Web of Knowledge Web of Knowledge (Semantic Web, Web 3.0)(Semantic Web, Web 3.0)Web of Knowledge Web of Knowledge (Semantic Web, Web 3.0)(Semantic Web, Web 3.0)
Intelligent Agents and Applications
Facilitates Intelligence-
to-Intelligence interaction
Web of Intelligence Web of Intelligence (Distributed AI, Web 4.0)(Distributed AI, Web 4.0)Web of Intelligence Web of Intelligence (Distributed AI, Web 4.0)(Distributed AI, Web 4.0)
Web of intelligent entities (intelligence services), browseable, searchable, composable, self-managed, dynamic, mobile …
GUN can be considered as a kind of Ubiquitous Eco-System for Ubiquitous Society – the world in which people and other intelligent entities (ubiquitous devices, services, software, organizations, etc) “live” together and have equal opportunities (specified by policies) in mutual understanding, mutual service provisioning and mutual usability.
“The semantic wave embraces four stages of internet growth:
Web 1.0, was about connecting information ...
Web 2.0 is about connecting people.
Web 3.0, is starting now… and it is about … connecting knowledge…
Web 4.0 will come later … and it is about connecting intelligences in a ubiquitous web where both people and things can reason and communicate together.”[“Semantic Wave 2008” , Mills Davis ]
““Semantic Wave” (Web X.0) and GUNSemantic Wave” (Web X.0) and GUN““Semantic Wave” (Web X.0) and GUNSemantic Wave” (Web X.0) and GUN We may add here:
Web 5.0 will come finally and it is about connecting models in a “Global Understanding Environment” (GUN), which will be such proactive, self-managed evolutionary Semantic Web of Things, People and Abstractions where all kinds of entities can understand, interact, serve, develop and learn from each other.[Vagan Terziyan]
What is UBIWARE ? (1)What is UBIWARE ? (1)What is UBIWARE ? (1)What is UBIWARE ? (1)
• UBIWARE (important step towards GUN) is a generic, UBIWARE (important step towards GUN) is a generic, domain independent middleware platform, which is domain independent middleware platform, which is meant to be able to provide the following support:meant to be able to provide the following support: integration;integration; interoperability;interoperability; proactivity;proactivity; communication, observation, negotiation, coordination and communication, observation, negotiation, coordination and
collaboration;collaboration; automation, design and installation;automation, design and installation; lifecycle management, execution monitoring, diagnostics, lifecycle management, execution monitoring, diagnostics,
maintenance;maintenance; self-descriptiveness, semantic search, discovery, sharing, reuse;self-descriptiveness, semantic search, discovery, sharing, reuse; planning and decision-making;planning and decision-making; adaptation;adaptation; learning, mining, knowledge discovery;learning, mining, knowledge discovery; context-awareness;context-awareness; self-management including self-configuration;self-management including self-configuration; security, privacy and trust;security, privacy and trust; etc...etc...
• ……for … for … (see next slide)(see next slide)
What is UBIWARE ? (2)What is UBIWARE ? (2)What is UBIWARE ? (2)What is UBIWARE ? (2)
• … … for the following resources, systems and for the following resources, systems and components (including their groups):components (including their groups): data information and knowledge:data information and knowledge: data, metadata, knowledge, logic, data, metadata, knowledge, logic,
ontologies;ontologies; software and services:software and services: software components, software agents, softwaresoftware components, software agents, software and and
information systems, services including Web-services;information systems, services including Web-services; humans:humans: users, operators, experts, administration, customers, patients, users, operators, experts, administration, customers, patients,
doctors, etc;doctors, etc; hardware:hardware: machines, devices, networks, embedded electronics, RFID;machines, devices, networks, embedded electronics, RFID; organizationsorganizations;; intangibles:intangibles: human and organizational capital, innovations, property rights, human and organizational capital, innovations, property rights,
trust and reputation, brand recognition, etc.;trust and reputation, brand recognition, etc.; processes:processes: behaviors, technologies and business models;behaviors, technologies and business models; interfacesinterfaces; intelligence:intelligence: reasoning, inference, planning, learning, data-mining, knowledge reasoning, inference, planning, learning, data-mining, knowledge
discovery, etc… engines;discovery, etc… engines; ecosystems:ecosystems: environments, smart spaces, other middleware and CSCW tools;environments, smart spaces, other middleware and CSCW tools; abstractions and mathematical models;abstractions and mathematical models; etc.etc.
What is UBIWARE (in short)What is UBIWARE (in short)What is UBIWARE (in short)What is UBIWARE (in short)
• UBIWARE is a tool to support:UBIWARE is a tool to support: design and installation of…,design and installation of…, autonomic operation of… and autonomic operation of… and interoperability among…interoperability among…
• … … complex, heterogeneous, open, dynamic and complex, heterogeneous, open, dynamic and self-configurable distributed industrial systems;…self-configurable distributed industrial systems;…
• … … and to provide following services for systemand to provide following services for system components:components: adaptation;adaptation; automation; automation; centralized or P2P organization;centralized or P2P organization; coordination, collaboration, interoperability and negotiation;coordination, collaboration, interoperability and negotiation; self-awareness, communication and observation;self-awareness, communication and observation; data and process integration;data and process integration; (semantic) discovery, sharing and reuse.(semantic) discovery, sharing and reuse.
• Due to heterogeneity of provided services and supported Due to heterogeneity of provided services and supported components, UBIWARE is based on integration of several components, UBIWARE is based on integration of several
technologies:technologies: Semantic Web, Distributed Artificial Intelligence and Semantic Web, Distributed Artificial Intelligence and Agent Technologies, Ubiquitous Computing, SOA (Service-Agent Technologies, Ubiquitous Computing, SOA (Service-
Oriented Architecture), Web X.0, P2POriented Architecture), Web X.0, P2P and related concepts.and related concepts.
• The research and design on UBIWARE is started byThe research and design on UBIWARE is started by Industrial Ontologies Group within UBIWARE project: “Smart within UBIWARE project: “Smart Semantic Middleware for Ubiquitous Computing” (June 2007 – Semantic Middleware for Ubiquitous Computing” (June 2007 – May 2010) funded by Tekes and industrial companies.May 2010) funded by Tekes and industrial companies.
• Ubiquitous computing, “Internet of Things” huge numbers of heterogeneous devices are interconnected • “nightmare of pervasive computing” when almost
impossible to centrally manage the complexity of interactions, neither even to anticipate and design it.
• We believe that self-manageability of a complex system requires its components to be autonomous themselves, i.e. be realised as agents.
• Agent-based approach to SE is also considered to be facilitating the design of complex systems
Challenges and SolutionsChallenges and SolutionsChallenges and SolutionsChallenges and Solutions
• Very heterogeneous resourcesVery heterogeneous resources• Different nature (devices, Web services, humans).Different nature (devices, Web services, humans).• Different organizations.Different organizations.• Not always the exact same domain.Not always the exact same domain.
• Data-level heterogeneityData-level heterogeneity• Calls for the Calls for the Semantic TechnologySemantic Technology..
• Protocol-level heterogeneityProtocol-level heterogeneity• GUN approach through the GUN approach through the Agent TechnologyAgent Technology..• Each resource has a representative – software agent (not Each resource has a representative – software agent (not necessarily intelligent or even fully autonomous, but at least necessarily intelligent or even fully autonomous, but at least able to act as a able to act as a programmable proxyprogrammable proxy).).• Interactions among resources go through their agents.Interactions among resources go through their agents.
Challenges and Solutions (2)Challenges and Solutions (2)Challenges and Solutions (2)Challenges and Solutions (2)
• CoordinationCoordination• When considering physical devices (e.g. future Internet When considering physical devices (e.g. future Internet components), in contrast to purely digital world of Web components), in contrast to purely digital world of Web services, coordination is critical.services, coordination is critical.• Coordination is about resources planning their activities Coordination is about resources planning their activities while attempting to avoid negative interactions (e.g. collision while attempting to avoid negative interactions (e.g. collision over a non-shareable resource) as well as exploit positive over a non-shareable resource) as well as exploit positive interactions (re-using each other results).interactions (re-using each other results).• Enabling coordination among heterogeneous resources is Enabling coordination among heterogeneous resources is even harder problem than data-level or protocol-level even harder problem than data-level or protocol-level heterogeneity – heterogeneity – communication about actions.communication about actions.
• GUN approaches through GUN approaches through semantic programmingsemantic programming• Agents are programmed in RDF-based Semantic Agent Agents are programmed in RDF-based Semantic Agent Programming Language (S-APL).Programming Language (S-APL).• Agents communicate their action plans in S-APL as well.Agents communicate their action plans in S-APL as well.
S-APLS-APL – Semantic Agent Programming Language (RDF-based)
http://users.jyu.fi/~akataso/sapl.html
S-APLS-APL – is a hybrid of semantics (metadata / ontologies/ rules) specification languages, semantic reasoners, and agent programming languages. It integrates the semantic description of domain resources with the semantic prescription of the agents' behaviors
OntobilityOntobility is self-contained, self-described, semantically marked-up proactive agent capability (agent-driven ontonut), which can be “seen”, discovered, exchanged, composed and “executed” (internally or remotely) across the agent platform in a task-driven way and which can perform social utility-based behavior
GenomeGenome is part of semantically marked-up agent configuration settings, which can serve as a tool for agent evolution: inheritance crossover and mutation
GENI – Next Generation Internet ?GENI – Next Generation Internet ?
• GENI - Global Environment for Networking Investigations (proposed 25 August 2005)
• The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) has proposed a next-generation Internet with built-in security and functionality that connects all kinds of devices, with researchers challenging the government agency to look at the Internet as a "clean slate.“
• GENI is a programmable, heterogeneous, networked system. It will consist of a collection of physical networking components, including links, forwarders, storage and processor clusters, and wireless subnets. These components will be programmable which is radically different from today's Internet architecture and protocols. GENI is equally likely to result in alternative protocols and architectures running inside the network.
Future Internet ManagementFuture Internet ManagementFuture Internet ManagementFuture Internet Management
• GENI management framework supposes overlay network architecture, where each application is run in a slice of the network. Overlay networks will also improve Internet routing and enable routing messages to destinations not specified by IP addresses.
• The most important attribute of the management framework is its support for autonomous and decentralized control. Individual building blocks will be largely autonomous and self-managing and will be included in a slice by invoking a well-defined interface adapter on each. Collections of building blocks can be managed independently of each other.
• The management framework also includes a set of independent services that will be used to embed a slice in a particular set of resources; monitor the behavior of both slices and building block components; collect, aggregate, and archive measurement data; and so on.
[GENI Development Team]
Active networks, overlay networks Active networks, overlay networks and declarative networkingand declarative networking
Active networks, overlay networks Active networks, overlay networks and declarative networkingand declarative networking
• Active networks (http://www.sds.lcs.mit.edu/darpa-activenet) allow a user injecting customized programs into the nodes of the network. Active architectures enable a massive increase in the complexity and customization of the computation that is performed within the network.
• Any widely-distributed system needs to track its participating nodes, and be able to send messages among those nodes. This facility is often called an overlay network, since it provides an application with customized networking functionality (naming, topology, routing) that runs as a layer over traditional IP networking.
• Declarative networking: (a) declarative language: “ask for what you want, not how to implement it” ; (b) declarative specifications of networks, compiled to distributed dataflows; (c) runtime engine to execute distributed dataflows (http://p2.cs.berkeley.edu/ )
Perfect target for GUN and UBIWARE ?Perfect target for GUN and UBIWARE ?Perfect target for GUN and UBIWARE ?Perfect target for GUN and UBIWARE ?
• If the future internet is really going to be a complex distributed self-managed system with decentralized control consisting of heterogeneous, autonomic and programmable components, as GENI initiative suggests, then GUN / UBIWARE approach (with S-APL language for declarative networking) might be the right enabling technology for that.
PROFI:PROFI: Agent-Driven Middleware Agent-Driven Middleware for Overlay Networksfor Overlay Networks
PROFI:PROFI: Agent-Driven Middleware Agent-Driven Middleware for Overlay Networksfor Overlay Networks
Languages for Declarative NetworkingLanguages for Declarative NetworkingLanguages for Declarative NetworkingLanguages for Declarative Networking
• Declarative languages are known to encourage programmers to focus on program outcomes (what a program should achieve) rather than implementation (how the program works). Recently declarative approaches have proven useful in a number of new domains, including program analysis, trust management, and distributed system diagnosis and debugging. Of particular interest is recent work on declarative networking, which presents declarative approaches for protocol specification and overlay network implementation. Declarative logic languages have been promoted for their clean and compact specifications, which can lead to code that is significantly easier to specify, adapt, debug, and analyze than traditional procedural code. Snlog is a dialect of Datalog, a well known deductive database query language. A typical user (whether an end-user, service implementer or system builder) writes only a short declarative specification using Snlog. The main language constructs are predicates, tuples, facts and rules. Snlog programs consist of period-terminated statements.
D. Chu, L. Popa, A. Tavakoli, J.M. Hellerstein, P. Levis, S. Shenker, I. Stoica, The Design and Implementation of a Declarative Sensor Network System, SenSys’07, November 6–9, 2007, Sydney, Australia
• In a nutshell: Let’s start treating agents’ programs as data If it is data, let’s use the semantic approach (advantages are well-
known) Use Notation 3 (extension of RDF by Tim Berners-Lee) to overcome
limitations of basic RDF.
S-APLS-APL
• It is a hybrid of semantic reasoners like CWM and agent programming languages like AgentSpeak, AFAPL.
• From APLs point of view: S-APL is a language that provides all the features (and more) as normal APLs, while being RDF based and thus providing advantages of semantic data model and reasoning.
• From semantic reasoning point of view: S-APL is CWM extended with common APL features such as: Beliefs-Desires-Intentions (BDI) architecture, i.e. ability to describe goals and
commitments - data items presence of which leads to some executable behavior, and
Ability to link to sensors and actuators implemented in a procedural language, namely Java.
Options for S-APL useOptions for S-APL use
• The developers of a specific application can use S-APL in different ways: Semantic Reasoning. S-APL rules operating on S-
=> is the shorthand for sapl:implies. If the left side of => is truth (beliefs are connected with AND), the right side is copied into G. The commitment is removed after that (as fulfilled). Otherwise, it stays in beliefs and checked again and again until becomes true.
-> is the shorthand for sapl:impliesNow. Such a condition will be checked only once and will be removed even if the condition was false. Adding gb:else block defines what should be added to beliefs if the condition was false.
S-APL: Rules (2)S-APL: Rules (2)
• Exclusive condition: {:John :Loves ?x .
sapl:I sapl:doNotBelieve {?x .. ..}
} => {...}
If the object of sapl:doNotBelieve matches G, the left side of => is false. If there are several sapl:doNotBelieve, they are connected with OR
• Commitment with a guard condition: { {...} => {...} } sapl:is sapl:true ;
sapl:existsWhile {...}
If the object of sapl:existsWhile is false, its subject is removed – in this case, the commitment is dropped.
S-APL as communication content languageS-APL as communication content language
• We use S-APL also as inter-agent communication content language: One agent sends a query as sapl:I sapl:want { {sapl:You sapl:answer {..query..} }} , the other answers with the matching part of its beliefs
One agent requests another agent to perform an action plan by sending the plan with sapl:I sapl:want { sapl:You sapl:do {..plan..} }
• Such interaction is easily programmed with S-APL itself. The platform includes a set of “standard” models: Listener, Believer, Informer and Follower.
ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion
• The primary point behind the PROFI approach is a declarative networking overlay architecture comprising programmable network components and associated agent-based semantic management system. This particular middleware solution adds to overall network system flexibility, openness, context-awareness and manageability.
