Date post: | 12-Jan-2016 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | ferdinand-shelton |
View: | 212 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Human Poverty and Human
Development in Latin Development in Latin AmericaAmerica
Harry Anthony PatrinosHarry Anthony Patrinos World Bank
February 9, 2007Georgetown University
Washington, DC
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank 2
ContextContext
• UN Decade of Indigenous Peoples 1994-2004
• Indigenous gains in political influence– Upheavals: Mexico, Ecuador, Bolivia– Indigenous political representation
increasing• Changes in international & national policy
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank 3
Good news: the education gap has Good news: the education gap has been narrowing steadilybeen narrowing steadily
70
80
90
100
1950 1960 1970 1980
Percent of population that had some schooling Peru by birth cohort, 1950-1980
(% of population with some schooling)
Indigenous
Non-indigenous
Lines are logarithmic estimates of trends
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank 4
But indigenous people still have But indigenous people still have fewer years of education…fewer years of education…
Indigenous/ non-indigenous schooling gap, average years of school, 15 & older, latest year
Country Non-Indigenous Indigenous Schooling Gap in Years Bolivia 9.6 5.9 3.7 Ecuador 6.9 4.3 2.6 Guatemala 5.7 2.5 3.2 Mexico 7.9 4.6 3.3 Peru 8.7 6.4 2.3
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank 5
… … and receive less added income for and receive less added income for each year of educationeach year of education
Average earnings gain for an additional year of schooling is less for indigenous people, latest available year (% )
Country Non-Indigenous Indigenous
Bolivia 9 6 Ecuador 8 7 Guatemala 13 12 Mexico 10 8 Peru 12 13
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank 6
Evidence of labor market Evidence of labor market discrimination is still significantdiscrimination is still significant
Discrimination explains ¼ to ½ of labor earnings gap between indigenous & non-indigenous people, but may be
falling (% of earnings unexplained)
Country Early 1990s Latest Available Year Bolivia (urban only) 28 26 Ecuador 33 45 Guatemala 52 42 Mexico 48 42 Peru 50 58
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank 7
Low tests scores for indigenous Low tests scores for indigenous children suggest low quality children suggest low quality
schoolingschooling
Standardized test scores for indigenous children in national math tests, grade 5
Country Non-
Indigenous Indigenous Gap
Bolivia 1997 (OREALC) 16 14 12% Guatemala 2000 (grade 3) 48 40 17% Mexico 2001 (EN) 463 430 7% Peru 1997 (OREALC) 14 10 27%
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank 8
Some new and successful social Some new and successful social programs reach indigenous peoplesprograms reach indigenous peoples
68%61%
42%
23%
8%
33%
19%12%
4% 1%
1 2 3 4 5
Income Quintile, lowest to highest
Indigenous Non-indigenous
Mexico: portion of indigenous/non-indigenous peoples in income quintile that benefit from
Oportunidades conditional cash transfers
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank 9
But social insurance systems But social insurance systems cover fewer indigenous peoplescover fewer indigenous peoples
45%
36%
61%65%
56%
69%
Total Rural Urban
Indigenous Non-indigenous
Percent of workers in firms with 10+ employees who contribute to social
security, Guatemala 2000
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank 10
Evidence of poor health among Evidence of poor health among indigenous peoples is widespreadindigenous peoples is widespread
Stunting (height/ age) is about twice as widespread among indigenous children (% of children that are
stunted)
2933
14
59 58
44
Ecuador Guatemala Mexico
Non-indigenous Indigenous
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank 11
Little progress in income poverty Little progress in income poverty reduction for indigenous peoplereduction for indigenous people
Poverty rates changed little for indigenous peoples; where poverty declined, progress was slower for indigenous peoples
(% change in headcount poverty rate between earliest and latest survey year)
Country Non-Indigenous Indigenous Bolivia, 1997-2002 - 8 Change of less than 0.1 Ecuador, 1994-2003 + 14 Change of less than 0.1 Guatemala, 1989-2000 - 25 -15 Mexico, 1992-2002 - 5 Change of less than 0.1 Peru, 1994-2000 + 3 Change of less than 0.1
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank 12
Indigenous people also recover more Indigenous people also recover more slowly from economic crisisslowly from economic crisis
Indigenous poverty rates climbed less rapidly during crises, but also recovered more slowly
Percent change in headcount poverty rate Country Non-Indigenous Indigenous
Ecuador Crisis (1998-1999) Recovery (2000-2003)
+ 6 - 14
+ 5 - 5
Mexico Crisis (1994-1996) Recovery (1996-2000)
+ 27 - 25
+ 8 - 1
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank 13
Four priority areas for actionFour priority areas for action
• More and better education– Decrease gap in years of schooling– Improve school quality (bilingual/bicultural
education)• Promote equal opportunities – “head start”
for indigenous– Maternal and child health projects
• Improve accountability in delivery of social services
• Improve data collection efforts– Include identification questions for indigenous
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank 14
Moving beyond poverty & human Moving beyond poverty & human developmentdevelopment
• Link between indigenous & poverty established
• Poverty has not diminished over time
But need to move beyond human But need to move beyond human developmentdevelopment
• Need to examine distribution & returns to income generating assets (physical, human, public, social capital)
Harry Anthony Patrinos, World Bank 15
Objectives of new studyObjectives of new study
Economic Opportunities for Indigenous Peoples in Latin America
1. Examine composition of income and income-generating activities of indigenous
2. Investigate factors determining participation of indigenous in income-generating activities
3. Identify key features of policies & programs to increase economic opportunities