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Individual
Individuals react differently in samesituations
Differences are affected by biological
or individual factors and theenvironment they’ve brought up
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Biological or Individual
Factors Age
Gender
Religion
Marital Status
Tenure
Ability
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Emotional Intelligence
Form of social intelligence thatinvolves the ability to monitor one’s
own and others’ feelings and
emotions, to discriminate amongthem, and to use this information to
guide one’s thinking and action
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Learned Characteristics
Personality
Attitude
Perception
Values
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Group
Two or more individuals interactingand
interdependent, who have come
together to achieve particularobjectives.
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Types of Groups
Formal Group
◦ Designated work group defined by the
organization’s structure
◦ Distinctive stature of formal groups is thata hierarchy of authority exists with
specified member, rules & regulations
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Types of Groups
Informal Group
◦ Group that is neither formally structured
nor organizationally determined
◦ Relates to natural formations in the workenvironment which appear in response to
the need for social contract
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Group dynamics
Concerned with interaction and forcesbetween group members in a social
situation
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Norms
Acceptable standards shared andadopted by the members of a group
Influence the group's behavior with a
minimum of external controls Exert pressure upon members to bring
their behavior into conformity with the
standards of the group
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Types of Norms
Performance Norms
Appearance Norms
Behavior Norms
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Status
Refers to the official position enjoyedby an individual in an organization
Standing of a person in a group
depends on various factors such aspersonal attributes, charismatic
disposition, demographic
characteristics, educational level,experience, length of service in the
organization, expertise, and proven
track record in accomplishing grouptask
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Cohesiveness
Degree to which group members areattracted to each other and are
motivated to stay in the group
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Conformity
Members in the organization want tobelong to a group
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Groupthink
Phenomenon in which the norms forconsensus overrides the realistic
appraisal of alternative course of
action Groupthink is a situation
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Societal Values
Values
Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to
an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state ofexistence
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Societal Values
Individualism
◦ The degree to which people prefer to act as individuals ratherthan a member of groups.
Collectivism◦ A tight social framework in which people expect others in groups
of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.
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Societal Values
Power Distance◦ Extent to which individuals in a society accepts
status and power inequalities as a normal andfunctional aspect of life
Uncertainty Avoidance◦ Extent to which individuals rely on procedures
and organizations to avoid ambiguity,unpredictability, and risk.
Gender role orientation◦ Extent to which a society reinforces, or does not
reinforce, traditional motions of masculinityversus femininity