Indiscriminate solid waste dioposal in bauchi causes and impacts on the community and the...

Journal of Environment and Earth Science

ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225

Vol. 3, No.4, 2013

Indiscriminate Solid Waste Dioposal

Impacts on the Community

Bogoro Audu Gani, Mohammed Yaya Abubakar and Yakubu Yahaya Babanyara

Urban and Regional Planning Programme

Abstract

There has been poor solid waste management in Bauchi metropolis. The paper appraised the level of

indiscriminate disposal with a view to id

physical environment and make recommendations to mitigate the impacts. The study area was divided in to

twelve wards and from each ward a proportionate unit of household was selected usi

sampling techniques. Data were collected through purposeful questionnaire and interview and pictures were

taken for on-site environmental assessment. Since there are 39,675 households in the study area, 4% of 39,675

households were taken as the sample size which is 1587 households. The study found that the area generates 286

metric tonnes daily but only 111 metric tonnes is collected for disposal. There are 205 illegal dump sites against

the 89 authorised dump sites in the metropoli

centres, poor community attitude to environmental health, availability and nearness to open spaces, weak

legislation on solid waste disposal are responsible for the problems which neg

and environment. The paper recommends an immediate joint action to evacuate the wastes already accumulated

in order to restore environmental sanity in the metropolis. Then more collection centres to be provided,

involvement of communities, creation of awareness on environmental health and enforcement not legislation on

waste management would greatly reduce indiscriminate disposal.

Key words: solid waste, indiscriminate disposal, causes, impact

INTRODUCTION

Solid waste is an inevitable and unwanted by

human population was relatively small and nomadic, but became a serious problem with urbanization and the

growth of large conurbations. Indiscriminate disp

environment in general. In medieval times, epidemics associated with water contaminated with pathogens

decimated the population of Europe and even more recently (19th century), cholera was a common occ

Some of the direct health impacts of the mismanagement of waste are well known and can be observed

especially in developing countries (Giusti 2009). It has been documented that, about 1.3 x 109 t of municipal

solid waste (MSW) was generated global

109 t (Chattopadyay et al, 2009). Furthermore, urban population in Asia generates around 760 x 103 t of

municipal waste per day, and this is expected to increase to 1.8 x 10 6 t by 20

2005). Despite the importance of adequate solid waste management to the urban environment, the performance

of many cities authorities in this respect leaves much to be desired. According to (Ogu 2000), between one

and half of the solid waste generated in most cities of low and middle

usually end up as illegal dumps on streets, open spaces and waste land. UNCHS (1996) documented that the

proportion of solid waste evacuated and dispos

- 60% respectively for Karachi (Pakistan) and Jakarta (Indonesia). It is believed that in the poorest communities

(many of which are in sub Saharan Africa), 80 to 90% of wastes generated are n

Nigeria inclusive (Ogu 2000).

The adverse impact can either directly or indirectly be on the environment and the residents. According to

Marshal (1995), open dumpsites are a major problem to the environment, especially on

inhale. Dumpsites emit obnoxious odours and smoke that cause illness to people living in, around, or closer to

them. According to Wrensh (1990) dumpsites maybe a source of airborne chemical contamination via off site

migration of gases and the particles and chemicals adhering to dust, especially during the period of active

operation of the site. Contamination of soil and groundwater may lead to direct contact or pollution of indoor air

for example in the case of volatile organic chem

consumption of home grown vegetables as well. Wrensh (1990) further stated that in some sites, volatile organic

chemicals have been detected in odored air of homes nearby dumpsites.

In a number of community health surveys, a wide range of health problems, including respiratory symptoms,


3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)

40

Indiscriminate Solid Waste Dioposal in Bauchi: Causes

he Community and the Environment


l Planning Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria.

e-mail:[email protected]


indiscriminate disposal with a view to identifying the causes and the adverse effects on the community and the


twelve wards and from each ward a proportionate unit of household was selected using the systematic random


site environmental assessment. Since there are 39,675 households in the study area, 4% of 39,675

taken as the sample size which is 1587 households. The study found that the area generates 286


the 89 authorised dump sites in the metropolis. Issues like; lack of storage facilities, long distance to collection


legislation on solid waste disposal are responsible for the problems which negatively affects both the community



nt of communities, creation of awareness on environmental health and enforcement not legislation on

waste management would greatly reduce indiscriminate disposal.

: solid waste, indiscriminate disposal, causes, impact

s an inevitable and unwanted by-product of our daily activities. This was not a major issue when the


growth of large conurbations. Indiscriminate disposal of solid waste has adverse effect on live and the


decimated the population of Europe and even more recently (19th century), cholera was a common occ



solid waste (MSW) was generated globally in 1990, and at present, the annual generation is approximately 1.6 x


municipal waste per day, and this is expected to increase to 1.8 x 10 6 t by 2025 (Pokhrel and Viraraghavan


of many cities authorities in this respect leaves much to be desired. According to (Ogu 2000), between one

f of the solid waste generated in most cities of low and middle-income countries are not collected. They


proportion of solid waste evacuated and disposed of is less than 25% in Dares Salaam (Tanzania) and about 40%

60% respectively for Karachi (Pakistan) and Jakarta (Indonesia). It is believed that in the poorest communities

(many of which are in sub Saharan Africa), 80 to 90% of wastes generated are not collected for safe disposal,


Marshal (1995), open dumpsites are a major problem to the environment, especially on



ses and the particles and chemicals adhering to dust, especially during the period of active


for example in the case of volatile organic chemicals into basements of nearby residents and in the case of


chemicals have been detected in odored air of homes nearby dumpsites.

community health surveys, a wide range of health problems, including respiratory symptoms,

www.iiste.org

n Bauchi: Causes and

he Environment


Bauchi, Nigeria.


entifying the causes and the adverse effects on the community and the


ng the systematic random


site environmental assessment. Since there are 39,675 households in the study area, 4% of 39,675

taken as the sample size which is 1587 households. The study found that the area generates 286


s. Issues like; lack of storage facilities, long distance to collection


atively affects both the community



nt of communities, creation of awareness on environmental health and enforcement not legislation on

product of our daily activities. This was not a major issue when the


osal of solid waste has adverse effect on live and the


decimated the population of Europe and even more recently (19th century), cholera was a common occurrence.



ly in 1990, and at present, the annual generation is approximately 1.6 x


25 (Pokhrel and Viraraghavan


of many cities authorities in this respect leaves much to be desired. According to (Ogu 2000), between one-third

income countries are not collected. They


ed of is less than 25% in Dares Salaam (Tanzania) and about 40%

60% respectively for Karachi (Pakistan) and Jakarta (Indonesia). It is believed that in the poorest communities

ot collected for safe disposal,


Marshal (1995), open dumpsites are a major problem to the environment, especially on the air that the people



ses and the particles and chemicals adhering to dust, especially during the period of active


icals into basements of nearby residents and in the case of


community health surveys, a wide range of health problems, including respiratory symptoms,



Vol. 3, No.4, 2013

irritation of the skin, nose, and eyes, gastrointestinal problems, psychological disorders, and allergies, have been

discovered, United Nations, (1997).. A number o

the public, often triggered by nuisances caused by emissions of volatile organic compounds. For example,

according to Dolk (1997), dump sites closer to residential areas are always feeding pla

These pets, together with rodents, carry diseases with them to nearby homesteads.

The UNEPA (2006) state that wastes that are not properly managed, especially excreta and other liquids and

solid wastes, from households and the commun

diseases. The report further states that unattended wastes lying around attract flies, rats, and other creatures that,

in turn, spread diseases.

Normally, it is the wet waste that decompos

next to the dumpsite, which clearly shows that the dumpsites have serious effects to people settled around or next

to them, Marc (2006).

Rotting organic materials pose great public health

grounds for disease vectors. Waste handlers and waste pickers are especially vulnerable and may also become

vectors, contracting and transmitting diseases when human or animal excreta or medical was

stream.

Indiscriminate solid waste disposal resulting to poor environmental sanitation is typical characteristics of

cities of developing countries; the issue has become a common feature of many Nigerian cities. Estimates show

that 30-50% of solid waste generated in Nigerian cities, are uncollected and disposed of, Falade, (2001). That is

why Mabogunje, (2001), concluded that “Nigerian cities are reputed to be some of the dirtiest cities in the

world”. This gloomy picture of our cities

accusing fingers at our failures to deliver functionally aesthetic and liveable cities. The lack of adequate waste

collection and disposal systems in developing countries causes public healt

which aggravates poverty and leads to negative consequences such as loss of income due to illness, increased

spending on health care, and the deprivation of the poor’s capability to live in a safer environment, World Bank,

(2001).

This can be attributed to factors like inaccessibility and distance to collection centres, poor community attitude

to environmental health, availability and nearness to open spaces and open drains, absence or weak legislation on

solid waste disposal among other factors, the activities create adverse impact on the environment.

Bogoro, (2010) Reported that waste management in Bauchi metropolis is performed in three stages by different

agencies. Bauchi State Environmental Protection Agency (BASEPA)

while community based organisations non

BASEPA take care of the waste at community level. The household members mainly women are in charge of the

waste management at the lowest level which is the household level.

In all the areas visited in Bauchi metropolis, high residential density areas such as Jahun, Nassarawa and Bakin

Kura, were generally littered with refuse. Filled containers were found witho

Surprisingly, reverse was the case in the low

Surroundings were tidy, waste containers were well packed and covered. On this basis, it is rational if one

asserts that low density promote the maintenance of a healthy and clean environment. However the management

at the metropolitan and the community levels have not been efficient, as

waste emerged on the surface of residential areas in

number of unauthorised dumping site is more than twice the number of authorised dumping sites. This has

caused serious environmental problems to the community which need to be addressed.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Bauchi town lies in the crystalline up land of northern Nigeria. The town lies over 2000 ft above sea level

and has an altitude of 795.2m above. The metropolis, which is the headquarters of Bauchi State, is located

between latitudes 9” 00’ and 9” 30’ North of the Equator and longitudes 10” 25 and 11” 20’ East of the

Greenwich Meridian. It occupies a total land area of 3, 604.0 hecteres. It is about 128km North

150km West of Gombe town. There are two major types of climate

the dry season. The wet season starts from May to October while the dry season covers the remaining part of the

year. The two different seasons would tend to favour different waste disposal methods.

Bauchi metropolis, being the study area, has a total population of 318,038

census NPC, (2006). Furthermore, based on the average household size of 8 persons per household as revealed

by the 2006 census there are 39,675 households in

research.



41


discovered, United Nations, (1997).. A number of researches have been carried out in response to concerns from


according to Dolk (1997), dump sites closer to residential areas are always feeding pla

These pets, together with rodents, carry diseases with them to nearby homesteads.


solid wastes, from households and the community, are a serious health hazard and could lead to the spreading of


Normally, it is the wet waste that decomposes and releases a bad odor. The bad odor affects the people settled


Rotting organic materials pose great public health risks, including, as mentioned above, serving as breeding


vectors, contracting and transmitting diseases when human or animal excreta or medical was



50% of solid waste generated in Nigerian cities, are uncollected and disposed of, Falade, (2001). That is


world”. This gloomy picture of our cities should concern environmentalists because it seems to be pointing


collection and disposal systems in developing countries causes public health problems resulting in diseases,





osal among other factors, the activities create adverse impact on the environment.


agencies. Bauchi State Environmental Protection Agency (BASEPA) manages the waste at the metropolitan level

while community based organisations non-governmental organisations, trade unions in collaboration with


ste management at the lowest level which is the household level.


Kura, were generally littered with refuse. Filled containers were found without cover and overflowing.

Surprisingly, reverse was the case in the low-density residential areas where solid generation rate is high.


at low density promote the maintenance of a healthy and clean environment. However the management

at the metropolitan and the community levels have not been efficient, as more and more new heaps of solid

waste emerged on the surface of residential areas in addition to the old ones that have refused to disappear. The


caused serious environmental problems to the community which need to be addressed.



’ and 9” 30’ North of the Equator and longitudes 10” 25 and 11” 20’ East of the

Greenwich Meridian. It occupies a total land area of 3, 604.0 hecteres. It is about 128km North

150km West of Gombe town. There are two major types of climate in Bauchi namely the rainy (wet) season and


year. The two different seasons would tend to favour different waste disposal methods.

opolis, being the study area, has a total population of 318,038 people as at June 2010, population


by the 2006 census there are 39,675 households in the metropolis which formed the target population of the

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f researches have been carried out in response to concerns from


according to Dolk (1997), dump sites closer to residential areas are always feeding places for dogs and cats.


ity, are a serious health hazard and could lead to the spreading of


es and releases a bad odor. The bad odor affects the people settled


risks, including, as mentioned above, serving as breeding


vectors, contracting and transmitting diseases when human or animal excreta or medical wastes are in the waste



50% of solid waste generated in Nigerian cities, are uncollected and disposed of, Falade, (2001). That is


should concern environmentalists because it seems to be pointing


h problems resulting in diseases,





osal among other factors, the activities create adverse impact on the environment.


manages the waste at the metropolitan level

governmental organisations, trade unions in collaboration with



ut cover and overflowing.

density residential areas where solid generation rate is high.


at low density promote the maintenance of a healthy and clean environment. However the management

and more new heaps of solid

addition to the old ones that have refused to disappear. The




’ and 9” 30’ North of the Equator and longitudes 10” 25 and 11” 20’ East of the

Greenwich Meridian. It occupies a total land area of 3, 604.0 hecteres. It is about 128km North-east of Jos and

in Bauchi namely the rainy (wet) season and


people as at June 2010, population


the metropolis which formed the target population of the



Vol. 3, No.4, 2013

In this research sampling is determined in three perspectives, which are; sampling frame, sampling size and

sampling technique. The study area was divided into twelve wards (Gunduma) whi

From each ward a proportionate unit of household was selected for the purpose of administering questionnaire

and interview. The sample size of this research was determined based on the target population size. Since there

are 39,675 households in the study area, 4% of 39,675 households were taken as the sample size which is 1587

households. For a heterogeneous environment like Bauchi metropolis, where population density, income level

and probably occupation which to a great exten

systematic random sampling techniques was adopted for the selection of the samples. These techniques are the

most appropriate for a social survey because they are scientific and easy to a

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Projected from 2006 census, the population of Bauchi metropolis stood at 318 038 in June 2010, using the

National growth rate for urban centres, which is 4.5%. The survey revealed that female dominated with 50.6%

(160 972) of the total population. Civil servants in the area constituted up to 55.00%. This confirms the saying

that Bauchi metropolis is not a commercial or industrial town, but a city of civil servants.

Table 1 Occupation of Respondents

Household size

Civil servants

Farming

Business

Schooling

Unemployed

Others

Total

The type of occupation does not only influence the type and amount of solid wastes generation. F

areas where farmers and students dominated most of their storage containers were quickly filled and overflow

with farm wastes and papers. Since 87.8% are employed, they should be able to afford to buy solid wastes

storage facilities or/and hire labourers to evacuate the solid waste. Civil servants are free on weekends that can

be an opportunity for weekly evacuation of solid wastes from collection centres thereby reducing indiscriminate

waste disposal.

Income level plays a vital role in solid waste generation vis

GL 01- 05 are referred as low income, whose monthly earnings ranges between

of the respondents are within this category. Only 5.8% fit into the hi

N45, 000.00 and above.



42


sampling technique. The study area was divided into twelve wards (Gunduma) which form the sample frame.


The sample size of this research was determined based on the target population size. Since there

,675 households in the study area, 4% of 39,675 households were taken as the sample size which is 1587

For a heterogeneous environment like Bauchi metropolis, where population density, income level

and probably occupation which to a great extent determined solid generation and characteristics, are quite varied,


most appropriate for a social survey because they are scientific and easy to apply.



f the total population. Civil servants in the area constituted up to 55.00%. This confirms the saying

that Bauchi metropolis is not a commercial or industrial town, but a city of civil servants.

Table 1 Occupation of Respondents

Number Percentage

873 55.00

200 12.60

287

121

73

18.10

7.60

4.60

33 2.10

1587 100.00

The type of occupation does not only influence the type and amount of solid wastes generation. F



hire labourers to evacuate the solid waste. Civil servants are free on weekends that can


olid waste generation vis-a-vis its evacuation. In Nigeria, civil servants on

05 are referred as low income, whose monthly earnings ranges between N5000.00 to 15,000.00, 33.7%

of the respondents are within this category. Only 5.8% fit into the high-income group with monthly income of

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ch form the sample frame.


The sample size of this research was determined based on the target population size. Since there

,675 households in the study area, 4% of 39,675 households were taken as the sample size which is 1587

For a heterogeneous environment like Bauchi metropolis, where population density, income level

t determined solid generation and characteristics, are quite varied,




f the total population. Civil servants in the area constituted up to 55.00%. This confirms the saying

The type of occupation does not only influence the type and amount of solid wastes generation. For instance, in



hire labourers to evacuate the solid waste. Civil servants are free on weekends that can


vis its evacuation. In Nigeria, civil servants on

5000.00 to 15,000.00, 33.7%

income group with monthly income of



Vol. 3, No.4, 2013

Table 2 Level of Income

The survey revealed that female dominated with 50.6% (160 972) of the total population. Over 50% of the

household heads were found to be employed with the state and local government whose level of pay

relatively low.

The study found that, out of the 12 wards in Bauchi metropolis, 7 wards are fully enlighten, since up to 40% of

the respondents have secondary education and above. However despite the high level of education, the

household size is still as high as 8 persons per household and the level of income is relatively low. The findings

exhibited a contrary situation where an educationally enlighten society is characterized by low income and high

household size. Probably, the situation c

dominated in the area.

Quantitatively, the amount of solid waste generated in Bauchi metropolis is 0.16 kg lower than the national

average per capita. The average solid waste gene

kg/capita/day for medium density residential areas and 1.03 kg/capita/day low

general average per capital solid waste generated was 0.86 kg/capita/day

Wards High

45 100 and above

Old G R A 49.9

New G R A 44.3

F/Mada 37.4

Yelwa 40.2

Dan Iya 41.4

Makama 33.6

Ibrahim Bako 28.6

Nassaraw a 22.1

Dan Kade 20.5

Dawaki 15.9

Dan Amar 14.9

Hardo 25.4

Average 33.6



43


household heads were found to be employed with the state and local government whose level of pay



is still as high as 8 persons per household and the level of income is relatively low. The findings


household size. Probably, the situation could be attributed to the type of occupation (mostly civil servants) that


average per capita. The average solid waste generated in high density residential areas at 0.79 kg/capita/day; 0.89

kg/capita/day for medium density residential areas and 1.03 kg/capita/day low-density residential areas. The

general average per capital solid waste generated was 0.86 kg/capita/day

Medium Low No Income

45 100 and above 15 100 - 45

000

Below 15 000

30.3 7.4

31.2 10.4

26.5 11.4

30.3 10.0

30.4 6.4

26.8 8.3

16.7 4.1

12.4 4.2

4.6 2.4

3.9 1.8

9.4 1.2

12.5 1.5

19.4 5.8

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household heads were found to be employed with the state and local government whose level of payment is



is still as high as 8 persons per household and the level of income is relatively low. The findings


ould be attributed to the type of occupation (mostly civil servants) that


rated in high density residential areas at 0.79 kg/capita/day; 0.89

density residential areas. The

No Income

12.8

14.1

24.3

19.5

21.8

31.3

50.9

63.3

72.5

78.4

74.5

60.6

41.2



Vol. 3, No.4, 2013

Table 3 Per Capita Solid Waste Generation In kilogramme (Kg)

In general the higher a country’s level of industrialization the higher its income level and the larger its proportion

of toxic, non-organic and nonbiodegradable. Garba

respectively. Trash is the least with only 11% as indicated in the figure below

Figure 1 Characteristics of Solid Waste Generated in Bauchi Metropolis

Bauchi metropolis generates 286 metric tonnes of

per/capita/day, That means those responsible for waste management have a total quantity of 104 476 tonnes of

household solid waste to manage every year. Garbage and ash constitute up to 66% of the wast

metropolis. Income of the household has been found to have the most significant effect on the quantity and

composition of the waste generated. High income earners generate more of non

25%

Garbage

Ward Density Garbage

Old G R A Low 1.12

New G R A Low 1.28

F/Mada Low 1.02

Yelwa Medium 0. 86

Dan Iya Medium 0.76

Makama Medium 0.62

I/ Bako Medium 0.80

Nassarawa High 0.37

Dan Kade High 0.52

Dawaki High 0.41

Dan Amar High 0.52

Hardo High 0.61

Total (kg) 8.75



44

able 3 Per Capita Solid Waste Generation In kilogramme (Kg)


organic and nonbiodegradable. Garbage and ash has the highest percentage of 31% and 25%

respectively. Trash is the least with only 11% as indicated in the figure below

Figure 1 Characteristics of Solid Waste Generated in Bauchi Metropolis

Bauchi metropolis generates 286 metric tonnes of household solid waste daily with an average of 0.86kg


household solid waste to manage every year. Garbage and ash constitute up to 66% of the wast


composition of the waste generated. High income earners generate more of nonbiodegradable solid waste than

31%

18%11%

15%

Rubbish Trash Ash Polythene

Garbage Rubbish Trash Ash Polythene Total

(kg)

1.12 0.99 1.00 0.45 1.57 5.13

1.28 0.90 1.10 0.30 1.44 5.02

1.02 1.11 0.80 0.65 1.31 4.89

0. 86 0.91 1.03 0.77 0.99 4.56

0.76 0.83 0.91 0.64 0.87 4.01

0.62 0.58 0.75 1.08 1.00 4.03

0.80 0.92 0.78 0.87 1.04 4.41

0.37 0.75 0.50 1.34 0.54 3.50

0.52 0.67 0.71 1.54 0.80 4.24

0.41 0.82 0.49 1.66 0.61 3.99

0.52 0.54 0.62 1.47 0.48 3.49

0.61 0.47 0.51 1.21 0.69 3.49

8.75 9.49 9.20 12.0 11.31 50.74

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ge and ash has the highest percentage of 31% and 25%

household solid waste daily with an average of 0.86kg


household solid waste to manage every year. Garbage and ash constitute up to 66% of the waste stream in the


biodegradable solid waste than

Polythene

Total

(kg)

Average

(kg)

5.13 1.03

5.02 1.00

4.89 0.98

4.56 0.91

4.01 0.80

4.03 0.81

4.41 0.88

3.50 0.70

4.24 0.85

3.99 0.80

3.49 0.70

3.49 0.70

50.74



Vol. 3, No.4, 2013

the low income.

The research found that low income wards ( Nassarawa, Dan Kade, Dawaki, Dan Amar And Hardo Wards)

dispose of 68.22% of their solid waste through the open dump, while 51.35% in the medium income ( Yelwa,

Dan Iya, Makama and Ibrahim Bako Wards ) do the same. In the

Fadaman Mada Wards) more than 70% use collection centres provided by BASEPA to dispose their waste only

7.25% dispose of their waste in the pit in their backyard.

Figure 2 Methods of Solid Waste Disposal

Open dump, which is the major waste disposal method in bauchi metropolis can no longer be feasible because

of insufficient land and health and environmental unfriendliness. Incineration was adopted, still because of the

indestructibility of matter incineratio

continues to exist in the fly ash and gases; therefore incineration is only a waste reduction process not a waste

disposal process. Incineration use to be expensive 1980’s the cos

around. As the waste absorbing capacity of the open urban land is exhausted it becomes necessary to find a new

and permanent solution. One of the most effective ways to achieve the goals of recycling is through

reduction or pre-recycling. This can be done by waste minimisation through segregation at sources.

The rate at which solid waste is indiscriminately disposed of in Bauchi is a serious issue to attract the attention of

the urban managers. This has given rise to a total number of up to 205 illegal dump sites scattered within the

metropolis against 89 dump site provided by the agency responsible for solid waste mangemewnt in the

metropolis. Yelwa and Fadaman Mada wards have the highest number of illegal

illegal dump sites respectively. The GRAs have the least number of the illegal dump sites as in the figure below

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Low income Medium income



45

arch found that low income wards ( Nassarawa, Dan Kade, Dawaki, Dan Amar And Hardo Wards)


Dan Iya, Makama and Ibrahim Bako Wards ) do the same. In the high income areas, (Old GRA, New GRA and


7.25% dispose of their waste in the pit in their backyard.

Figure 2 Methods of Solid Waste Disposal

n dump, which is the major waste disposal method in bauchi metropolis can no longer be feasible because


indestructibility of matter incineration does not eliminate waste; it just changes its form and volume. The residue


disposal process. Incineration use to be expensive 1980’s the cost of incinerating a tone of solid waste was


and permanent solution. One of the most effective ways to achieve the goals of recycling is through

recycling. This can be done by waste minimisation through segregation at sources.


ven rise to a total number of up to 205 illegal dump sites scattered within the


metropolis. Yelwa and Fadaman Mada wards have the highest number of illegal dump sites with up 36 and 34


Medium income High income

Open dump

BASEPA

Pit in the backyard

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arch found that low income wards ( Nassarawa, Dan Kade, Dawaki, Dan Amar And Hardo Wards)


high income areas, (Old GRA, New GRA and


n dump, which is the major waste disposal method in bauchi metropolis can no longer be feasible because


n does not eliminate waste; it just changes its form and volume. The residue


t of incinerating a tone of solid waste was


and permanent solution. One of the most effective ways to achieve the goals of recycling is through source

recycling. This can be done by waste minimisation through segregation at sources.


ven rise to a total number of up to 205 illegal dump sites scattered within the


dump sites with up 36 and 34


Open dump

BASEPA

Pit in the backyard



Vol. 3, No.4, 2013

Figure 3 Authorised and Illegal Collection Centres

The high number of the unauthorised collection centres in t

lack of storage facilities, inadequate and inaccessible collection centres, family attitudes to solid waste handling,

available unrestricted open spaces, economic factors, weak or lack of appropriate env

other factors.

Bauchi State Environmental Protection Agency was established by Edict No. 3 of 1997 and came into force on

10th

June 1997 to replace and take over the activities of the defunct task force on Environmental Sanitation

which was abrogated in 1996. It was established to; implement environmental policies towards protection,

sustenance and development of the environment generally, identify, detect and involve any environmental

problem such as pollution of all kinds, repre

negotiations for governmental arrangement relating to environment, arrange and co

urban and regional process in the state and or liaise with private or public insti

environmental activities and direct and control the collection and disposal of refused in the whole state.

The agency has been incapacitated by poor funding to carry out its responsibilities. The problems of inadequate

machinery and manpower are also experience by the agency.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40



46

Figure 3 Authorised and Illegal Collection Centres

The high number of the unauthorised collection centres in the metropolis could be due to so many reasons like;


available unrestricted open spaces, economic factors, weak or lack of appropriate environmental policies and



It was established to; implement environmental policies towards protection,


problem such as pollution of all kinds, represent the state in any matters pertaining to plans, procedures, or

negotiations for governmental arrangement relating to environment, arrange and co-ordinate planning for the

urban and regional process in the state and or liaise with private or public institutions that engage in



manpower are also experience by the agency.

Authorised Illegal

www.iiste.org

he metropolis could be due to so many reasons like;


ironmental policies and



It was established to; implement environmental policies towards protection,


sent the state in any matters pertaining to plans, procedures, or

ordinate planning for the

tutions that engage in





Vol. 3, No.4, 2013

Table 4 Showing Equipment and Machines in the Agency

Table 5 Manpower in BASEPA

Performance of BASEPA

• Population of Bauchi metropolitan area

• Quantity of household Waste generated daily

• Daily collection: 35 trips of tip

35 x 5 274.10 = 184 593.39kg (62.41%)

• Uncollected waste: 111 181.95kg (37.59%) of the household solid waste

• Yearly accumulation

remains uncollected

Budgetary grants from Bauchi State Government are the major source of fund for BASEPA and the

grant is inadequate and normally delayed. The National

• Ecological fund occasionally assist the agency with equipment such as the Roro

using. No other assistance, gift, loan from any source nor had the agency raised money from

Equipment

No. Require

Bulldozer

Tipper trucks

Dino trucks

Tractors

Pay loaders

Tankers

Refuse

containers

Shovels

Brooms

Hoes

Professional

Town Planners

Environmental

Health Officers

Others

Total



47

Table 4 Showing Equipment and Machines in the Agency

Population of Bauchi metropolitan area – 318 038

Quantity of household Waste generated daily -286 234.34kg (286metric tonnes)

Daily collection: 35 trips of tipper trucks with capacity of 5 274.10kg (5 metric tonnes)

35 x 5 274.10 = 184 593.39kg (62.41%)

Uncollected waste: 111 181.95kg (37.59%) of the household solid waste

Yearly accumulation – 405 81412.0kg (40 581 metric tonnes) of the household was


grant is inadequate and normally delayed. The National

Ecological fund occasionally assist the agency with equipment such as the Roro


No. Require

No. Available

Condition

On road

2 0 -

10 5 4

5 2 2

10 6 4

10 2 1

5 3 1

300 80 80

1000 600 -

1000 600 -

500 300 -

No. Required No. Available

5 3

200 112

200 129

1000 565

1405 809

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286 234.34kg (286metric tonnes)

per trucks with capacity of 5 274.10kg (5 metric tonnes)

Uncollected waste: 111 181.95kg (37.59%) of the household solid waste

405 81412.0kg (40 581 metric tonnes) of the household waste


Ecological fund occasionally assist the agency with equipment such as the Roro bins the agency is


Condition

Off-road

-

1

-

2

1

2

-

-

-

-



Vol. 3, No.4, 2013

subscription or tax. This compelled the agency to operate under difficult financial constraints. It is

rights to assume that this is the major

Causes-:

The survey conducted revealed that over 50.0% of the household sampled carried the filled storage facilities to

collection centres themselves and 22

container for temporary storage of the solid waste generated in the house, but about 10% do not have containers

for temporary storage of waste generated in their households.

Distances to collection centres can cause indiscriminate waste disposal.

the method of collection system used in Bauchi metropolis. Distance of collection centres to the households is

vital in encouraging the effective usage of the collecti

to 500 metres to the nearest collection centre and 31.9% had to go as far as over 0.5km to dump their refuse

Table 6 Distance to collection centres.

Distance (metres)

Less than 100

101-500

501and above

Total

Collection centres are found to be inadequate and therefore far away. In addition to long distance, the collection

centres are not fairly distributed. Collection centres as co

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%



48


rights to assume that this is the major factor that impedes the efficiency of the agency.


collection centres themselves and 22 -30% used hired labourers. Every household is


for temporary storage of waste generated in their households.

Figure 4 Waste Storage Containers

centres can cause indiscriminate waste disposal. Community collection centre system is


vital in encouraging the effective usage of the collection centres. 38.70% traveled with their refuse between 100


Table 6 Distance to collection centres.

Number Percentage

467 29.40

614 38.70

506 31.90

1587 100.00


centres are not fairly distributed. Collection centres as community facilities, they should be in close and

Available Not available

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factor that impedes the efficiency of the agency.


30% used hired labourers. Every household is supposed to have a


Community collection centre system is


on centres. 38.70% traveled with their refuse between 100



mmunity facilities, they should be in close and



Vol. 3, No.4, 2013

accessible locations. Long distance and inaccessibility may lead to emergence of illegal dump site or conversion

of drainage channels, road sides and uncompleted buildings to dump site.

The attitudes of some families towards handling of solid waste contribute to emergence of illegal dump site.

of the respondents that have storage facilities about 40.0% kept their full containers for over three days the

remaining 60.10% emptied their containers into the co

Table 7 Duration of Keeping Full Storage Containers

Duration (days)

1-2

3-4

5-6

7 and above

Total

It is an unhealthy habit to keep full open containers for over two days. Filled containers when not disposal of

immediately may overflow to the ground thereby littering the environment and subsequently make collection

very difficult.

The survey conducted revealed that over 50.0%

storage facilities to collection centre themselves and 22

evacuate waste from individual houses

Table 8 Conveying Refuse Containers to Coll

Conveying by

children

Government agency

Hired labour

Other

Total

As at the time this research was conducted, there were a number of undeveloped plots th

These open spaces, though awaiting development, were illegally converted to dump sites. Apart from the GRAs,

all the wards outside the walled-city are characterised by this practice. Within the walled

the drainage is covered with slabs, the remaining 61.57% is left open. The neary residents convert the opn drains

to dump sites which block the drains thereby causing flood during rainy season. The level of poverty in the

metropolis is so high that it has affected th

Every household is supposed to have a container for temporary storage of the solid waste generated in the house.

But from the survey it was discovered that 31.50% (75) of the respondents sampled did not have solid waste

storage facilities. 21.30% claimed they do not have the money to buy storage facility



49


of drainage channels, road sides and uncompleted buildings to dump site.

families towards handling of solid waste contribute to emergence of illegal dump site.


remaining 60.10% emptied their containers into the collection centres immediately they are full.

Table 7 Duration of Keeping Full Storage Containers

Number Percentage

954 60.10

410 25.80

155 9.80

68 4.30

1587 100.00

to keep full open containers for over two days. Filled containers when not disposal of


The survey conducted revealed that over 50.0% of the household sampled use their children to carry the filled

storage facilities to collection centre themselves and 22 -30% used hired labourers. The government does not

evacuate waste from individual houses

Table 8 Conveying Refuse Containers to Collection Centres.

Number Percentage

1093 68.90

0 0.0

354 22.30

140 8.80

1587 100.00

As at the time this research was conducted, there were a number of undeveloped plots th


city are characterised by this practice. Within the walled

e is covered with slabs, the remaining 61.57% is left open. The neary residents convert the opn drains


metropolis is so high that it has affected the management of waste in the area.



storage facilities. 21.30% claimed they do not have the money to buy storage facility

www.iiste.org


families towards handling of solid waste contribute to emergence of illegal dump site. Out


llection centres immediately they are full.

Percentage

60.10

25.80

100.00

to keep full open containers for over two days. Filled containers when not disposal of


of the household sampled use their children to carry the filled

30% used hired labourers. The government does not

Percentage

100.00

As at the time this research was conducted, there were a number of undeveloped plots that were without fence.


city are characterised by this practice. Within the walled-city, only 38.43% of

e is covered with slabs, the remaining 61.57% is left open. The neary residents convert the opn drains






Vol. 3, No.4, 2013

Figure 5 Reasons for lack of storage facilities

The need for individual on-site solid waste storage facilities in every household cannot be over emphasized. The

high number of households without solid waste storage facilities because of poverty is a serious problem, as it

leads to indiscriminate disposal of waste.

On the cost of carrying the filled containers to collection centres, 26.40% of the sampled responden

storage containers were carried by hired labourers did not complain about the amount charge by the labourers

because they did not pay more than

collected solid waste have cause to complain.

Figure 6 Cost of Carrying Filled Containers to Collection Centres

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Less than N100.00



50

Figure 5 Reasons for lack of storage facilities

site solid waste storage facilities in every household cannot be over emphasized. The


leads to indiscriminate disposal of waste.

On the cost of carrying the filled containers to collection centres, 26.40% of the sampled responden


because they did not pay more than N100.00 weekly, while 33.90% pay N151 .00 and above for evacuating their

se to complain.

Figure 6 Cost of Carrying Filled Containers to Collection Centres

Close to collection centres

Immediate burning

Not provided by government

No money to buy

Dumped outside

Less than N100.00 N101.00- N150.00 N151.00 and above

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site solid waste storage facilities in every household cannot be over emphasized. The


On the cost of carrying the filled containers to collection centres, 26.40% of the sampled respondents whose


100.00 weekly, while 33.90% pay N151 .00 and above for evacuating their

Close to collection centres

Immediate burning

Not provided by government

No money to buy

Dumped outside



Vol. 3, No.4, 2013

The impact of indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in the environment is enamours. Indiscriminate disposal of

solid waste adversely affect the socio

Create greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants.

or landfills, they undergo anaerobic degradation and become significant sources of methane, a gas with 21 times

the effect of carbon dioxide in trapping heat in the atmosphere.

Garbage is often burned in residential areas and in landfills to reduce volume and uncover metals. Burning

creates thick smoke that contains carbon monoxide, soot and nitrogen oxides, all of which are hazar

human health and degrade urban air quality. Combustion of polyvinyl chlorides (PVCs) generates highly

carcinogenic dioxins.

Damage ecosystems. When solid waste is dumped into rivers or streams it can alter aquatic habitats and harm

native plants and animals. The high nutrient content in organic wastes can deplete dissolved oxygen in water

bodies, denying oxygen to fish and other aquatic life form. Solids can cause sedimentation and change stream

flow and bottom habitat. Siting dumps or landfills i

these valuable natural resources and the services they provide.

Injure people and property. In locations where shantytowns or slums exist near open dumps or near badly

designed or operated landfills, landslides or fires can destroy homes and injure or kill residents. The

accumulation of waste along streets may present physical hazards, clog drains and cause localized flooding.

In Bauchi metropolis, during rainy seasons year after year, there have

flooding along Kobi street, Wunti market roundabout, Dass road, etc, this occur due to the blockage of the

drainage channels owing to indiscriminate dumping of solid waste in to the drainage channels as shown below

Plate I Indiscriminate Disposal of Solid Waste at Yelwa Makaranta

Contaminate ground and surface water



51


solid waste adversely affect the socio-economic and the physical environment.

Create greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants. When organic wastes are disposed of in deep dumps


rbon dioxide in trapping heat in the atmosphere.


creates thick smoke that contains carbon monoxide, soot and nitrogen oxides, all of which are hazar


When solid waste is dumped into rivers or streams it can alter aquatic habitats and harm

and animals. The high nutrient content in organic wastes can deplete dissolved oxygen in water


flow and bottom habitat. Siting dumps or landfills in sensitive ecosystems may destroy or significantly damage

these valuable natural resources and the services they provide.

. In locations where shantytowns or slums exist near open dumps or near badly

ls, landslides or fires can destroy homes and injure or kill residents. The


In Bauchi metropolis, during rainy seasons year after year, there have been constant reported cases of road



ate I Indiscriminate Disposal of Solid Waste at Yelwa Makaranta

Contaminate ground and surface water. Municipal solid waste streams can bleed toxic materials and pathogenic

www.iiste.org


When organic wastes are disposed of in deep dumps



creates thick smoke that contains carbon monoxide, soot and nitrogen oxides, all of which are hazardous to


When solid waste is dumped into rivers or streams it can alter aquatic habitats and harm

and animals. The high nutrient content in organic wastes can deplete dissolved oxygen in water


n sensitive ecosystems may destroy or significantly damage

. In locations where shantytowns or slums exist near open dumps or near badly

ls, landslides or fires can destroy homes and injure or kill residents. The


been constant reported cases of road



Municipal solid waste streams can bleed toxic materials and pathogenic



Vol. 3, No.4, 2013

organisms into the leachate of dump sites and landfills. (Leachate is the liquid d

it is composed of rotted organic waste, liquid wastes, infiltrated rainwater and extracts of soluble material.) If the

landfill is unlined, this runoff can contaminate shallow wells, ground or surface water, depending on th

from the dump site, drainage system and the composition of the underlying soils.

outbreak of cholera was reported in Mallam Goje (Dawaki ward). Investigation revealed that it was as a result

drinking well water that was polluted by the heap of refuse close to the well

Discourages tourism and other business.

solid waste along streets and in fields, forests

establishment and/or maintenance of businesses. On the southern end of Wunti market in Bauchi metropolis,

there stands a mountain of solid waste that always shortly re

shops near the refuse dump because of poor patronage by customers who repelled by the bad odor emanating

from the dump and the dump when fully grown always block the road in southern part of the market

Conclusion

Now that many collection centres are overflowing, and unauthorised dumping sites have emerged, an immediate

joint action should be adopted to evacuate the wastes accumulated in order to restore environmental sanity in the

metropolis. This can be achieved by establishing a s

of the communities and private organisation. For immediate evacuation, BASEPA should contract the

evacuation of outside walled-city to private contractors to be completed within one month, meanw



52

organisms into the leachate of dump sites and landfills. (Leachate is the liquid discharge of dumps and landfills;


landfill is unlined, this runoff can contaminate shallow wells, ground or surface water, depending on th

from the dump site, drainage system and the composition of the underlying soils. For example, In 2007 an


olluted by the heap of refuse close to the well

Plate II Heap of Solid Waste t Mallam Goje

Discourages tourism and other business. The unpleasant odor and unattractive appearance of piles of uncollected

solid waste along streets and in fields, forests and other natural areas can discourage tourism and the


there stands a mountain of solid waste that always shortly re-appear after it has being cleare



ction centres are overflowing, and unauthorised dumping sites have emerged, an immediate


metropolis. This can be achieved by establishing a strong team comprising of staff of the agency, representative


city to private contractors to be completed within one month, meanw

www.iiste.org

ischarge of dumps and landfills;


landfill is unlined, this runoff can contaminate shallow wells, ground or surface water, depending on the distance

For example, In 2007 an


The unpleasant odor and unattractive appearance of piles of uncollected

and other natural areas can discourage tourism and the


appear after it has being cleared. Traders deserted



ction centres are overflowing, and unauthorised dumping sites have emerged, an immediate


trong team comprising of staff of the agency, representative


city to private contractors to be completed within one month, meanwhile the



Vol. 3, No.4, 2013

agency would mobilised all its resources (equipment/vehicles and staff) and concentrate on the walled city. The

community should assist the agency with labour force, which will clear filled drainage’s load refuses into the

trucks, and provide fuel. A one-month sanitation exercise should be declared in the metropolis to be observed

during work free days. ‘Stop’ notices should be placed on all unauthorised dumping sites sand a monitoring

team comprising staff of the agency and representative of t

disposal of waste.

- Bauchi local government should source fund from National Ecological Fund to procure refuse handling

equipment in order to resume its statutory function of solid waste collection. The lo

should limit its service within the walled city the agency covers the outside walled city. However the

agency would constantly offer technical assistant and professional advice to the local government when

the need arise.

- A high level of awareness and education on sanitation, environmental health matters and benefits of

segregation at household level should be created to the entire public so that they can appreciate need for

a clean living environment and actively participate in the segregat

Corporation, Bauchi Television Authority and the FM Station should transmit programmes organised by

the agency on environmental health, highlighting on the roles of individual and at community level.

Posters and handbills shoul

- In the low-residential density areas such as GRA and Kari Housing Estate, house

system is more difficult to solve, because the large size of plot means that collection centres would

involve too long a walking distance for people to use them and greater distance that each refuse vehicle

will have to travel increase the collection cost. To help keep these cost as low as possible each

household each household be encourage to provide a bin of

can be easily lifted and emptied by the refuse collectors the bin should be kept outside by the roadside

where the collection crew will put it back after emptying the waste into collection vehicle. The good

road network in the areas is an opportunity for accessibility to each house. Service charges should be

introduced to these areas to generate income for the agency and alleviate the financial constraints.

- In order to achieve a full collection system it is sugg

on convenient with road access some 250 to 300 metres apart. This allows a maximum walking

distance of any tip of some 125 metres, and it is estimated that these would mean about 220 such sites

being set aside in addition to the existing 25 located the residential areas. (See figures 5.1 proposed

collection centres). These 245 collection centres should distribute in the high and medium residential

densities where communal collection centres would be p

centres) can serve 50 households, which would generate 11.5m

evacuation should arrive with an empty bin, and deposit it besides the full in, the full bin can then be

toyed to be disposal site.

To achieve the weekly evacuation schedule, 35 collection centres must evacuated daily, 7 tractors

would be required to make 5 trips daily.

- Each of the 12 wards sin the metropolis should form a visitation team comprising of community

representative, staff of the two authorities and security member. The activities of the team should

involve house-to-house health and sanitary inspection to ensure the provision of storage facilities in

each household and promptly discharge into the dumping

are due for evacuation, the team shall enjoy the legal power of the environmental and sanitation law to

fine defaulters.

- The agency to conjunction with the local government council should occasionally organi

and seminars environmental sanitation for community heads, community bases organisations to fully

integrated then in refuse evacuation activities. A yearly award for the cleanest ward should also be

organise to entice the community and encoura

cleanliness.

There should be an ecological legislation on Solid Waste Management to be enacted largely in response to the

growing and emerging heaps of solid waste on the urban land and .scarcity of disposa

traditional city. The law should emphasize on solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source

reduction and waste minimization measures, with the protection of public health and the environment as the

primary goal.



53



month sanitation exercise should be declared in the metropolis to be observed


team comprising staff of the agency and representative of the communities should supervise the collection and

Bauchi local government should source fund from National Ecological Fund to procure refuse handling

equipment in order to resume its statutory function of solid waste collection. The lo



areness and education on sanitation, environmental health matters and benefits of


a clean living environment and actively participate in the segregation exercise. Bauchi Radio



Posters and handbills should also be printed to created more awareness.

residential density areas such as GRA and Kari Housing Estate, house


e too long a walking distance for people to use them and greater distance that each refuse vehicle


household each household be encourage to provide a bin of regulation size and weight with a lid that



network in the areas is an opportunity for accessibility to each house. Service charges should be


In order to achieve a full collection system it is suggested that more collection centres to be established



et aside in addition to the existing 25 located the residential areas. (See figures 5.1 proposed


densities where communal collection centres would be practiced. On average the 245 Bin (collection

centres) can serve 50 households, which would generate 11.5m3 (0.32x50x7) weekly, therefore the



would be required to make 5 trips daily.

Each of the 12 wards sin the metropolis should form a visitation team comprising of community

resentative, staff of the two authorities and security member. The activities of the team should

house health and sanitary inspection to ensure the provision of storage facilities in

each household and promptly discharge into the dumping to the agency to local government when they


The agency to conjunction with the local government council should occasionally organi



organise to entice the community and encourage them maintain a high standard of environmental


growing and emerging heaps of solid waste on the urban land and .scarcity of disposal sites, particularly in in the



www.iiste.org



month sanitation exercise should be declared in the metropolis to be observed


he communities should supervise the collection and

Bauchi local government should source fund from National Ecological Fund to procure refuse handling

equipment in order to resume its statutory function of solid waste collection. The local government



areness and education on sanitation, environmental health matters and benefits of


ion exercise. Bauchi Radio



residential density areas such as GRA and Kari Housing Estate, house-to-house collection


e too long a walking distance for people to use them and greater distance that each refuse vehicle


regulation size and weight with a lid that



network in the areas is an opportunity for accessibility to each house. Service charges should be


ested that more collection centres to be established



et aside in addition to the existing 25 located the residential areas. (See figures 5.1 proposed


racticed. On average the 245 Bin (collection

(0.32x50x7) weekly, therefore the



Each of the 12 wards sin the metropolis should form a visitation team comprising of community

resentative, staff of the two authorities and security member. The activities of the team should

house health and sanitary inspection to ensure the provision of storage facilities in

to the agency to local government when they


The agency to conjunction with the local government council should occasionally organise workshop



ge them maintain a high standard of environmental


l sites, particularly in in the





Vol. 3, No.4, 2013

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author is grateful to BASEPA, Urban And Regional Planning Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa

University, Bauchi, and those who have helped to make this study a success.

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