Industrial Chem by Tekk

8/6/2019 Industrial Chem by Tekk

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/industrial-chem-by-tekk 1/18

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Natural resource: &'"

()*+,

-"

".

+

/

Steps to answering this question: 1. Name a limited natural resource (guano) 2. Discuss issues associated with the increased need for the resource 3. Identify replacement materials and/or current research into replacements 4. Use appropriate structure for discussion (opening argument, discussion of issues and concluding remarks)

)01!"#$%$&%$%$

Recall: 2 %3 # $ 1 4

/51

Factors which affect the equilibrium in a reversible reaction: %

,

% 1 6

11

• 71

• 71

• 7 1

11

%

$

%

(.(2%31

$

"!'"(""

81#

dDcC bBaA +↔+



)

7,6

%(

"

.#

K B A

DC ba

d c

=][][

][][

Interpretation of the equilibrium constant:

11

91

15

711.

/1

1,:1

,:

&"')(&"

(1

11#

Recognise: 1,

"

$:;

$:<

$:=1

>+*

+#

• #?,

•

• !0

• #

• .

! !

&!

Process of sulfur extraction: .

+,

+@*%"

%

5

7.

1AABC



>

Property of sulfur which allow its extraction: +.8#

• $>%"@*%"

/

• +$

• +

Environmental issues: 7./.

8

,1

D55

.

* 42SO H

Steps to producing sulfuric acid: %$

-#&!

+..#

H gSOgOsS ∆+↔+ )()()( 22

Conditions necessary: .

.

..

****%!***%.

2SO 3SO

.#&!!!

+...".

.52

OV "..1.

kJ gSOgOsSOOV

197)(2)()(2322

52 + →←+

Conditions necessary: +.

$

$

%1!**5BB**%"5)"

,.9..1

/#0!

."

722 OS H "1$.

"



!

$1.

)()()(722423

lOS H lSO H gSO →+

1#&

AC

)(2)()(422722

lSO H lO H lOS H →+

2SO 3SO

Conditions necessary for producing 2SO :

H gSOgOsS ∆+→+ )()()( 22

.

..1EEE"

****%!***%. 2SO 3

SO

Conditions necessary for producing 3SO :

kJ gSOgOsSO OV 197)(2)()(2 322

52 + →←+

+.$

$

%1!**5BB**%"5)",

...1

9.. 1

,1./5)"

.1

.,.

0" 2SO 3SO

$.

.1

kJ gSOgOsSO 197)(2)()(2322 +↔+

+.

$

,.

."BB**%!***%AFC.

/"

!#$!2%$

Sulfuric acid as an oxidizing agent: +./"(

.

G# )()()(2)( 2

2g H aq Znaq H s Zn +→+

++

# )()()()( 2442 g H aq ZnSOaqSO H s Zn +→+



B

"

./.

)()(2)()()(2)(2)(2

422

2

4 aqSOlO H gSOaqSnaq HSOaq H sSn−+−+

+++→++

Sulfuric acid as a dehydrating agent: %$

#

)()()()(2424252 lO H g H C lSO H lOH H C +→+

%#

)(11)(12)( 2112212 gO H sC sO H C +→

!!

Describe the exothermic nature: 7

.

heat aq HSOaqO H lO H lSO H ++→+−+

)()()()( 43242

Explain the exothermic nature: "

#

+

8# )()()()( 43242 aq HSOaqO H lO H lSO H −+

+→+

+# )()()()(2

4324 aqSOaqO H lO H aq HSO−+−

+↔+

$-5"

.".

-H

.

3#

$"

)(2)(2)(232

aqO H lO H aq H ++

→+ 1

.2182−

−=∆ molkJ H hydration

Concerns with sulfuric acid: 7..

8.

Safety precautions #+

I"

,,/

) +



@

Safety precautions #%1

0

+3$

4&&• %)C"

%1

• (

"

• %$

+

.

!.1!&"

Electrolysis: The process of driving a non-spontaneous redox reaction to occur by means of electrical energy, to separate ions at molten state.Electrolytic cell: an electric cell in which the process of electrolysis occurs

Galvanic and electric cells: &.&

.

9

$5.

89

.

82

.#

*!

"

General terms: $./+

Main features: %"./

Anode reaction: −−

+→ egClaqCl 2)()(2 2

+"

..

Cathode reaction: )(2)(2)(2 22 aqOH g H elO H −− +→+

# )(2)()()(2)(2 222 aqOH g H gCllO H aqCl−−

++→+

7# )(2)(2)()()(2)(2)(2 222 aqOH aq Nag H gCllO H aqClaq Na−+−+

+++→++

81# )()()(2)(2)(2 222 g H gClaq NaOH lO H aq NaCliselectrolys

++ → +

!!#$%$%$%

&&&



F

The Mercury Process .

Description of equipments: ,..

1

.

Basic chemistry (must memorize equations): $-

,

Cathode reaction: )(2)(2)(2 Hgindissoved Nal Hgeaq Na →++−+

%



,5

# )(2)()(2)(2 / 2 22 l Hgg H aq NaOH lO H Hg Na ++→+

# )()(22)(222 222 gClg H OH NalO H Cl Na +++→++−+−+

Advantages: • $

• $.

• (

Technical difficulties: • 1

.

• J1.

• 2

• G-



Environmental difficulties: • ,.

+

• %.

#

• $

• +..

The Diaphragm Process $1

.

Description of equipments: ,,

5.

.

Basic chemistry (must memorize equations): $""

./



+"

..

Cathode reaction: )(2)(2)(2 22 aqOH g H elO H −−

+→+

#

)(2)(2)()()(2)(2)(2 222 aqOH aq Nag H gCllO H aqClaq Na−+−+

+++→++

.

Advantages:



A

• 1G-

• 21

Technical difficulties:

• -% 5".

1

•

C".

• ,

1

Environmental difficulties:

The Membrane Process $5

%

Basic chemistry (must memorize equations): "

7

..

.

G%"



Cathode reaction: )(2)(2)(2 22 aqOH g H elO H −−

+→+

Overall: )()()(2)(2)(2 222 g H gClaq NaOH lO H aq NaCl iselectrolys ++ → +

Technical and environmental difficulties in comparison to other processes: #

• 5

• G.

•

.



*

-

5

Model response: “Evaluate changes in industrial production methods for sodium hydroxide” (6 marks HSC2002)

+

#

1

G-

(#

".G-"

G-*

/

0#

GH.G-

-

5

&

G-

To identify chlorine: ,G>$

,%

To identify hydrogen gas: ,,

,K3

To identify NaOH: $G--

-G-

Hazards: • 7

• 7

0!"

913

The decomposition of molten molten molten molten NaCl to its elements:

)()(2)(2 2 gCll Nal NaCl +→

%# )(l Nae Na →+−+

,#−−

+→ egClCl 2)(2 2

The decomposition of aqueous aqueous aqueous aqueous NaCl to its elements:



)()()(2)(2)(2)(2 222 gClg H aqOH aq NalO H aq NaCl +++→+−+

%#−−

+→+ OH H eO H 222 22

,#−−

+→ egClCl 2)(2 2

B+&

Saponification is described as the hydrolysis of fats and oils under alkaline conditions (OH) to produce glycerol and salts of fatty acids.+.L-"L%-"

.

OH RCOO ROH RCOO R baba −+−→+−−−−

For example: H.→ H"

Process in the school laboratory: ,

G-K3G%

Procedure: B2)*2!*0G-B**2

) .>*

> 7.

! *G%

B .>

@ +.

Safety risk: • G-

G-

• -.G-

Conditions: • 0

• 1

• +.

Industrial process: 0.G-"K3

) +4..

> -1

! 1.



)

B 7

@

Conditions:

• $

• 0.

• +1

Comparison in summary: In the School lab: • 6

• 6

• +

• ?

• +.

0

Structure of soap: +.

"

K53".K3"K3

K3".

Account for soap’s cleaning action: 75

5

5

.

5

.

+

4.

,4

4

Model response: “describe the molecular structure of soap and use this structure to account for the cleaning action of soaps”

7,5% 5

7"

5"

."

5



>

,44

!

Emulsion: the dispersion of small droplets of an immiscible liquid in another +.

+

Formation of micelles: 5

.

#$%$%$

$5%$

Anionic detergents: detergents which have a negative charged head. Eg. soap Cationic detergents: detergents with a positively charged head. Eg. alkyl ammonium group

Non-ionic detergents: detergents with a polar head rather than ionic head groups such as alcohol and ethoxy functional groups.Surfactant: substance that decreases the surface tension of water or, alternatively, that ‘solubilises’ dirt and grease

Structure and chemical compositions: ++++"""" %%%%

,

+"

2

L%LGH"

,

("

2

"

L?LL+)LLGH"

G5

2

4L%-)L%-)LL".

5

%

("

2

GLG?>H"

%% 5

Effect in hard water and uses: 99990)H%)H" DDDD

+ "

, 8.

"

0

$

1111

,

.

G5 G

9

8



!

+

45

% G

9

--

.

%

.

,

%

,$&

6

%.#,"

/

8...

+#• &

• # COOH CH CH 1423)(

• +# COOH CH CH 1623 )(

• # COOH CH CH CH CH CH 72723)()( −=−

• 2# COOH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH 722423)()( −=−−=−

&&&!&

Soaps: +

.

Early detergents: 9AB*K@*

+"

.

.

.

Recent detergents: 0""""

-

/.

"..

1

%

Non-ionic detergents: 05



B

Assessment/Judgment: ,

'

,

77

(

B+@*&

Raw materials: G%""

Products: ( )3CaCl ( )32CO Na

,

#

• &&&&#.

."

• 7777#+

$"

• +#+#+#+#+.

.".

5

• +#+#+#+#

• ,,,,/#/#/#/#+/&"&&&#$%$

%$%$&

Flowchart:

Sequence of steps in the Solvay process 6G%"

Chemistry of brine purification:



@

6

$#

#

)()()( 3

2

3

3 sCaCOaqCOaqCa →+−+

-.

)()()(2)( 2

2sOH MgaqOH aq Mg →+

−+

)()()(3)( 33 sOH FeaqOH aqFe →+ −+

,

)

> %."

Chemistry of hydrogen carbonate formation: 7.%)

#

)()()(3222

aqCO H lO H gCO ↔+

""#

)()()()( 34323 aq HCOaq NH aqCO H aq NH −+

+↔+

#

)()()( 33 s NaHCOaq HCOaq Na ↔+−+

#

)()()()()()(43232 aqCl NH s NaHCOlO H g NH gCOaq NaCl +→+++

!

Chemistry of sodium carbonate formation: 8#

)()()()(222323

gO H gCOsCO Nas NaHCO heat ++ →

.

B

Chemistry of ammonia recovery:

,."

.+

2#

)()()(23 gCOsCaOsCaCO +→

..#

)()()()( 22 aqOH CalO H sCaO →+

....

Ammonia recovery: )(2)(2)()(2)()(32242

g NH lO H aqCaClaqCl NH aqOH Ca ++→+

The overall reaction for the Solvay process:

)()()()(22323 aqCaClsCO NasCaCOaq NaCl

ammonia+ → +

&&!



F

General statement: ,+.

Thermal pollution: +.

.

.

Waste products: ,7

+

,5

Conclusion: +

How the issues are addressed: +

,$&&&&

7,-.8!

Procedure for modeling reaction of ammoniacal brine with carbon dioxide: D%):"

.G%G-!%G)%>

Safety risks: %)&5G->

9,

Difficulties with laboratory modeling: $*%G->

$

G->

4&&&!

Criteria used: #

1

) L.

Example- the Solvay process: +1G%

,4

911



81

.

.

1

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