Individual Identification

Shurong Zhong (PhD, Associate Pf.)Department of Forensic Biology, KMMU

Cell Phone: 18213823198E-mail: zhongshurong@hotmail.com

Graduated from Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , July 2005

Got PhD degree, March 2006Joined School of Forensic Medicine, KMMU, 2006

Studied at Cornell University Jan. 2010-Jan. 2011

Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology

Teaching

Scientific Research

Alcohol Dependence SyndromeCandidate Genes

Scientific Projects • Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (81000577) (Principal Investigator) Title: Study of pharmacodynamic gene and treatment for alcohol dependence in Yunnan Yi and Miao

populations. • Yunnan Natural Science Foundation (2009CD080) (Principal Investigator) Title: Association analyses of genetic polymorphisms of alcohol metabolism related genes with alcohol

dependence syndrome in Yi and Miao minority populations in Yunnan province. • Yunnan Natural Science Foundation (2007C223M) (Principal Investigator) Title: Association analyses of genetic polymorphisms of DRD2, DRD4 and COMT with alcohol dependence

syndrome in Yunnan Han population. • Yunnan Natural Science Foundation (2009CD211) (Co-Investigator) Title: Association analyses of genetic polymorphisms of pharmacodynamics genes with alcohol

dependence syndrome and Personalized Medicines. • Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (30960115) (Co-Investigator) Title: The selection of sensitive genotype for drinking behaviour and alcohol abuse and research of

genetic features. • Yunnan Educational Scientific Research Foundation (07Z10336) (Co-Investigator) Title: Association analyses of genetic polymorphisms of COMT and CYP2E1 with alcohol dependence

syndrome in Yunnan Han population.

Judicial Identification

Individual Identification Paternity Testing

Lynda Mann was sexually assaulted and murdered November 21, 1983

Dawn Ashworth was sexually assaulted and murdered July 31, 1986

Narborough, Leicestershire, England, United Kingdom

Only semen were collected from both murder scenes.

Narborough, Leicestershire, England, United Kingdom

1984 ， Jeffreys developed a new technique, which is called RFLP.

Alec JeffreysProfessorUniversity of Leicester

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

No person's DNA profile is the same except for identical twins.

So it is called DNA fingerprint.

A powerful crime solving tool.

Crime Victims can be Identified and Crime Scenes can be Linked through DNA Fingerprint.

DNA fingerprint

Using DNA Fingerprint

• November 1986, 17-year-old Richard John Buckland was innocent of both murders.

• The tests did prove conclusively that the crimes were committed by the same person.

• September 1987, “mass screening” of all eligible males in the village (4,583 persons).

DNA testing for a murder investigation, 1987.(Magnum Photos)

Colin PitchforkSentenced to life imprisonment on January 23, 1988

Colin Pitchfork – the first man to be convicted using DNA evidence.

Using DNA Typing

Individual Identification

1. What is Individual Identification?

2. How to conduct Individual Identification?

3. Typical cases

4. New Technique

Content

Individual/Personal Identification Theory

To analyze genetic markers of biological samples collected from individual or crime scene to determine whether biological samples were identical or not.

1. What is Individual Identification?

Biological samples from crime scenes

Samples of suspects / Victims

"Samples" and "sample" to compare

Suspicious Semen

Suspect

RFLP

Application of Individual Identification

(1). Criminal Cases

MurderManslaughterExcusable homicideJustifiable Homicide

Suicide

Homicide

Victim Suspect

?

Putting pieces back together

(2). Traffic Accident

Accident Scene Investigation

Victim Driver

(3). Mass Disaster Investigations

2001 “911”, New York

2004Indian OceanTsunami

2008 Wenchuan Earthquake

Bombing Case

(4). Others

Paraffin-embedded Sections

Bone Marrow Transplantation

2. How to conduct Individual Identification?

Analyze Raw DataConclusion

1 2 3

456

DNA Extraction PCR Amplification

Capillary Electrophoresis

Collect Biological Evidence

Process of DNA Typing

What are Biological Evidence?

BloodSemenSalivaTeethBoneUrineSoft TissueHair (w/Root &Shaft)

Common Biological Evidence

1

What are Biological Evidence?

Cigarette ButtsEnvelope & StampsFingerprint residuesFingernail ClippingsChewing GumBite MarksSweat/TearsFeces

Trace Biological Evidence Touching DNA

1

What are Biological Evidence?

Animal MaterialPlant MaterialInsectsBacterial/Fungal

Non-human Biological Evidence

1

TES

SDS

Protease K

DNA Extraction2

RFLP Limitations

• needs g amounts of DNA• DNA needs to be pure• assay time: several days to > week

PCR amplification3

Multiplex PCR

4 Capillary Electrophoresis

Crime Scene - Two Suspects

Suspect 1

Suspect 2

Evidence

Analyze Raw Data5

6 Conclusion

Suspicious Semen Colin Pitchfork

The semen taken from both murder scenes were from Colin Pitchfork.

Case 1: Sexual scandal betweenMonica Lewinsky and Bill Clinton

3. Typical cases

1998, Recorded phone calls (between Lewinsky and a close friend)

李昌钰 Henry Chang-Yu LeeThe world's foremost forensic scientists.

DNA analyses of semen stains on a dress worn by Monica Lewinsky match DNA from a blood sample taken from ex-president Bill Clinton.

Bill Clinton – the worst victim of DNA evidence.

Clinton confessed his affair with miss Monica at last.

Case 2

Suspect A and his blood sample

Results

Conclusion

• DNA analyses of a blood stain on the air bag did not match DNA from a blood sample taken from suspect A.

• The blood stain on the air bag was not from suspect A.

Case 3

Li XX and his blood sample

• DNA analyses of hair in the glass did match DNA from a blood sample taken from Li XX.

• Was the hair in the glass from Li XX?

We can not answer it yet.We can not answer it yet.

Still need to calculate……

• Random Match Probability

• Likelihood Ratio (LR)

LR=Pr （ E Hp ）

Pr （ E Hd ） LR=1/P(X)=1/Pm

• DNA analyses of hair on the glass did match DNA from a blood sample taken from Li XX.

• The hair in the glass was from Li XX.

Conclusion

Interpol – General Secretariat

4. New Technique

Child Pornography Images

Cocaine Logos

Counterfeit Currencies

Criminal Names

DNA

Fingerprints

Payment Cards

Stolen Travel Documents

Stolen Vehicles

Stolen Works of Art

Weapons and Explosives

Interpol’s Databases and Services

Command & Coordination

Criminal Analysis

Disaster Victim

Identification

Financial & High-tech

Crime

Fugitive Investigations

Organized Crime & Drugs

Public Safety & Terrorism

Regional Support

Trafficking in Human

Beings

DNA Database: International Development

Virginia (USA)UK NZ

Vic, Qld, Holland, Austria

1989

1994

1996

1997

1998

2000

2002

SA, NT, USA, Germany

Cth, NSW, Tas, ACT

WA, Botswana, Peru, Jordan, Venezuela, Qatar, Syria, Cyprus, Tunisia, Croatia, Italy, Thailand, Iceland, Ukraine, Greece…

2001

Switzerland, Denmark, Belgium, France, RSA, Hong Kong

DNA Database in China

市级库

省级系统省级系统

国家库用户其他系统

数据库数据库DNA数据库

接口

省级库用户

数据库数据库DNA数据库 省级库用户

数据库数据库DNA数据库

……

市级系统市级库用户

数据库数据库DNA数据库

市级系统市级库用户

数据库数据库DNA数据库

……

国家库

省级库

National Database

Provincial Database

Municipal Database

Country A Country B Country C

DNA Data Protection Considerations

DNA Information Security Considerations

National differences

data protection data

Confidentiality

data ownership

Profile

I-24/7

Standardized exchange

Interpol DNA Database Concept

China and Interpol

China provides information to Interpol’s databases:

Criminal Names and InvestigationsStolen Travel Documents Stolen Motor Vehicles Stolen Works of Art Fingerprints DNA

• Example: Agilent Technologies BA2100 instrument– 12-channel micro-CE device

• Challenge: Is it able to type standard forensic DNA markers?• Obvious advantages:

– Significantly reduced run times than current CE techniques• Potential screening technique for multiple-stain cases, decrease DNA backlogs

– Potential for portability – DNA typing at the scene• Notable disadvantage:

– Poor separation capacity at present

Miniaturisation: Rapid, Portable Analysis

Using HIrisPlex Tech to predict looks

SNP Technique

Skin Color  

Eye Color  

Ethnic Group  

Height

Age

Weight

Looks

MARTIN ENSERINK. (2011) Can This DNA Sleuth Help Catch Criminals? Science, 331:838-840.

Gene expert detective in Germany—— Manfred Kayser

Questions ：

1.What is Individual Identification?

2.How to conduct Individual

Identification?