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Indian Subcontinent ppt

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History of science and technology in the Indiansubcontinent
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HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
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HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT

Prehistory

• By 5500 BCE a number of sites similar to Mehrgarh had appeared, forming the basis of later chalcolithic cultures. The inhabitants of these sites maintained trading relations with Near East and Central Asia.

• This was developed in the Indus Valley Civilization by around 4500 BCE• Excavations at Balakot (c. 2500-1900 BCE), present day Pakistan, have yielded

evidence of an early furnace. The furnace was most likely used for the manufacturing of ceramic objects. Ovens, dating back to the civilization's mature phase (c. 2500-1900 BCE), were also excavated at Balakot

Hand-propelled wheel cart, Indus Valley Civilization (3000–1500 CE).

Housed at the National Museum, New Delhi.

• Everywhere King Piyadasi (Asoka) erected two kinds of hospitals, hospitals for people and hospitals for animals. Where there were no healing herbs for people and animals, he ordered that they be bought and planted.

• Archeological evidence of an animal-drawn plough dates back to 2500 BCE in the Indus Valley Civilization. The earliest available swords of copper discovered from the Harappan sites date back to 2300 BCE.

View of the Asokan Pillar Vaishali. One of the edicts of Ashoka (272

—231 BCE)

Early kingdoms

• Baudhayana (c. 8th century BCE) composed the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra, which contains examples of simple Pythagorean triples, such as: (3,4,5),(5,12,13),(8,15,17)&(12,35,37) and as well as a statement of the Pythagorean theorem "The rope which is stretched across the diagonal of a square produces an area double the size of the original square."

Ink drawing of Ganesha under an umbrella (early 19th century). Ink, called masi, an admixture of several chemical components, has been used in India since at least the 4th century BCE. The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in early South India. Several Jain sutras in India were compiled in ink.

• Metal currency was minted in India before the 5th century BCE, with coinage (400 BCE—100 CE) being made of silver and copper.

• Cataract surgery was known to the physician Sushruta (6th century BCE). Traditional cataract surgery was performed with a special tool called the Jabamukhi Salaka.

• Diverse specimens of swords have been discovered in Fatehgarh, where there are several varieties of hilt. These swords have been variously dated to periods between 1700-1400 BCE.

• By the 9th century CE, the Hindu–Arabic numeral system was transmitted from India through the Middle East and to the rest of the world

The Hindu-Arabic numeral system. The inscriptions on the edicts of Ashoka (1st millennium BCE)

display this number system being used by the Imperial Mauryas.

Post Maha Janapadas-High Middle Ages

The stupa, the precursor of the pagoda and torii, was constructed by the 3rd century BCE. Subsequently, the construction of wells at Dhank (550-625 CE) and stepped ponds at Bhinmal (850-950 CE) took place.During the 1st millennium BCE, the Vaisheshika school of atomism was founded. The most important proponent of this school was Kanada, an Indian philosopher who lived around 200 BCE.

The Iron pillar of Delhi was erected at the times of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya (375–413).

The iron pillar of Delhi (375–413 CE). The first iron pillar was the Iron pillar of

Delhi, erected at the times of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya.

• Model of a Chola (200–848 CE) ship's hull, built by the ASI, displayed in a Museum in Tirunelveli.

• The cotton gin was invented in India as a mechanical device known as charkhi, the "wooden-worm-worked roller“

• Pingala stumbled upon both the Pascal triangle and Binomial coefficients, although he did not have knowledge of the Binomial theorem itself.

ship's hull, built by the ASI

• Brahmagupta (598–668) was able to find (integral) solutions of Pell's equation. • Conceptual design for a perpetual motion machine by Bhaskara II dates to 1150.• The trigonometric functions of sine and versine, from which it was trivial to derive

the cosine, were used by the mathematician, Aryabhata, in the late 5th century. • The calculus theorem now known as "Rolle's theorem” was stated by

mathematician, Bhāskara II, in the 12th century.

• Madhava of Sangamagrama (c. 1340 – 1425) and his Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics developed and founded mathematical analysis.

• The infinite series for π was stated by him and he made use of the series expansion

of arctan x to obtain an infinite series expression, now known as the Madhava-Gregory series, for π.

Late Middle Ages

Jantar Mantar, Delhi—consisting of13 architectural astronomy

instruments, built by Jai Singh II ofJaipur, from 1724 onwards.

• In A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, James Riddick Partington describes the gunpowder warfare of 16th and 17th century Mughal India, and writes that "Indian war rockets were formidable weapons before such rockets were used in Europe.

• By the 16th century, Indians were manufacturing a diverse variety of firearms; large guns in particular, became visible in Tanjore, Dacca, Bijapur and Murshidabad.

Portrait of a young Indian scholar,Mughal miniature by Mir Sayyid Ali,

c. 1550.

Colonial era

• Early volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica described cartographic charts made by the seafaring Dravidian people. In Encyclopedia Britannica (2008), Stephen Oliver Fought & John F. Guilmartin, Jr. describe the gunpowder technology in 18th-century Mysore.

• Hyder Ali, prince of Mysore, developed war rockets with an important change: the use of metal cylinders to contain the combustion powder.

• The rocket body was lashed with leather thongs to a long bamboo stick. Range was perhaps up to three-quarters of a mile (more than a kilometre).

• Hyder Ali's son, Tippu Sultan, continued to develop and expand the use of rocket weapons, reportedly increasing the number of rocket troops from 1,200 to a corps of 5,000.

Contribution of Dhanvantari

• Dhanvantari was one of the first among medical practitioners and surgeons in the world. Based on hindu traditions, he is regarded as the source of Ayurveda.

• Yoga stressed the holistic approach to health based on proper diet and physical exercise.

• Charaka, the great Ayurvedic physician of the 1st century AD wrote the Charaka Samhita, the first scientific medical text. Charaka’s work consisted of eight chapters devoted to pharmacology, diet, treatment of major diseases like fever, diarrhoea, leprosy and tumor among others.

• In the fourth century, came Sushruta, who is considered the father of surgery. In his treatise Sushruta Samhita, he lists about 125 surgical instruments used by him in his surgeries.


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