Date post: | 16-Nov-2014 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | sucheta-bhatia |
View: | 139 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Attitude
Ability andAbility andSkillsSkills
PerceptionPerception AttitudesAttitudes
Hereditary andHereditary andDiversityDiversityFactorsFactors
PersonalityPersonality
Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:
Individual Differences in the Workplace
(assess individually to understand)
Ability and SkillsAbility and Skills AttitudesAttitudesPerceptionPerception
PersonalityPersonality
Work Behavior• Productivity• Creativity• Performance
Individual DifferencesIndividual Differences
Definition
A learned predisposition to behave in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object.
• For instance, when we say we “like” something or “dislike” something, we are in effect expressing an attitude toward the person or object.
• What are some examples of people or things that you may have strong attitudes about?
Attitudes: Three Important Assumptions
1) An attitude is a hypothetical construct - we cannot actually see attitudes, although we can often see their consequences.
2) An attitude is a uni-dimensional construct - it usually ranges from very positive to very negative.
3) Attitudes are believed to be somewhat related to subsequent behavior, although as we’ll see, this relationship can be unclear.
Attitude Components and Manifestations
BehaviorBehavior
Emotions, Attitudes and Behavior
Perceived EnvironmentPerceived Environment
Attitude FeelingsFeelings
BeliefsBeliefs
BehavioralBehavioralIntentionsIntentions
Cognitive process
Emotional process
Emotional Episodes
A Simple Representation of the Tri-component Attitude Model
BehaviourBehaviour
AffectAffect
Cognition
ABC Model
The Tri-component Model
• Cognitive Component– The knowledge and perceptions that are acquired by
a combination of direct experience with the attitude object and related information from various sources.
• Affective Component– A person’s emotions or feelings about a particular
product or Object.
• Behaviour Component– The likelihood or tendency that an individual will
undertake a specific action or behave in a particular way with regard to the attitude object.
Manager styleManager styleTechnologyTechnologyNoiseNoisePeersPeersReward systemReward systemCompensation planCompensation planCareer opportunitiesCareer opportunities
Manager styleManager styleTechnologyTechnologyNoiseNoisePeersPeersReward systemReward systemCompensation planCompensation planCareer opportunitiesCareer opportunities
Beliefs and valuesBeliefs and valuesBeliefs and valuesBeliefs and values
Feelings and emotionsFeelings and emotionsFeelings and emotionsFeelings and emotions
Intended behaviorIntended behaviorIntended behaviorIntended behavior
StimuliStimuli
Work Work environment environment factorsfactors
CognitionCognition
AffectAffect
BehaviorBehavior
““My supervisor is unfair.”My supervisor is unfair.”
““Having a fair supervisor is Having a fair supervisor is important to me.”important to me.”
““I don’t like my supervisor.”I don’t like my supervisor.”
““I’ve submitted a formal I’ve submitted a formal request to transfer.”request to transfer.”
The Three The Three Components Components of Attitudes: of Attitudes: Cognition, Cognition, Affect, Affect, BehaviorBehavior
Measuring Attitude Components
Cognitive Component (Measuring Beliefs about Specific Attributes Using the Semantic Differential Scale)
Diet CokeStrong taste —— —— —— —— —— —— —— Mild taste
Low priced —— —— —— —— —— —— —— High priced
Caffeine free —— —— —— —— —— —— —— High in caffeine
Distinctive in —— —— —— —— —— —— —— Similar in taste totaste most
Measuring Attitude ComponentsAffective Component (Measuring Feelings about Specific
Attributes Using Likert Scales)
Neither Agree
Strongly nor StronglyAgree Agree Disagree Disagree Disagree
I like the taste of Diet Coke. —— —— —— —— ——
Diet Coke is overpriced. —— —— —— —— ——
Caffeine is bad for your health. —— —— —— —— ——
I like Diet Coke. —— —— —— —— ——
Measuring Attitude Components
Behavioral Component (Measuring Actions or Intended Actions)
The last soft drink I consumed was a ___________________.
I usually drink________________soft drinks.
What is the likelihood you will buy Diet Coke Definitely will buy the next time you purchase a soft drink? Probably will buy
Might buyProbably will not buyDefinitely will not buy
Job-Related Attitudes
• Job involvement– Extent that a person identifies with his job.
• Organizational commitment– Extent that a person identifies with the
organization. This is a great predictor for turnover.
• Job satisfaction– A person’s general attitude toward work.
LoyaltyLoyalty
VoiceVoice
ExitExit
NeglectNeglect
• Leaving the situation• Quitting, transferring
• Changing the situation• Problem solving, complaining
• Patiently waiting for the situation to improve
• Reducing work effort/quality• Increasing absenteeism
EVLN: Responses to Dissatisfaction
Responses to Job Dissatisfaction.
Active
Passive
ConstructiveDestructive
Loyalty
Exit
Neglect
Voice
Sources of Attitudes
• Sources of Attitudes:– Acquired from parents, teachers, and
peer group members.– There are “genetic” predispositions.– Observations, attitudes that we
imitate.
• Attitudes are less stable than values.
Formation of Attitudes
• Direct Experiences with Object
• Classical Conditioning and Attitude
• Operant Conditioning
• Family and Peer Groups
• Economic Status and Occupation
• Mass Communication
Classical conditioning
• Initially, the bell is paired with food to produce salivating
• Eventually, the food is no longer required to produce salivating
• Similarly, a certain person may be paired with a negative reaction by a parent, leading to the child becoming upset
• Eventually, the negative reaction is no longer required to make the child upset
Pavlov’s Experiment
CR (salivation)
UCR (meat
powder)UCR (salivation)
Neutral stimulus
(Bell)
B
A
Neutral stimulus (metronome)
CS (metronome)
UCR (salivation)UCR
(meat powder)
CR (salivation)
C
D
Classical conditioning
bell
food
salivating
person X
parent’s
negative
reaction
child upset
Instrumental learning
• Also called operant conditioning
• Rewards and punishments
• Strengthening of responses that lead to:– positive outcomes– avoidance of negative outcomes
Instrumental learning
• If a child is praised for holding a certain attitude, they will be more likely to continue holding this attitude
• On the other hand, punishment leads to rejecting attitudes
• Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
Observational learning
• Learning by example• Attitudes may be transmitted unintentionally by
parents• Child may observe their parent smoking, which
may lead to a positive attitude towards smoking• Child may overhear a certain attitude being
conveyed by a parent that they were not meant to hear
Observational learning
• Attitudes also learned from media
• Individuals want to imitate the people around them, or people they look up to
• Observational learning is evident in ‘trends’– E.g., attitudes towards clothes, etc.
Economic Status
• If you are working with management side..
• If you are working with Trade Union…
Difference in attitude
Functions of Attitude
• Determining Meaning
• Organized facts
• Select Facts
• Develop the Rationality
Changing Attitude
• Own Attitude –
• Keep positive Attitude
• Develop Own Attitude
• Keep open mind
• Continuous Education
• Positive Self esteem
• Stay away from – smoking, alcohol, TV
Changing Attitude
• Give feedback
• Working Condition
• Make a positive role model
• Provide New Information
• Keep use of Fear - Moderately