INDO-U.S. INDO-U.S. NUCLEAR DEALNUCLEAR DEAL

PRESENTED BY:PRESENTED BY: NAZIA NAJNAZIA NAJ

WHAT IS NUCLEAR DEAL?WHAT IS NUCLEAR DEAL?

The Indo- U.S. civilian nuclear agreement is The Indo- U.S. civilian nuclear agreement is the name commonly attributed to a the name commonly attributed to a bilateral agreement on nuclear co- bilateral agreement on nuclear co- operation between the United States of operation between the United States of America and the Republic of India.America and the Republic of India.

KEY ASPECTS OF THE DEALKEY ASPECTS OF THE DEAL The agreement not to hinder or interfere with India's The agreement not to hinder or interfere with India's

nuclear programme for military purposes. nuclear programme for military purposes. US will help India negotiate with the IAEA for an India-US will help India negotiate with the IAEA for an India-

specific fuel supply agreement. specific fuel supply agreement. Washington will support New Delhi develop strategic Washington will support New Delhi develop strategic

reserves of nuclear fuel to guard against future reserves of nuclear fuel to guard against future disruption of supply. disruption of supply.

Both the countries agree to facilitate nuclear trade Both the countries agree to facilitate nuclear trade between themselves in the interest of respective between themselves in the interest of respective industries and consumers. industries and consumers.

India and the US agree to transfer nuclear material, non-India and the US agree to transfer nuclear material, non-nuclear material, equipment and components. nuclear material, equipment and components.

Any special fissionable material transferred under the Any special fissionable material transferred under the agreement shall be low enriched uranium. agreement shall be low enriched uranium.

KEY ASPECTS CONT…KEY ASPECTS CONT… Low enriched uranium can be transfered for use as fuel in Low enriched uranium can be transfered for use as fuel in

reactor experiments and in reactors for conversion or reactor experiments and in reactors for conversion or fabrication. fabrication.

The ambit of the deal include research, development, The ambit of the deal include research, development, design, construction, operation, maintenance and use of design, construction, operation, maintenance and use of nuclear reactors, reactor experiments and nuclear reactors, reactor experiments and decommissioning. decommissioning.

The US will have the right to seek return of nuclear fuel and The US will have the right to seek return of nuclear fuel and technology but it will compensate for the costs incurred as technology but it will compensate for the costs incurred as a consequence of such removal. a consequence of such removal.

The US to engage Nuclear Suppliers Group to help India The US to engage Nuclear Suppliers Group to help India obtain full access to the international fuel market, including obtain full access to the international fuel market, including reliable, uninteruppted and continual access to fuel supplies reliable, uninteruppted and continual access to fuel supplies from firms in several nations.from firms in several nations.

Nuclear material and equipment transferred to India by the Nuclear material and equipment transferred to India by the US would be subject to safeguards in perpetuity.US would be subject to safeguards in perpetuity.

HISTORY OF INDIA’S NUCLEAR HISTORY OF INDIA’S NUCLEAR PROGRAMMEPROGRAMME

1950: The United States helped India 1950: The United States helped India develop nuclear energy under the atoms develop nuclear energy under the atoms for peace programme.for peace programme.

1968: India refused to sign the NPT, 1968: India refused to sign the NPT, claiming it was biased.claiming it was biased.

1974: India tested its first nuclear bomb 1974: India tested its first nuclear bomb which was made by the materials from the which was made by the materials from the Canadian reactor in tarapur which Canadian reactor in tarapur which supposed to be used only for civilian supposed to be used only for civilian purpose.purpose.

HISTORY CONT…HISTORY CONT…

After our first nuclear bomb test, Canada After our first nuclear bomb test, Canada and U.S. stopped selling nuclear fuel for and U.S. stopped selling nuclear fuel for Tarapur reactor.Tarapur reactor.

U.S. and other NSG countries isolated India U.S. and other NSG countries isolated India for 3 decades, refusing nuclear for 3 decades, refusing nuclear cooperation and trying to convince other cooperation and trying to convince other countries to do the same.countries to do the same.

2000: U.S. has moved to build a “strategic 2000: U.S. has moved to build a “strategic partnership” with India.partnership” with India.

HISTORY CONT……HISTORY CONT…… Aug 1, 2008: The IAEA approved the Aug 1, 2008: The IAEA approved the

safeguards agreement with India, after safeguards agreement with India, after which the U.S. approached the NSG to which the U.S. approached the NSG to grant a waiver to India.grant a waiver to India.

Sep 6, 2008: 45- nation NSG granted the Sep 6, 2008: 45- nation NSG granted the waiver to India.waiver to India.

Sep 28, 2008: The U.S. House of Sep 28, 2008: The U.S. House of Representatives passed the nuclear deal.Representatives passed the nuclear deal.

Sep 30, 2008: India and France inked a Sep 30, 2008: India and France inked a similar nuclear pact.similar nuclear pact.

Oct 1, 2008: The U.S. senate also Oct 1, 2008: The U.S. senate also approved the civilian nuclear agreement.approved the civilian nuclear agreement.

HISTORY CONTD………HISTORY CONTD………

Oct 8,2008: U.S. president, George W. Oct 8,2008: U.S. president, George W. Bush, signed the legislation on the Indo US Bush, signed the legislation on the Indo US nuclear deal.nuclear deal.

Oct 10,2008: The agreement was signed Oct 10,2008: The agreement was signed by Indian External Affairs Minister Pranab by Indian External Affairs Minister Pranab Mukherjee and his counterpart Secretary Mukherjee and his counterpart Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.of State Condoleezza Rice.

WHAT KIND OF TECHNOLOGY WOULD WHAT KIND OF TECHNOLOGY WOULD INDIA RECIEVES IN RETURN?INDIA RECIEVES IN RETURN?

India would be eligible to buy nuclear India would be eligible to buy nuclear technology from NSG countries (there are technology from NSG countries (there are 45 countries in NSG).45 countries in NSG).

India will get Nuclear reactor and Fuel for India will get Nuclear reactor and Fuel for making power for energy.making power for energy.

India will become the only one country India will become the only one country that gets Nuclear technology without that gets Nuclear technology without signing NPT.signing NPT.

WHAT IS NPT?WHAT IS NPT?

Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty (NPT)- is a Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty (NPT)- is a treaty to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. treaty to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. There are currently 189 countries signed the There are currently 189 countries signed the treaty.treaty.

5 of which have nuclear weapons : the US, UK, 5 of which have nuclear weapons : the US, UK, France, Russia and China.France, Russia and China.

Only 4 recognized sovereign states are not Only 4 recognized sovereign states are not parties to the treaty: India, Israel, Pakistan and parties to the treaty: India, Israel, Pakistan and North Korea.North Korea.

WHAT USA GETS FROM THIS WHAT USA GETS FROM THIS AGREEMENT?AGREEMENT?

U.S. expects that such a deal could spur U.S. expects that such a deal could spur India’s economic growth and bring in $150 India’s economic growth and bring in $150 bn in the next decade for the nuclear bn in the next decade for the nuclear power plants, of which the US wants the power plants, of which the US wants the share.share.

U.S. also expects India’s economic growth U.S. also expects India’s economic growth will make a counterweight to China.will make a counterweight to China.

In the best interest of U.S. to secure its In the best interest of U.S. to secure its energy needs of coal, crude oil and natural energy needs of coal, crude oil and natural gas.gas.

PARTIES SUPPORTING DEALPARTIES SUPPORTING DEAL

Indian National CongressIndian National Congress

Samajwadi PartySamajwadi Party

Dravida Munnetra kazhagamDravida Munnetra kazhagam

Rashtriya Janta DalRashtriya Janta Dal

OPPOSITION IN INDIAOPPOSITION IN INDIA

Bhartiya Janta PartyBhartiya Janta Party

Left FrontLeft Front

INTERNATIONAL SUPPORTINTERNATIONAL SUPPORT

United KingdomUnited Kingdom FranceFrance JapanJapan Russia and Russia and GermanyGermany Australia, China and Canada Australia, China and Canada

supporting the deal when India asks supporting the deal when India asks NSG.NSG.

IN INDIAIN INDIA

Estimated annual Uranium production ~ Estimated annual Uranium production ~ 300 tons.300 tons.

Estimated annual Uranium consumption ~ Estimated annual Uranium consumption ~ 450 tons.450 tons.

Current Capacity:Current Capacity: Installed Nuclear Capacity = 3310 MWInstalled Nuclear Capacity = 3310 MW Almost Commissioned = 540 MWAlmost Commissioned = 540 MW Under construction = 3380 MWUnder construction = 3380 MW

ADVANTAGES OF DEAL TO ADVANTAGES OF DEAL TO INDIAINDIA

India’s economical growth is 8- 10% a year India’s economical growth is 8- 10% a year and in 10 years we won’t be able to keep up and in 10 years we won’t be able to keep up without clean nuclear energy. In order for without clean nuclear energy. In order for India to become a developed nation, we must India to become a developed nation, we must have nuclear energy.have nuclear energy.

Reliable powers brings more foreign Reliable powers brings more foreign investments to India.investments to India.

No power means no factories, no No power means no factories, no manufacturing plants, no growth and no job. manufacturing plants, no growth and no job. Thus it will bring more and more job Thus it will bring more and more job opportunities to India.opportunities to India.

DISADVANTAGES OF DEAL TO DISADVANTAGES OF DEAL TO INDIAINDIA

India have to disclose its all nuclear power plants’ secrets and also India have to disclose its all nuclear power plants’ secrets and also agree to 14 of our nuclear power plants to be under the scanner of agree to 14 of our nuclear power plants to be under the scanner of International Atomic Power Organization.International Atomic Power Organization.

If India does nuclear test, this agreement gets cancelled.  ButIf India does nuclear test, this agreement gets cancelled.  But(1) USA will take back all the machinery / equipments / technology(1) USA will take back all the machinery / equipments / technologysupplied to India thus far.supplied to India thus far.(2) Those 14 plants will continue to be under scanner irrespective (2) Those 14 plants will continue to be under scanner irrespective of of the status of the agreement.the status of the agreement.

On the other hand, if any of the commitments given by USA is On the other hand, if any of the commitments given by USA is breached bybreached bythem, then there is no clause for cancelling this agreement. them, then there is no clause for cancelling this agreement. The agreement is apparently like this... USA can either hug India The agreement is apparently like this... USA can either hug India or slap India. India will not ask why are we hugged or why are we or slap India. India will not ask why are we hugged or why are we slapped. On the other hand, India cannot hug or slap USA for slapped. On the other hand, India cannot hug or slap USA for breach of agreement.breach of agreement.

THANK YOUTHANK YOU