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Indications for Plasmapheresis
Timothy E. BunchmanPediatric Nephrology &
Transplantation
Mechanical Removal of Antibodies
When antibody is rapidly and massively decreased by TPE, antibody synthesis increases rapidly.
This rebound response complicates treatment of autoimmune diseases.
It is usually combined with immune suppressive therapy.
Goodpasture’s Syndrome Anti-glomerular Basement Membrane
Antibody Mediated Disease– Single CT (Johnson et al. Medicine 1985), case studies– TPE useful in rapid lowering of Anti-GBM Ab– Lower post-treatment serum creatinine,
decreased incidence of ESRD NEED ADJUNCT IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE REGIMEN Follow antibody levels for end point
Rapidly Progressive GN (non Anti-GBM)
RPGN- most patients have evidence of antibody associated disease (ANCA), or known immune complex disease - IgA, Cryoglobulinemia,lupus
Case reports (favorable), CT-no favorable generalized benefit (Cole et al.
1992, AJKD) (when TPE added to standard immunosuppressive therapy)
Rapidly Progressive GN (non Anti-GBM)
However:– Subset analysis revealed that TPE was
beneficial for patients with severe disease or those requiring dialysis (Kaplan Ther Apheresis, 1997)
Multiple Myeloma with Renal Failure
Cast Nephropathy resulting from light chain toxicity
TPE in conjunction with proper anti neoplastic regimen improves on a more likely return of renal function
Evidence: CT (n=29) (Zucchelli et al. KI, 1988)- strong support
Recommend- 5 consecutive daily TPE treatments-early in course
Multiple Myeloma with Renal Failure
Caveats:– Must rule out other causes of renal failure
as these patients tend to be relatively ill– If renal failure well established- results
not as good- better before onset of oligoanuria (Johnson et al. Arch Intern med, 1990)
IgA Nephropathy & Henoch Schonlein
Purpura ~ 10% of IgA presents as RPGN TPE rationale--removal of circulating IgA Evidence No CTs, case reports Treatment
+/- other immunosuppressive agents Recommend:
- Useful in RPGN presentation (Coppo et al. Plasma Ther Transfus Technol, 1985)
- Likely minimal role in chronic disease
HSP(Hattori et al, Am J Kid Dis, 1999, 33:427-33)
9 children with RPGN with HSP Rx with PP without immunosuppression– Proteinuria ~ 4.9 gms/m2– GFR ~ 46 mls/min/1.73 m2
6/9 complete recovery 2/9 rebound with proteinuria with
progression to ESRD
Cryoglobulinemia Renal Manifestations- glomerular capillary
deposition of cryoglobulin or immune complex disease with complement activation and vasculitis
Evidence: No CTs, case reports and uncontrolled trials
Consensus: Useful adjunct in treatment of severe disease (progressive RF, coalescing purpura, advanced neuropathy) (D’Amico et al. KI, 1989)
Cryoglobulinemia Caveat:
– If Hep C associated disease interferon-alpha used as treatment (Misiani et al. NEJM, 1994)
– Can use TPE as adjunct if disease reappears after discontinuing interferon in immediate period when considering reintroduction of interferon
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Difficult at times to differentiate between TTP and HUS (TTP tends to have more neurological manifestations while renal failure predominates in HUS)
May be HUS associated with Shiga toxin, congenital (factor H deficiency) or caused by inciting drugs-cyclosporine, tacrolimus, quinine, Oral Contraceptives, or other diseases like SLE and carcinoma)
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Evidence- limited-works in TTP? Why not HUS-adult outcome usually worse– SUBGROUPS:
Recurrent HUS in renal Transplantation- (Agarwal et al. JASN, 1995) Reviewed case reports- suggest TPE effective but endpoint unclear (ie continue until renal function returns)
HUS in Children- No RCTs, case reports suggest benefit of limiting renal damage in children with no diarrheal prodrome, neurologic manifestations or those >5 yrs of age (Gianviti et al. AJKD, 1993)
Recommend: Minimal data to support use except in subgroups above
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Evidence- early case reports suggested some benefit but CTs have not supported TPE when added to standard Immunosuppression (Lewis et al., NEJM, 1992)
May be some role in pregnancy when use of cytotoxic agents are not desired
? Treatment refractory disease Recommend: no evidence to support use
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome, Anticardiolipin
Antibodies, Lupus anticoagulant
Associated with venous & arterial thrombosis, fetal loss and occasional renal disease
Evidence- no CTs, case reports– Limited in renal disease- some benefit noted in
patients treated for LA pregnancy associated thrombotic microangiopathy (Farrugia et al., AJKD 1992)
– Recommend: May be useful when other interventions have failed
Scleroderma Scleroderma with ANCA positive
patients, normal renin levels, normotensive associated renal disease
Evidence: No CTs, case reports (2)– Seemed to offer clinical improvement (Omote
et al., Inter Med, 1997)
– Recommend: Consideration if poor disease control and patient ANCA positive
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Group: Recurrence Post-transplant (15-55% recurrence)- thought to be due to a circulating factor not yet specifically isolated
Evidence - strong no CTs, case reports with clinical and proteinuria improvement (Artero et al., AJKD, 1994)
Recommend: Daily therapy (early) for up to 2 weeks
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Group: Native FSGS– Multiple etiologies, therefore need to
evaluate carefully Evidence: equivocal- may offer benefit
in treatment resistant forms of primary FSGS
Recommend: Clinically based
Panel Reactive Antibody Reduction
Transplant Candidates with high titers of cytotoxic antibodies- high rate of hyperacute rejection of transplanted grafts
Other therapies also offered-ie monthly IVIG infusions-currently undergoing trials
Evidence: used immunoadsorption column treatments- No CTs, some encouraging results in several case studies (Ross et al., Transplantation, 1993)
Recommend: High consideration in those unable to receive renal transplants due to elevated PRA
Acute Renal Vascular Rejection
Evidence: 2 controlled trials no significant benefit noted (Allen et al., Transplantation, 1983)
Recommend: No supportive evidence for TPE in this treatment
Acute Hepatic Failure(Singer et al, Ann Surg, 2001 234:418-24)
49 children with FHF Rx with PP for– Hepatic support for recovery/bridge to Tx– Correction of coagulation
Results– 3/49 (8%) complete recovery– 32/49 (64%) bridge to Tx– 14/49 (28%) died due to FHF
No complications from PP
PP with or without HF in Sepsis
New generation of HF machines now have capability for PP
Can be done simultaneously with HF with all current machinery
Does data exist in this area?
(1.5 x HF BFR)
(0.4 x citrate rate)
10 pts with SS – 10 hrs of PFA + CVVHD vs CVVHD alone
MAP > with PFA (p = 0.001)– 11.8 vs 5.5 mmHg
Norepi < with PFA (P =0.003 )– 0.08 vs 0.005
TNF alpha production > with PFA (p = 0.009)
HF + Plasma filtration adsorption
Ronco et al CCM 2002 30:1387-8
Plasma exchange and sepsis
76 adult pts with DIC/MOSF/ARF-66% – Ventilated-72%– Shock-88%– Rx with PE until DIC reversed
Avg 2 (range 1-14)
Predicted mortality rate ~ 80% with Survival rate 82%
(Stegmayr et al CCM 2003 31:1730-6)
Sepsis Rx with PE Tetta C et al
– Nephrol Dial Transpl 1998 13:1458-64– Use of sorbent adsorption for cytokine
removal Nguyen el al Ped CCM 2001 2:187-
196– Rx with PE for Rx of microvascular
thrombosis
Sepsis Rx with PE Winchester et al Blood Purif 21:79-84
– Use of target sorbents Tetta el al
– Ther Apher 2002 :109-15– Int Care Med 2003 29:1222-8– Artif Organs 2003 27:202-13
Sorbents, adsorption, PE
Indication of TPE
Category 1: Standard acceptable therapy
Chronic idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), cryoglobulinemia, Goodpasture’s syndrome, Guillain-Barre syndrome, focal segmental glomerulonephritis, hyperviscosity, myasthenia gravis, post transfusion purpura, Refsum’s disease, TTP
Indication of TPECategory 2: Sufficient evidence to
suggest efficacy usually as adjunctive therapy
ABO incompatible organ transplant, bullous pemphigoid, coagulation factor inhibitors, drug overdose and poisoning (protein bound), Eaton-Lambert syndrome, HUS, monoclonal gammopahty of undetermined significance with neuropathy, pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcus, RPGN, systemic vasculitis
Indication of TPECategory 3: Inconclusive evidence of efficacy or uncertain risk/benefit
ratio.
TPE can be considered for the following occasions: Standard therapies have failed. Disease is active or progressive. There is a marker to follow. It is agreed that it is a trial of TPE and when to
stop. Possibility of no efficacy is understood by the
patient.
Indication of TPE
Category 4: Lack of efficacy in controlled trials.
Examples: AIDS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lupus nephritis, psoriasis, renal transplant rejection, schizophrenia, rheumatoid arthritis
Risk Benefit ratios Difficulty of basing all decision on
patient care on controlled trial data (retrospective or prospective) is that one will not advance thought process
If the therapy has known and controlled risks and is safe then do not the potential benefits potentially out weigh the risks?
Meta-analysis
Acknowledgement Thanks to Pat Brophy and Stuart
Goldstein for many of these slides and thought processes