1 (A PERPETUAL SAGA OF UPS & DOWNS)

MADE BY:-

• SOVAN SINHA ROY (DUAL DEGREE-CSE)

• AMAN MATHUR (DUAL DEGREE-CSE)

• SHIMONA GUPTA (BTECH-CSE)• VIBHU MALIK (BTECH-CSE)

INDO-PAK RELATIONSHIPS

2INTRODUCTION WITH OVERVIEW THIS IS AN INTRIGUING YET SOMEWHAT PECULIAR TALE OF TWO NEIGHBOURING NATIONS WHICH

ARE METAMORPHICALLY FAR AWAY FROM EACH OTHER IN TERMS OF THOUGHTS,ACTIONS & ASPIRATIONS ETC. HERE WE ARE TALKING ABOUT INDIA & PAKISTAN.

INDIA IS A COLOSSAL NATION BLESSED WITH IMMENSE POTENTIAL , IT IS ACTUALLY ‘A FEDERAL PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUIONAL REPUBLIC’ WITH A POPULATION OF 1.21 BILLION PEOPLE (AS OF 2011 CENSUS) ,THE 2ND LARGEST POPULATED COUNTRY WITH A TOTAL AREA OF 3.288 MILLION SQUARE KM (7TH LARGEST AREA OF A COUNTRY IN THE WORLD) .WHEREAS,THE OTHER NATION WE ARE DEALING WITH IS PAKISTAN ‘A FEDERAL PARLIAMENTARY REPUBLIC’ WITH A POPULATON OF 191 MILLION (6TH LARGEST IN THE WORLD) .IT HAS AN AREA OF AROUND 803 THOUSAND SQUARE KM (36TH WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THE TOTAL AREA).

IN THIS INITIATIVE OF OURS WE WILL TRY TO EMPHASIZE ON THE SOCIO-POLITICAL SCENARIO BETWEEN THE TWO NATIONS WITHOUT DELVING MUCH INTO THE ECONOMICAL & GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF THE TWO.

SO “INDO-PAK RELATIONSHIPS (A PERPETUAL SAGA OF UPS & DOWNS )” WILL REVOLVE AROUND THE VARIOUS STAGES THE TWO DOMINIONS HAVE TRAVERSED OVER THE YEARS GONE BY, THE STATUS QUO & FUTURE POSSIBILTIES .IT WILL FOCUS ON CORE ISSUES THAT HAVE AFFECTED THE TWO AND THE ROADS THE RELATIONSHIP MAY TAKE SOONER RATHER THAN LATER FOR GOOD.

3THE GENESIS OF DRIFT-THE PARTITION

INDIA AND PAKISTAN BOTH GOT INDEPENDENCE IN AUGUST 1947, FOLLOWING A NATIONALIST STRUGGLE LASTING NEARLY THREE DECADES. IT SET A VITAL PRECEDENT FOR THE NEGOTIATED WINDING UP OF BRITISH EMPIRES ELSEWHERE. UNFORTUNATELY, IT WAS ACCOMPANIED BY THE LARGEST MASS MIGRATION IN HUMAN HISTORY OF SOME 10 MILLION PEOPLE. AS MANY AS ONE MILLION CIVILIANS DIED IN THE ACCOMPANYING RIOTS AND LOCAL LEVEL FIGHTING, PARTICULARLY IN THE WESTERN REGION OF PUNJAB WHICH WAS CUT IN TWO BY THE BORDER.ON THE BASIS OF TWO NATION THEORY, ERSTWHILE INDIA WAS ULTIMATELY DIVIDED INTO TWO SEPARATE UNIONS- ONE WITH A MUSLIM MAJORITY (PAKISTAN) AND THE OTHER WITH A HINDU MAJORITY (INDIA) .THIS IS COMMOMLY SEEN AS THE OUTCOME OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE NATION’S ELITES.

4AFTER PAKISTAN, INDIA ATTAINED INDEPENDENCE ; THERE HAVE BEEN SOME ISSUES WHICH HAVE IMPACTED THE INDO-PAK RELATIONSHIPS. KASHMIR ISSUE , WATER DISPUTES, TERRORISM, TERRITORIAL DISPUTES ARE THE MAIN IRRITATING FACTORS IN THEIR RELATIONS.NUCLEAR ISSUES AND KARGIL WAR ALSO PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN STRAINING THE BOND BETWEEN INDIA & PAKISTAN POST THE PARTITION THAT MARKED THE GENESIS OF DRIFT.

5THE AFTERMATH OF INDEPENDENCE

MOHD ALI JINNAH WAS THE CATALYST WHO MARSHALLED FOR A SEPARATE NATION CALLED PAKISTAN. HIS CONFLICT OF INTEREST WITH THE OTHER NATIONALISTS OF THAT TIME INCLUDING SARDAR PATEL & NEHRU LED TO THIS DRASTIC UNRAVELLING AS A RESULT PAK WAS FORMED AND IT IS SAID TO HAVE ATTAINED LIBERTY ON 14-08-1947 .WHAT FOLLOWED NEXT WAS THE IMMINENT ANGST OF PEOPLE EXPRESSED IN THE FORM OF ATTACKS ON ONE ANOTHER. THIS PARTITION HAD DRAMATICALLY CHANGED THE ENTIRE LANDSCAPE OF THE NATION AND HAD ECONOMICALLY & SOCIALLY AFFECTED IT.THERE WAS A HUGE UNREST AMONG THE CITIZENS OF BOTH THE NATION WHICH CULMINATED INTO MULTIPLE INSTANCES OF DISPUTES & ACTS OF DEFIANCE AS MENTIONED IN BOOKS LIKE ‘AVOIDING ARMAGADDEON’ BY BRUCE REIDEL .

6THE INDO-PAK WARS (1965,1971)This war started following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into

Jammu & Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on West Pakistan. The seventeen-day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and also witnessed the largest tank battle since World War II. The hostilities between the two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and USA and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. Both India and Pakistan claimed victory. Some neutral assessments pointed out that India had the upper hand over Pakistan when ceasefire was declared. while others credited Pakistan for the position.This war was unique in the way that it did not involve the issue of Kashmir, but was rather precipitated by the crisis created by the political battle between Sheikh Mujib, Leader of East Pakistan and Yahiya-Bhutto, leaders of West Pakistan brewing in erstwhile East Pakistan culminating in the declaration of Independence of Bangladesh from the state system of Pakistan. Following Operation Searchlight and the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities, about 10 million Bengalis in East Pakistan took refuge in neighbouring India. India intervened in the ongoing Bangladesh liberation movement. After a large scale pre-emptive strike by Pakistan, full-scale hostilities between the two countries commenced. Within two weeks of intense fighting, Pakistani forces in East Pakistan surrendered to the joint command of Indian and Bangladeshi forces following which the People's Republic of Bangladesh was created. This war saw the highest number of casualties in any of the India-Pakistan conflicts, as well as the largest number of prisoners of war since the Second World War after the surrender of more than 90,000 Pakistani military and civilians. In the words of one Pakistani author, "Pakistan lost half its navy, a quarter of its air force and a third of its army".

7THE KARGIL WAR (1999)

The Kargil conflict, was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control (LOC). In India, the conflict is also referred to as Operation Vijay which was the name of the Indian operation to clear the Kargil sector.The cause of the war was the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the LOC, which serves as the de facto border between the two states. During the initial stages of the war, Pakistan blamed the fighting entirely on independent Kashmiri insurgents, but documents left behind by casualties and later statements by Pakistan's Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff showed involvement of Pakistani paramilitary forces, led by General Ashraf Rashid. The Indian Army, later on supported by the Indian Air Force, recaptured a majority of the positions on the Indian side of the LOC infiltrated by the Pakistani troops and militants. With international diplomatic opposition, the Pakistani forces withdrew from the remaining Indian positions along the LOC.The war is one of the most recent examples of high-altitude warfare in mountainous terrain, which posed significant logistical problems for the combating sides. To date, it is also the only instance of direct, conventional warfare between nuclear states (i.e., those possessing nuclear weapons).

8FOCUS ON THE THINGS UNITING US

SPORTS : INDIA AND PAKISTAN SHARE A HEALTHY RIVALRY IN SEVERAL SPORTS ESPECIALLY HOCKEY & CRICKET WHERE THE FANS OF RESPECTIVE NATIONS COME TOGETHER & SUPPORT THEIR TEAMS PASSIONATELY. FOR ONCE HATRED IS KEPT ASIDE AND SHEER ENTHUSIASM & HEALTHY LIGHT MOMENTS CREEP IN.

CINEMA: THE PAK FOLKS & MEDIA KEEP A CLOSE EYE ON BOLLYWOOD, TO BE PRECISE THEY ADMIRE & FOLLOW A POTPURRI OF BOLLYWOOD STARS CLOSELY FOR INSTANCE THE KHANS & BIG B ETC. NEEDLESS TO MENTION MOVIES LIKE BAJRANGI BHAIJAAN ALWAYS STRIKES A CORD AMONG PEOPLE OF BOTH SIDES.

ENERGY COOPERATION: THE 2,700 KM INDO-PAK-IRAN PIPELINE PROJECT IS ANOTHER ENTICING PROSPECT ALBEIT THE PROJECT HASN’T YET BEEN CONCLUDED BUT $7.5 BILLION PROJECT IS CERTAINLY BENEFICIAL FOR ALL THE PARTIES INVOLVED.

9THE IDYLLIC PERCEPTION

SOME PEOPLE STILL FIRMLY BELIEVE INDIA AND PAKISTAN WILL AGAIN UNITE OR AT LEAST HAVE THE BACK OF EACH OTHER IN TIMES OF ADVERSITY, NO BLAME ATTACHED TO THEM FOR THEIR ULTRA OPTIMISTIC IDEALISM AS IT IS STILL A DISTANT POSSIBILITY BUT FOR NOW IT IS A DREAM.THINGS COULD HAVE BEEN BETTER HAD THEIR BEEN NO PRECONCEIVED NOTIONS ABOUT RELIGION,ETHNICITY & LOYALTY.IT IS NOT ENVIABLE TO HATE THE PEOPLE OF A NATION , HOWEVER ONE CAN ABHOR THE MODULUS OPERANDI OF A NATION AND THE AUTHORITY THAT GOVERNS IT . HERE, OUR TALE SOUNDS THE SAME .INDIANS FEEL THE TERRORIST GROUPS, ISI & PAK ARMY LET THEIR ENTIRE COUNTRY DOWN A NUMBER OF TIMES, SIMILARLY THEY HAVE THEIR OWN VILLIANS MARKED IN INDIA WHOM THEY RECKON AS A THREAT & OBSTACLE TO THEIR NATIONAL INTEGRITY.ALAS, “GENERATIONS MAY CHANGE BUT THE SCARS OF THE BITTER PAST STILL REMAINS AND DICTATES THE TERMS WHENEVER A NEW DAWN SEEMS TO BE ROUND THE CORNER” !!!

10THE PERIOD POST THE ADVENT OF THE MILLENNIUM

Eventhough , since the beginning of the new millennium there hasn’t been any significant instance of strife between the two nations yet the amount of enmity has seen no recession as a matter of fact Certain confidence-building measures — such as the 2003 ceasefire agreement and the Delhi–Lahore Bus service – were successful in deescalating tensions. However, these efforts have been impeded by periodic terrorist attacks. The 2001 Indian Parliament attack almost brought the two nations to the brink of a nuclear war. The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings, which killed 68 civilians (most of whom were Pakistani), was also a crucial point in relations. Additionally, the 2008 Mumbai attacks carried out by Pakistani militants resulted in a severe blow to the ongoing India-Pakistan peace talks.

11POLITICAL ASPECT

According to a 2013 BBC World Service Poll, 11% of Indians view Pakistan's influence positively, with 45% expressing a negative view, while 19% of Pakistanis view India's influence positively, with 54% expressing a negative view. Since the election of new government in Pakistan in mid-2013, significant steps are being taken to improve relations, in particular the consensus on the agreement of Non-Discriminatory Market Access on Reciprocal Basis (NDMARB) status for each other, which will liberalize trade.

Lately the two prime ministers NAWAS SHARIF & NARENDRA MODI have actually displayed a tactful approach while dealing with several issues and signing pacts & not so long ago did the two sat on a discussion regarding a plethora of prospects . Understandably, after achieving an overwhelming mandate Modi has zeroed in on a few things and improving ties & facilitating trade especially with Pak & other neighbouring countries has been there right up among his agendas.

1226/11

In November 2008, 10 Pakistani members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, an Islamic militant organisation, carried out a series of shooting and Bombing attacks lasting four days across Mumbai . Ajmal Kasab, the only attacker who was captured alive, later confessed upon interrogation that the attacks were conducted with the support of the Pakistan government's intelligence agency, the ISI. The attacks, which drew widespread global condemnation, began on Wednesday, 26 November and lasted until Saturday, 29 November 2008, killing 164 people and wounding at least 308.Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai: at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Oberoi Trident, the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, Leopold Cafe, Cama Hospital, the Nariman House, St. Xavier's College etc. By the early morning of 28 November, all sites except for the Taj hotel had been secured by Mumbai Police and security forces. On 29 November, India's National Security Guards (NSG) conducted 'Operation Black Tornado' to flush out the remaining attackers; it resulted in the deaths of the last remaining attackers at the Taj hotel and ending all fighting in the attacks.Ajmal Kasab disclosed that the attackers were members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, among others. The Government of India said that the attackers came from Pakistan, and their controllers were in Pakistan.

13THE KASHMIR CONFLICT

ARGUABLY THE PRIME TOPIC OF PAKISTAN HAS ALWAYS BEEN KASHMIR. NO MATTER WHENEVER INDIA RAISES THE HEAT AGAINST THE ERRONEOUS & ROGUE APPROACH OF THE PAK ARMY THAT GOVERNS THEIR NATION et al, PAK RAISES THE ISSUE OF KASHMIR. IRONICALLY IT IS THE KASHMIR GHATI THEY DEVASTATE THE MOST BY VIRTUE OF THERE RELENTLESS FELONIOUS ACTIVITIES. ON THE OTHER HAND INDIA HAS MAINTAINED IT’S STANCE THAT THE ENTIRE KASHMIR WILL NEVER BE HANDED TO PAKISTAN.KASHMIR HAS INCIDENTLY BEEN THE EPICENTRE BEHIND THE WAR OF 1965 & 1999 BUT IT IS STILL AN INTEGRAL PART OF INDIA EVENTHOUGH SOME PART OF IT IS SHARED BY PAK (AZAD KASHMIR) & CHINA (AKSIN CHIN) .THE POLITICAL PARTIES OF J&K AND THE POLICE FORCES THERE HAVE OFTEN BEEN UNABLE TO CURB THE MENACE OF PAKISTAN AS A RESULT THE INDIAN ARMY DEPLOYED THERE IN LARGE NUMBER IS THE ONE THE NATION VEHEMENTLY COUNTS ON WHENEVER THE KASHMIR CONFLICT RESURFACES.

14THE CONTEMPORARY STATUS

THE INCUMBENT SITUATION DRAWN FROM ACRIMONIOUS INSTANCES FROM RECENT PAST SUGGESTS IT ISN’T ROSY ‘LET US EMBELLISH THE NOTION WITH A FEW WELL DOCUMENTED INCIDENTS:-

1) THE DRONE DRAMAON JULY 15,2015 PAKISTANI OFFICIALS CAME UP WITH AN ABSURD CLAIM WHICH WAS THOUGHT TO BE SENSATIONAL .THEY SAID THEY HAVE SHOT DOWN AN ALLEGED INDIAN ‘SPY DRONE’ WHICH INTRUDED THE OPPOSITION TERRITORY. TO THIS THE INDIAN OFFICIALS NOT ONLY SUCCEEDED TO PROVE THE ALLEGATIONS FALSE BUT ALSO RIPPED THEM APART BY FURNISHING CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCES THAT CONFIRMED THAT IT WAS A COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE “DJI PHANTOM III” DRONE WHICH WAS MADE IN CHINA & INDIA DOESN’T PROCURE DRONES FROM CHINA. MOREOVER,IT WAS A DRONE WITH A VERY SHORT RANGE WHICH WAS ACTUALLY USED BY THE PAK POLICE FORCES FOR HIGHWAY PETROLLING. SO,THE BOTTOMLINE IS THEY BROUGHT DOWN THEIR OWN DRONE AND TRIED TO ACCUSE INDIA TO CONCEAL THEIR FOOLHARDY.

152) THE NAVEED INCIDENT

ON 5TH AUGUST 2015 ,TWO PAKISTANI TERRORISTS WERE CAUGHT IN UDHAMPUR (J&K) .THEY WERE ON A MISSION TO DESTROY THE ASSETS AND KILL SEVERAL INNOCENT INDIANS. THEY ATTACKED A BSF CONVOY IN UDHAMPUR AND KILLED TWO TROOPERS .ONE PERSON WAS GUNNED DOWN BY THE SECURITY FORCES BUT ANOTHER WAS ULTIMATELY NABBED BY TWO LOCAL CIVILIANS. THE MAN CAUGHT ALIVE WAS MOHAMMED NAVEED ,A PAK TERRORIST BRAINWASHED WITH IDEA OF JIHAD. HE CONFESSED HE WAS ON THE VERGE OF WRECKING HAVOC IN THE LIVES OF MANY INNOCUOUS PEOPLE. HE TOLD HE WAS AFFILIATED TO LASKHAR-E-TAIBA AS HE TRAINED AT A CAME OF THEIRS PRIOR ENTERING TO INDIA.PAKISTAN INITIALLY TRIED TO BRAZEN IT OUT SUGGESTING “HE WAS NOT A PAKISTANI“ BUT THEY ENDED UP RELUCTANTLY ADMITTING IT AFTER HIS OWN FAMILY MEMBERS RECOGNIZED HIM AND OWNED HIM.

163) CEASE FIRE VIOLATIONS,INSURGENCIES ,INFILTRATIONS & SKIRMISHESTHERE HAVE BEEN NUMEROUS ACCOUNTS OF CEASE FIRE VIOLATIONS ,INSURGENCIES, INFILTRATIONS BY OUR COUNTERPART VIA THE LOC REGIONS AND OTHER BORDERED REGIONS IN J&K AND PUNJAB. THE STAGGERING PARADOX IS IF WE WERE TO ACTUALLY ENUMERATE THE NUMBER OF MAJOR & MINOR INCIDENTS THAT TOOK PLACE IN THE RECENT PAST BETWEEN THE TWO THEN A COMPLETE SEPARATE BOOK CAN BE QUITE EASILY CREATED FROM IT EXAMPLES ARE INCIDENTS OF POOCH & ARNIA SECTOR OF JAMMU & KASHMIR.THUS, THE CONTEMPORARY STATUS OR STATUS QUO IS BLEAK AND IT ONLY SEEMS TO GO FURTHER DOWNHILL FROM HERE AFTER UNFOLDING OF THESE EVENTS.HOWEVER, FRESH NEGOTIATIONS MAY TAKE PLACE BUT ALL SUCH CASES ARE LIKELY TO PROVE SUPERFLUOUS.

17WHAT LIES AHEAD?! WHEN WE TALK ABOUT SUCH PERTINENT ISSUES OF GENERAL CONCERN

ONE THING MUST BE ENSURED THAT IS “ONE SHOULD NOT WANDER IN A WORLD OF SENTIMENTS & EMOTIONS RATHER HE/SHE SHOULD BE SENSIBLE & RATIONAL ENOUGH TO BIFURCATE BETWEEN WHAT SERVES BEST TO THE INTERESTS OF EVERYONE & WHAT HAMPERS IT AND HENCE IS TO BE CONDEMNED”.TODAY, WHEN WE DISCUSS ABOUT THE BILATERAL TIE IT’S UNFORTUNATE SOME OF US STILL FIND OURSELVES IN LIMBO. WE INDIANS TIME & AGAIN BROKE THE DEADLOCK ALL FOR IT TO GET FROM BAD TO WORSE YET THE SWITCH HASN’T BEEN KILLED.

INSURGIENCIES, CEASE FIRE VIOLATIONS & INFILTRATIONS IN THE RECENT YEARS CANNOT BE IGNORED NOR CAN THEY BE DEEMED AS SOMETHING BEARABLE. SUBSEQUENTLY, THE ARROGANT STANCE OF PAK ON SEVERAL OCCASIONS HAS NEVER GONE DOWN WELL WITH THE INDIANS.

18BY THE OMINOUS SIGNS ONE CANNOT UTTERLY DENY THE FACT THAT ANOTHER WAR MAY TAKE PLACE BETWEEN THE NATIONS IN THE POSTERITY BUT LET’S FACE IT AT PRESENT THIS WRITING ON THE WALL IS SO CRYPTIC THAT ONE INVARIABLY HAS TO READ BETWEEN THE LINES BEYOND DEPTHS OF AUSTERITY IN ORDER TO PREDICT IT.THEREFORE, MAY WE CONCLUDE BY EVINCING THAT THERE IS NO CERTAINTY AS TO WHAT WILL HAPPEN IN THE FUTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF INDO-PAK RELATIONSHIP? NEVERTHELESS, ONE THING IS FOR SURE WE HAVE ATCUALLY ACQUAINTED THAT :-

“IF WE CONCEIVE THAT THERE IS STILL A FAIR CHANCE THAT THE TWO COUNTRIES WILL RECONCILE AND AGAIN BECOME A SINGLE CONSOLIDATED UNIT WHERE COMPREHENSIVE LOVE, PEACE, UNITY & HARMONY DWELLS THEN WE ARE GROSSLY MISTAKEN AS IT IS NOTHING ELSE BUT A UTOPIAN VISION FAR FROM PRAGMATISM” .

19SYNOPSIS‘INDO-PAK RELATIONSHIP (A PERPETUAL SAGA OF UPS & DOWNS)’ IS INDEED AN APT TITLE CONSIDERING THE FACT THAT THE TWO NATIONS CAN NEVER BE ON THE SAME PAGE . WE HAVE DISCUSSED ABOUT THE GLIMMERS OF HOPE THAT HAVE BEEN AROUSED OVER THE COURSE OF THE PAST 69 YEARS BUT EVERY SUCH EFFORT HAD TO ULTIMATELY VANISH IN AN AIR OF DESOLATION.EVENTHOUGH WE DO SYMPATHIZE WITH THE HOI POLLOI OF PAKISTAN BUT THAT DOESN’T OBFUSCATE THE FACT THAT THE SOVEREIGN AUTHORITY IN PAKISTAN, THE MILITARY & THE TERRORIST GROUPS BACKED BY ISI THERE DOESN’T WANT CAMARADERIE BETWEEN THE TWO DOMINIONS. THEY WILL DO ALL THEY CAN TO TRY AND IMPOSE AUTHORITY OVER INDIA & TEND TO SEND SHOCK WAVES ACROSS THE VARIOUS TERRITORIES OF “HINDUSTAN” BUT NEVER EVER WLL THEY GENUINELY BE ON THE SAME WAVELENGTH AS THAT OF INDIA & FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM SINCERELY BECAUSE IF THE ACTUALLY TRY TO GO IN THAT DIRECTION THE SNAKES THEY HAVE NURTURED IN THEIR OWN BACKYARD WILL BITE THEM REMORSELESSLY.ERGO, WE WOULD LIKE TO CONCLUDE BY STATING THE FACT THAT WAGING A WAR IS NOT AN OPTION ANYMORE AS IT WILL WRECK AN UNPRECEDENTED AMOUNT OF CARNAGE & LOSS UNPARALLED NOR IS IT ADVISABLE TO MAKE ANOTHER ATTEMPT TO RECONCILE & STRENGTHEN THE BILATERAL TIE WITH A NATION THAT HAS FAILED MISERABLY TIME & AGAIN .SO, THE LAST RESORT WE CAN MAKE OUT IS TO LET HUMANITY FLOURISH INDEPENDENTLY IN THE TWO NATIONS SEPARATELY WITHOUT ONE INFLUENCING OR MAKING AN IMPACT ON THE OTHER AS IT IS IN THE BEST INTERESTS OF BOTH THE NATIONS SANS ANY SHED OF BLOOD & MUTINY.

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THANK YOU !!!!!!!!