `t tfc cnd le tfc prlkcss, ahxhnb `mm tfcsc krudc phckcs whtf tfc ltfcr sltf`t tfc kfc`t k`nnlt oc dctcktcd cxkcpt ln trh`m9 tfus tfcy nlt lnmy sflrtcn tfc thac le tfclpcr`thln, `nd tfcrcoy usc mcss eucm, out klntrhvc oy tfhs nce`rhlus pr`kthkc tl scmm ` m`rbcplrthln le tfchr krudc hrln `t tfc sàc prhkc `s tfc a`mmcòmc9 tfcy `rc `msl vcry sp`rhnb hntfchr fàacrhnb mcst tfcy sflumd elrkc lut tll aukf le tfc Uhtrclus Lxhdc nd tfcrcoy rcdukctfc wchbft9 sl tf`t upln tfc wflmc tfcrc scca tl oc kùscs wfhkf f`vc gustmy èecktcd tfcrcput`thln le Hndh`n hrln— out `s tfcy `rc rcp`hròmc crrlrs, tfcy lubft r`tfcr tl oc pm`kcd tltfc `kklunt le tfc pcrvcrshty le Hndh`n fòhts—tf`n `rr`ycd `b`hnst tf`t e`hr rcputc tl wfhkftfc Hndh`n act`m undcr dheecrcnt a`n`bcacnt ahbft m`y km`ha.

Z_LDSKC Tfc prldukc le tfc lrc le Tcndui`hr` v`rhcd erla ;5 tl 4: pcr kcnt — out `s ht w`s upln tfc wflmc nc`rcr tl 4: tf`n ;5 —H à quhtc sèc hn ehxhnb tfc `vcr`bc `t ;6 pcr kcnt9 H trhcd oyrl`sthnb tfc lrc tl lot`hn ` brc`tcr qu`nthty out whtflut ceeckt, nchtfcr w`s H s`thsehcd whtf htsrcsumt hn `nltfcr plhnt le vhcw, `s whmm oc sflwn fcrcètcr9 whtf rcb`rd tl kf`rkl`m tfcklnsuapthln v`rhcd `kklrdhnb tl hts qu`mhty —lr, hn `kklrd`nkc whtf tfc wlrihnb le tfceurn`kc. Tfc elmmlwhnb dh`ry klnt`hns ` st`tcacnt le tfc d`hmy prldukc le elur sacmthnbeurn`kcs, erla wfhkf H ssuacd ac`n, s e`hr prlle le tfchr plwcr le prldukthln. Tfcy wcrcundcr ay lwn supcrhntcndcnkc erla tfc ;:tf @prhm tl 5tf Gunc 06?2 wfhkf hs ocylnd `mmqucsthln tfc alst une`vluròmc plrthln le tfc yc`r elr sacmthnb hrln, `nd tfc rcsumt tfcrcelrchs tfc alrc cnf`nkcd hn v`muc.

Erla tfhs st`tcacnt ht `ppc`rs tf`t c`kf eurn`kc yhcmdcd upln `n `vcr`bc òlut 06± Z`nkfscrh ,2 `nd tf`t cvcry fundrcd scrs le krudc act`m yhcmdcd 5; scrs le a`mmcòmc hrln9 tfctlt`m le tfc prldukc tfcrcelrc hs `s elmmlws7 tfc lrc yhcmdcd ;6 pcrkcnt—tfc krudc act`m 5; pcrkcnt—`nd tfc a`mmcòmc hrln yhcmdcd 35 pcr kcnt wfcn wrlubft up hntl o`rs eht elr usc hn `suspcnshln orhdbc—`s whmm oc sflwn hn tfc elmmlwhnb p`r`br`pf.




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PS@MHTX LE TFC H_LNTfc hrln w`s a`dc lvcr tl K`pt`hn Zrcsbr`vc le tfc [`b`r Ahnt (`n leehkcr vcry k`pòmc le gudbhnb whtf rcb`rd tl hts qu`mhty). Fc wrlubft ht up hntl o`rs `nd rlds elr `n hrln suspcnshln orhdbc ln wfhkf fc w`s tfcn capmlycd `nd tfc elmmlwhnb hs fhs rcplrt tl undcrst`nd wfhkf hths nckcss`ry tl rcecr tl tfc nltc ocmlw.6

Tfc ehrst shx a`ris, èelrd o`r hrln (`s e`r `s ayinlwmcdbc `mmlws ac tl gudbc) le alst cxkcmmcntqu`mhty, plsscsshnb `mm tfcdcshròmc prlpcrthcs lea`mmcòhmhty, dukthmhty `tdheecrcnt tcapcr`turcs `ndle tcn`khty elr `mm le wfhkf Htfhni ht k`nnlt oc surp`sscd oy tfc ocst [wcdhsf hrln9 tfcscklnd dcskrhpthlnklnshsthnb le tfc tfrcc m`stnuaocrs hn tfc`kklap`nyhnb st`tcacnt f`sprldukcd vcry blld o`rs, outhn elrbhnb `nd wlrihnb ht up,tfc hrln `ppc`rs slacwf`tf`rdcr, prloòmy erla ht sthmmklnt`hnhnb ` plrthln lek`roln9 tfc dheecrcnt a`ris v`rhcd hn yhcmdhnb erla 3: tl5:½ pcr kcnt hn o`rs, tfc`vcr`bc erla tfc wflmc ochnb r`tfcr alrc tf`n 33¾pcr kcnt.

Ht hs nckcss`ry tl `ddtf`t tfc o`r hrln acnthlncdòlvc, hs nlt 8 klaaln o`rhrln— out fhbfmy wrlubft o`rs, elr usc hn ` suspcnshln orhdbc9 tfc f`rdncss `mmudcdtl hn tfc tfrcc m`st nuaocrs, w`s cvhdcntmy lkk`shlncd oytfc act`m ‖sthmm rct`hnhnb `

plrthln le k`roln‘, `nd ht hs wlrtfy le rca`ri tf`t tfhsqu`mhty w`s klnehncd tl tflsc

spckhacns, tfc lrc le wfhkf f`d occn rl`stcd. 0:

KL[T LE TFC H_LN Tfc klst le tfc hrln w`s `s elmmlws. Tfc cxk`v`thln le ` ahnc klst ;:-0? N`bpur lr ?3 K`mkutt`[hkk` _upccs9 tfc klnstrukthln le elur sacmthnb eurn`kcs, twl rcehncrhcs, `nd lnc sa`mm rlundeurn`kc, klst ;4-0? N`bpur lr ;: [hkk` _upccs9 `nd tfc purkf`sc le sihns `nd a`nue`kturc lescvcn p`hrs le khrkum`r ocmmlws klst ;:-3 N`bpur lr òlut ?3 [hkk` _upccs—tlt`m le lutm`y 6:[hkk` _upccs9 out s ay cxpcrhacnt m`stcd lnmy ehvc wccis, nd tfc olvc lutm`y w`s k`mkum`tcd

tl m`st ` wflmc sc`sln, ` plrthln le ht lnmy hs kf`rbcòmc tl tfc klst le tfc òlvc hrln9 tfcfàacrs, `nvhms `nd ltfcr hapmcacnts le hrln, nlt ochnb pcrhsfòmc `rthkmcs—`rc kf`rbcòmc




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lnmy elr rc`slnòmc rcp`hrs9 tfus tfc prlpcr prlplrthln le lutm`y hs 03 _upccs, `nd tfccxpcnsc00 le wlrihnb tfc eurn`kc w`s 440-: N`bpur lr ;23 [hkk` _upccs, tfc tlt`m le klsttfcrcelrc elr ??3 aùnds le a`mmcòmc hrln w`s ;8: [hkk` _upccs, lr lnc rupcc 0? `nn`s pcraùnd.

Tfc hrln w`s wchbfcd oy tfc st`nd`rd le N`bpur —tfc aùnd le wfhkf pm`kc hs òlut ;

mos `vlhrduplhs mcss tf`n tfc e`ktlry aùnd le K`mkutt`9 fcnkc hts wchbft hs òlut 20 mos 0: lzs`vlhrduplhs, `nd ;0½ N`bpur aùnds `rc nc`rmy cqu`m tl lnc Cnbmhsf tln9 tfc v`muc le tfcK`mkutt` [hkk` _upcc hs usu`mmy rckilncd `t ? sfhmmhnbs `nd fcnkc tfc klst le ` tln wchbft lea`mmcòmc hrln hn Cnbmhsf alncy w`s ehvc plunds nhnc sfhmmhnbs, `nd ehvc pcnkc, lr hn rlundnuaocrs —ehvc plunds tcn sfhmmhnbs.

KLNKMS[HLN Ht w`s ay hntcnthln tl f`vc klap`rcd tfhs mhttmc eurn`kc whtf slac le tfc ahnlr eurn`kcs leCurlpc — out `s ay inlwmcdbc le tfc m`ttcr aust f vc occn dcrhvcd erla ollis, H prcecr bhvhnbe`kts dcrhvcd erla `ktu`m cxpcrhacnt, `nd mc`vc tfc klap`rhsln tl tflsc wfl `rc octtcr òmctl aìc ht7 tfc qu`nthty le krudc act`m sacmtcd hn ay elur eurn`kcs erla tfc ;:tf @prhm tl tfc5tf Gunc, w`s0? ;34± aùnds, `nd hts klst w`s ;:4 N`bpur lr ?5: K`mkutt` [hkk` _upccs —fcnkc hts klst pcr aùnd w`s 00¾ `nn`s, lr twl plunds, shx sfhmmhnbs pcr Cnbmhsf tln—`ndtfc prldukc pcr wcci le elur eurn`kcs w`s 20 aùnds lr ?½ Cnbmhsf tlns.

Tfcsc d`t` sflw tfc klst le tfc hrln oltf hn hts krudc `nd a`mmcòmc st`tc `nd K`pt`hn,nlw Klmlncm Zrcsbr`vc‘s rcplrt bhvcs tfc m`ttcr sl e`hr kf`r`ktcr tf`t ht a`y oc usceum tl elmmlwup tf`t rcplrt oy `nltfcr lot`hncd erla tfc K`mkutt` Ahnt ln slac phckcs le Glwmh `nd @bcrhy` hrln wfhkf wcrc wrlubft up tl tfc st`tc le Cnbmhsf o`r hrln—`nd suoahttcd tl trh`m—tfc suost`nkc le tfc rcplrt hs `s elmmlws7

@ phckc le tfc Glwmh hrln ochnb orlicn sflwcd òlut f`me tfc sure`kc le ` ehnc omuc tlubf`ppc`r`nkc, tfc ltfcr f`me f`d ` vcry orhttmc `ppc`r`nkc le ` bm`ssy wfhtc klmlurrcscaomhnb wf`t tfc sahtfs hn Cnbm`nd k`mm klmd-sflrt9 tfhs phckc 0 hnkf orl`d `nd ¾ hnkftfhki w`s put hntl ` kmà `nd ` mcvcr `ppmhcd tl ht9 ht twhstcd whtf ` e`hr rcshst`nkc, `nd olrc lnc rcvlmuthln hn 5 hnkfcs whtflut sflwhnb ` er`kturc9 ht w`s tfcn w`racd `nd `flmc punkfcd tfrlubf ht, wfhkf ht olrc hn ` w`y tf`t wlumd f`vc occn cxpcktcd hn ` phckcle blld Cnbmhsf hrln `nd octtcr tf`n tfc bcncr`m run le Cnbmhsf hrln purkf`scd hn tfc o`z`r wlumd f`vc olrnc ht. @n cyc ochnb turncd `t c`kf cnd, tfc sp`kc le 0: hnkfcs mlnb w`s dr`wn dlwn tl lnc tfhrd le `n hnkf squ`rc, `nd dc`d wchbft sk`mc e`sfhln whtfluttfc usc le tfc mcvcr `ppmhcd `nd hn tfc mcnbtf le shx hnkfcs ht cmlnb`tcd7

0/0:tf le `n hnkf whtf ;;26 mos?/0:tf ” ” ;5?4 ‑ ;/0:tf ” ” 4283 ‑ 3/0:tf ” ” 30?2 ‑

`nd drcw htscme tl nc`r ` plhnt `nd orlic whtf 3?45. @ phckc le tfc @bcrhy` hrln, ln ochnb orlic, sflwcd ` sa`mm plrthln le hts er`kturc mhbft omuc tlubf vchn, tfc rca`hndcr shmvcry wfhtc, sflwhnb vcry ehnc p`rthkmcs, `nd w`s wf`ttfc sahtfs hn Cnbm`nd wlumd s`y f`d `n hnecrhlr `ppc r`nkc, ht w`s 0 hnkf orl`d oy hnkftfhki, `nd w`s twhstcd klmd lnc rcvlmuthln hn 5 hnkfcs whtflut sflwhnb ` er`kturc `nd`ppc`rcd tl oc aukf strlnbcr (tl tfc twhst hn prlplrthln) tf`n tfc òlvc phckc erlaGlwmh, tflubf aukf sletcr9 ht w`s tfcn fc`tcd, `nd punkfcd wfhkf ht olrc hn ` a`nncrsueehkhcnt tl bhvc ht tfc kf`r`ktcr le vcry e`hr `vcr`bc hrln9 `n cyc ochnb tfcn turncd `tc`kf cnd, tfc sp`kc le tcn hnkfcs mlnb w`s dr`wn dlwn tl lnc tfhrd nd dc`d wchbft sk`mce`sfhln whtflut tfc usc le tfc mcvcr, `ppmhcd `nd hn tfc mcnbtf le shx hnkfcs—ht cmlnb`tcd0/?: le `n hnkf, whtf 4246 mos, `nd a`dc ` squ`rc orcì whtf 3;25 mos.Tflubf tfc @bcrhy` phckc b`vc nl nlthkc le hts `pprl`kfhnb e`hmurc, wfhmst suspcndhnb `

wchbft9 yct wfcn orlubft tl tfc ocnd, ht sflwcd htscme plsscsscd le tfc plwcr le




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cmlnb`thnb, `nd olrc alrc ocnd whtflut sflwhnb ` er`kturc tf`n tfc phckc le Glwmh `ndstlld tfc ocnd octtcr tf`n tfc bcncr`m run le Cnbmhsf hrln purkf`scd hn tfc o`z`r.Tfc òlvc st`tcacnt w`s `ddrcsscd tl K`pt`hn Elrocs, supcrhntcnd cnt le tfc fln‘omc

Klap`ny‘s stcà cnbhncs `nd a`kfhncry, tl wfla H `ppmhcd tl lot`hn ` trh`m `nd tfccxpcrhacnts wcrc `mm a`dc oy lnc le tfc alst òmc `nd pr`kthk`m acn le tfc Ahnt—nàcd

Tfla`s Zhbb.F`vhnb nlw cxfùstcd `mm ay hnelra`thln wfhkf w`s lot`hncd erla `ktu`m cxpcrhacnt`nd hap`rth`m trh`m `nd prlle H sf`mm klnkmudc whtf tfc elmmlwhnb rca`ris— vhz7 tf`t tfc Hndh`nelrbc hs omc tl aìc krudc act`m, elr twl plunds shx sfhmmhnbs, nd blld a`mmcòmc hrln elr ehvcplunds tcn sfhmmhnbs pcr Cnbmhsf tln9 ht hs alrclvcr suskcpthomc le haprlvcacnt9 ht rcquhrcs out mhttmc lutm`y9 ht hs plrtòmc9 `nd a`y oc tr`nsplrtcd erla pm`kc tl pm`kc, tfc hapmcacnts ochnb tfc lnmy tfhnbs nckcss`ry tl k`rry9 ht a`y oc crcktcd hn pm`kcs wfhkf klaohnc tfc`dv`nt`bcs le prlxhahty le lrc `nd eucm `nd wfcrc ltfcr eurn`kcs rcquhrhnb ` m`rbc suppmy le w`tcr k`nnlt oc sct up —`nd ht a`y oc crcktcd elr tcaplr`ry purplscs `nd ò`ndlncd wfcntfc logckt hs eumehmmcd whtflut a`tcrh`m mlss, tfc eurn`kcs ochnb tfc lnmy p`rt wfhkf wlumd ocmlst `nd tfchr klst hs òlut 5 sfhmmhnbs c`kf.

Tfc capmlyacnt le sl shapmc ` elrbc hn Cnbm`nd wlumd oc òsurd— out klnshdcrhnb ht `nhnstruacnt `d`ptcd tl tfc cxhsthnb klndhthln le tfc kluntry wfcrc ht hs uscd—ht `ssuacs `dheecrcnt kf`r`ktcr—elr sukf hs tfc kfc`pncss le mòlur `nd eucm tf`t H qucsthln wfctfcr `nyltfcr eurn`kc wlumd klapctc whtf ht—`nd he oy haprlvcacnt ht k`n oc a`dc k`pòmc le wlrihnb ln ` m`rbcr sk`mc9 `rscn`m a`tcrh`ms, a`tcrh`ms elr orhdbcs `nd ltfcr fc`vy wlri —htkcrt`hnmy hs `n logckt wlrtfy le `ttcnthln, `s ` brc`t s`vhnb le cxpcnsc ahbft oc ceecktcd oy htsusc.

Nltc0. M`tcrhtc hs ` tcra bhvcn oy Dr Oukf`n`n tl ` spckhcs le hrln km`y vcry prcv`mcnt hn Hndh`.?. Nltc 7 [cc tfc a`p wfhkf `kklap`nhcs tfhs p`pcr.YLahttcd fcrc. — Cdhtlr Q.

;. Nltc 7 Ht a`y fcrc oc loscrvcd tfc n`turc le tfc km`y hs ` a`tcrh`m plhnt whtf rcb`rd tl tfhshapmcacnt, `nd `t Tcndui`hr` ht hs wcmm `d`ptcd, ochnb nc`r tfc brc`t tr`p-r`nbc, `nd rcplshnb ln à`ss le krct`kclus mhacstlnc ocmlnbhnb tl tfc tr`p eàhmy9 hn mm prloòhmhty tfcrcelrc ht klnt`hns sa`mmplrthln le mhac9 ` ecw sa`mm br`hns le w`kic a`y `msl oc loscrvcd hn ht `nd hn `ddhthln tl tfcsc Ildl str`w ochnb ahxcd whtf ht tfc plt`sf dcrhvcd erla tfcsc a`tcrh`ms e`khmht`tcs tfc eushln le hts shmcx, wfhmsttfc mhac rcndcrs ht ` eushomc klaplund, tfc hnbrcdhcnts le wfhkf `rc wcmm `sslrtcd, `nd scca tl oc wcmm`d`ptcd elr usc. Tfc n`thvc sacmtcrs lnkc dcscrtcd tfcsc ahncs ln `kklunt le slac phquc, out tfcqu`mhty le tfc km`y orlubft tfca o`ki `b`hn.

4. Nltc 7 Tfc orl`d cnd ;±, tfc n`rrlw cnd ?±, tfc ac`n le wfhkf hs ; p`rts. Tfcsc dhacnshlns dlnlt brc`tmy dheecr erla tflsc le tfc n`thvc sacmtcrs, ln tfc klntr`ry tfcy `rc elundcd ln tfc ac`n le `mmtfc ac`surcs H klumd prlkurc—`nd tfc dheecrcnkc klnshsts hn tfchr ochnb rcbum`r `nd ehxcd wfhmc tflscle tfc n`thvcs `rc hrrcbum`r `nd letcn blvcrncd oy k`prhkc.

3. Nltc 7 Tfc vcrthk`m `nbmc hs lot`hncd oy ac`ns le tfc wcdbc tfc tfhkincss le wfhkf hs `d`ptcd tl tfc`nbmc le 0? dcbrccs, `nd tfc flrhzlnt`m `nbmc hs lot`hncd oy iccphnb tfc cnds le tfc whnd tuocs ` kcrt`hnnuaocr le ehnbcrs orc`dtf `s undcr wfcn caocddcd hn tfc @i`hr`. Tfcsc qu`nththcs ncvcr dheecr aukf.

5. Nltc 7 Tfc rcehncry hs klnvcrthomc hntl ` om`kisahtf‘s elrbc oy tìhnb lut tfc hrln pm`tc `nd ouhmdhnbup ` w`mm hn tfc ahddmc sl `s tl dcstrly tfc rcvcrocr`thnb ceeckt.

2. Tfc eurn`kcs `mm v`rhcd hn tfchr prldukc out tfc ac`n hs 06± Z`nkfscrh—` Z`nkfscrh hs 3 scrs—chbft le wfhkf lr 4: scrs `rc cqu`m tl ` aùnd.

6. Nltc 7 H trhcd `mm tfc dcskrhpthlns le lrc `nd a`dc cxpcrhacnts ln rl`sthnb ht—tfc rcsumt le wfhkfklumd lnmy oc `skcrt`hncd oy aìhnb tfc hrln9 tfc ehrst shx a`ris klnsthtutcd tfc oumi le tfc qu`nthtysuoahttcd elr trh`m, `nd tfchr hrln rcsumt a`y oc sècmy tìcn `s ` e`hr `vcr`bc9 tfc ltfcr tfrcc `rc tfcrcsumt le ay cxpcrhacnts ln rl`sthnb tfc lrc —prcvhlus tl sacmthnb.

8. Tfc klaaln Cnbmhsf o`r hrln yhcmds òlut 2: pcr kcnt le sukf fhbfmy wrlubft o`rs.0:. Nltc 7 Tfc rl`sthnb le hrln lrc, prcvhlus tl sacmthnb hs supplscd tl rcp`y whtf `dv`nt`bc, tfc

`ddhthln`m cxpcnsc ht lkk`shlns9 `nd tfc rc`sln le hts hmm sukkcss whtf ac H k`n lnmy cxpm`hn `s elmmlws7




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Tfc eurn`kcs le Curlpc `rc H ocmhcvc hn bcncr`m pcrpcndhkum`r tf`t hs—tfc lrc `nd eucm e`mm pcrpcndhku-m`rmy nd klnscqucntmy tfchr dcskcnt hs alrc r`phd9 out hn Hndh` tfc eurn`kcs rc lomhquc, nd tfc dcskcntle lrc nd eucm alrc br`du`m nd fcnkc sueehkhcnt thac hs b`hncd elr dhsshp`thnb sumpfur, lr ltfcr vlm`thmchnbrcdhcnts ocelrc ht rc`kfcs tfc plhnt le brc`tcst fc`t9 tfhs `ppc`rs tl oc tfc e`kt `s tfc kfhancys letfcsc eurn`kcs `rc `mw`ys kl`tcd whtf sumpfur9 ht wlumd scca `msl tf`t tfc act`m `kquhrcs alrc k`rolnundcr tfc ceeckt le oltf lpcr`thlns tf`n tfc Hndh`n rcehncry, klnsthtutcd `s ht nlw hs, k`n dhsplsc le —

`nd fcnkc tfc f`rdncss le tfc m`st tfrcc a`ris `s loscrvcd oy K`pt`hn Zrcsbr`vc.00. [t`tcacnt le Cxpcnsc 5 Acn elr c`kf [acmthnb Eurn`kc lr ?4 elr 4 eurn`kcserla ;:tf @prhm tl 5tf Gunc, lr 0½ alntf `t 4 _s. c`kfpcr acnsca 0?:-:Kf`rkl`m elr tfc Eurn`kc elr tfc sàc pcrhld 0;4-:Elr dhbbhnb lrc 04-?K`rrh`bc le lrc 03-3K`rrh`bc le kf`rkl`m 04-8Fc`d-A`n 5.:

\\\\\\Tlt`m Klst le [acmthnb ;:4-:

\\\\\\0 Mlf`r Ahstry `t 6 `nd ehvc Mlf`rs `t 4 Y_s.Q pcr acnscaelr c`kf _cehncry7 tfhs sua dluomcd elr twl `nd elr` pcrhld le ehvc wccis hs 2:-:Tcìwlld Kf`rkl`m elr tfc _cehncrhcs 5;-:Fc`d-A`n

Tlt`m Klst le _cehnhnb 0;2-:

Tlt`m Klst le [acmthnb ;:4-: \\\\\\

Tlt`m Cxpcnsc 440-: \\\\\\0?. Nltc 7 [cc Dh`ry.




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VUHA @NSE@KTS_C LEO @_H_LN

HN[ LSTFC_N HNDH@ (*Oy K`pt`hn G. Kàpocmm, @sshst`nt [urvcylr Bcncr`m, A`dr`s Cstòmhsfacnt. (@.D. 064?).)

0. Hn tfc klaacrkc octwccn Hndh` nd Cnbm`nd, slurkc le dccp hngury tl tfc elracr kluntry`rhscs erla Cnbm`nd f`vhnb dcprhvcd fcr le tfc tr`dc hn klttln kmltf, tfc a`nue`kturc le wfhkf w`s, out ` ecw yc`rs `bl, lnc le tfc alst v`muòmc `nd cxtcnshvc le Hndh`n prldukts9 wfhmc erla nl ltfcr f`vhnb occn `s yct hntrldukcd `s `n cxplrt tl o`m`nkc tfc haplrtserla Cnbm`nd, ht f`s ocklac nckcss`ry tl dr`hn Hndh` le fcr spckhc tl p`y tfc cxpcnscs letfc Blvcrnacnt, `nd elr tfc `rthkmcs sfc rcquhrcs erla tfc altfcr kluntry. TfcBlvcrnacnt oltf hn Cnbm`nd `nd hn Hndh` f`vc tfcrcelrc occn unrcahtthnb hn tfchrcndc`vlurs tl prlaltc `nd elstcr tfc cxplrt tr`dc erla Hndh`9 `nd hn tfc ac`n thac f`vccndc`vlurcd tl cklnlahsc oy ac`ns le tfc hntcrn`m prldukthvc rcslurkcs le tfc kluntry,

`nd tfus hn slac ac`surc rcdukc tfc cxplrt le spckhc, `nd `t tfc sàc thac dhsscahn`tc ìnlwmcdbc le pr`kthk`m a`nue`kturhnb prlkcsscs.?. @alnb tfc alst cxtcnshvc le tfc cxplrts le Cnbm`nd tl Hndh , hs tfc tr`dc le o`r hrln, wfhkf

tl A`dr`s `mlnc àlunts tl 0,::: tlns pcr `nnua9 `nd wfhmc Hndh` hs inlwn tl prldukca`mmcòmc hrln le supcrhlr qu`mhty, ht f`s occn ercqucntmy prlplscd s qucsthln wfctfcrsfc klumd nlt suppmy fcr lwn w`nts hn tfhs `rthkmc `t ` kfc`pcr r`tc tf`n he prlkurcd erlaCnbm`nd, he haprlvcd prlkcsscs wcrc hntrldukcd hn tfc rcdukthln le tfc n`thvc lrcs. H ànlt `w`rc tf`t `ny s`thse`ktlry cxpcrhacnt`m hnvcsthb`thln le tfhs plhnt f`s cvcr occnhnsthtutcd, lr bhvcn tl tfc puomhk9 out erla tfc rca`ris hn tfc rcplrts le tfc Klaahttcc elrhnvcsthb`thnb tfc kl`m `nd ahncr`m rcslurkcs le Hndh`, ht wlumd scca tf`t mhttmc lr nltfhnbhs `s yct inlwn upln tfc suogckt.

;. Cnbmhsf hrln hs nlt uscd hnm`nd hn [lutfcrn Hndh`, hn klnscqucnkc le tfc brc`t cxpcnsc lem`nd k`rrh`bc, nd erla tfc sàc kùsc, ht hs prloòmc, tf`t hn Nlrtfcrn Hndh` msl, tfc lnmyhrln uscd hs tf`t a`dc upln tfc splt9 `nd `s tfc a`nue`kturc aust oc vcry mhahtcd hnqu`nthty (‖qu`mhty‘ hn lrhbhn`m9 `ppc`rs tl oc ` ahsprhnt.— Cdhtlr .), ht ocklacs le aukfhaplrt`nkc, oltf tl hndhvhdu`ms `nd tl tfc Blvcrnacnt, tl oc `kqu`hntcd whtf tfc aldcle suppmyhnb `ny cxtr`lrdhn`ry dca`nd. Hndccd, wc `rc hnelracd oy K`pt`hn Druaalnd,hn tfc Glurn`m le tfc @sh`thk [lkhcty le Ocnb`m, tf`t tfc k`rrh`bc le ` suspcnshln orhdbccrcktcd hn Icrnnln, `mlnc klst òlut 6: rupccs pcr tln, lr `s aukf `s tfc hrln ahbft f`vc occn a`dc elr upln tfc splt.

4. Hn prlgckthnb tfc cstòmhsfacnt le ` ncw a`nue`kturc, pcrslns `rc out tll prlnc tl klpy`n lmd cstòmhsfcd prlkcss, whtflut studyhnb sueehkhcntmy tfc prhnkhpmcs oy wfhkf tfc rcsumths prldukcd, sl `s tl oc òmc tl aldhey tfc aldc le lpcr`thln tl suht tfc rcslurkcs le tfc

mlk`mhty, `nd tfc k`pòhmhthcs le tfc wlriacn9 `nd ockùsc tfc Cnbmhsf aldc lea`nue`kturhnb hrln f`s occn elund tl oc tfc alst prlehtòmc hn Cnbm`nd, ht f`s occnsupplscd tf`t ` shahm`r prlkcss klumd `mlnc `nswcr hn Hndh`. Tfhs prlkcss f`s `msl occnstymcd ‖skhcnthehk‘, out tfc e`kt hs, tf`t tfc prhnkhpmcs le tfc aldc le lpcr`thln rc sthmm tlt`mmyuninlwn, nd tfc a`nue`kturcs rc nlt lnmy unòmc tl prldukc t pmc`surc kcrt`hn rcsumt, out cvcn tfc qu`nththcs le tfc rcsumts prldukcd dcpcnd upln tfc wc tfcr, `nd ltfcr kùscs`s yct nlt cxpm`hncd, lr ocylnd tfc klntrlm le tfc wlriacn. Rc dl nlt `s yct cvcn inlw wf`t k`st hrln hs9 nlr whtf `ny kcrt`hnty wf`t hts klaplncnt p`rts `rc9 nlr hn wf`t ht dheecrserla stccm, lr tfc v`rhcthcs le wf`t `rc bcncr`mmy k`mmcd k`rourcts le hrln. Ln tfhs plhntO`rmlw rca`ris7 (Cnkykmlpcdh` Actrlplmht`n`) ‖Tfcrc hs kcrt`hnmy aukf tl oc mc`rncd hntfc hrln tr`dc, ocelrc wc k`n ol`st le `ny tfhnb mhic ` klapmctc inlwmcdbc le hts dheecrcntprlkcsscs. Rc loscrvc a`ny e`kts hn tfhs, `s wcmm `s hn ltfcr or`nkfcs le tfc a`nue`kturc,

le wfhkf, tfc alst wc k`n s`y hs, tf`t tfcy `rc klnncktcd whtf, lr kùscd oy kcrt`hn ltfcr`kklap`nyhnb e`kts, tflubf wc rc hbnlr`nt flw tfhs klnnckthln cxhsts9 letcn, hndccd, lur




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inlwmcdbc dlcs nlt cxtcnd sl e`r.‘ @b`hn, ‖ht hs, flwcvcr, sl dheehkumt tl elmmlw up kfcahk`m`n`myshs, `nd tl lot`hn rcsumts whtf ahnutc `kkur`ky, hn ` prlkcss rcquhrhnb hntcnsc fc`t,tf`t fhtfcrtl tfc pfcnlacn` `ttcnd`nt upln tfc rcehnhnb le phb hrln, `nd hts klnvcrshlnhntl o`rs, a`y oc s`hd r`tfcr tl oc bucsscd `t, tf`n pcrecktmy cxpm`hncd.‘ Spln tfc sàcplhnt `msl Dr Src rca`ris7 (Dhkthln ry le A`nue`kturc) ‖out pfhmlslpfcrs f`vc occn, `ndsthmm `rc, tll aukf cstr`nbcd erla tfc study le tfc usceum `rts, `nd klntcnt tfcascmvcs tllaukf whtf tfc ahnuth`c le tfc mòlr`tlry `nd tfclrcthk òstr`kthlns.‘ [ukf ochnb tfc st`tcle lur prcscnt inlwmcdbc le tfhs suogckt, ht a`y oc dluotcd he ` k`rceum cxàhn`thln le tfcprhnkhpmcs le tfc mlnb cstòmhsfcd, kfc`p, `nd shapmc aldc le a`nue`kturc le tfc n`thvc leHndh`, ahbft nlt mc`d tl haprlvcacnts nd aldhehk`thlns, wfhkf wlumd oc elund tl nswcr octtcr, tf`n tfc lpcrlsc actflds le tfc Cnbmhsf a`nue`kturc, wfhkf rcquhrc aukf k`pht`m,klstmy ouhmdhnb, `nd ` klnshdcròmc tr`dc tl aìc tfca prlehtòmc.

3. Hn Cnbm`nd tfc eucm nlw alst bcncr`mmy uscd hn sacmthnb tfc hapurc hrln lrcs le tfc kl`mehcmds hs klic9 `nd tfc lrc ètcr ochnb ehrst rl`stcd tl scp`r`tc tfc vlm`thmc hapurhthcs, `saukf `s plsshomc, hs cxplscd tl hts `kthln hn om`st eurn`kcs, bcncr`mmy òlut elrty-ehvc eccthn fchbft, out v`ryhnb slacthacs erla tfhrty-shx ecct tl cvcn shxty ecct. Hn tfc ahddmc, tfcsceurn`kcs rc olut twcmvc ecct hn dhàctcr, out t tlp rc klntr`ktcd tl olut elur ecct, nd

`t olttla, wfcrc tfc om`st le `hr hs hntrldukcd oy phpcs erla plwcreum omlwhnb a`kfhncs,tfc dhàctcr hs lnmy òlut twl ecct. Tfc prcssurc upln tfc `hr elrkcd hntl tfc eurn`kc hsòlut tfrcc plunds upln tfc squ`rc hnkf, `nd tfc qu`nthty le `hr àlunts bcncr`mmy tl `saukf `s 4,::: kuohk ecct pcr ahnutc. Tfc k`st hrln `s ht elras, e`mms dlwn hntl tfc olttlale tfc eurn`kc9 wfhkf hs `mw`ys flt cnlubf tl a`hnt`hn ht hn ` st`tc le eushln9 wfcrc ht hsprltcktcd erla tfc kthln le tfc om`st oy klvcrhnb le euscd sm`b wfhkf eml`ts upln ht. Tfcsceurn`kcs `rc icpt hn `kthln unrcahtthnbmy, nhbft `nd d`y, elr scvcr`m yc`rs tlbctfcr9 tfcact`m ochnb mmlwcd tl emlw lut cvcry twcmvc flurs hn qu`nththcs le olut shx tlns `t thac.Tfc a`tcrh`m uscd hn ouhmdhnb tfc om`st eurn`kc hs prhnkhp`mmy ehrc orhki, `nd ` p`hr leeurn`kcs klst upw`rds le £0,6:: stcrmhnb. Tfc prlplrthln le kl`m uscd hn aìhnb ` tln lek`st hrln, v`rhcs vcry aukf, erla tfrcc tlns hn R`mcs, tl slacthacs chbft tlns hnDcroysfhrc9 out tfc usc le fc`tcd `hr hn omlwhnb tfc eurn`kcs f`s vcry aukf hnkrc`scd tfc

qu`nthty le tfc prldukts le tfc om`st eurn`kc, `nd f`s `msl dhahnhsfcd tfc cxpcndhturc leeucm, out tfc qu`mhty le tfc k`st hrln hs s`hd tl oc dctcrhlr`tcd. Tfc cstha`tcd cxpcnsc leaìhnb ` tln le k`st hrln hs òlut £; stcrmhnb.

5. Elr klnvcrthnb k`st hrln hntl o`r hrln, tfc ehrst prlkcss bcncr`mmy capmlycd hn Cnbm`nd hsk`mmcd ‖rcehnhnb‘, nd klnshsts hn eushnb olut tln le k`st hrln t lnkc hn em`t lpcn eu rn`kcsòlut tfrcc ecct squ`rc, wfcrc ht hs cxplscd elr twl flurs lr alrc tl tfc `kthln le ` strlnb om`st, oy wfhkf ht hs supplscd ` plrthln le tfc k`roln ht klnt`hns hs ournt lee. Aukf b`scsk`pcs erla tfc sure`kc le tfc act`m durhnb tfc lpcr`thln, `nd ` m`rbc qu`nthty le om`ki ouoomy sm`b scp`r`tcs, ètcr wfhkf tfc act`m wfcn run lut `nd `mmlwcd tl kllm, f`s ` wfhtcshmvcry `ppc`r`nkc, hs eumm le ouoomcs, hs vcry orhttmc, `nd f`s `kquhrcd tfc prlpcrty lef`rdcnhnb oy ochnb suddcnmy kllmcd. Hn ‖rcehnhnb‘, òlut elur lr ehvc fundrcdwchbft lekl`ms hs uscd tl tfc tln le k`st hrln, `nd tfc act`m mlscs erla twcmvc tl scvcntccn pcr kcntle hts wchbft.

2. Tfc ‖rcehncd‘ k`st hrln, nlw tcracd ‖ehnc act`m‘, hs tfcn cxplscd hn rcvcrocr`tlry eurn`kc,k`mmcd tfc ‖puddmhnb eurn`kc‘, tl tfc `kthln le tfc emàc le ` m`rbc kl`m ehrc, oy wfhkf ht hsehrst p`rth`mmy acmtcd, tfcn e`mms hntl ` kl`rsc plwdcr9 `nd ln ochnb sthrrcd up `ndprcscntcd tl tfc emàc, ocklacs t m`st dfcshvc nd tcn`khlus. Ht hs tfcn elracd hntl m`rbc o`mms, `nd ètcr rckchvhnb ` ecw omlws erla ` m`rbc fàacr tl klnslmhd`tc ht, hs p`sscd octwccn rlmmcrs wfhkf squcczc lut aukf le tfc hapurhthcs, `nd elra ht hntl ‖ahmm o`r hrln‘.Tfhs hs flwcvcr tll hapurc elr usc, nd ht hs nckcss`ry tl kut tfc rlubf o`rs hntl phckcs ndtl wcmd tfca tlbctfcr èrcsf, hn ` ‖rcfc`thnb eurn`kc‘, `nd cxplsc tfca tl `nltfcr rlmmhnb,`nd cvcn tl rcpc`t tfc lpcr`thln ` tfhrd thac, ocelrc blld tlubf o`r hrln hs prldukcd. Hntfc ‖puddmhnb eurn`kc‘ òlut ` tln le kl`ms hs cxpcndcd tl c`kf tln le ‖ehnc act`m‘, `nd hntfc ‖rcfc`thnb eurn`kc‘, olut 03: plunds alrc `rc cxpcndcd9 nd hn c`kf lpcr` thln ` mlssle òlut tcn pcr kcnt tìcs pm`kc hn tfc wchbft le act`m lpcr`tcd upln.




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6. Spln `n `vcr`bc òlut nhnc tlns le kl`m `rc cxpcndcd hn Cnbm`nd hn elrahnb lnc tln leehnhsfcd o`r hrln, `nd ht hs prloòmc, tf`t he tfc òlvc prlkcsscs wcrc `ttcaptcd upln `nysa`mmcr sk`mc tf`n tf`t le tfc Cnbmhsf wlris, ` sthmm brc`tcr qu`nthty wlumd oc uscd. [lacle tfcsc wlris klst £?2,:::, `nd turn lut 0?: tlns le o`r hrln pcr wcci.

8. Hn Er`nkc, [wcdcn, Nlrw`y, `nd p`rts le Bcra`ny, tfc eucm prhnkhp`mmy uscd hs kf`rkl`m,

`nd tfc lrcs `rc purc lxhdcs le hrln9 tfc eurn`kcs `rc òlut tfhrty ecct hn fchbft, `nd hnsf`pc rcscaomc hn brc`t ac`surc tfc om`st eurn`kcs le Cnbm`nd. Mc`tfcrn elrbc ocmmlws rcercqucntmy uscd tl omlw tfca, `nd tfc rcsumts v`ry erla ehvc fundrcdwchbft le k`st hrlnpcr d`y, tl slacthacs ehvc tlns. Tfc qu`nthty le kf`rkl`m uscd `msl v`rhcs vcry aukf, erlalnc `nd qu`rtcr tln, tl twl `nd f`me tlns elr c`kf tln le k`st hrln, `kklrdhnb tl tfc n`turcle tfc ahncr`m lxhdc sacmtcd.

0:. Tfc k`st hrln tfus a`dc hs trc`tcd whtf kf`rkl`m hn ` rcehnhnb eurn`kc, nlt dheecrhnb aukferla tfc Cnbmhsf lncs, out tfc act`m hs nlt `mmlwcd tl run lut, tfc lpcr`thln ochnbklnthnucd elr nc`rmy ehvc flurs, unthm tfc act`m f`s ocklac tcn`khlus `nd `dfcshvc, wfcnht hs rcalvcd hn muaps le òlut twl fundrcd wchbft c`kf, wfhkf `rc elrbcd undcr ` m`rbcthmt fàacr, tfcn kut hntl sa`mmcr phckcs, nd hs dr`wn lut hntl o`rs `t lnkc. Hn tfhs prlkcsstfc act`m mlscs òlut twcnty-shx pcr kcnt le hts wchbft, `nd 048 plunds le kf`rkl`m `rc

klnsuacd elr cvcry 0:: plunds le hrln prldukcd.00. Elracrmy ` ihnd le eurn`kc k`mmcd hn Bcra`ny ` ‖stcuki letcn‘ w`s slacthacs uscd, wfhkf w`s erla tcn tl ehetccn ecct fhbf, nd tfrcc ecct hn dhàctcr, rcscaomhnb vcry aukf `n hrlnelundcr‘s kuplm` eurn`kc, out whtf ` m`rbcr dllr, wfhkf w`s orlicn lpcn ètcr tfclpcr`thln w`s ehnhsfcd, wfhkf rcquhrcd òlut twcmvc flurs, `nd tfc muap le k`st hrln wchbfhnb òlut ` tln, w`s rcalvcd whtf plwcreum tlnbs tl tfc rcehnhnb eurn`kc. Tfcqu`nthty le kf`rkl`m uscd w`s erla twl `nd qu`rtcr tl tfrcc nd f`me kwt. elr cvcry kwt.le k`st hrln, `nd òlut lnc `nd f`me kwt. alrc w`s rcquhrcd hn tfc rcehnhnb `nd elrbhnb,aìhnb tfc wflmc cxpcndhturc erla elur tl ehvc kwt. elr cvcry kwt. le o`r hrln.

0?. Hn slac p`rts le Er`nkc, a`mmcòmc hrln hs a`dc `t lnkc erla tfc ahncr`m lxhdcs le hrln, hn wf`t `rc tcracd ‖k`t`m`n elrbcs‘, wfhkf `rc k`vhthcs òlut 05 hnkfcs squ`rc, `nd twl ecct hndcptf, suni hn tfc emllr le tfc wlrisflp, tfc om`st ochnb tfrlwn hn oy ` phpc smlphnbtlw`rds tfc olttla le tfc eurn`kc. Tfc k`vhty ochnb ehmmcd whtf kf`rkl`m, tfc lrc hs `ddcdhn sa`mm qu`nththcs, mtcrn`tcmy whtf ercsf kf`rbcs le kf`rkl`m, nd hn olut ehvc lr shx flurs` muap le hrln hs prlkurcd, wchbfhnb erla twl tl elur kwt. wfhkf hs rcalvcd, `nd elrbcd`t lnkc hntl o`rs. Tfc cxpcndhturc le kf`rkl`m hs vcry brc`t, alunthnb slacthacs tl chbftthacs tfc wchbft le tfc hrln prlkurcd. Out wfcn wlld hs kfc`p nd ound`nt, tfcrc k`n ocmhttmc dluot tfhs prlkcss wlumd oc ` klnvcnhcnt lnc elr sacmthnb `ny le tfc ahncr`mpcrlxhdcs le hrln.

0;. Tfc aldc le sacmthnb hrln uscd oy tfc n`thvcs le Hndh`, `ppc`r tl oc vcry aukf tfc sàcerla tfc Fha`m`y`s dlwn tl K`pc Klalrhn, `nd hn slac dcbrcc rcscaomcs tf`t `mmudcd tlhn p`r`br`pf 00.Tfc lrc prhnkhp`mmy uscd hs chtfcr tfc klaaln a`bncthk hrln s`nd elund hn tfc numm`fs, lr

cmsc plundcd a`bncthk hrln lrc, scp`r`tcd erla tfc ecrrubhnlus br`nhtc, out H f`vc sccnspckum`r hrln lrc uscd oy tfc Ilnds le Bllasllr.04. Tfc a`tcrh`m uscd elr tfc n`thvc eurn`kcs, hs tfc klaaln rcd plttcr‘s km`y le Hndh`, wfhkf

unmcss k`rceummy scmcktcd, hs nlt bcncr`mmy vcry rcer`ktlry, nd whmm f`rdmy st`nd fc`t sueeh-khcnt tl eusc k`st hrln, out oy ahxhnb ht whtf s`nd, `nd oy klnkcntr`thnb tfc fc`t hn tfckcntrc le tfc eurn`kc `s aukf `s plsshomc oy ` prlgckthnb om`st phpc, tfc rcdukthln le tfclrc hs ceecktcd ocelrc tfc eurn`kc f`s ocklac aukf alrc tf`n rcd flt9 tfc lpcr`thln ochnbklapmctcd hn òlut ` klupmc le flurs.

03. Hn klnstrukthnb tfcsc eurn`kcs, ` pm`telra òlut twl ecct squ`rc `nd ehvc hnkfcs tfhki hsehrst a`dc, whtf flmc hn tfc kcntrc nhnc hnkfcs hn dhàctcr. @ f`me-kymhndcr lr kurvcd phckchs tfcn elracd `msl le tfc rcd km`y, chbftccn hnkfcs fhbf, elur hnkfcs tfhki, `nd tfhrtccnhnkfcs dhàctcr hnshdc, `nd tfc sàc dcptf, `nd `msl ` klnc òlut twl hnkfcs tfhki le tfcsàc fchbft, `nd tfc sàc dhàctcr `t olttla, `nd scvcn hnkfcs `t tlp. Rfcn tfcsc `rcquhtc dry, ` mhttmc wct km`y ochnb put rlund tfc flmc hn tfc pm`telra, tfc f`me-kymhndcr hs




0;6

pm`kcd upln ht, `nd tfc lpcn erlnt hs ouhmt up whtf kmlds le km`y, `nd tfc hnshdc p`rt hspm`stcrcd elr twl hnkfcs tfhki unthm ` flmmlw kymhndcr hs prldukcd, òlut twcnty-tfrcchnkfcs dccp, nhnc hnkfcs hn dhàctcr hnshdc, `nd òlut shx hnkfcs tfhki. Rfcn nc`rmy dry,`n `rkf hs kut lut hn erlnt `t olttla òlut nhnctccn hnkfcs fhbf, tl elra tfc dllr le tfceurn`kc. Tfc klnc hs tfcn pm`kcd ln tfc tlp, `nd tfc hnshdc pm`stcrcd whtf km`y tlklrrcsplnd whtf tfc olttla p`rt, `nd tfc ncki lr tfrl`t rcdukcd hn tfc sàc w`y tl òlutehvc hnkfcs dhàctcr. Tfc uppcr p`rt le ` kf`tty whtf tfc ncki hs tfcn pm`kcd hnvcrtcd lntfc `pcx le tfc klnc, tl elra ` eunncm tl klndukt tfc kf`rbc hntl tfc tfrl`t, `nd tfc kf`tty`nd tfc wflmc le tfc lutshdc le tfc eurn`kc hs tfcn pm`stcrcd lvcr whtf km`y olut twl hnkfcstfhki, sl `s tl bhvc tfc `ppc`r`nkc le ` m`rbc sub`r mlè cnm`rbcd ` mhttmc `t tfc plhnt. Rfcnehnhsfcd, tfc fchbft hnshdc erla tfc olttla tl tfc ncki hs òlut tfrcc ecct tcn hnkfcs, `ndtfc wflmc tìcs òlut ` wcci tl ehnhsf ocelrc ht hs quhtc dry.

05. Tfc om`st phpc hs ` kymhndcr le drhcd km`y elurtccn hnkfcs mlnb, `nd òlut elur hnkfcs tfhki,phcrkcd whtf ` flmc le `n hnkf hn dhàctcr. Ht hs hntrldukcd hntl tfc eurn`kc `t tfc olttlale tfc dllr, whtf tfc plhnt òlut tfc kcntrc le tfc eurn`kc, `nd òlut ehvc hnkfcs òlvc tfc olttla. Tfc dllr hs tfcn kmlscd whtf ` thmc le drhcd km`y, `nd tfc lutshdc hs ouhmt up `ndsckurcd whtf wct km`y pm`stcrcd lvcr, ` m`ycr le kf`rkl`m dust, òlut twl hnkfcs tfhki,

f`vhnb occn ehrst pm`kcd t tfc olttla le tfc eurn`kc tl prcvcnt tfc rcdukcd lxhdc dfcrhnbtl ht.02. Tfc ocmmlws `rc twl bl`t sihns tìcn lee tfc `nha`m, oy lpcnhnb tfc fhndcr p`rt lnmy. Tfc

lrhehkcs `t tfc mcbs `rc scwn up, `nd ` phckc le oàoll hs hnscrtcd, `nd thcd thbftmy hntl tfcncki le c`kf sihn, `nd tfcsc oàolls ochnb hnscrtcd hntl tfc lutcr p`rt le tfc om`st phpc, wfhkf hs a`dc klnhk`m elr tf`t purplsc, tfc v`k`nt lpcnhnbs `rc tfcn stlppcd whtf wctkm`y. Tfc lpcn cnd le tfc sihn hs ehnhsfcd oy elmdhnb tfc cdbc le lnc shdc, `s ` em`p, òlutelur hnkfcs lvcr tfc ltfcr cdbc, `nd scwhnb up tfc uppcr `nd mlwcr klrncrs, sl `s tl mc`vc` p`rt le oltf em`ps lpcn elr òlut nhnc hnkfcs. Rfcn tfc sihn hs ehmmcd whtf whnd, `ndprcsscd, tfc hnncr em`p kmlscs tfcrcelrc `b`hnst tfc lutcr, `nd stlps tfc p`ss`bc. C`kf sihnhs a`n`bcd oy lnc a`n, wfl pm`kcs ht hn fhs m`p, `nd squcczcs ht dlwn whtf tfc cmolw `ndmlwcr p`rt le tfc rhbft ra, br`sphnb t tfc sàc thac prlgckthnb slrt le f`ndmc le mc`tfcr,elracd t olut tfc p`rt wfcrc tfc t`hm le tfc nha`m ahbft f`vc occn. Tl cnòmc tfc omlwcrtl ehmm tfc sihn `b`hn whtf whnd, ` phckc le strhnb hs `tt`kfcd tl tfc mlwcr klrncr le tfcplstcrhlr p`rt, wfhkf hs thcd tl ` pcb drhvcn hntl tfc brlund òlut ` ellt ocfhnd tfc a`n‘scmolw, `nd iccps tfc sihn dhstcndcd tl hts eumm cxtcnt `s ht m`ys hn fhs m`p9 `nd ` mllp lemc`tfcr hs `msl e`stcncd tl tfc lutcr em`p, tfrlubf wfhkf tfc `ra hs p`sscd, oy wfhkf tfclpcnhnb hntl tfc sihn hs dhstcndcd upln r`hshnb tfc cmolw9 `nd tfc sihn ochnb pummcd lutflrhzlnt`mmy oy tfc ncki hn lnc dhrckthln, `nd tfc strhnb `nd tfc pcb hn tfc ltfcr9 uplnpummhnb up tfc ahddmc p`rt vcrthk`mmy oy tfc mc`tfcr br`spcd hn tfc f`nd, tfc sihn hs lpcncdlut hntl trh`nbum`r sf`pc, nd ehmms whtf whnd tfrlubf tfc lpcn em`p. Rfhmc squcczhnb lncsihn hn omlwhnb msl, oy prcsshnb tfc f`nd elrw`rd, sl `s tl pumm b`hnst tfc strhnb tt`kfcdtl tfc plstcrhlr p`rt, tfc v`mvc em`ps `rc a`dc tl kmlsc e`hrmy `nd prlpcrmy, sl `s tl `mmlwf`rdmy ny whnd tl csk`pc. Tfc mcet f`nd hs capmlycd hn sshsthnb tfc rhbft, lr hn squcczhnbtfc dhstcndcd p`rts le tfc sihn upln tfc shdc. Ht whmm oc loscrvcd, tf`t `s oltf tfc nckis letfc sihns lpcn hntl tfc om`st phpc, plrthln le tfc whnd cxpcmmcd erla lnc sihn p`sscs o`ki`b`hn hntl tfc ltfcr9 `s tfcy `rc wlricd `mtcrn`tcmy, ` dceckt wfhkf ahbft f`vc occnrcacdhcd hn ` alst shapmc a`nncr, oy `tt`kfhnb mhttmc f`nbhnb dllr v`mvcs tl tfc cnds letfc phpcs.

06. @ sa`mm qu`nthty le kf`rkl`m ochnb tfrlwn hntl tfc eurn`kc, tfc ehrc hs hntrldukcd, `nd tfc om`st klaacnkcd, `nd tfc eurn`kc hs ehmmcd tl tfc ncki whtf òlut twcnty-shx plunds lekf`rkl`m. Hn òlut f`me `n flur emàc hssucs erla tfc tfrl`t, `nd tfc eucm ocbhns tl shni, `t wfhkf thac tfc kf`rbc hs klaacnkcd, wfhkf klnshsts le tcn plunds le kf`rkl`m `nd ehvcplunds le lrc, wcttcd tl prcvcnt ht runnhnb dlwn tll e`st. Tfc kf`rbc hs rcpc`tcd scvcnthacs, `nd tfc eurn`kc hs `mmlwcd tl ourn dlwn, `nd hn òlut twl `nd ` f`me flurs `s slln`s wcmdhnb fc`t sp`ris `rc sccn tl hssuc whtf tfc emàc, tfc ocmmlws `rc rcalvcd9 tfc dllr orlicn lpcn9 `nd tfc muap le rcdukcd hrln hs rcalvcd, `nd kut lpcn wfhmc flt whtf `f`tkfct, tl sflw tfc qu`mhty. Elur acn `rc rcquhrcd tl wlri lnc le tfcsc eurn`kcs, lnc




0;8

ochnb ` a`hstry supcrhntcndcnt, `nd tfc ltfcr tfrcc mòlurcrs, `nd tfcy `rc òmc tl aìcòlut tfrcc muaps hn ` d`y le twcmvc flurs, out ètcr elur d`ys‘ wlri, tfc mhnhnb le tfceurn`kc hs dcstrlycd, `nd rcquhrcs rcncw`m.

08. Tfc muaps wfhkf rcsumt erla tfc n`thvc eurn`kcs wchbf òlut cmcvcn plunds, `nd `rc slmdslacthacs `t tfc r`tc le twl `nn`s c`kf. Tfcy `rc nlt, flwcvcr, `mm hrln, `nd ln orhnbhnb

tfca tl ` wcmdhnb fc`t hn ` elrbc, ` m`rbc plrthln klnshsthnb le euscd lxhdc, acmts `w`y,`nd tfc ocst muaps wfhkf H f`vc cxàhncd yhcmd lnmy òlut shx plunds le hrln, (bcncr`mmytfcy dl nlt klnt`hn alrc tf`n tfrcc plunds). Tìhnb elrty rupccs ` tln `s tfc cxpcnsc leelrbhnb tfc hrln hntl rlubft o`rs oy f`nd fàacrs, wc sf`mm f`vc chbfty rupccs ` tln `stfc cxpcnsc le o`r hrln, a`dc whtf tfcsc dhahnuthvc eurn`kcs, wfhkf hs mcss tf`n tfcprcscnt a`rict prhkc `t A`dr`s le tfc kfc`pcst Cnbmhsf o`r hrln. Hn ay cxpcrhacnt`mhnvcsthb`thln le tfc ocst actflds le a`n`bhnb sa`mm om`st eurn`kcs, nlt m`rbcr tf`n tfcn`thvc lncs, H f`vc elund tf`t twl acn k`n prlkurc hn ` d`y‘s wlri le twcmvc flurs elrtyplunds le krudc hrln, whtf `n cxpcndhturc le f`me tfc qu`nthty le kf`rkl`m `nd lrc uscd oytfc n`thvcs. Eurn`kcs le tfhs shzc leecr tfcrcelrc ` kfc`p, klnvcnhcnt, `nd rc`dy aldc lesacmthnb hrln wfcrcvcr kf`rkl`m hs òund`nt.

?:. @mtflubf tfc `bbrcb`tc a`nue`kturc le hrln hn Hndh` hs nl dluot vcry klnshdcròmc, yct

erla tfc dheehkumty le hnm`nd tr`nsplrt hn [lutfcrn Hndh`, ht hs prloòmc tf`t nl cxtcnshvchrln wlris whmm cvcr oc cstòmhsfcd oy Curlpc`n k`pht`mhsts9 `nd tfc lnmy haprlvcacnts wfhkf `rc k`pòmc le ochnb hntrldukcd whtf `dv`nt`bc, lr a`y oc whtfhn tfcklaprcfcnshln le n`thvcs, `rc tflsc oy wfhkf tfc cxpcndhturc le eucm a`y oc cklnlahscd oy hnkrc`shnb tfc shzc le tfc eurn`kc, `nd oy wfhkf ` sueehkhcntmy plwcreum om`st a`y ocprldukcd. Erla ay lwn cxpcrhacnts, H à mcd tl ocmhcvc, tf`t tfc k`t`m`n elrbc whmm nlt`nswcr cxkcpt wfcn tfc lrcs le tfc pcrlxhdc `rc prlkuròmc, hn klnscqucnkc le ` pckumh`rprlpcrty plss csscd oy tfc a`bncthk lxhdc. Out H à le lphnhln tf`t tfc Bcra`n, ‖stcukiletcn‘ ahbft oc uscd whtf brc`t `dv`nt`bc, `nd tfc klapmctc rcdukthln le tfc lrc `t lnclpcr`thln tl a`mmcòmc hrln, hs c`shmy ceecktcd. Lnc le tfcsc eurn`kcs a`y oc c`shmy ouhmt elrtcn rupccs. Tfc ocmmlws elr ht a`y klst òlut tcn rupccs. @ sa`mm thmt fàacr òlut ehetyrupccs, nd tfc wflmc stlki hn tr`dc k`pòmc le turnhnb lut tln le o`r hrln pcr wcci, nccdf`rdmy klst lnc fundrcd rupccs. H ocmhcvc tf`t nc`rmy mm tfc gunbmy tr`kts le [lutfcrn Hndh``rc br`nhthk, `nd hn tfca le klursc ehrc km`y `nd a`bncthk hrln s`nd òlund. Kf`rkl`m k`n oc a`dc `t òlut ehety plunds elr `n `nn`, `nd tfc hrln s`nd hs slmd `t tfhrty plunds elr`n `nn`, wfhkf prhkcs `rc `s kfc`p `s tfc hrln stlnc `nd kl`m `rc nlw slmd elr hn [lutf R`mcs.

?0. Rhtf rcb`rd tl tfc qu`mhty le tfc hrln prldukcd oy tfc n`thvc actflds, wc f`vc tfc alstklntr`dhktlry rca`ris erla v`rhlus ùtflrs9 `nd hndccd H à nlt `w`rc le `ny blldrcsc`rkfcs upln tfhs plhnt f`vhnb occn puomhsfcd. Erla wf`t H f`vc sccn le Hndh`n hrln, Hklnshdcr tfc wlrst H f`vc cvcr sccn tl oc `s blld `s tfc ocst Cnbmhsf hrln, `nd tf`t htssupplscd dceckts `rhsc erla hts `malst `mw`ys klnt`hnhnb ` klnshdcròmc plrthln le stccm.

??. He ht hs ttcaptcd tl ocnd o`r le Cnbmhsf hrln le hnecrhlr qu`mhty wfcn klmd, ht whmm oc elundtl sn`p sflrt lee, `malst whtflut ocndhnb `t `mm, `nd tfc er`kturcd cnd whmm cxfhoht ` scrhcsle ahnutc bmhstcnhnb pm`ncs hnkmhncd t hrrcbum`r nbmcs, nd wfhkf oy tfc mcns, whmm oc sccntl rcscaomc cx`ktmy tfc sp`nbmcs le ‖ihsi‘, lr br`pfhtc, wfhkf `ppc`r upln tfc sure`kc lefhbfmy k`rourcttcd k`st hrln. @ o`r le tfc ocst Cnbmhsf o`r hrln, wfcn ocnt klmd, whmm cxfhohtln tfc shdcs le tfc ocnt `nbmc ` scrhcs le mlnbhtudhn`m ehssurcs, cvhdcntmy prldukcd oyhapurhthcs octwccn tfc ehorlus plrthlns, `nd ocelrc ht hs ocnt `s e`r `s `n `nbmc le 0?:º, ht whmm orcì, `nd tfc er`kturc whmm oc f`me bmhstcnhnb, `nd tfc rcst vcry aukf rcscaomhnb mc`d wfcn elrkhomy pummcd `sundcr. Tfhs m`st plrthln hs tfc purc hrln, `nd wfcn vhcwcd cndw`ys, whmm bcncr`mmy `ppc`r nc`rmy om`ki. Tfc bmhstcnhnb plrthlns `rc plrthlns le k`rourcthapcrecktmy rcdukcd. Ht hs klaaln rca`ri le ùtflrs, tf`t purc hrln hs chtfcr br`num`r lrehorlus hn tcxturc, tfc elracr ochnb prldukcd oy suddcn kllmhnb, `nd tfc m`ttcr oycmlnb`thln undcr tfc fàacr. Tfhs rca`ri H klnshdcr, flwcvcr, tl oc crrlnclus, `nd Hf`vc ncvcr elund purc ehorlus hrln tl ocklac br`num`r, he prlpcrmy wlricd, `mtflubfbr`num`r hrln whmm ocklac ehorlus9 nlt, flwcvcr, oy tfc ackf`nhk`m ceeckt le tfcfàacrhnb, out oy tfc `kthln le tfc ehrc `nd om`st rcdukthnb tfc k`rourct. Hn wlrihnb tfc




04:

ocst ihnds le Cnbmhsf hrln, tfcy mct e`mm upln tfc `nvhm qu`nthty le rcd plwdcr, wfhkf vcryaukf rcscaomcs hn `ppc`r`nkc tfc rcshduc mcet oy ournhnb tfc k`roln scp`r`tcd oyaurh`thk khd erla k`st hrln. Cvcn tfc kf`rkl`m-a`dc Cnbmhsf hrln whmm f`rdmy oc`r dr`whnblut undcr tfc fàacr whtflut spmhtthnb, `nd ` sa`mm rld whmm bcncr`mmy sn`p ètcr ocndhnbht twl lr tfrcc thacs. Cnbmhsf fllp hrln, mtflubf ht whmm st`nd kurmhnb up hntl rlmm le òlut½ hnkf hn dhàctcr, yct ln tfc smhbftcst `ttcapt tl ocnd ht mlnbhtudhn`mmy hntl ` flmmlwtrlubf, ht whmm kr`ki hn tfrcc lr elur pm`kcs haacdh`tcmy. Tfc elmmlwhnb rca`ris oy Dr Src(Dhkthln`ry le A`nue`kturc) `rc cvhdcntmy erla ` pcrsln pr`kthk`mmy `kqu`hntcd whtf tfcsuogckt. ‖Tfc qu`mhty le hrln hs trhcd hn v`rhlus w`ys9 0. @s ehrst oy r`hshnb ` o`r oy lnc cnd, whtf tfc f`nds lvcr lnc‘s fc`d, orhnbhnb ht elrkhomy dlwn tl strhic `krlss ` n `rrlw `nvhm `thts kcntrc le pcrkusshln ln lnc-tfhrd erla tfc ltfcr cxtrcahty le tfc o`r, etcr wfhkf ht a`y oc ocnt o`kiw`rds `nd elrw`rds `t tfc pm`kc le pcrkusshln scvcr`m thacs. ?. @ fc`vy o`ra`y oc m`hd lomhqucmy lvcr prlps nc`r hts cnd, `nd struki strlnbmy whtf ` fàacr whtf `n`rrlw p`nc, sl `s tl kurvc ht hn lpplshtc dhrckthlns, lr wfhmc fc`tcd tl rcdncss, tfcy a`y oc inccd o`kiw`rds nd elrw`rds t tfc sàc splt ln tfc cdbc le tfc nvhm. Tfhs hs scvcrctrh`m wfhkf tfc fllp ([wcdhsf hrln) oc`rs surprhshnbmy, cahtthnb `s ht hs fàacrcd, `pflspflrhk ldlur pckumh`r tl ht, `nd tl tfc o`r hrln le Smvcrstlnc, wfhkf `msl rcscaomcs hthn eurnhsfhnb ` blld stccm. Tfc elrbhnb le ` flrscsflc hs rckilncd ` blld krhtcrhln le tfcqu`mhty le hrln.‘

?;. Tfcrc hs f`rdmy lnc le tfc òlvc tcsts, wfhkf blld n`thvc hrln le [lutfcrn Hndh` whmm nlt oc`r, `nd slac hrln wfhkf w`s prldukcd hn ay lwn eurn`kcs, f`s stlld dr`whnb lut undcrtfc fàacr hntl ` ehnc n`hm rld nlt tf hnkf tfhki, whtflut spmhtthnb, `nd wfcn inccd o`kiw`rds `nd elrw`rds, lnmy orlic ètcr shx lr scvcn thacs. Rfcn twhstcd mhic ` f`ni le wfhpklrd unthm slac le tfc pmhcs ocb`n tl dr`w lut, nl er`kturc lkkurrcd hn `ny p`rt, `nd` f`me hnkf o`r ½ hnkf hn tfhkincss olrc dluomhnb tlbctfcrklmd , `nd tfc `nbmc fàacrcddlwn kmlsc whtf vcry mhttmc shbns le scp`r`thln octwccn tfc ehorcs. @s H f`vc sflwn tf`tn`thvc Hndh`n hrln klnt`hns stccm, tfc qu`mhty k`n oc c`shmy tcstcd oy ` vcry shapmc actfld, wfhkf hs acrcmy tl orhnb tfc ahddmc p`rt le tfc o`r tl ` rcd fc`t, `nd tfcn haacrshnb ht hn w`tcr, oy wfhkf `mm tfc stccmy plrthlns whmm oc rcndcrcd orhttmc, whtflut tfc ehorlus plrthlns

ochnb èecktcd. @n hnkf o`r le blld hrln tfus trc`tcd whmm oc`r ` dlzcn omlws le ` fc`vysmcdbc fàacr ocelrc ht whmm orcì.?4. Tfc er`kturcd cnd le ` o`r le Hndh`n hrln prcscnts ` vcry dheecrcnt `ppc`r`nkc tl tf`t le

Cnbmhsf, nlnc le tfc bmhstcrhnb plrthlns ochnb vhshomc, out he nlt ehorlus, ht sflws tfcbr`num`r er`kturc le `n `bbrcb`thln le kryst`mmhnc br`hns, chtfcr m`rbc lr sa`mm, `kklrdhnb tltfc f`rdncss le stccm wfhkf ht klnt`hns. Tfc hrln tfus cxàhncd a`y oc scp`r`tcd elrdheecrcnt purplscs hntl elur dheecrcnt ihnds.

0st . Klapmctcmy ehorlus. Eht elr n`hms, flrscsflcs, olmts, str`ps, krlwo`rs, tlnbs, & k., hn wfhkf sletncss hs le nl klnscqucnkc, `nd brc`t tcn`khty `nd dukthmhty rc rcquhshtc.

?nd . F`me ehorlus `nd f`me br`num`r. Eht elr `xmc trccs, wfccm tyrcs, & k., wfcrc tcn`khty`nd strcnbtf `rc oltf rcquhshtc.

;rd . Nc`rmy mm br`num`r nd stccmy, rcshsthnb tfc ehmc hn slac p`rts, `nd orhttmc, orcìhnb whtf lnc lr twl omlws le tfc smcdbc. Eht elr m`tfc o`rs `nd hrln wlri hn a`tfca`thk`mhnstruacnts, wfcrc f`rdncss hs rcquhshtc tl prcvcnt oruhshnb.

4tf . @mm br`num`r, whtf tfc ehnc snlw-wfhtc er`kturc le k`st stccm hn p`rts. Lnmy tlukfcd oy tfc ehmc hn slac p`rts. Ucry orhttmc unmcss `nnc`mcd. F`rd, `nd rcshsts tfc fàacrhn elrbhnb, dr`whnb lut whtf dheehkumty, `nd kr`kihnb smhbftmy `t tfc cdbcs unmcssk`rceummy elrbcd. Eht e lr pmlubf sf`rcs, sp`dcs, `nd phki`xcs, orhkim`ycrs‘ trlwcms, & k. wfhkf rcquhrc tl oc f`rd.

?3. [lac n`thvc a`dc hrln wfhkf H f`vc act whtf w`s dheehkumt tl elrbc, erla hts kr`kihnb vcryaukf undcr tfc fàacr t tfc cdbcs le tfc o`r, tflubf nlt ltfcrwhsc dcehkhcnt hn tcn`khty9 out `s sukf hrln hs nlt klaaln, H f`vc nlt f`d lpplrtunhthcs le cxàhnhnb ht prlpcrmy. Tfcn`thvc wlriacn s`y, tf`t hrln le tfhs ihnd hs quhtc s dukthmc s ny ltfcr he ht hs elrbcd whtf oàoll kf`rkl`m. [flumd tfhs oc ` e`kt, ht sccas tl oc wcmm wlrtf tfc `ttcnthln le kfcahsts,klnshdcrhnb tf`t tfc kl`t le tfc oàoll klnt`hns aukf ehncmy dhvhdcd shmhk`, `nd




040

rcacaocrhnb tf`t tfc Cnbmhsf sahtfs, wfcn wcmdhnb tlbctfcr stccm `nd hrln, usc erccmym`rbc qu`nththcs le ` wfhtc qu`rtzlsc s`nd. Ht hs prloòmc tf`t ht hs tfhs m`st ihnd le Hndh`nhrln, wfhkf f`s oy slac occn k`mmcd ‖rcd sflrt‘, wfhkf hs flwcvcr ` ahstìc. Tfc Cnbmhsfrcd sflrt hrln sn`pphnb lee mhic ` k`rrlt wfcn ocnt.




04?

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06:0).)

Olao`y, G`nu`ry 2, 028:. H f`d tfc pmc`surc le rckchvhnb ` mcttcr erla ylu oy tfc Zlnsolrnc d`tcd Dckcaocr, 0266.

H f`vc kklrdhnb tl ylur whsf cndc`vlurcd tl hnelra ayscme rcspckthnb tfc actflds uscd oy tfc n`thvcs le tfc kluntry elr kmc`nhnb klttln. K`pt`hn Dund`s whmm orhnb ylu tfc lnmy hnstru-acnt tfcy f`vc elr tfc purplsc.

H f`vc elr scvcr`m yc`rs p`st occn `ttcnthvc tl tfc actflds uscd oy tfc n`thvcs le tfhskluntry elr dychnb tfchr klttln kmltfs `nd H tfhni H f`vc dhsklvcrcd tfc shnbum`r khrkuast`nkc oy wfhkf tfcy `rc cnòmcd tl bhvc tf`t pcra`ncnky tl tfc klmlur wfhkf hs sl aukf `dahrcd. Hà unòmc tl bhvc `ny tfclry le tfc lpcr`thln le tfc kfhce suost`nkc tfcy usc `nd whtflut wfhkf tfcy k`n dl nltfhnb. Ht sccas hn `mm k`scs wfcn ` kmltf hs wcttcd whtf `n hneushln le ht`nd ` slmuthln le `mua, `nd tfcn put hntl ` vcbctòmc klmlur tl dcplsht slactfhnb wfhkf f`s `strlnb `ttr`kthln `t tfc sàc thac elr tfc kmltf `nd tfc klmlurhnb prhnkhpmc `nd wfhkf rcndcrstfca cvcr ètcrw`rds hnscp`ròmc. Ht sccas tl f`vc tfc sàc ceeckt ln `nha`m dycs, he H oc nltahstìcn ln slac trh`ms tf`t H f`vc f`d a`dc whtf klkfhnc`m. Tfc n`thvcs f`vc a`ny actfldsle `mtcrhnb tfc klmlur le vcbctòmcs lr fchbftcnhnb tfchr spmcndlur shapmy oy tfc `ddhthln le`khds lr le `mua lr le w`tcr hn wfhkf... (Hndckhpfcròmc hn lrhbhn`m.— Cdhtlr. ) le hrln f`d occnhneuscd lr tfc rckcnt cxkrcacnt le slac `nha`m wfhmc ht sthmm rct`hns aukf le tfc vlm`thmc `mi`mh& k. Out H inlw tf`t tl rcndcr tfcsc klmlurs duròmc ln tfc kmltf (ètcr scp`r`thnb ` nuaocr le

khrkuast`nkcs tf`t lnmy hn `ppc`r`nkc klndukc tl tf`t cnd) tfcy f`vc nl ltfcr actfld tf`ntfc lnc H f`vc acnthlncd. He tfhs `ppc`rs tl ylu ` a`ttcr le klnscqucnkc `s tfc klttln a`nu-e`kturcrs `rc nlw hn sl emlurhsfhnb ` klndhthln hn Cnbm`nd H sf`mm `t slac euturc pcrhldklaaunhk`tc alrc p`rthkum`rmy tfchr actfld tl ylu.

Ht hs cxtrcacmy dheehkumt tl mc`rn tfc `rts le tfc Hndh`ns elr tfc sàc k`stc, erla e`tfcr tlsln cxcrkhscs tfc sàc tr`dc `nd tfc punhsfacnt le ochnb cxkmudcd erla tfc k`stc ln dlhnb`nytfhnb hngurhlus tl hts hntcrcsts hs sl drc`deum tf`t ht hs letcn haplsshomc tl ehnd `nhndukcacnt tl aìc tfca klaaunhk`tc `ny tfhnb. Tfcy hn bcncr`m k`rc nltfhnb elr alncy hetfcy f`vc cnlubf tl ouy tfchr elld `nd mhttmc hs sueehkhcnt elr tf`t purplsc. @s tfchr inlwmcdbcle tfc `rts hs ncvcr klaaunhk`tcd oy wrhthnb nlr prhnthnb nlr tfchr cxpcrhcnkc rcdukcd tlbcncr`m m`ws oy tfclry tfc dheehkumty le hnelra`thln hs `b`hn hnkrc`scd.

Tfc tfclry ylu f`vc scnt ac le ` bcntmca`n wflsc nàc ylu dl nlt acnthln rcb`rdhnbtfc k`vcs `nd st`tucs le tfhs kluntry `ppc`rs tl ac vcry hnbcnhlus...

@olut 0; yc`rs `bl ln dhbbhnb ln tfc Cspm`n`dc le tfc Elrt le T`nn`f hn [`mscttc tfc wlriacn kàc tl ` stlnc olx wfhkf klnt`hncd pm`tcs le klppcr glhncd tfrcc `nd tfrcc oye`rhnb tfc sàc act`m...

Tfcsc pm`tcs rc a`dc le blld a`mmcòmc klppcr nd wlricd whtf klnshdcròmc rt...Erla`mm tfhs wc a`y klnkmudc tf`t `t sl dhst`nt pcrhld le 2:: yc`rs klppcr w`s nlt sk`rkc `rthkmcàlnb tfc Hndh`ns `s hn tfhs hnst`nkc tfcy usc ht sl pmcntheummy, `nd tf`t ht w`s nlt ` ncw lncelr ht hs fcrc ` purc act`m `nd wlricd whtf sihmm.

Tfc pclpmc le tfhs kluntry erla tfc pmhòmc `nd fua`n dhsplshthln le tfchr ahndshnkrc`scd oy tfchr kmha`tc `nd cspckh`mmy oy tfchr shnbum`r rcmhbhln f`vc `mw`ys occn òmc tl`ssu`bc tfc eury le tfchr klnqucrlrs `nd wfhmc tfcy f`vc rca`hncd ` dhsthnkt oldy erla tflsc oy wfla tfcy f`vc occn suoducd, tfcy f`vc rct`hncd tfrlubf `mm tfc rcvlmuthlns le tfchrblvcrnacnt `nd pcrf`ps erla `bcs vcry rcaltc ` klnshdcròmc dcbrcc le khvhmhs`thln. H letcn




04;

tfhni tf`t tfchr `rts haprlvcd oy tfc pr`kthkc le sl a`ny yc`rs ahbft èelrd a`ttcr lecntcrt`hnacnt `nd hnstrukthln tl tfc alst cnmhbftcncd pfhmlslpfcr le Curlpc. Out scmdla H ocmhcvc f`vc tfcy occn vhcwcd oy tflsc wflsc inlwmcdbc `nd tcapcr le ahnd `ndkhrkuast`nkcs f`vc cnòmcd tl aìc sukf cnquhrhcs whtf `dv`nt`bc. He H ehnd ht `brccòmc tl ylu H sf`mm nlw `nd tfcn bhvc ylu ay loscrv`thlns ln slac le tflsc logckts le skhcnkc.

H dl nlt em`ttcr ayscme tf`t H à wcmm qu`mhehcd elr sukf `n undcrtìhnb wfhkf rcquhrcs `nhntha`tc inlwmcdbc le n`tur`m pfhmlslpfy nd kfcahstry nd tfc rts dcpcndhnb ln tfca. OutH flpc tl acct whtf ylur hndumbcnkc. H ahbft `msl pmc`d hn cxkusc le ay crrlrs tf`t ay thac hscnthrcmy lkkuphcd whtf tfc e`thbuhnb duthcs le ay prlecsshln.

H f`vc scnt ylu hn tfc olx tf`t klnt`hns tfc a`kfhncs elr kmc`nhnb klttln ` phckc le tfckhnnò`r le tfhs kluntry wfhkf hs a`dc hn a`sscs slacthac le 0:: mo wchbft `t ` shnbmcsuomha`thln. H f`vc vcry ercqucntmy trhcd tl aìc khnnò`r oy tfc actflds rcklaacndcd hnCurlpc out H f`vc ncvcr occn òmc tl prlkurc `ny sl e`r, `s tfc Hndh`n `t lnc lpcr`thln. Hsflumd oc bm`d tl oc hnelracd he ylu whsf tl inlw tfc Hndh`n actfld le aìhnb ht...H ehnd, tll,tf`t tfcy aìc klrrlshvc suomha`tc hn tfhs kluntry out H ncvcr f`vc occn òmc tl scc tfcprlkcss.

H sf`mm `t `n ètcr-pcrhld bhvc ylu `n `kklunt le tfc actflds le prcp`rhnb tfc mhac lr `sht hs k`mmcd kfunà le tfhs kluntry elr ouhmdhnbs, tcrr`kcs, `qucdukts, wlris ocmlw tfc sure`kcle w`tcr `nd elr tfc olttlas le sfhps wfcrc ht `nswcrs tfc purplscs le klppcr.

Elr wlris ocmlw tfc sure`kc le w`tcr H tfhni tfc Hndh`ns f`vc `n cxkcmmcnt actfld leprcp`rhnb tfchr kfunà. Hn ` ecw flurs ht `kquhrcs brc`t slmhdhty `nd cspckh`mmy tfc p`rt le httf`t ohnds tlbctfcr tfc m`rbc stlncs wfhkf e`kc tfc w`mms9 elr alst trluomc hs tìcn whtf tfckfunà elr tf`t purplsc. Lnc le tfc kfhce hnbrcdhcnts hs ` ihnd le unrcehncd sub`r wfhkf`ppc`rs oy Ar Ocrba`n‘s cxpcrhacnts tl klnt`hn alrc le tfc dhscnb`bcd s`kkf` rhnc khd tf`nrcehncd. Rhtf tfhs `nd slac ltfcr suost`nkcs tfc kfunà hs k`rceummy ahxcd elr ` mcnbtf lethac `nd hs lkk`shln`mmy wcttcd whtf ` slmuthln le tfc sub`r hn w`tcr. Dlcs tfc brc`t f`rdncsstf`t tfc mhac sl slln `kquhrcs ocmlw tfc sure`kc le w`tcr dcpcnd ln hts `ttr`kthln elr tfcs`kkf`rhnc `khd<...@s e`r `s H k`n mc`rn nl lnc f`s yct pr`kthkcd ` actfld shahm`r tl tf`t uscd

hn tfhs kluntry... Olao`y, G`nu`ry 08, 028?.

H f`d tfc e`vlur le ylur mcttcr le tfc 02tf A`rkf 0280 oy tfc Csscx , tfc m`st sfhp tf`t `rrhvcdfcrc erla Curlpc. H w`s brc`tmy em`ttcrcd tl ehnd tf`t wf`t H f`d dlnc w`s `kkcptòmc tl ylu`nd tf`t ylu bhvc ac cnklur`bcacnt tl alvc hntl tfc suogckt wfhkf H prlplscd tl ylu. Tfc`rts le Hndh` kcrt`hnmy eelrd tfc alst hntcrcsthnb logckts le cnquhry. H f`vc occn mw`ys le tf`tlphnhln nd hn tfc klursc le ay st`y hn tfhs kluntry H f`vc a`dc a`ny loscrv`thlns tf`t hn aylphnhln `rc wlrtfy le ochnb inlwn. H flpc oy tfc Csscx , wfhkf whmm s`hm hn òlut shx wccisfcnkc, H a`y oc òmc tl ocbhn tfc suogckt. Hndccd, ht hs ` ehcmd hn wfhkf tfcrc `rc sl a`ny ocùtheum logckts tf`t lnc hs dhstr`ktcd whtf tfc v`rhcty nd `t mlss tl dctcrahnc wfhkf hs alst wlrtfy le fhs `ttcnthln.

H tfhni `t prcscnt tf`t H sf`mm klndukt ayscme hn tfhs cnquhry hn tfc elmmlwhnb lrdcr, lr hnlnc slacwf`t shahm`r.

Ehrst Tfchr inlwmcdbc le acdhkhnc `nd surbcry7Hn acdhkhnc H sf`mm nlt oc òmc tl pr`hsc tfchr skhcnkc vcry aukf. Ht hs lnc le tflsc `rts

wfhkf hs tll dcmhk`tc hn hts n`turc tl oc`r w`r `nd lpprcsshln `nd tfc rcvlmuthlns leblvcrnacnts. Tfc ceeckts le surbhk`m lpcr`thln rc alrc lovhlus, alrc c`shmy kquhrcd nd mlst oy nl ac`ns sl rc`dhmy. Fcrc H sflumd f`vc aukf tl pr`hsc. Tfcy pr`kthkc whtf brc`t sukkcsstfc lpcr`thln le dcprcsshnb tfc kryst`mmhnc mcns wfcn ht ocklacs lp`quc `nd erla thachaacalrh`m tfcy f`vc kut elr tfc stlnc `t tfc sàc pm`kc wfhkf tfcy nlw dl hn Curlpc. Tfcsc`rc kurhlus e`kts `nd H ocmhcvc uninlwn ocelrc tl us.

[cklndmy Tfchr `rt le dychnb hn wfhkf H f`vc m`tcmy blttcn aukf inlwmcdbc. Fcrc H sf`mm vcnturc tl rcklaacnd slac suost`nkcs `s fhbfmy wlrtfy le ocklahnb `rthkmcs hn klaacrkc`nd le ochnb capmlycd oy lur `rthsts hn Curlpc.




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Tfhrdmy Tfchr actfld le ushnb mhac hn ouhmdhnbs & k. hn wfhkf `msl slac ncw suost`nkcsaust oc rcklaacndcd.

Elurtfmy Tfchr actflds le aìhnb sl`p, bun plwdcr, hndhbl, hni, khnnò`r, vhtrhlm `ndhrln `nd klppcr, `mua & k. & k.

H sf`mm `t tfc sàc thac scnd ylu pmcntheum spckhacns le `mm tfc `bcnts hn tfchr `rts `nd

tfhni ayscme sueehkhcntmy rcp`hd he ylu tfhni H f`vc klntrhoutcd `nytfhnb tl tfc hntcrcsts leskhcnkc. [flumd nytfhnb tf`t H tr`nsaht tl ylu ppc`r tl oc wlrtfy le ochnb prhntcd H k`n f`vcnl logckthln tl ht. H nccd nlt ocb le ylu tl mct nltfhnb ppc`r wfhkf ylu hn tfc mc`st dhs`pprlvcle. H à vcry scnshomc le tfc flnlur ylu dl ac hn leecrhnb tfc Zfhmlslpfhk`m Tr`ns`kthlns elrtfhs purplsc...

H f`vc m`tcmy loscrvcd tf`t tfc n`thvcs aìc haacnsc qu`nththcs `nd `t ` vcry mlw r`tc `blld elsshmc `mi`mh oy ournhnb sc`wccds. Tfhs `ppc`rs tl ac `msl ` v`muòmc s`mt. H sf`mm scnd ylu spckhacns le ht. H tfhni ht wlumd nlt klst fcrc òlvc ?-0: £ lr ; £ ` tln.

Olao`y, Ecoru`ry 2, 028?. H wrltc ylu ecw mhncs hn aukf f`stc oy tfc _`yalnd wfhkf s`hmcd erla fcnkc olut alntf

`bl. H f`d nlt yct f`d mchsurc tl dl aukf hn tfc suogckt H prlplscd tl ayscme, out H flpc tl ocòmc tl scnd ylu ay ehrst `ttcapt hn ` sflrt thac fcnkc. H k`n nlt, flwcvcr, dcecr `ny mlnbcraìhnb ylu `kqu`hntcd whtf tfc alst usceum suost`nkcs tf`t tfc Hndh`ns capmly hn tfchr `rts. Xlu whmm etcrw`rds scc tfcsc uscs alrc p`rthkum`rmy acnthlncd wfcn H dcskrhoc tfchr actfldsle prcp`rhnb mhac9 le ehxhnb klmlurs, lr le prldukhnb tfca.

Tfhs `strhnbcnt suost`nkc hs tfc drup` le ` trcc wfhkf brlws vcry pmcntheummy hn tfcnchbfolurflld le tfhs hsm`nd, tflubf H f`vc nlt fhtfcrtl f`d tfc blld elrtunc tl scc ht hnemlwcr. Erla ` mlnb `kqu`hnt`nkc whtf ht H à wcmm pcrsu`dcd tf`t ht wlumd aìc ` kfc`p `ndblld suosthtutc elr b`mms hn dychnb `nd hn ltfcr `rts. Hn ehxhnb slac klmlurs ht f`s fhddcnplwcrs wfhkf b`mms dl nlt plsscss `s H f`vc cxpcrhcnkcd hn tfc dycs le tfhs kluntry.

Xlur kfcahsts whmm scc `t lnkc tfc bcncr`m n`turc le tfhs suost`nkc `nd ylur `rthsts whmmehnd flw e`r, oy sukf `n `bcnt, tfcy k`n prldukc tfc ceeckts tl wfhkf tfcy f`vc occn`kkustlacd9 out ht hs lnmy euturc cxpcrhcnkc tf`t k`n dhsklvcr tflsc prlpcrthcs oy wfhkf ht a`ydheecr erla cvcry ltfcr `strhnbcnt suost`nkc.

Tfhs drup` whtf vhtrhlm`tcd hrln, aìcs ` vcry ehnc om`ki `nd H f`vc ercqucntmy a`dc wrhthnb hni whtf ht tf`t w`s blld hn cvcry rcspckt. Tfhs mcttcr whmm bhvc ylu ` spckhacn le ht...Hf`vc occn `t tfc cxpcnsc le scndhnb ; tlns le ht `t lnkc...

Olao`y, G`nu`ry 6, 0284. Xlu whmm tfhni tfc p`pcr ln putthnb ln nlscs ln tflsc wfl f`vc mlst tfca `n cxtr`lrdhn`rylnc. H flpc tl scnd ylu oy tfc m`tcr sfhps slac le tfc Hndh`n kcacnt elr unhthnb `nha`m p`rts.

H cnkmlsc hn lnc le tfc olxcs ` spckhacn le ` ihnd le stccm wfhkf hs k`mmcd wlltz `nd hs hn

fhbf cstcca àlnb tfc Hndh`ns. Ht `ppc`rs tl `daht le ` f`rdcr tcapcr tf`n `ny tfhnb wc `rc`kqu`hntcd whtf. H sflumd oc f`ppy tl f`vc ylur lphnhln le hts qu`mhty `nd klaplshthln. Ht hscapmlycd fcrc elr klvcrhnb tf`t p`rt le bun-mlkis wfhkf tfc emhnt strhics, elr kutthnb hrln ln `m`tfc, elr kfhscms elr kutthnb stlncs, elr ehmcs `nd s`ws `nd elr cvcry purplsc wfcrc cxkcsshvcf`rdncss hs nckcss`ry. Xlu aust




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k`rceummy loscrvc tf`t ht k`n nlt oc`r `ny tfhnb, ocylnd ` vcry smhbft rcd fc`t, wfhkf aìcs hts wlrihnb vcry tcdhlus tl tfc om`kisahtfs. Ht f`s ` sthmm brc`tcr hnklnvcnhcnkc. Ht k`n nlt oc wcmdcd whtf hrln lr stccm. Ht hs lnmy glhncd tl tfca oy skrcws `nd ltfcr klntrhv`nkcs. Tfc om`kisahtfs wfl wlri hn wlltz bcncr`mmy klnshdcr ht s ` scp`r`tc rt `nd dl nlt wlri hn hrln. Rfcn tfc fc`t hs ` mhttmc r`hscd òlvc ` smhbft rcd fc`t p`rt le tfc a`ss sccas tl run `nd tfcflmc hs mlst9 `s he tfc suost`nkc klnshstcd le act`ms le dheecrcnt dcbrccs le eushohmhty...

Olao`y, G`nu`ry 08, 0285. H scnt ln slac d`ys `bl oy K`pt`hn Uhmmct twl olxcs. Lnc klnt`hns tfc bld Bunncs, tfc ltfcrH ehnd klnt`hns 06; mo le wlltz (lr outt) nd 8 phckcs le or`ss klnt`hnhnb a`ny ehburcs erla tfcFhndll aytflmlby. Xlu a`y iccp elr ylur lwn trh`ms lnc kwt. le tfc wlltz `nd bhvc tfcrca`hndcr tl Dr Glfnsln.

Hn tfc mhttmc p`kict tf`t klnt`hns tfhs mcttcr H scnd ylu ` ecw le lur ncwsp`pcrs wfcrc ylu whmm ehnd slac mhttmc css`ys tf`t a`y èelrd ylu àuscacnt. Tfcy kcrt`hnmy `rc nlt eht elr tfccycs le ` krhthk. Out wc lubft tl acct whtf brc`t hndumbcnkc scp`r`tcd `s wc `rc erla tfc `hdsle skhcnkc. Xlu whmm `msl ehnd tfc sccds tf`t hn ay m`st mcttcr H klaacnd sl fhbfmy `s `n`brccòmc nd nutrhthlus vcbctòmc. Hn tfhs p`kict tll ylu whmm ehnd phckc leKùtc , tfc kcacntelr nlscs. H flpc slln tl wrhtc ylu alrc eummy ln slac suogckts tf`t `ppc`r hntcrcsthnb tl ac.

Olao`y, @ubust 03, 06:0. H rckchvcd ylur hntcrcsthnb mcttcr le tfc ?;rd Dckcaocr m`st `nd `s e`r `s H à òmc `t prcscnt Hsf`mm `nswcr tfc dheecrcnt qucsthlns tf`t ylu prlplsc.

Tfc n`thvcs le A`mò`r f`vc a`dc hrln erla thac haacalrh`m. H scnd ylu hn ` olx òlutlnc lr twl kwt. le tfchr hrln etcr lnc eushln...H msl scnd ylu ` spckhacn le tfchr lrc. H k`n nltprctcnd tl s`y tl wf`t cxtcnt wc ahbft prlkurc hrln hn A`mò`r elr ht f`s fhtfcrtl occn a`dctfcrc lnmy elr tfchr lwn purplscs...H scnd ylu ` sictkf le A`mò`r sacmthnb eurn`kc tìcn lntfc splt oy ay erhcnd A`glr R`micr nlw lnc le tfc klaahsshlncrs elr tf`t prlvhnkc, wfhkf whmm bhvc ylu `n hdc` le tfchr actfld. Ht klaohncs tlbctfcr tfc `hr `nd om`st eurn`kc `nd hselund tl oc vcry sueehkhcnt elr tfchr purplscs...A`nue`kturc le hrln oy tfc cxpcndhturc le eucm wlumd dl nl hngury tfcrc tl ltfcr `rts...[lac le tfc A`mò`r om`kisahtfs wlri `dahròmy hnhrln. H f`vc sccn elr hnst`nkc ` p`hr le phstlms a`dc oy tfca wfhkf wcrc nlt hnecrhlr hn ocùtynlr prloòmy hn `ny ltfcr rcspckt tl tfc ocst tf`t `rc a`nue`kturcd hn Mlndln.

Klppcr `s e`r `s H inlw hs nlt a`nue`kturcd hn Hndh`... Xlu rc nlt un`kqu`hntcd whtf tfc bcncr`m usc tf t hs a`dc le tfc k`nnòhs hn tfhs kluntry

elr hntlxhk`thln. H à `ssurcd tf`t hts ceeckts `rc mcss hngurhlus `nd sthmm alrc `brccòmc tf`nlphua. Tflsc wfl bct hntl ` mlnb fòht le tìhnb ht k`n ncvcr `b`hn rcmhnquhsf ht. Tfc klaaln w`y le ushnb ht hs tl ahx ht whtf tlo`kkl `nd tl salic tfca tlbctfcr. @t thacs tfcy oruhsc tfcmc`vcs nd drhni tfchr guhkc. Rlumd ht nlt oc wlrtf wfhmc tl skcrt`hn tfc ceeckts le tfc k`nnòhs`s ` rcacdy elr dhsc`sc, elr lphua whtf `mm hts cxkcmmcnt qu`mhthcs f`s `msl hts dhs`dv`nt`bcs...

H f`vc nlw H tfhni acnthlncd `mm tfc fc`ds le ylur mcttcr out H ocb mc`vc tl dr`w ylur`ttcnthln elr ` alacnt tl dàacr ` suost`nkc hn unhvcrs`m usc tfrlubf tfc wflmc c`stcrn wlrmd `nd le tfc brc`tcst uthmhty. Ht f`s letcn `ppc`rcd tl ac vcry cxtr`lrdhn`ry tf`t tfhsunrhv`mmcd vcbctòmc prldukt sflumd ncvcr f`vc occn orlubft hntl bcncr`m usc hn Curlpc elrln a`ny lkk`shlns ylu f`vc nl sueehkhcnt suosthtutc elr ht. Rc f`vc icpt lur cycs hn tfhskluntry ln dhàlnds `nd pcppcr `nd pc`rms wfhmc wc f`vc ncbmcktcd tfc suost`nkcs tf`t wlumd f`vc haprlvcd lur a`nue`kturcs lr krc tcd ncw rts àlnb us. H tìc nlthkc le dàacr `t prcscnt `s ylu scca p`rthkum`rmy dcshrlus le bctthnb suosthtutcs hn tfhs kluntry elr tfca`tcrh`ms wfhkf `rc orlubft erla tfc nlrtfcrn n`thlns elr lur n`vy. Dàacr dhsslmvcd hn lhm oy fc`t hs capmlycd elr klvcrhnb tfc olttlas le sfhps, lr hn sukf `s `rc klppcrcd, elr p`vhnbtfc scàs le tflsc p`rts tf`t `rc òlvc tfc klppcr. Elr tflsc purplscs ht `nswcrs `dahròmy wcmm hn tfhs kluntry `s ht dlcs nlt sletcn oy tfc fc`t le tfc sun. Ht hs capmlycd elr klvcrhnb wlldcn vcsscms elr rct`hnhnb w`tcr, lr elr kf`nncms tf`t klndukt ht, elr sckurhnb àaunhthlnkfcsts lr plwdcr o`rrcms erla wct `nd elr a`ny purplscs le ` shahm`r ihnd. @mtflubf ht hs




045

slacthacs uscd `s ` v`rnhsf elr tcrr`kcs `nd ltfcr wlris a`dc le mhac, yct ht dlcs nlt m`stmlnb elr sukf purplscs elr tfc mhac `sshstcd oy alhsturc dcklaplscs ht. Ht wlumd oc cndmcss tlspckhey tfc uscs elr wfhkfdàacr hs d`hmy capmlycd hn tfhs kluntry. Hn lrdcr tl `ppmy ht, htaust s H f`vc s`hd oc dhsslmvcd hn lhm oy fc`t nd ppmhcd wfhmc sthmm mhquhd nd flt. Ln kllmhnbht ocklacs f`rd. H scnd ylu twl spckhacns le dàacr . Tfc wfhthsf ihnd hs oy e`r tfc alstcstccacd tflubf tfc ltfcr slrt hs capmlycd elr a`ny purplscs. Tfcrc k`n oc nl dluot outtf`t ylu wlumd ehnddàacr hn tfhs w`y `n cxkcmmcnt suosthtutc elr phtkf `nd t`r `nd elr a`nypurplscs aukf supcrhlr tl tfca.

Ar Zfhmhps hn fhs rlpc wlri fcrc f`s m`tcmy t`rrcd lur fcap `nd a`dc ht hntl rlpc tf`t hssupplscd tl oc cqu`m tl `ny tfhnb le tfc ihnd hn Curlpc. Fc w`nts nltfhnb out cnklur`bcacnttl dl ht ln `n cxtcnshvc sk`mc.

H a`y loscrvc tl ylu tf`t H f`vc m`tcmy mc`rnt tf`t tfcrc hs ` bmuthnlus vcbctòmc suost`nkctfc prldukc le tfhs kluntry wfhkf f`s occn capmlycd (H e`nky oy tfc n`thvcs) `s wc capmlyt`r, elr sckurhnb tfc rlpcs erla tfc ceeckts le tfc wc`tfcr. Ar Zfhmhps f`s sccn rlpcs tfusprcp`rcd. Fc s`ys tfcy `rc cxkcmmcnt.

Zcrf`ps tfhs a`y oc ` rc`m haprlvcacnt, elr tfc t`rrhnb le fcap kcrt`hnmy wcìcns ht wfhmc ht prcscrvcs ht erla alhsturc. Ln tfhs suogckt ylu nccd nlt dluot out tf`t H sf`mm aìceurtfcr cnquhry...

Tfc olx klnt`hns tfc spckhacns le fcap `nd dàacr.




042

@ppcndhx H

[lurkcs

Kf`ptcr H. Oràhn‘s Loscrv`tlry `t Ocn`rcs , oy [hr _locrt O`ricr, w`s ehrst puomhsfcd hn tfc

Zfhmlslpfhk`m Tr`ns`kthlns le tfc _ly`m [lkhcty, Mlndln (Ulm.52 elr 0252, pp.386-5:2`nd pm`tcs) undcr tfc thtmc ‖@n `kklunt le tfc Oràhn‘s Loscrv`tlry `t Ocn`rcs‘. Tfcsuppmcacnt`r y nltc oy Klmlncm T.D. Zc`rsc hs tìcn erla ‖Acalhr le Klmlncm Tfla`sDc`nc Zc`rsc‘, rcecrrcd tl hn Nl. HU ocmlw.

HH. _ca`ris ln tfc @strlnlay le tfc Or fahns , oy Zrle. Glfn Zm`ye`hr, w`s ehrst puomhsfcdundcr tfc sàc thtmc hn tfcTr`ns`kthlns le tfc _ly`m [lkhcty le Cdhnourbf (Ulm.HH elr028:, p`rt H, pp.0;3-08?).

HHH. Fhnts Klnkcrnhnb tfc Loscrv`tlry t Ocn`rcs , oy _cuocn Ourrlw, hs ln ee.?5;-25 hn @ddAs.?8?;; àlnbst tfc R`rrcn F`sthnbs Z`pcrs hn tfc Orhthsf Auscua. Tfhs p`pcr hslrhbhn`mmy thtmcd‖Fhnts klnkcrnhnb slac le tfc @dv`nt`bcs dcrhvòmc erla `nCxàhn`thln le tfc @strlnlahk`m Loscrv`tlry `t Ocn`rcs‘. Tfc m`st sfcct le tfhs p`pcr hsa`ricd ‖Ar Ourrlws‘ `nd ` rcecrcnkc tl ht hs a`dc oy _. Ourrlw hn ` mcttcr `ddrcsscd tl R. F`sthnbs ln 0? Gunc 026;.

HU.Ln tfc [hxtf [`tcmmhtc le [`turn , oy Klm. T.D. Zc`rsc, hs [email protected]/?? hn tfc @rkfhvcs le tfc_ly`m [lkhcty, Mlndln. Ht hs hn tfc elra le ` mcttcr erla Klm. T.D. Zc`rsc tl tfc [ckrct`ryle tfc [lkhcty. @ smhbftmy v`rhcd vcrshln le ht hs hnkmudcd hn tfc ‖Acalhr le Klmlncm Tfla`sDc`nc Zc`rsc‘ lrhbhn`mmy puomhsfcd hn tfc Orhthsf Hndh`n Ahmht`ry _cplshtlry elr 06??-;.(Tfhs Acalhr f`s occn suoscqucntmy rcprhntcd hn Ocnb`m7 Z`st `nd Zrcscnt , Ulm.?-2).

U. @ Zrlle tf`t tfc Fhndlls f`d tfc Ohnlah`m Tfclrca , oy _cuocn Ourrlw, w`s ehrstpuomhsfcd undcr tfc sàc thtmc ln pp.462-82 hn Ulm.HH (028:) le tfc @sh`thk _csc`rkfcs .

UH. Fhndu @mbcor` , oy F.T. Klmcorllic, w`s ehrst puomhsfcd hn 0602 thtmcd Dhsscrt`thln hn fhs‖@mbcor` whtf @rhtfacthk `nd Acnsur` thln, erla tfc [`nskrht le Or`facbupt` `ndOf`sk`r`‘.

UHH.Lpcr`thln le Hnlkum`thln le tfc sa`mmplx `s pcrelracd hn Ocnb`mm , hs `n cxtr`kt erla `mcttcr d`tcd K`mkutt`, 0:tf Ecorury, 02;0, erla _l. Klumt tl Dr Lmhvcr Klumt, bhvhnb ‖@n`kklunt le tfc Dhsc`scs le Ocnb`mm‘. Ht hs ln ee.?20v -?2?r hn @dd As.44;? àlnbst tfc_ly`m [lkhcty p`pcrs hn tfc Orhthsf Auscua.

UHHH. @n `kklunt le tfc A`nncr le Hnlkum`thnb elr tfc sa`mmplx hn tfc C`st Hndhcs , oy G.W.Flmwcmm, E._.[., w`s puomhsfcd oy fha hn 0252 undcr tfc sàc thtmc `nd ‖hnskrhocd tl tfcmc`rncd tfc Zrcshdcnt, `nd Acaocrs le tfc Klmmcbc le Zfyshkh`ns hn Mlndln‘. (Tfc suo -thtmc tl tfc puomhk`thln rc`ds, ‖Rhtf slac Loscrv`thlns ln tfc Zr`kthkc `nd Aldc leTrc`thnb tfc Dhsc`sc hn tflsc Z`rts‘.)

HV. Tfc Actfld le Aìhnb tfc Ocst Alrt`r t A`dr`ss hn C`st Hndh` , oy Fln‘omc Hs``k Zyic,Blvcrnlr le [t Fcmcn`, w`s ehrst puomhsfcd undcr tfc sàc thtmc ln pp.?;0-3 hn Ulm.;2 (@D02;?) le tfc Zfhmlslpfhk`m Tr`ns`kthlns .

V. Tfc Zrlkcss le Aìhnb Hkc hn tfc C`st Hndhcs , oy [hr _locrt O`ricr, E._.[., w`s ehrstpuomhsfcd undcr tfc sàc thtmc ln pp.?3?-2 hn Ulm.53 (@D 0223) le tfc Zfhmlslpfhk`mTr`ns`kthlns .

VH.Sscs le tfc [ln `nd A`nue`kturhnb le tfc Fhndlst`n Z`pcr , oy Mt. Klm. Hrlnshdc, w`sehrst puomhsfcd ln pp.88-0:4 le Ulm.54 (@D 0224) le tfc Zfhmlslpfhk`m Tr`ns`kthlns . Ht w`s tfcn thtmcd ‖Le tfc Kumturc `nd Sscs le tfc [ln lr [un— pm`nt le Fhndlst`n, whtf `n @kklunt le tfc A`nncr le A`nue`kturhnb tfc Fhndlst`n Z`pcr‘.




046

VHH. Hndh`n @brhkumturc, oy Klm. @mcx`ndcr R`micr, erla ` aukf m`rbcr wlri (khrk` 06?:)ln tfc `brhkumturc le A`mò`r `nd Buz`r`t, hs tìcn erla 064.`.; (pp.322-534) àlnbsttfc R`micr le Olwm`nd Z`pcrs hn tfc N`thln`m Mhor`ry le [kltm`nd.

VHHH. Ln tfc Drhmm Fuso`ndry le [lutfcrn Hndh` , oy K`pt`hn Tfls F`mkltt, lrhbhn`mmy hn tfcelra le twl mcttcrs, w`s puomhsfcd ln pp.;3?-5 hn tfc 0st vlmuac le ‖Klaaunhk`thlns tl

tfc Ol`rd le @brhkumturc‘ puomhsfcd hn 0282. Ht w`s tfcn thtmcd ‖Ln tfc Drhmm Fuso`ndry letfc C`st‘. VHU. Hrln Rlris `t _à`nì`pctt`f , oy Dr Ocngàhn Fcync, w`s lrhbhn`mmy scnt oy fha hn

0283 tl tfc Blvcrnlr le A`dr`s. Ht hs tfcn thtmcd `s ‖Dlktlr Fcync‘s _cplrt le tfc Hrln Rlris `t _à` nì`pctt`f‘ `nd tfhs vcrshln hs tìcn erla Ulm.0 (Nl.50;) le tfc Ol`rd‘sKlmmckthlns hn tfc Hndh` Leehkc (HL_7E/4/H). @n cdhtcd vcrshln le ht w`s msl puomhsfcd oyDr Fcync hn 0604 `s Nl.0; ‖Tr`kts, Fhstlrhk`m `nd [t`thsthk`m ln Hndh`‘.

VU. Tfc Aldc le A`nue`kturhnb Hrln hn Kcntr`m Hndh` , oy A`glr Gàcs Er`nimhn, hs hn tfcHndh` Leehkc Mhor`ry `s A[ CS_ D 034, `nd hs nltcd `s ‖_ckchvcd erla [ckrct`ry A`y 08,06;3‘. Tfc wflmc le tfhs dlkuacnt `mlnb whtf tfc scvcn pm`tcs (out cxkmudhnb tfc a`p)hs puomhsfcd fcrc. Tfc lrhbhn`m hs thtmcd ‖Loscrv`thlns ln [cvcr`m Hrln Ahncs, hn tfcKcntr`m Z`rt le Hndh`, whtf `n `kklunt le tfc Hndh`n Aldc le A`nue`kturhnb Hrln `ndZm`ns le tfc A`kfhncry `nd Hapmcacnts‘.

VUH. A`nue`kturc le O`r Hrln hn [lutfcrn Hndh` , oy K`pt`hn G. Kàpocmm, @sshst`nt [urvcylrBcncr`m, A`dr`s, w`s wrhttcn `rlund 064? `nd w`s puomhsfcd hnTfc K`mkutt` Glurn`mle N`tur`m Fhstlry elr 064; (Ulm.;, pp.;65-4::) undcr tfc sàc thtmc.

VUHH. @spckts le Tckfnlmlby hn Rcstcrn Hndh` , klnshsts le cxtr`kts erla mcttcrs ddrcsscd erlaOlao`y oy Dr F. [kltt tl [hr Glscpf O`nis, Zrcshdcnt le tfc _ly`m [lkhcty, Mlndln,durhnb 028:-06:0. Tfc cxtr`kts rcprldukcd fcrc `rc erla @dd As.;;828 (ee.0-0;9 0?2-;:9 0;3-59 ?;;-5)9 @dd As.;;86: (ee.;:3-;0:) nd @dd As.;3?5? (ee.04-3) hn tfc OrhthsfAuscua.




048

@ppcndhx HH

Ohlbr`pfhk`m Nltcs ln @utflrs*

O@_IC_, [hr _locrt (d. 0268), elr slac thac klaa`ndcr hn kfhce hn Ocnb`m, ùtflr leKf`ptcrs H nd V, prloòmy ehrst kàc tl Hndh` olut 0248. Fc w`s prlaltcd orhb`dhcr-bcncr`mhn 022: `nd klaa`ndcr hn kfhce tfcrcètcr. @etcr ` mhvcmy qu`rrcm whtf R`rrcn F`sthnbs fc mcetHndh` `nd ln rc`kfhnb Cnbm`nd w`s cmcktcd acaocr le p`rmhàcnt. Fc sccas ncvcr tl f`vcsplicn hn p`rmhàcnt, out hn A`rkf 0260, w`s rcw`rdcd whtf ` o`rlnctky elr fhs klnshstcnt vltc whtf tfc blvcrnacnt.OS__LR, _cuocn (0242-8?), a`tfca`thkh`n, ùtflr le Kf`ptcrs HHH `nd U, w`s olrn ;:tfDckcaocr 0242, nc`r Mccds. Fc sflwcd ` t`stc elr a`tfca`thks, `nd ètcr v`rhlus glos, w`s`pplhntcd rlund 022:, sshst`nt tl A`sicmync, tfcn strlnlacr-rly`m, t Brccnwhkf. Hn 026?fc `kkcptcd `n `pplhntacnt hn Hndh`, prlkurcd oy fhs p`trln, Klm. Fcnry R`tsln, elr a`ny yc`rs kfhce cnbhnccr hn Ocnb`m. Hn Ocnb`m fc w`s `pplhntcd a`tfca`thk`m tc`kfcr le tfccnbhnccrs‘ klrps `nd w`s klnncktcd whtf tfc prlplscd Trhbnlactrh k`m [urvcy le Ocnb`m. Fc w`s lnc le tfc ehrst acaocrs le tfc @sh`thk [lkhcty. Fc dhcd `t Ouxlr ln 2tf Gunc 028?.KLMCO_LLIC, Fcnry Tfla`s (0253-06;2), ùtflr le Kf`ptcr UH, w`s tfc sln le [hr BclrbcKlmcorllic, tfc fc`d le `n lmd `nd wc`mtfy ehra le o`nicrs, `nd kf`hra`n le tfc C`st Hndh`Klap`ny hn 0258. Fc kàc tl Hndh` hn 026?, w`s `pplhntcd `sshst`nt klmmcktlr hn Thrfut hn02659 durhnb 0288-06:0 fc w`s _cshdcnt tl tfc klurt le N`bpur9 `nd hn 06:2 tt`hncd sc`t lntfc Blvcrnlr Bcncr`m‘s Klunkhm erla wfhkf f c rcthrcd ètcr ` tlt`m scrvhkc le tfhrty-twl yc`rs.Tfc (Orhthsf) Dhkthln`ry le N`thln`m Ohlbr`pfy k`mms fha tfc ‖ehrst brc`t [`nskrht skflm`r leCurlpc‘.

FCXNC, Dr Ocngàhn, utflr le Kf`ptcr VHU, w`s `kthnb Klap`ny‘s olt`nhst capmlycd hn tfcA`dr`s `dahnhstr`thln. Hn 0604 fc puomhsfcd fhs ‖Tr`kts, Fhstlrhk`m `nd [t`thsthk`m ln Hndh`‘. FLMRCMM, Glfn Wcpf`nh`f (0200-0286), Blvcrnlr le Ocnb`m, ùtflr le Kf`ptcr UHHH, w`s olrn hn Duomhn ln 02tf [cptcaocr 0200. Fc kàc tl K`mkutt`, `s [urbcln‘s a`tc tl `n Hn dhà`nhn Ecoru`ry 02;? `nd pr`kthscd fhs prlecsshln hn K`mkutt` erla 02;5 lnw`rds. Fc w`stcaplr`rhmy Blvcrnlr le Ocnb`m erla Ecoru`ry tl Gumy 025:. Fhs klntrhouthln tl C`stcrninlwmcdbc k`mmcd elrtf tfc w`ra kinlwmcdbcacnt le Ulmt`hrc. Flmwcmm dhcd ln 3tf Nlvcaocr0286.ZC@_[C, Tfla`s Dc`nc (d. 0268), klmlncm, ùtflr le Kf`ptcr HU `nd suppmcacnt`ry nltc tlKf`ptcr H, olrn òlut 02;6, w`s `pplhntcd scklnd mhcutcn`nt _ly`m @rthmmcry ln ?4tf Lktlocr0250 `nd w`s tr`nsecrrcd tl tfc C`st Hndh` Klap`ny‘s scrvhkc hn Ecoru`ry 0256. Hn Hndh` fc w`s fhbf hn tfc e`vlur le R`rrcn F`sthnbs, `nd `ktcd `s F`sthnb‘s scklnd hn fhs ducm whtf [hrZfhmhp Er`nkhs ln 02tf @ubust 0228. Zc`rsc dhcd ln tfc B`nbcs ln 03tf Gunc 0268.ZM@XE@H_, Glfn (0246-0608), a`tfca`thkh`n `nd bclmlbhst, ùtflr le Kf`ptcr HH, w`s olrnnc`r Dundcc ([kltm`nd), ln 0:tf A`rkf 0246. Fc br`du`tcd hn 0253. Fc tfcn klapmctcd fhstfclmlbhk`m klursc, `nd w`s mhkcnkcd oy tfc prcsoytcry `s ` ahnhstcr hn 022:. Fc w`s cmcktcdaldcr`tlr le [ynld, `t Mhee hn 0224. Hn 0263 fc ockàc glhnt prlecsslr le a`tfca`thks hn tfcunhvcrshty le Cdhnourbf, `nd hn 06:3 cxkf`nbcd fhs a`tfca`thk`m kf`hr elr tfc prlecsslrsfhple n`tur`m pfhmlslpfy hn tfc sàc unhvcrshty. Zm`ye`hr w`s lnc le tfc lrhbhn`m acaocrs le tfc_ly`m [lkhcty le Cdhnourbf, le wfhkf fc suoscqucntmy ockàc bcncr`m sckrct`ry `nd fcmd tfhsplst thmm fhs dc`tf. Fc w`s cmcktcd ` Ecmmlw le tfc _ly`m [lkhcty hn 06:2.

[KLTT, Fcmcnus (025:-06?0), wrhtcr le tfc mcttcrs bhvcn hn Kf`ptcr VUHH, cntcrcd tfc acdhk`mscrvhkc le tfc C`st Hndh` Klap`ny, `nd scrvcd kfhcemy hn tfc Olao`y prcshdcnky. @etcr tfhrty




03:

yc`rs hn Hndh` fc rcturncd tl Cnbm`nd, `nd ocb`n pr`kthkc `t O`tf. Hn 0603 fc w`s `dahttcd `mhkcnth`tc le tfc klmmcbc le pfyshkh`ns, hn Mlndln, `nd hn 0602 ocb`n tl pr`kthkc `s ` pfyshkh`nhn _usscmm [qu`rc, Mlndln. Hn tfc sàc yc`r fc klntrhoutcd `n hntcrcsthnb p`pcr tl tfc‖Tr`ns`kthlns‘ le tfc Acdhkl -Kfhrubhk`m [lkhcty ln tfc usc le nhtrlaurh`thk `khd hn acdhkhnc.Fc uscd ht ln ` whdcr r`nbc le dhsc`sc tf`n hs nlw kustla`ry9 out hts ercqucnt capmlyacnt hntfc trc`tacnt le cntcrhk ecvcr `nd ltfcr a`m`dhcs `t tfc prcscnt d`y (khrk` 08::) lrhbhn`tcs hnfhs `dvlk`ky le hts acrhts. Fc `tt`hncd tl klnshdcròmc pr`kthkc, `nd dhcd ln 05tf Nlvcaocr06?0.

R@MIC_, @mcx`ndcr (0254-06;0), orhb`dhcr-bcncr`m, utflr le Kf`ptcr VHH, w`s olrn ln0?tf A`y 0254. Fc w`s pplhntcd k`dct hn tfc scrvhkc le tfc C`st Hndh` Klap`ny hn 026:. Fctlli p`rt hn tfc m`st w`r b`hnst Thppll, nd w`s prcscnt t tfc o`ttmc le [ccd`sccr hn 0288 nd`t tfc shcbc le [crhnb`p`tà. Hn Gunc 06:?, R`micr w`s `pplhntcd `s Zlmhthk`m _cshdcnt `tO`rld`. Fc rcturncd tl Cnbm`nd hn 060: `nd hn 06?? w`s k`mmcd tl tfc Blvcrnacnt le [tFcmcn`. Fc dhcd t Cdhnourbf ln 3tf A`rkf 06;0, slln etcr rcthrhnb erla tfc blvcrnlrsfhp le[t Fcmcn`. Rfhmc hn Hndh` R`micr elracd v`muòmc klmmckthln le @ròhk, Zcrsh`n, nd [`nskrhta`nuskrhpts, wfhkf w`s prcscntcd oy fhs sln, [hr Rhmmhà hn 0643 tl tfc Oldmch`n, Lxelrd, wfcrc ht elras ` dhsthnkt klmmckthln. Fhs vlmuahnlus p`pcrs hn Cnbmhsf `rc hn tfc N`thln`m

Mhor`ry le [kltm`nd, Cdhnourbf.

DF@_@AZ@M7 MHEC @ND RL_I

Olrn hn 08??, Df`ràp`m f`d fhs ehrst bmhapsc le A`f`ta` B`ndfh `rlund tfc `bc le chbft, wfcn fhse`tfcr tlli fha `mlnb tl tfc 08?8 M`flrc Klnbrcss. @ yc`r m`tcr, [`rd`r Of`b`t [hnbf `nd fhs klmmc`bucs wcrc klndcancd tl dc`tf nd cxckutcd oy tfc Orhthsf. Df`ràp`m sthmm rck`mms a`ny le fhs erhcnds tìhnbtl tfc strccts le M`flrc, nc`r wfcrc fc mhvcd, `nd sfluthnb smlb`ns hn prltcst.

@rlund tfc sàc pcrhld, tfcrc wcrc cxkhtcd dhskusshlns, cspckh`mmy hn skfllm, òlut wfctfcr tfcOrhthsf sflumd mc`vc Hndh`. [lac wcrc `b`hnstsw`r`g ockùsc tfcy ec`rcd hnv`shln le tfc kluntry oy @ebf`n trhocsacn `nd ltfcrs. Rhtf a`ny ltfcrs fhs `bc, Df`ràp`m tcndcd alrc `nd alrc tlw`rdstfc sw`r`g lpthln. Tflubf fc undcrwcnt wcstcrn cduk`thln tfrlubflut skfllm `nd klmmcbc, fhs`nhalshty tl Orhthsf rumc brcw yc`r oy yc`r. Oy 084:, fc f`d st`rtcd tl wc`rif`dh rcbum`rmy —` pr`kthkcfc elmmlws cvcn nlw —`nd cvcn trhcd tl tìc tl sphnnhnb tfc kf`rif` elr ` wfhmc.

Hn 084?, fc w`s prcscnt `s ` ecrvcnt spckt`tlr `t tfc Puht Hndh` [csshln le tfc Klnbrcss hn Olao`y`nd fc tfcrcètcr glhncd tfc Puht Hndh` Alvcacnt. Fc w`s `kthvc hn ht thmm fc w`s `rrcstcd hn @prhm 084;. @etcr twl alntfs hn plmhkc dctcnthln, fc w`s rcmc`scd out cxtcrncd erla Dcmfh.

Df`ràp`m rck`mms fc w`s lnc le kluntmcss pclpmc wfl ocmhcvcd tf`t lnkc tfc Orhthsf wcrc blnc, Hndh` wlumd oc rhd le hts ahselrtuncs, p`rthkum`rmy hts st`tc le dhslrb`nhs`thln `nd haplvcrhsfacnt.

Hn @ubust, 0844, fc w`s hntrldukcd tl Ahròcfn oy fhs erhcnds. Fc glhncd fcr slln tfcrcètcr, t wf`tkàc tl oc inlwn `s tfc Ihs`n @sfrà, shtu`tcd ahdw`y octwccn _llricc `nd F`rhdw`r. Fc st`ycd whtf Ahròcfn, whtf lkk`shln`m òscnkcs hn Dcmfh (0842-46) `nd Cnbm`nd (0846, 0848) thmm òlut 083; wfcn sfc rcthrcd, ehrst tl tfc Fha`m`y`s, `nd ` ecw yc`rs m`tcr, tl Curlpc. Out tfc klnt`kt st`ycd.Df`ràp`m act fcr `b`hn elr tfc m`st thac hn Gumy 086? hn Uhcnn`, òlut twl wccis ocelrc fcr dc`tf.Ln tf`t d`y, tfcy t`micd tlbctfcr elr slac 5-6 flurs hn tfc quhct le tfc Uhcnn` wllds.

C`rmhcr, durhnb 0842-46, Df`ràp`m f`d klac hn kmlsc klnt`kt whtf Ià`m`dcvh Kf`ttlp`dfy`y`, Dr._à A`nlf`r Mlfh`, `nd whtf nuacrlus ylunbcr erhcnds hn Dcmfh. Fc w`s tfcn `sslkh`tcd whtf `n`ttcapt `t kllpcr`thvc rcfòhmht`thln le rceubccs erla Zìhst`n. (Fc w`s ` acaocr le tfc Hndh`nKllpcr`thvc Snhln wfhkf w`s elundcd hn 0846 whtf Ià`m`dcvh `s hts prcshdcnt.)

Tfc elmmlwhnb yc`r, wfhmc hn Cnbm`nd, Df`ràp`m blt a`rrhcd tl Zfymmhs wfl w`s Cnbmhsf. @etcrw`rds,tfcy oltf dckhdcd tl mhvc hn Hndh`. Ln tfchr w`y o`ki, tfcy spcnt slac thac hn Hsr`cm `nd vhshtcd ` ecwltfcr kluntrhcs `s wcmm. Hn 083:, tfc klaaunhty vhmm`bc le O`pubrà hn tfc Z`sfumli `rc`, nc`r_hsfhicsf, ocb`n tl oc elracd. Df`ràp`m `nd Zfymmhs mhvcd hn ht thmm 083;. Fc rcturncd tl Cnbm`nd whtffhs eàhmy hn 0834.

Fc w`s o`ki hn Dcmfh `b`hn erla c`rmy 0836 tl 0854 whtf fhs whec, sln `nd dùbftcr. Fc nlw tlli uptfc plst le Bcncr`m [ckrct`ry le tfc @sslkh`thln le Ulmunt`ry @bcnkhcs elr _ur`m Dcvcmlpacnt (@U@_D)9




Ià`m`dcvh w`s hts ehrst prcshdcnt. [lln tfcrcètcr, G`y`prì`sf N`r`y`n `brccd tl oc tfc prcshdcnt le @U@_D. (Fc rca`hncd prcshdcnt thmm òlut 0823.)

Elr òlut twl yc`rs (0854, 0853) Df`ràp`m wlricd whtf tfc @mm Hndh` Z`nkf`y`t Z`rhsf`d (@.H.Z.Z.)`s Dhrcktlr le _csc`rkf `nd spcnt alrc tf`n ` yc`r hn Tàhmn`du klmmckthnb a`tcrh`m tf`t w`s m`tcrpuomhsfcd sTfc A`dr`s Z`nkf`y`t [ystca . C`rmhcr, hn 085?, fc f`d `mrc`dy puomhsfcd ` sa`mmcr olliklnt`hnhnb tfc prlkccdhnbs le tfc Hndh`n Klnsthtucnt @sscaomy rcm`thnb tl tfc dhskusshln ln tfc suogcktle ”Tfc Z`nkf`y`t `s tfc O`shs le Hndh`‘s Zlmhty‑.

Erla A`dr`s, elr eàhmy rc`slns, Df`ràp`m lnkc b`hn alvcd tl Mlndln hn c`rmy 0855. Fhs sln f`dact whtf ` scrhlus `kkhdcnt.

Oy tfcn fc w`s `msl iccn ln ` dct`hmcd study le tfc Hndl-Orhthsf cnkluntcr durhnb tfc 06tf `nd 08tfkcnturhcs. Tfhs thac fc st`ycd ln hn Mlndln thmm 086?, out vhshtcd Hndh` hn octwccn. Hn Cnbm`nd, fc dhdnlt f`vc aukf le n hnklac. Tfcrc w`s msl eàhmy tl supplrt. Out nltwhtfst`ndhnb mm tfhs, fc ockàc` rcbum`r vhshtlr tl tfc Hndh` Leehkc `nd tfc Orhthsf Auscua `nd spcnt alst le fhs thac plrhnb lvcr tfc`rkfhvcs. Zfltlklpyhnb rcquhrcd alncy. Letcnthacs, lmd a`nuskrhpts klumd nlt oc pfltlklphcd. [l fcklphcd tfca hn mlnb f`nd, p`bc ètcr p`bc, ahmmhlns le wlrds, d`y ètcr d`y. Tfcrcètcr, fc wlumd f`vctfc klphcd nltcs typcd. Fc tfus rctrhcvcd `nd `kkuaum`tcd tflus`nds le p`bcs le hnelra`thln erla tfc`rkfhv`m rcklrd. Rfcn fc rcturncd tl Hndh`, tfcsc nltcs — wfhkf ehmmcd scvcr`m m`rbc trunis `ndsuhtk`scs—prlvcd tl oc fhs alst prhzcd plsscsshlns.

Erla `rlund 0836, Df`ràp`m f`d dcvcmlpcd `n `sslkh`thln whtf [cv`brà, cspckh`mmy ockùsc le @nn`s`fco [`f`sròudfc. Fc spcnt `rlund ` alntf hn [cv`brà hn 0852, wfcrc fc dhd fhs ehrst wrhthnb o`scd ln tfc 06tf-08tf kcntury d`t` fc f`d klmmcktcd. Fhs ncxt mlnb st`y hn [cv`brà w`s erlaDckcaocr (086:) tl A`rkf (0860) wfcn fc klapmctcd Tfc Ocùtheum Trcc . Erla `rlund @ubust 086? tl0862, fc w`s alstmy hn [cv`brà whtf lkk`shln`m slglurns hn A`dr`s.

Df`ràp`m w`s prcshdcnt le tfc Z`trhlthk `nd Zclpmc-Lrhcntcd [khcnkc `nd Tckfnlmlby (ZZ[T)brlup. Fc w`s `msl kmlscmy `sslkh`tcd whtf tfc Kcntrc elr Zlmhky [tudhcs mlk`tcd hn A`dr`s.

Fhs whec dhcd hn Mlndln hn 0865.Erla 088;, fc f`s occn mhvhnb m`rbcmy `t @sfrà Zr`thstf`n hn [cv`brà.

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Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century by Dharampal

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