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1
Indoor air quality monitoring in 650 single family dwellings in the French speaking part of Switzerland
Joëlle Goyette Pernot*, Corinne Hager Jörin, Hélène Niculita Hirzel et Vincent Perret
(*) Federal office of public health radon delegate for French speaking part of Switzerland
ROOMS 2016 – Concarneau – France – 06-07.10.2016
Aims of the research
• To measure various parameters including radon,
VOC, and bio-contaminants in the air of single
family dwellings on a voluntary basis of the
occupants
• To make a survey of building and human factors
for each dwelling
• To evaluate indoor air quality over a large
sample of new and refurbished energy-efficient
single-family dwellings located in the 6 French
cantons of Switzerland
2
Context of the study – The Swiss
Energy strategy 2050
• To lower the final energy consumption by 54%
and electricity by 18% per person and per year
by 2050 compared to that of 2000
• To cover the current share of nuclear power
(40%) with renewable energy
• To reduce GHG emissions by 75% and to
produce less than 1,5 ton of CO2 per person per
year 3
Improving energy efficiency of
buildings …
• … is one of the main levers of this strategy!
• Buildings are consuming 50% of primary energy
and the building sector is responsible for more
than 50% of the CO2 equivalent emissions
• Around 1.6 millions of buildings and 83% of them
need to be energy refurbished
• Barely 1% of them have already been refurbished!
4
Performed measurements from
2013 to 2016
5
Housings Number Relative frequency
New Minergie build. 182 28
Renovated Minergie 35 5
Traditionaly renovated build. 433 67
Total 650 100
Housings VOC Lingette Sensor Sample
New Minergie build. 45 39 43 8
Renovated Minergie 9 8 7 4
Renovated build. 115 110 114 52
Total 169 157 164 64
650
What means Minergie label?
6
• A label for new and renovated buildings
• Mutually supported by the Swiss Confederation, the
cantons and the Chambers of Commerce and Industry
• Energy value consumption limits are based on building
category and are more stringent than the legal
requirements
• Label required for public buildings in several cantons
(exemplary of the State)
• Main objective: better user comfort
• Minergie-Eco requires reduction of pollutant emissions
from building materials and limitation of ionizing and non-
ionizing radiation by ensuring [Rn] < 100 Bq.m-3 of air
and [COV tot] < 750 mg.m-3
Should Minergie standard better
act facing the radon and IAQ?
7
In the absence of adequate air renewal in the building …
Minergie buildings generlly imply a stronger air tighness
[Rn] inside Minergie buildings should be very low as well as other
indoor air quality parameters
Radon is usually entering building because of leaks in contact with ground surface
Minergie standards require an automatic ventilation system
… radon tends to increase in confined spaces
Questionnaire0. Identification
1. Construction considerations
2. Inhabitants description
3. Organisation in the house
4. Building materials
5. Building technic
6. Equipment and use
7. Damages
8. Life custom
9. Comfort
10. Health
11. Energy consumption
616
Construction considerations
12
Terr
ain
nat
ure
l dan
s la
cav
e
Pu
its
can
adie
n e
t vi
de
san
itai
re
Infl
uen
ce d
u t
ype
de
str
uct
ure
se
lon
la z
on
e d
e r
isq
ue
rad
on
p=0.01
p<0.001
Basement effect
13
A. Sous sol standard
B. Sous sol semi excavé
C. Rez adossé au terrain
D. Pas de sous sol30% 19% 35% 15%
(p<0.001)
CMV – benefit effect?
14
Type de bat<300
Bq/m3
≥300 Bq/m3
Proportion≥300 Bq/m3 par type
Minergie avec VMC
190 7 4%
Minergie sans VMC
4 0 0%
PB avec VMC
12 2 14%
PB sans VMC
321 55 15%
• No significant effect of the CMV Same proportion of buildings ≥ 300 Bq/m3
of air with or without CMV• All buildings ≥ 1000 Bq/m3 of air do not have CMV 18 cases with a mean
radon concentration of 2031 Bq/m3 of air (median of 1636 Bq/m3)• The only building equipped with a CMV do use it only seldom and is having a
radon concentration of 1594 Bq/m3 of air
Pas de VMC Avec VMC
And what about after
energy renovation?
16
[Rn] after = 1.18 X [Rn] beforeon average for 60 buildings
p=0.24p=0.23[Rn] after global renovation= 1.42 X [Rn] before
(54 buildings)
General sanitary state
regarding chemical factors
• TotVOC between 25 and 2292 μg/m3
• 14 samples (8%) over the FOPH
recommendation (1000 μg/m3)
• 21 samples (12%) exceed the
threshold fixed by Minergie Eco (750
μg/m3)
Generally combined levels of VOC
are under control in the great majority of
houses assessed during the
measurement campaign
17
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
<300ug/m3 300-1000ug/m3 1000-3000ug/m3
Nbd'habitations
COVtotaux,MvsPB
M PB
Selon seuils de l’agence fédérale allemande pour l’environnement
169
What is the influence of
the type of building?
18
M PB
n 54 115
Moyenne (mg/m3) 319 415
Médiane (mg/m3) 167 259
écart type (mg/m3) 452 448
Median values of Tot VOC about 1.5X superiors in buildings PB compared to Minergie ones
p<0.01
BTEX – volatile
organic hydrocarbons
• Main external source: traffic
• Other local sources : incense, cigarette, solvent for painting…
19
p=0.002 p < 0.001 p < 0.001
Mean concentrations about 2 to 3 times superiors with an internal parking in the building compared to building without an inside garage
What’s about
formaldehyde?• Ubiquities indoor pollutant coming from
different sources like resin, glue,
domestic products, etc)
• Formaldehyde concentration measured
between 0.5 and 50 μg/m3. No sample
over the FOPH recommendation (125
μg/m3)
• Median concentration of14 μg/m3 tvery
similar of the median value of 19.6
μg/m3 obtained by the Observatoire
français de la qualité de l’air intérieure
(OQAI) during the measurement
campaign of 2007
20
Fungal contamination
Samples at the source• Only 32% of the samples coming from
Minergie buildings and 56% of those coming
from renovated buildings were positives and
provide conditions for the moulds to grow
• Inhabitants have difficulties to distinguish
moulds from salpeter or yeast, particularly
for people living in Minergie buildings
• Bathroom and basement can be
contaminated whatever the type of building
• Bedroom contamination depends and
increases with building age
21
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
20
00
-20
15
19
75
-19
99
19
50
-19
74
avan
t 1
95
0
What do we find in dust?
24
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
20
00
-20
15
19
75
-19
99
19
50
-19
74
avan
t 1
95
00%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
20
00
-20
15
19
75
-19
99
19
50
-19
74
avan
t 1
95
0
Résultats des prélèvements d’été Résultats des prélèvements automne
Cross analysis
• Correlation coefficient equal to 0.20 between VOC tot and radon
concentration (p=0.01) If there is radon accumulation, it is also
possible to note VOC accumulation too!
• Negative correlation between Cladosporium CFU number and the
number of VOC More Cladosporium we have, less VOC diversity
we found (r=-0.33 , p<0.001) because more we ventilate, more
Cladosporium is entering and more VOC are going out
• Negative correlation between radon and Cladosporium CFU letting
assume external source of Cladosporium
• Positive correlation between Cladosporium CFU and propionaldehyde
concentration (r=0.30 , p<0.001). Cladosporium could emit this VOC
in the indoor environment when it is present possible marker
25
Conclusive remarks
• Energy renovation not taking into account indoor air renewal is a major
source of sanitary deterioration of indoor environment as well as a mid
or long-term building degradation
• Challenge for the future. The radon legal regulation revision in
Switzerland as well as the lowering of the tolerate value will compel to
better take into account radon in building in the close future
• Improving radon sanitary conditions should also contribute to enhance
and to improve global indoor air quality
• Real necessity to make building professional awarded by the radon
problematic and globally IAQ but risk management needs also to pass
through an informed public
27
Partenaires et sponsors
• Partenaires académiques et institutionnels
• Partenaires économiques et sponsors