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Indianapolis WATER STOP [southside water center] How the provision of clean water can remediate land, people, and community Rebecca A. Staley
Indianapolis WATER STOP[southside water center]How the provision of clean water can remediate land, people, and community
Rebecca A. Staley
[southside water center]How the provision of clean water can remediate land, people, and community
Rebecca A. Staley | ARCH 602 | spring 2011Advisors: Wes Janz + Ana de Brea
Table of Contents
Introducti onTaxonomy
Abstract
Research
Case Studies“Criti cal Vehicles”
Portland Loo “Bubble House” “Zero Yen House” “Urban Rest Stop” St. Joseph’s Rebuild Center
ContextIndianapolis Service Network
Partners in Housing Maps + Overlays
SiteConditi ons
Resources
Water StopProgram
Water Systems Integrati on
Conclusion
Appendix
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Entering this project on the topic of disaster consequences and relief eff orts, a taxonomy was created to chart types of disasters and results. It quickly became apparent that no locati on on Earth exists without the potenti al of a disastrous occurrence. Whether natural or man-made, they can occur at any place and at any ti me. One can strike in an instant or creep up in a slow progression; however, no matt er the ti me frame, the eff ects can be devastati ng for an individual and an enti re nati on.
The most commonly recalled disasters are the largest scale events with highly visible, widespread eff ects: the September 11 att acks on the World Trade Center, Hurricane Katrina, the BP oil spill, the earthquake in Haiti , or fl ooding in Pakistan. Commonly overlooked are the less-visible array of after-effects spurred by disaster events, which often have equally devastating results: job loss, property loss, injury, chronic illness, poverty, addiction, depression, and broken family and support networks.
Additi onally, thousands of smaller scale events with disastrous eff ects happen every day with litt le to no awareness from the majority of the populati on. For the people involved, however, the eff ects can be permanent.
The nature of each type of disaster leads to varying circumstances within each locati on and context, but a commonality among most is oft en reduced to the need for basic shelter and sanitati on. Regardless of the scale, such episodes oft en result in homelessness or poverty in some form or another. The United States is regarded as one of the most prosperous nati ons in the world, yet every night there are hundreds of thousands of citi zens who do not have a safe place in which to sleep, a secure source of food, a way to maintain basic hygiene, adequate health services, and secure storage for belongings. Once a person enters this cycle, he or she frequently loses access to the cohesive structure needed to regain footi ng in society. Without a network of reinforcement, people have extreme diffi culty overcoming these hurdles.
Story aft er story from citi es large and small across the United States indicates that every day, millions of Americans could be one job loss, one major illness, one family divorce or death, one fire, one natural disaster or accident away from falling into DISASTER. This constant near-proximity to disaster is oft en unrecognized by the general populati on, and consequently, eff ecti ve responses are not addressed in enough detail to provide lasti ng results. 03
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here are some of those stories:
People displaced by Hurricane Katrina were scatt ered around the country in order to escape destructi on. This in turn led to fi nancial and emoti onal destructi on of many who escaped the initi al environmental disaster. For example, James Scott took his brother, his sister, and his sister’s two children to Atlanta, GA, for refuge. Once there, they were forced to live out of James’s car because they had run out of money. James att empted to panhandle at a mall in the wealthy Buckhead neighborhood to earn enough money for a hotel. Due to Atlanta’s harsh solicitati on laws, James was instead arrested even aft er showing proof that he was a Katrina evacuee. In James’s case, a large scale disaster led to his arrest and his family’s homelessness in Atlanta (Nati onal Coaliti on for the Homeless, 2005).
A large scale man-made disaster, such as the current economic crisis also has widespread personal eff ects. In the United States, the land of opportunity, the work has dried up leaving families stranded without income. Interviewed in January 2010, Rodrigo Saldaña lives in New York City while his wife and fi ve children live in Ecuador. He has not worked in the last month and sleeps on trains or by the railroad tracks at night. “‘Do you want to know what the worst part is?’ Mr. Saldaña said. ‘My wife says I’m lying when I tell her there’s no more work in New York’” (Santos, 2010).
At the other end of the spectrum are individual disasters. Nathaniel Ayers studied music at Julliard 30 years ago. He suff ered a breakdown that landed him on Skid Row in Los Angeles, CA, where he batt les schizophrenia in additi on to being homeless (Lopez, 2005).
“Grandpa,” an 84-year-old homeless man has grossly swollen, maggot-infested legs. His advanced peripheral vascular disease is exacerbated by being constantly on his feet. His legs and feet stay dirty, a focus of gangrene and fl ies in summer. Constant elevati on of his feet is needed to drain the fl uid and reduce the swelling, but this isn’t possible living on the street. Police won’t let him sit or lie down anywhere for long. Grandpa is representati ve of a large group of homeless street folk (“bag people”) whose mental illness is the gravitati onal force around which everything else orbits. A mild paranoid schizophrenic, his symptoms aren’t bad enough to warrant insti tuti onalizati on, according to judges who have repeatedly overruled requests for his admission (Post, 1998).
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How can a community address basic needs in an open, non-binding, non-judgmental, dignified manner? How can personal infrastructure generate stability in social or economic realms while working alongside the people of a neighborhood?
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According to a 2010 count conducted by the Indiana University Public Policy Insti tute, 4,500 to 7,500 people are homeless in Indianapolis each year. On the day of the count, there were 1,500 homeless, and 39% were families. Additi onally, more than 25,000 households, not individuals, are earning 30% or less of the city’s mean income, or $14,000 per year: the US poverty line as defi ned for a family of two.
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Such complex issues as homelessness and poverty cannot be changed overnight or with isolated eff orts.
Responses must work within a larger network woven through the city.
This project synthesizes issues from three scales of eff orts aimed to serve homeless or impoverished people in Indianapolis. On a broad scale, fi rst-hand videos, personal blogs, community service data, and a study of successful homeless-serving eff orts around the US built a knowledge base for the project. An investi gati on of small scale personal infrastructure, i.e. acquired, modifi ed, or created carts to house personal belongings and wares, looked at individual responses to personal security and storage common among homeless people. A study of aff ordable housing opti ons reinforced the need for large scale, permanent services in a community for long term impact.
Locally, a map was generated to identi fy and categorize the existi ng components in Indianapolis, such as meal suppliers, shelters, medical services, aff ordable housing, day centers, and other social services. This research located strong areas and gaps, and when overlayed with city target areas for future development, foreclosure rates, and income as compared to the city average, it led to a site selecti on on the near-southeast side of the city. Located adjacent to a large industrial plant, the facility will assist in preliminary remediati on of the environmental surroundings.
The design investi gati on addresses one of the most basic human needs: WATER.Encompassing the need for clean drinking water, water for bathing and washing clothes, the Water Center provides short and long term infrastructure and resources to the near-southeast side of Indianapolis. It would provide users the ability to remain clean in order to gain or maintain employment and to reduce health risks caused by inadequate sanitati on. Additi onally, it off ers gathering and socializati on space in conjuncti on with a café and an existi ng neighborhood farmers’ market. By engaging a strong, but overlooked neighborhood, it aims to integrate into and strengthen the Indianapolis network by adding a unique set of services and ameniti es.
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Homeless or displaced persons are oft en at HIGH RISK LEVELS on a daily basis. Lack of personal or private space can lead to victi mizati on through harassment, violence, law enforcement eff orts, and destructi on.
Risks include destructi on of property or the theft of possessions by the general public, other homeless people, or law enforcement agencies removing sett lements from public spaces. During street sweeps, people are frequently relocated and possessions are destroyed or discarded. This is oft en an att empt to force relocati on and moti vati on to fi nd housing. Instead, it puts the displaced at an even higher disadvantage. These measures conducted by a city can also result in the homeless being jailed, and consequently, being placed in the court systems, instead of a rehabilitati on program. Once the person is released from jail, he or she is sti ll homeless.
“Inside the shelter, there’s usually no place to store one’s stuff . Many people sleep fully clothed, shoes and all, to make sure that nothing is stolen. Add to that the questi onable hygiene and mental instability of the person on the cot next to you, and it can be quite scary” (Raymond, 2010). .
“I have a bicycle with a trailer att ached. This is a good soluti on to having to constantly carry around one’s belongings. It’s a lot more useful, and less ‘unatt racti ve’ than the stereotypical shopping cart. However, shelters typically do not off er any kind of secure opti ons for one’s belongings, usually severely limiti ng how much one can even carry in. This forces people to a ridiculous minimum of belongings; one of the factors that actually contributes to perpetuati ng a person’s homeless predicament” (Why I Choose Streets Over Shelter, 2009).
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“why don’t the homeless just go to a shelter?”
To some, the answer is simple: “Staying in many emergency shelters [can] lead to lice, bed bugs, athlete’s foot, the common cold, and lots of other things that are no big deal if you can stay home in bed, but can kill you if you’re homeless” (Raymond, 2010).
According to blog author known only as “SlumJack Homeless,” “shelters are oft en euphemized as ‘emergency shelter’...but the emergency is that you have nowhere else to just be and operate, so being at a shelter is the emergency” (Why I Choose Streets Over Shelter, 2009).
“Exposed to numerous deprivati ons and adverse environmental infl uences, such as inadequate nutriti on, poor hygiene, exposure to the elements, and victi mizati on, homeless adults are at increased risk of developing a broad range of physical health problems. During periods of shelter living, homeless persons typically stay in unclean and overcrowded settings in which infectious diseases are easily transmitted”
(Herman & Manuel, 2008).
In additi on to the high disease risks, individuals can easily slip into a cycle of illness and homelessness that is self-perpetuati ng. Mental disorders, addicti on, violence, and infecti ous diseases are know to be “conditi ons that increase the risk of homelessness,” but they also fall into the category of “conditi ons that homelessness may cause or exacerbate” (Herman & Manuel, 2008). Also included in the latt er category are complicati ons from exposure, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, accidents and trauma, asthma, and cancer.
A lack of access to aff ordable and regular health care keeps these seemingly common and treatable conditi ons among housed populati ons a source of deadly risks for the homeless. Many of these conditi ons could be signifi cantly reduced if adequate hygiene was readily att ainable.
The rarity of faciliti es such as the Urban Rest Stop in Seatt le, WA, speak to this massive need for personal hygiene resources among homeless populati ons. .
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In additi on to the safety, security, and health risks of numerous faciliti es within the current shelter system, another series of qualiti es makes them largely unsuccessful. The rigid rule structure of many shelters, designed to eliminate alcohol or drug abuse and other illegal acti viti es from the premises, is highly restricti ve to individuals who wish to spend their evenings socializing, working, job searching, or parti cipati ng other acti viti es.
According to homeless advocate, Eric Sheptock, people frequently have to make diffi cult decisions, such as, check into a shelter at 4:00 PM or 5:00 PM, or work one’s scheduled hours at job from 9:00 AM to 6:00 PM. If the person chooses to earn the money, he sleeps on the street. If he checks into a shelter, he loses the money, and possibly even the job. (Sheptock, 2010).
Eric also states that “we should see housing as a human right. Housing should not be treated as a commodity sold to the highest bidder. It should be...treated as a necessity to be aff orded to everyone” (Sheptock, 2010).
The emergency shelter system is not the sole approach to housing. Housing units range from single-person sleeping units scatt ered in a city, tent citi es, SRO’s, and large shelters. The diverse types of people living on the streets, much like the diverse housed populati ons, cannot all be placed into the same “one-size-fi ts-all” housing approach.
The book Designing for the Homeless: Architecture That Works explains that in order for shelters to succeed, they must be much more than just a bed in a space. A sense of belonging is key to becoming part of a community and working toward a more stable life.
Shelters must fi t into the city CONTEXT and add to the local quality of life. They must reach farther than just the immediate clients served. A shelter cannot succeed alone. It must connect with a system of transiti onal housing, long term housing, and support networks such as public space, local businesses, and community organizati ons.
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Many individuals remain employed during ti me without housing, but maintaining a job becomes increasingly diffi cult. How does one stay clean and presentable when living outdoors or in emergency shelters? For those searching for employment, how do they fi nd someone willing to hire a person without a regular place to stay? And for those out of work for lengthy periods of ti me, how do they regain necessary job skills to succeed?
“I don’t have the best work history and have had a few run-ins with the law… when an intelligent man has a checkered past, his knowledge and skills are no longer desired by society” (Sheptock, 2010).
The Culinary Job Training program run by Second Helpings in Indianapolis employs the homeless and unemployed while teaching on-the-job kitchen skills. Upon completi on of the program, students are assisted with job placement. It is life-changing for those with the opportunity to enroll, but the unemployment rates sti ll far outweigh the available training positi ons in these types of programs.
A key element to the journey out of homelessness is steady source of income. According to Ronni Gilboa: approximately 60% of the Urban Rest Stop clients are employed. They use the facility to clean before work each day. This potenti ally provides assistance in maintaining a job to thousands of people in the city of Seatt le.
Even with a steady job, there is a growing disparity between the living wage and earning minimum wage: $7.25 per hour in Indiana. A 40 hour work week earns a person $1160 per month before taxes. Aff ordable housing, defi ned as paying 30% of one’s income, equates to slightly less than $350 a month for rent. The average rent for a two-bedroom apartment is $765 per month, indicati ng that minimum wage earners are unlikely to access to aff ordable housing. Paying such high percentages, 50% or more, of their earnings for housing is unsustainable and prevents one from covering other costs, such as uti liti es, food, transportati on, and childcare.
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Within an urban context, numerous service-oriented projects infi ll an existi ng structure, oft en directly on the street front with litt le or no indoor waiti ng area.
How do people feel when they must line up along the side of a building in the sidewalk, street, or other place within the public realm in order to get a meal, a shower, or wash clothing?
How does it aff ect one’s dignity when he or she must bring all personal items and valuables along with them? How long must one wait while being stared at, judged, and harassed by passers-by?
In less urban areas, buildings are isolated, neglected, and enclosed. Rarely can one see into or out of homeless services buildings in a way that connects people with the local context. Many are enclosed for security reasons, but enclosure creates unrelatable and outcast areas.
Oft en the design or re-design process comes in a “top-down” manner, with the big ideas coming from investors, government offi cials, professional designers, and program managers. But what about the people who will be USING the space?
What can we learn from a person who can live in a storage shed, a portable bathroom, a tent, or under a bridge?
Budget constraints in projects for the homeless are typically the driving force in the design for a facility. However, some of the most successful programs are very well designed within strict material and budget limits.
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A highly regarded example is the Downtown Drop-In Center near Skid Row in Los Angeles, California. “The building was built on a very ti ght budget...but contains architectural elements usually reserved for private, more expensive buildings” (Kimm, 2001). The material palett e is simple, concrete, wood, and landscape elements, but the connecti ons and color palett e are well refi ned and detailed.
In additi on to meeti ng the required spati al needs, the center provides a generous landscaped entry and courtyard where guests can wait off of the streets in a calm area. Att enti on to scale, lighti ng, and proporti on can change a structure from imposing to inviti ng in the simplest deign moves.
Other ti mes, directors are willing to spend the extra money for a quality product. According to Father Joe from the Joan Kroc Center in San Diego even says, “good architecture is criti cal to helping the homeless, even though it requires more money. His architects oft en suggested ways to reduce costs, but he argued that these cost savings would be counterproducti ve...details and embellishments are integral to the success of the building and the programs within” (Davis, 2004).
“Design must allow for people to have dignity in receiving aid or uti lizing services. They must be integrated into the community, not shoved in some back alleyway. Hiding these resources is an att empt to hide people and disassociate from those who do not ‘fi t in’ with how the majority views a city or region.”
Conversati on with Ronni Gilboa Manager of Seatt le’s Urban Rest Stop
October 201015
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In 1988 the arti st Krzysztof Wodiczko explored the traditi onal shopping cart used by much of the homeless populati on in New York City. He designed new variati ons and had homeless people use them in the city. Aft er a period of use, Wodiczko had a dialogue about the strengths and failures of the carts.
”An initi al proposal, the project is not put forward as a fi nished product, ready for use on the streets. Rather, it is conceived as a starti ng point for further collaborati on between skilled designers and potenti al users. Both parti es will have to play roles in the design and producti on of future versions of the vehicle...Only through such cooperati on can the vehicle functi on usefully.” (Wodiczko, 82).
Designed to call att enti on to the issue of homelessness in the city, the carts have a larger profi le than a typical shopping cart and contain secure areas for storage of belongings and sleeping. Wodiczko synthesized feedback from local homeless people in an att empt to make a vehicle more opti mized for life on the streets made of welded steel, wire mesh, and large wheels. The carts expand or rotate to accommodate various functi ons.
“Although never intended as a soluti on to the problem of homelessness these vehicles, designed in consultati on with homeless men, do provide temporary refuge for those unwilling to subject themselves to the insti tuti onalized system of shelters” (Ascher).
Wodiczko understood the power of DESIGNING WITH NOT FOR his client. By sharing ownership of the process and product, he created something much more meaningful than a donated object.
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The public restroom unit located in Portland, Oregon, is a designed response to the lack of restroom faciliti es open to the public. It currently exists in three locati ons, one being near Union Stati on and the Greyhound bus terminal due to higher amounts of neighborhood complaints of people using any available surface as a restroom.
It serves ANYONE in the area, providing a dignifi ed place to use the restroom.
To begin addressing public health and hygiene issues, citi es must consider resources that will benefi t a wide variety of people. A small, simple piece like the Portland Loo is inviti ng, widely accommodati ng, easily maintained, and functi onal. Something that can be embraced by the surrounding neighborhood can promote local ownership and unoffi cial monitoring of facility by the community. If the area feels a sense of ownership and accessibility, the piece will have increased longevity.
The research issues of safety + security and health + hygiene are addressed in a short term manner by Wodiczko’s Criti cal Vehicles and the Portland Loo. They provide basic resources but are not designed to solve large-scale complex issues such as homelessness and poverty. They do, however, express the need for:
Materials: Steel, replaceable side panels, graffi ti -proof
Systems: Toilet , butt on-acti vated hand wash feature
Lighti ng: Skylight, PV powered batt ery light, moti on sensors
Use: Up to 20 minutes per use, 400 uses a day
Venti lati on: Upper & lower louvers angled for privacy Accessibility: Large enough for bike/cart, ADA compliant
Module: Size of one city parking space
Image: Contemporary, poster space on outside of door
Cost $60,000 to manufacture, $1500/month to maintain [Much less than clean-up + social impact of not having it]
a range of faciliti es from the scale of an individual to that of a city, WORKING TOGETHER, to provide servicesfor all members of the community.
Materials: Steel, replaceable side panels, graffi ti -proof
Systems: Toilet , butt on-acti vated hand wash feature
Lighti ng: Skylight, PV powered batt ery light, moti on sensors
Use: Up to 20 minutes per use, 400 uses a day
Venti lati on: Upper & lower louvers angled for privacy
Accessibility: Large enough for bike/cart, ADA compliant
Module: Size of one city parking space
Image: Contemporary, poster space on outside of door
Cost $60,000 to manufacture, $1500/month to maintain [Much less than clean-up + social impact of not having it]
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How does conti nuous mobility aff ect people mentally, physically, and emoti onally?
Homeless and near-homeless people are frequently forced to pack up and move to new locati ons. Moving can provide access to much needed services or be the result of forced evacuati on.
High levels of mobility wear heavily on a person. The act of moving one’s belongings on a regular basis is physically and mentally draining. It makes accumulati on and retenti on of possessions, even just the basics, extremely diffi cult. Personal items and documents oft en get lost or taken during the moving process. Many people who stay in shelters are limited on personal items due to lack of storage space and the risk of theft .
Single-person dwelling units exist worldwide in response to homelessness, poverty, mobility, and design-romanti cized ideas about temporality. While vastly diff erent in appearance, the Bubble House and the Zero Yen Solar House att empt to resolve similar issues. Originati ng from opposite ends of the design spectrum, one from an architectural fi rm in Spain seeking to explore upward mobility, and the other from a homeless man in Japan seeking shelter and security. Both saw a need for shelter, storage, and basic uti liti es.
The Bubble House, a prototype of a temporary living space for one or two individuals developed by Studio MMASA, was installed in various locati ons to study relati onships that citi zens exhibit with new objects in the urban landscape. The designers see the dwelling unit as a part of a contemporary lifestyle allowing people to “gradually sett le in the city” (Bubble, 2010). They imply that it could also be applied to displacement situati ons but provide no further explorati on into
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such conditi ons or the required adaptati ons for disaster use. Such an applicati on would be vastly diff erent from installati on merely for observati on and interacti on.
The Zero Yen Solar House is an ongoing work by a homeless man who has built it as his shelter on the streets. As he fi nds new materials, he adds to and changes the unit for bett er functi on. Like Studio MMASA, the man understands every detail about his shelter. Fully documented by designer Kyohei Sakaguchi, it contains arguably a more in-depth level of detail and analysis.
Both houses have been represented in nearly the same manner from opposite sides of the world: a clear step-by-step assembly, disassembly, and transportati on. Each requires one to two people to unload and assemble the unit. Both developers illustrate secti ons to convey three-dimensional qualiti es and systems. They draw each individual component to indicate quanti ty of pieces and locati on within the design.
issuesp r i v a c ys e c u r i t ys t o r a g ee a s e . o f . m o b i l i t y
shelter.from.elementse l e c t r i c i t yw a t e r . s u p p l y
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The Urban Rest Stop is an infi ll project in Seatt le, Washington. The program is simple: laundry facility, restrooms, and shower rooms serving thousands in Seatt le. An open laundry area occupies the front of the building with bathroom faciliti es behind. There are large men’s and women’s restrooms and fi ve separate shower rooms. Soap, shaving cream, razors, toothbrushes, towels and other hygiene supplies are all available upon request, according to their website.
The rest stop celebrated 10 years of service to nearly 30,000 unduplicated individuals.
“One has to wonder what people did before we opened our doors” (Gilboa, 2010).
The use of an historic building allows the rest stop to recede into the cityscape and maintains the architectural character of the block. A small extended sign states the name, but the most important feature is the rest stop’s ability to blend into its context. The basic storefront windows were maintained, which ensures visibility on the street. Nothing says, “homeless services” or “free laundry.”
“Thirty years ago when I went to England, they
had public restrooms and showers. They have
them in Rome and in Paris and there’s no
reason why we can’t have them here, too.”
Ronni Gilboa (Willis,1999)
During an interview with Ronni Gilboa, she expressed the importance of not hiding such faciliti es off of back alleyways. People using the services must be allowed dignity. Att empti ng to hide these resources is an att empt to hide a group of people and disassociate from those who do not “fi t it” with how the majority views a city or region. She discussed the value of dignifi ed projects that encourage clients to become more integrated into the local community. This facility allows visitors to use the same streets as the local housed populati on.
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According to Healthcare for the Homeless: A Family Medicine Perspecti ve, the main issues in disease are unsanitary living conditi ons and poor hygiene. This contributes to skin conditi ons, dental issues, infecti ons, and others. Since access to healthcare services is oft en unpredictable, increased hygiene could reduce strain on immune system and lessen (slightly) the need for health services. Hygiene services can also increase one’s ability to care for and keep clean wounds or injuries.
headlines“Urban Rest Stop - 10 year track record - 29,000 served”“Urban Rest Stop, A Clean Break”“Julie Apartments To House Seattle’s 1st Public Hygiene Center”“Remodeled Downtown Hygiene Center Already at Capacity”“Urban Rest Stop lift s up the city’s down and out”“A unique appoach to helping Seatt le’s homeless”“Rest Stop an urban oasis for Seatt le’s homeless”“Urban Rest Stop - City should be commended”
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aff ordable housingsocial serviceshealth servicesfood supplierindustrial businessauto sales/servicesretaileducati onfast food/drinkparks + public areasreligious
1/2 mile radius1 mile radius
2 mile radius
SITE
Pleasant Run Creek
Interstate 70
Monument Circle
Interstate 65
E. Washington St.
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women
fleeing
domestic
violence
26%
still employed19%
15%enrolled in
educa
on
programs
veterens22%
job losscited
as
#1 reasonfo
r
homelessness
34%
childrenunder
age 1824%
family mem
bers
39%
Indianapolis homeless data
gathered by the Indiana University
Public Policy Insti tute in
January 2010
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Responses to such complex issues as homelessness and poverty must work within a larger network woven through the city. This project synthesizes issues from three scales of eff orts aimed to serve homeless or impoverished people in Indianapolis.
Analysis of Marion County data on foreclosure densiti es, percentages at or below 120% of the area’s median income, and target areas of Indianapolis neighborhood stabilizati on programs pointed to the near-southeast side of the city as potenti ally needing additi onal resources. (See appendix for maps.)
A key component to siti ng a project is the existi ng network of Indianapolis service enti ti es. The success and longevity of the project hinges on how it would integrate into its context.
In order to determine that context, the map to the left was created to label and locate all service-oriented organizati ons and faciliti es within the city. These consist of aff ordable housing, transiti onal housing, medical services, food services, and social services.
A site on the near-southeast side at the corner of South Keystone Ave. and Prospect St. was selected due to it’s connecti on to an existi ng farmers’ market, industrial adjacency, and acti ve but struggling surrounding neighborhood.
Within a 1-mile radius of the site, further analysis was conducted to identi fy features vital to a community’s potenti al for success: educati onal faciliti es, religious organizati ons, businesses, retail and commercial areas, and recreati onal space. (Details in appendix.)
To address heath and hygiene issues, basic human comfort, and access to clean water, the Water Stop would be situated immediately north of Wilcher’s Southside Farmers’ Market.
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The site is bounded to the north and east by a now-shut down heavy industrial area. An industrial coke plant for nearly 100 year, the property poses environmental hazards as it slowly becomes reappropriated into lighter industry and commercial space (Citi zens Gas Uti lity Plan)
A residenti al and industrial neighborhood, the area contains mostly occupied but dilapidated homes and businesses. The area is underserved by public ameniti es, but it does not lack community spirit. Many residents have been in the area for decades.
Family-owned Wilcher’s Southside Farmers Market is an area staple but is also stuggling to survive.
M. Heidelberger
M. Heidelberger
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Prospect St.S.
Key
ston
e Av
e.
Pleasant Run Trail
Pleasant Run Creek
Coke Uti lity Gas Storage
Wilc
her’
s M
arke
t Site
Indian
apolis
Coke U
ti lity
Twin Aire Drive-In
SITE
Google 31
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W A T E R . S T O P V I S I T O R S
homeless people
housed.people
people living in shelters
employed.people
unemployed.people
on.the.way.to.work
on.the.way.to.school
aft er.work.or.school
industrial.workers
overcrowded.families
unaccompanied.youth
market.truck.drivers
farmers.market.vendors
job.applicants
community.gardeners
market customers
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one-stop-shop style facilities can’t solve a community’s
problems all in one place
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wat
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top
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“There’s this bogus theory that if people get hungry and dirty enough, they’ll get a job. But how can you get a job if you’re not clean? If we want people clean and healthy, if we want a healthy community, we need to do this.” Ronni Gilboa on Seatt le’s Urban Rest Stop, January 2008
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reduced risk of infecti ondecreased healing ti me of prior infecti onsreduced aggravati on of other conditi onsreduced the demand for medical att enti onallows pet owners to provide water for animals
keeps employees cleanallows employees to clean clothingenables unemployed to search for jobs and look presentable at interviews
water for housed lacking adequate plumbing additi onal faciliti es for overcrowded familiesallows industrial workers to clean up aft er work
allows the homeless to wash personal carts outdoorsallows people to clean household linens + blankets
bio-remediati on landscapes help fi lter industrial toxins out of ground water and soil on the site
rain water collecti on and gray water reuse lessen burden on city water infrastructureprovides a hub in an underserved neighborhooddraws people to an existi ng market needing support
allows employees to clean clothingenables unemployed to search for jobs and look presentable at interviewsjobs and look presentable at interviews
keeps employees cleanallows employees to clean clothingenables unemployed to search for jobs and look presentable at interviews
allows employees to clean clothing
water for housed lacking adequate plumbing additi onal faciliti es for overcrowded familiesallows industrial workers to clean up aft er work
water for housed lacking adequate plumbing
personal carts outdoors
household linens + blanketshousehold linens + blankets
Water has the ability to off er personal infrastructure to individuals or families working to live their lives in the best way they can.
It is a basic human need.
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W A T E R - S T O Pwater core collecti on fi ltrati on redistributi onlaundry + shower facilityvisibility across sitebio-remediati onextended farmers’ marketcafe
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Phasing
Stage 1: Repair roof and structure of Wilcher’s Southside Farmers’ Market
Add front windows and door to proposed expanded market area
Build arbor over proposed market area
Stage 2: Plant bio-remediati on gardens to pull toxins out of the ground. Trees and large plants are removed and replaced aft er 5 years.
Replace topsoil for community garden plots
Stage 3: Build Water Stop facility and surrounding outdoor seati ng spaces
Build adjoining cafe and kitchen space
Site Movement
Vehicle traffi c, deliveries
Delivery truck parking
Market food movement, sales to community, supply to cafe kitchen
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SITE WATER MOVEMENT
WATER FILTRATION
GARDENS
ROOF COLLECTION
AREA
ROOF COLLECTION
AREA
PERMEABLE TRUCK PARKINGPERMEABLE
MARKET AREA
WATER NEEDS
supplied by harvested rain
water
supplied bycollected
gray water
supplied by Indianapolis
Water
*Demand calculated as an
average monthly need of 177,000
gallons
[ ]WATER NEEDS
[ ][ ]
WATER FILTRATION
GARDENS
Rain water harvested and used onsite deomonstrates the need for resource conservati on in all project types. “Sustainability” practi ces are not to be reserved for elite clients.
A facility with high water consumpti on must take advantage of natural resources in order to lessen the burden on aging city infrastructure.
At the front of the Water Stop is a water collecti on meter to indicate the amount of rainwater available for reuse within the building at any given ti me.
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the WATER STOP
Encompassing the need for clean drinking water, water for bathing and washing clothes, the Water Stop provides short and long term infrastructure and resources to the near-southeast side of Indianapolis. It would provide users the ability to remain clean in order to gain or maintain employment and to reduce health risks caused by inadequate sanitation. It offers socialization spaces in conjunction with an proposed adjacent café and the existing family-owned farmers’ market and trucking service. By engaging a strong, but overlooked neighborhood, it aims to integrate into and strengthen the Indianapolis network by adding a unique set of services and amenities.
1 2 3
5 6
4
7 8 9
10
11 12
13
15
1 laundry area, comfortable seati ng + work stati ons2 individual shower rooms with storage space3 facility storage + loading dock + staff room4 entry courtyard with seati ng + water feature5 front desk check-in area6 public restroom area with shared sinks7 cafe dining area, waiti ng area8 cafe sales area9 cafe kitchen + community kitchen10 rain water storage area11 cart + bike storage12 outdoor spigots13 bio-remediati on gardens (see appendix for more detailed informati on)
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14 outdoor market expansion area15 temporary market stands 16 Herb garden plot for cafe17 Truck + delivery entrance18 Additi onal truck parking19 Covered outdoor eati ng + gathering area20 Shared parking for market, Water Stop, and Cafe
17
19
14
20
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1
1 shared kitchen for apartment rooms2 short-stay apartments3 facility storage + staff space4 comfortable seati ng + children’s play area5 private shower room6 offi ce space for case work, counseling, etc.7 administrati on offi ce8 gray water collecti on + fi ltrati on9 rain water fi ltrati on10 rain water storage area
2 2 2
3
4 5 6 6 7
8 9 10
second floor
basement
18
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Water collecti on from market
Supplies 36% of needs
uses:washing machines
showers
OVERALL WATER SYSTEM NETWORK
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Supplies 8% of building needs
uses:toilets, landscape
collected from sinks, washing
machines
Amount collected from building
Supplies 56% of needs
uses:sinks, drinking
water, dishwasher, showers not
supplied by rain water
[ ]=reference: average monthly residential water use for a family of 4 = 12,000 gallons
Additi onal calculati ons and data on water collecti on, esti mated water demand, rain fall, and gray water catchment can be found in the appendix. 45
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LARGE LOCKERS for carts, bikes, or other possessions, visible from the laundry area. A place welcoming to carts and personal storage offers an added layer of security to those using the Water Stop.
BIO F ILTERS planted beds used to filter discharged gray water on site. Will provide filtered water for community garden plots immediately to the north.
OUTDOOR SEATING for individuals and groups facing the street and onsite garden areas. Seating will invite people to gather and linger on the site, encouraging neighborhood discourse and connections
WATER GUAGE to indicate current levels of rain water stored on site. Places water at the forefront of the facility.
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OUTDOOR SHADING on south cafe seating area, facing Wilcher’s Farmers’ Market
OUTDOOR MARKETfor local vendors to sell produce and other wares
TRUCK ACCESS for deliveries and back access to all buildings
OUTDOOR MARKET addition to Wilcher’s Southside Farmers’ Market.
WATER STORAGE area for collection rain water from roof surfaces including Wilcher’s.
LOADING DOCK for donations, supplies, and mechanical work.
CART ENTRANCE for facility users bringing personal items into shower rooms.
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The main underlying issues in diseases among the homeless and near-homeless are unsanitary living conditi ons and poor hygiene. This contributes to skin conditi ons, dental issues, infecti ons, and other health issues. Since access to healthcare services is oft en unpredictable, increased hygiene could reduce strain on one’s immune system and lessen the need for emergency health services. Hygiene services can also increase one’s ability to care for and clean wounds or injuries, preventi ng them from becoming larger problems.
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CHECK- IN DESK for reserving shower and laundry time. Also contains information and referrals to other social services in the Indianapolis area.
RAIN COLLEC TION from roof is visible on the main axis of the building. Water is stored in holding tanks immediately outside and filtered in basement.
WAITING AREA for shower rooms or laundry machines. Seating also lines the main hallway through the Water Stop, following skylights and the path of collected rain water.
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WORK STATIONS with computer space so users can maintain online contacts, check email, job listings, and news.
WIDE AISLES for easy movement of carts, laundry bins, and other storage methods.
FOLDING TABLES L IV ING ROOM STYLE SEATING for relaxed waiting during laundry time or in shower line up.
LAUNDRY MACHINES 10 washing machines and 12 dryers.
FOLDING SPACE with views to outdoor storage area and bio-remediation gardens.
INDIVIDUAL SHOWER ROOMS with storage area and space for personal belongings that clients do not wish to leave in lockers. Individual rooms allow for privacy of clients. 49
sum
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Most importantly, the Water Stop demonstrati ons that EVERYONE deserves dignifi ed access to clean water.
In focusing on a single element, water, the Water Stop is highly specifi c but able to serve a broad range of people. By providing resources needed by everyone, it becomes fl exible to a neighborhood’s needs.
Its aim is not to solve an enti re city’s problems but to demonstrate that one resource, well-thought out and highly detailed, can fi t into its context and reinforce the other existi ng resources.
The resource is layered to address varied issues surrounding water. At the site level, rain water is harvested to help supply the fi xtures without overburdening local infrastructure. Planti ngs absorb toxins from industrially-polluted ground water and soil. Aft er bio-remediati on and renewed soil, the landscape will provide space for community members to maintain small garden patches.
The building collects and fi lters gray water for reuse inside the facility and to help maintain the planted areas at the north end of the site. Its footprint is small enough to allow the Wilcher family to conti nue occupying a large porti on of the site for their trucking business.
People who use the Water Stop can benefi t from a clean water source for drinking, bathing, cleaning clothing or other possessions, reducing health and infecti on risks, and feeling dignifi ed in the process.
As a water desti nati on, the wide range of people using the site would bring traffi c to the adjacent farmers’ market. It could encourage interacti on among various facti ons of the neighborhood that usually remain separate, strengthening the community dialogue.
Most importantly, the Water Stop demonstrati ons that EVERYONE deserves dignifi ed access to clean water.
As a water desti nati on, the wide range of people using the site would bring As a water desti nati on, the wide range of people using the site would bring traffi c to the adjacent farmers’ market. It could encourage interacti on among traffi c to the adjacent farmers’ market. It could encourage interacti on among various facti ons of the neighborhood that usually remain separate, strengthening various facti ons of the neighborhood that usually remain separate, strengthening
Most importantly, the Water Stop demonstrati ons that Most importantly, the Water Stop demonstrati ons that Most importantly, the Water Stop demonstrati ons that Most importantly, the Water Stop demonstrati ons that Most importantly, the Water Stop demonstrati ons that Most importantly, the Water Stop demonstrati ons that Most importantly, the Water Stop demonstrati ons that Most importantly, the Water Stop demonstrati ons that EVERYONE deserves dignifi ed access to clean water.EVERYONE deserves dignifi ed access to clean water.EVERYONE deserves dignifi ed access to clean water.EVERYONE deserves dignifi ed access to clean water.EVERYONE deserves dignifi ed access to clean water.EVERYONE deserves dignifi ed access to clean water.EVERYONE deserves dignifi ed access to clean water.EVERYONE deserves dignifi ed access to clean water.
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Future expansion and development potenti al
If successfully developed, the Water Stop could become part of its own new network weaving through Indianapolis with satellite faciliti es based on individual neighborhood characteristi cs.
Downtown: A commuter biking hub would serve downtown workers who bike into and around the city on a regular basis. It would house showers and individual bathrooms, bike storage, bike repairs, and a coff ee shop.
Sports Arenas: Near the various sports faciliti es in the city, the Water Stop could provide single public bathroom units in areas where large groups of fans congregate before and aft er sports games.
Social Areas: Near the downtown bar area and around concert and festi val venues, the Water Stop could have additi onal single public bathroom units much like in the sports areas.
Recreati on: Showers and bathrooms could adjoin biking and other excercise along the Monon Trail and other linked trails around the city.
Clothing: Laundry faciliti es can join local used clothing businesses to create a clothing and household linens exchange.
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Contents
Indianapolis + Marion County Maps of Neighborhood Analysis
Indianapolis Service Network Map
Site mapping data
Rain water collecti on calculati ons + building water calculati ons
Site Zoning
Indianapolis Homeless Study Data
Bio-remediati on
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SITE
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SITE
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SITE
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SITE
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INDYGO BUS ROUTES:Run primarily across Washington Street but also cross the city at several north/south routes. Most run from the edge of the city to the center and back over the course of the day.
While not strongly reliable, this system is oft en the only transit available to people using the network of services listed. Riders oft en wait long periods of ti me in harsh weather, as the majority of stops consist of nothin more than a sign with a route number. Few have benches, and even fewer have shelters to escape rain, wind, and snow.
HealthNet Dental CenterHealthNet OB/GYNHealthNet Administrati on Offi ceHealth Recovery Program
SUPPORT SERVICES:Hoosier Veterans Assistance Foundati on (HVAF)Coaliti on for Homelessness Interventi on and Preventi on Horizon HouseDanny’s Closet of HopeDress for SuccessJohn H. Boner Community CenterSchool on WheelsWheeler MissionWheeler Mission Center for Women and ChildrenHoly Family ShelterCatholic Chariti esDayspring CenterNeighborhood Christi an Legal ClinicSalvati on Army Women and Children’s ShelterSalvati on Army CenterSalvati on Army Food CenterSalvati on Army Worship Center + Adult Rehabilitati on ServicesCompassion CenterCoburn PlaceGood Shepherd Community CenterLighthouse MissionOutreach IndianaIndy Housing AuthorityDamien Center
OTHER:Pogue’s Run Grocery Co-OpIndianapolis Central Library
HOUSING:The Georgetown Colonial ParkGladstoneLinwood ManorMozingo PlaceBlue TriangleBurton Apartments Crown Pointe ApartmentsGuerin PlaceMapleton Park (Partners in Housing projects)
Holy Family Transiti onal Housing One Step Two StepsRed Maple GroveLaurelwood Apartments Rowney TerraceTwin HillsBlackburn TerraceBeechwood Gardens Hawthorne PlaceConcord VillageIndiana Ave. ApartmentsLugar Tower Apartments John J. Barton Apartments Amber Woods Cooperati ve Bishop Joseph D. Farris Living Center Byrne Court Apartments
FOOD SERVICES:Second HelpingsGleaners Food BankSt. Vincent de Paul Food PantryCathedral Kitchen
HEALTH SERVICES:Gennesaret Free ClinicGennesaret Dental Clinic Gennesaret Mobile ClinicsHealthNet Care Center 61
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Tire Sales (2)Auto Parts (3)Auto Service + Repair (6)
RELIGIOUS FACILITIES (12)
PARKS + RECREATION:Parks (4)Pleasant Run TrailSoutheast Community Organizati onEDUCATION:Elementary School (2)Early Childhood CenterDaycareChristi an School
FOOD + BEVERAGERestaurant (2)Fast FoodGrocery StoreLiquor Store (2)Bar
SUPPORT SERVICES (5)
AFFORDABLE HOUSING (6)
COMMERCIAL + RETAILAce HardwareRoofi ng Company (2)Gas Stati on (2)BarberFamily DollarCash AdvanceAppliance Sales + Service
SITE SELECTION:The dashed empty box on E. Washington St. is a potenti al historic renovati on of the Mallory Building into aff ordable housing units
The dashed yellow triangle is the site selected for the Indianapolis Water Stop facility and bio-remediati on gardens
INDUSTRIAL BUSINESSES:Dairy PlantMaterials Handling WarehouseIndianapolis Drum ServicesEwing Light MetalsInterstate WarehousingMidwest MachineryTool + Supply ShopIndy Recycling and Transfer Stati onMetal FinishingEngineered Coati ngsStorage FacilityOmniSource MetalsToyoshima SteelPlywood Distributi onHydraulicsAdvanced Municipal EquipmentAppliance Recycling
AUTO SERVICES:Auto Sales (2)
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Month Inches (in ft.) Ft.3 Gallons Ft.3 Gallons Total % DemandJan 2.3 0.192 1,449 10,837 2,818 21,075 31,912 18.0%Feb 2.5 0.208 1,575 11,779 3,063 22,908 34,687 19.6%Mar 3.8 0.317 2,394 17,905 4,655 34,819 52,724 29.8%Apr 3.7 0.308 2,331 17,434 4,533 33,903 51,337 29.0%May 4 0.333 2,520 18,847 4,900 36,652 55,499 31.4%Jun 3.5 0.292 2,205 16,491 4,288 32,071 48,562 27.4%Jul 4.5 0.375 2,835 21,203 5,513 41,234 62,436 35.3%Aug 3.6 0.300 2,268 16,962 4,410 32,987 49,949 28.2%Sep 2.9 0.242 1,827 13,664 3,553 26,573 40,237 22.7%Oct 2.6 0.217 1,638 12,251 3,185 23,824 36,074 20.4%Nov 3.3 0.275 2,079 15,549 4,043 30,238 45,787 25.9%Dec 3.3 0.275 2,079 15,549 4,043 30,238 45,787 25.9%
25,197 188,471 49,000 annually554,991366,520
Water Stop Roof Collection Wilcher’s Roof Collection
Totals
Fixtures Qty Supply Collect Outflow GPM Gal/Use Time(mins)Daily Use Units Gal/Day Gal/Mon. Collect/Day Collect/Mon.Shower 11 gray yes gray 2 20 10 170 washes 3400 102000 3230 96900Washing mach. 10 gray yes gray 2 15 25 100 washes 1500 45000 1425 42750Bathroom sink 19 gray no black 0.5 2.5 5 600 mins 300 9000Toilet 18 gray no black 1.6 1.6 n/a 300 flushes 480 14400Kitchen sink 3 city no black 1 10 10 10 users 100 3000Drinking water 2 city n/a minimal 0.5 1 2 100 users 100 3000Dish washer 1 city yes gray 2 10 60 2 washes 20 600 19 570
Total: 5900 177000 4674 140220Total Daily Use 5900Collected Gray Water 4674 79.2% recovered
rain water 36% 63,796 gallons
14,400 gallons
99,120 gallons
gray water 8%
city water 56%
total water 100% 177,000 gallonsMontly Water Demand
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I-2-U uses
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According to HUD’s defi niti on, a person is considered homeless if he or she meets one of two diff erent classifi cati ons: 1) resides in a place not meant for human habitati on, such as a car, park, sidewalk, abandoned building, or on the street (unsheltered person); or 2) resides in an emergency shelter or transiti onal housing for persons who originally came from the streets or emergency shelters (sheltered homeless).
FindingsThere were 1,488 individuals experiencing homelessness in Marion County on the date of the count. According to Table 1, that is an increase of 34 people from the Winter 2009 count. The number of people in emergency shelters decreased while the numbers in transiti onal housing increased and the number of unsheltered that we found decreased. As discussed below, an additi onal 143 individuals would have been homeless at some point leading up to and possibly including the night of the count but for the positi ve impact of preventi on initi ati ves and a new federal program for preventi on and interventi on with individualswith low barriers to housing. In additi on, anecdotal informati on available from shelters and service providers suggests that the number of unsheltered individuals found on the night of the count would be higher but for the negati ve impact of the inclement weather on that night and individuals who elected not to parti cipate in the survey.
Of those who answered the questi on (825 adults), a total of 19 percent reported that they were employed (down from 25 percent in 2009), and another 15 percent reported that they were in school (up from 12 percent in 2009).
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htt p://www.policyinsti tute.iu.edu/PubsPDFs/Homeless_PPI_Pr4.pdf
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bio-remediati on
In order to begin detoxifying the area surrounding the now-closed Indianapolis Coke Utility, plants known to absorb chemicals and metals from the ground or to filter water.
The bio-remediation areas would line the property edge shared by Wilcher’s and the railroad and occupy the northern part of the site closest to the utility plant.
The following plants would help to clean the Water Stop site and lessen the negative environmental impact of the industrial site.
Birch Trees (chromium)Broadleaf Arrowhead + Water Hyacinth (selenium)Perennial Ryegrass (petroleum products)Vicia villosaWillow Trees (benzene)
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Images
11 __ Urban Rest Stop client
12 __ Partners in Housing, Colonial Park Apartments
12 __ Resource Access Center, Portland, OR
13 __ Second Helps Culinary Job Training School
15 __ Downtown Drop In Center
18 __ Critical Vehicles
19 __ Portland Loo
20 __ Bubble House
21 __ Zero Yen House
22 __ Urban Rest Stop
30 __ Indianapolis Citizens Gas Coke Utility
http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/Rest-Stop-an-urban-oasis-for-Seattle-s-homeless-1182095.php#
Google street view
http://chatterbox.typepad.com/portlandarchitecture/2009/09/resource-access-center-for-homeless-going-forward-after-urban-renewal-settlement.html
http://www.secondhelpings.org/culinary-job-training
images 1 - 3: http://www.lehrerarchitects.com/inst/dropin/dropin.htmimages 4 - 5: http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0411/design_2-1.html
sketch: http://www.xcp.bfn.org/ascher.htmlimages: http://www.xcp.bfn.org/ascher.html
http://www.portlandonline.com/water/index.cfm?c=51250&
http://bubbleprototype.blogspot.com/
sketches + image: http://www.0yenhouse.com/en/A_Solar_Zero_Yen_House/
left: Google street viewtop right: http://www.urbanreststop.org/bottom right: http://www.urbanreststop.org/urban-rest-stop-laundry.html
top: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mmheidelberger/tags/indianapoliscoke/sewer: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mmheidelberger/4302031326/industry: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mmheidelberger/sets/72157613726407062/with/3274912875/
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31 __ Wilcher’s Southside Farmers’ Market
32 __ Neighborhood houses
57 __ Neighborhood Stabilizati on + Density Maps
65 __ Zoning
66 __ Indianapolis Homeless Count
69 __ Bio-remediati on
Google street view
Google street view
htt p://www.indy.gov/eGov/City/DMD/Community/Pages/home.aspx
Indiana GIS
charts: htt p://www.chipindy.org/uploaded/2010%20Homeless%20Count%20Report%20Final.pdf
birch tree: htt p://www.panoramio.com/photo/28024716broadleaf arrowhead: htt p://plants.usda.gov/java/profi le?symbol=SALA2water hyacinth: htt p://amuraquati cs.com/problemweeds1.htmlryegrass: htt p://www.dlfi s.com/R_and_D/Forage_Breeding/Italian_ryegrass.aspxvicia villosa: htt p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vicia_villosa.jpegwillow tree: htt p://www.dlfi s.com/R_and_D/Forage_Breeding/Italian_ryegrass.aspx
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Santos, Fernanda. “In the Shadows, Day Laborers Left Homeless as Work Vanishes.” New York Times. 01 Jan. 2010. Web. 10 Nov. 2010. <htt p://www.nyti mes.com/2010/01/02/nyregion/02laborers. html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=In%20the%20Shadows,%20Day%20Laborers&st=cse>.
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SlumJack. “Why I Choose Streets Over Shelter.” Web log post. Poverty in America. 03 June 2009. Web. 02 Dec. 2010. < htt p://news.change.org/stories/why-i-choose-streets-over-shelter >.
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Willis, Ragan. “Julie Apartments Will Combine Seatt le’s First Public Hygiene Center and Low-income Housing.” Seatt le DJC Newspaper. 18 Oct. 1999. Web. 1 Dec. 2010. <htt p://www.djc.com/news/re/10059535.html>.
Wodiczko, Krzysztof. Criti cal Vehicles: Writi ngs, Projects, Interviews. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1999.
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