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Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Date post: 16-Nov-2014
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Page 1: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Attitude

Page 2: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Ability andAbility andSkillsSkills

PerceptionPerception AttitudesAttitudes

Hereditary andHereditary andDiversityDiversityFactorsFactors

PersonalityPersonality

Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Page 3: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Individual Differences in the Workplace

(assess individually to understand)

Ability and SkillsAbility and Skills AttitudesAttitudesPerceptionPerception

PersonalityPersonality

Work Behavior• Productivity• Creativity• Performance

Individual DifferencesIndividual Differences

Page 4: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Definition

A learned predisposition to behave in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object.

• For instance, when we say we “like” something or “dislike” something, we are in effect expressing an attitude toward the person or object.

• What are some examples of people or things that you may have strong attitudes about?

Page 5: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Attitudes: Three Important Assumptions

1) An attitude is a hypothetical construct - we cannot actually see attitudes, although we can often see their consequences.

2) An attitude is a uni-dimensional construct - it usually ranges from very positive to very negative.

3) Attitudes are believed to be somewhat related to subsequent behavior, although as we’ll see, this relationship can be unclear.

Page 6: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Attitude Components and Manifestations

Page 7: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

BehaviorBehavior

Emotions, Attitudes and Behavior

Perceived EnvironmentPerceived Environment

Attitude FeelingsFeelings

BeliefsBeliefs

BehavioralBehavioralIntentionsIntentions

Cognitive process

Emotional process

Emotional Episodes

Page 8: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

A Simple Representation of the Tri-component Attitude Model

BehaviourBehaviour

AffectAffect

Cognition

ABC Model

Page 9: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

The Tri-component Model

• Cognitive Component– The knowledge and perceptions that are acquired by

a combination of direct experience with the attitude object and related information from various sources.

• Affective Component– A person’s emotions or feelings about a particular

product or Object.

• Behaviour Component– The likelihood or tendency that an individual will

undertake a specific action or behave in a particular way with regard to the attitude object.

Page 10: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Manager styleManager styleTechnologyTechnologyNoiseNoisePeersPeersReward systemReward systemCompensation planCompensation planCareer opportunitiesCareer opportunities

Manager styleManager styleTechnologyTechnologyNoiseNoisePeersPeersReward systemReward systemCompensation planCompensation planCareer opportunitiesCareer opportunities

Beliefs and valuesBeliefs and valuesBeliefs and valuesBeliefs and values

Feelings and emotionsFeelings and emotionsFeelings and emotionsFeelings and emotions

Intended behaviorIntended behaviorIntended behaviorIntended behavior

StimuliStimuli

Work Work environment environment factorsfactors

CognitionCognition

AffectAffect

BehaviorBehavior

““My supervisor is unfair.”My supervisor is unfair.”

““Having a fair supervisor is Having a fair supervisor is important to me.”important to me.”

““I don’t like my supervisor.”I don’t like my supervisor.”

““I’ve submitted a formal I’ve submitted a formal request to transfer.”request to transfer.”

The Three The Three Components Components of Attitudes: of Attitudes: Cognition, Cognition, Affect, Affect, BehaviorBehavior

Page 11: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Measuring Attitude Components

Cognitive Component (Measuring Beliefs about Specific Attributes Using the Semantic Differential Scale)

Diet CokeStrong taste —— —— —— —— —— —— —— Mild taste

Low priced —— —— —— —— —— —— —— High priced

Caffeine free —— —— —— —— —— —— —— High in caffeine

Distinctive in —— —— —— —— —— —— —— Similar in taste totaste most

Page 12: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Measuring Attitude ComponentsAffective Component (Measuring Feelings about Specific

Attributes Using Likert Scales)

Neither Agree

Strongly nor StronglyAgree Agree Disagree Disagree Disagree

I like the taste of Diet Coke. —— —— —— —— ——

Diet Coke is overpriced. —— —— —— —— ——

Caffeine is bad for your health. —— —— —— —— ——

I like Diet Coke. —— —— —— —— ——

Page 13: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Measuring Attitude Components

Behavioral Component (Measuring Actions or Intended Actions)

The last soft drink I consumed was a ___________________.

I usually drink________________soft drinks.

What is the likelihood you will buy Diet Coke Definitely will buy the next time you purchase a soft drink? Probably will buy

Might buyProbably will not buyDefinitely will not buy

Page 14: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Job-Related Attitudes

• Job involvement– Extent that a person identifies with his job.

• Organizational commitment– Extent that a person identifies with the

organization. This is a great predictor for turnover.

• Job satisfaction– A person’s general attitude toward work.

Page 15: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

LoyaltyLoyalty

VoiceVoice

ExitExit

NeglectNeglect

• Leaving the situation• Quitting, transferring

• Changing the situation• Problem solving, complaining

• Patiently waiting for the situation to improve

• Reducing work effort/quality• Increasing absenteeism

EVLN: Responses to Dissatisfaction

Page 16: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Responses to Job Dissatisfaction.

Active

Passive

ConstructiveDestructive

Loyalty

Exit

Neglect

Voice

Page 17: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Sources of Attitudes

• Sources of Attitudes:– Acquired from parents, teachers, and

peer group members.– There are “genetic” predispositions.– Observations, attitudes that we

imitate.

• Attitudes are less stable than values.

Page 18: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Formation of Attitudes

• Direct Experiences with Object

• Classical Conditioning and Attitude

• Operant Conditioning

• Family and Peer Groups

• Economic Status and Occupation

• Mass Communication

Page 19: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Classical conditioning

• Initially, the bell is paired with food to produce salivating

• Eventually, the food is no longer required to produce salivating

• Similarly, a certain person may be paired with a negative reaction by a parent, leading to the child becoming upset

• Eventually, the negative reaction is no longer required to make the child upset

Page 20: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Pavlov’s Experiment

CR (salivation)

UCR (meat

powder)UCR (salivation)

Neutral stimulus

(Bell)

B

A

Page 21: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Neutral stimulus (metronome)

CS (metronome)

UCR (salivation)UCR

(meat powder)

CR (salivation)

C

D

Page 22: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Classical conditioning

bell

food

salivating

person X

parent’s

negative

reaction

child upset

Page 23: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Instrumental learning

• Also called operant conditioning

• Rewards and punishments

• Strengthening of responses that lead to:– positive outcomes– avoidance of negative outcomes

Page 24: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Instrumental learning

• If a child is praised for holding a certain attitude, they will be more likely to continue holding this attitude

• On the other hand, punishment leads to rejecting attitudes

• Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Page 25: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Observational learning

• Learning by example• Attitudes may be transmitted unintentionally by

parents• Child may observe their parent smoking, which

may lead to a positive attitude towards smoking• Child may overhear a certain attitude being

conveyed by a parent that they were not meant to hear

Page 26: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Observational learning

• Attitudes also learned from media

• Individuals want to imitate the people around them, or people they look up to

• Observational learning is evident in ‘trends’– E.g., attitudes towards clothes, etc.

Page 27: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Economic Status

• If you are working with management side..

• If you are working with Trade Union…

Difference in attitude

Page 28: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Functions of Attitude

• Determining Meaning

• Organized facts

• Select Facts

• Develop the Rationality

Page 29: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Changing Attitude

• Own Attitude –

• Keep positive Attitude

• Develop Own Attitude

• Keep open mind

• Continuous Education

• Positive Self esteem

• Stay away from – smoking, alcohol, TV

Page 30: Individual Differences Influencing Work Behavior:

Changing Attitude

• Give feedback

• Working Condition

• Make a positive role model

• Provide New Information

• Keep use of Fear - Moderately


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