INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The transformation of society from agricultural and cottage industries to urban factory life because of new inventions

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution = “More Food”

Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution = “More Food”

Crop RotationCrop Rotation – Fewer farmers needed•Lord Townshend in England introduced crop rotation – land could now be used year-round; certain crops revitalized soil

•Enclosure movement had large land owners buying and then fencing public land

Enclosed FarmsEnclosed Farms – Increased farming efficiency

Average Weight of SteerAverage Weight of Steer

1700: 370 lbs

1786: 840 lbs

Average Weight of SheepAverage Weight of Sheep

1700: 28 lbs

1786: 100 lbs

Livestock BreedingLivestock Breeding – More productive

New inventions - “ Increased productivity and lowered prices of food”

Jethro Tull’s seed drill was one of the inventions which helped improve agricultural production and led to the need for fewer workers on the farm.

More ProductiveMore Productive – Meat and Wheat = less starvation

•More food produced = population increase

•Cheaper prices for food•Better nutrition (improved health care)

•In 1700 there were about 100 million people in Europe, by 1800 the population had grown to over 200 million

Europe Population

1700 1750 1800 1850 1900

100 163 203 276 408

Smaller farmers pushed off of land to work as wage laborers for various land owners or to move to the growing cities

Domestic system (cottage industry) had dominated the early 1700s; merchants dropped off raw materials at people’s homes, picked up finished products later

Textile Industry Takes Off

Series of inventions modernize textile manufacturing, including:

1733 - Flying Shuttle (John Kay) – Used to weave cloth

1767 – Spinning JennySpinning Jenny (James Hargreaves) – Allowed for multiple threads to be woven together

1769 – Water Frame (Richard Arkwright) – Used water to power the spinning frame

1785 – Water Loom (Edmund Cartwright) – First machine that could weave cloth

•1793 – Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney) – Machine that separated cotton seeds from the cotton

•These advancements resulted in the movement of work from the home to the factory

New Inventions -“Increased Productivity and Lowered Prices”

Advances in Steam “Factory Machines to Trains”

James Watt developed the first practical steam engine in 1765

TRANSPORTATION•Geographical advantages include a large river system for water power and many natural harbors for easy trade

Britain Industrializes First

1715-1850NATURAL RESOURCES•Many natural resources available in Britain, including large amounts of coal, iron and water

Britain Industrializes First

CAPITAL ($)•A strong, stable government allowed a strong, stable economy to develop which resulted in extra money to invest•Banking and shipping industries already in place

Britain Industrializes First

MARKETS “PLACES TO SELL”•Colonial empire provided much needed raw materials and markets

British Empire 1800s

Britain Industrializes First

LABOR SUPPLY•Britain had a large population which allowed them to build many factories •Labor wages were low because there were so many people moving from the farms to the cities

Britain Industrializes First

SOCIAL CLIMATE•Highly educated population•Very science minded, innovative middle class•Scientific Revolution in England had prepared the way for inventions to be applied to industry

Britain Industrializes First

Britain Industrializes First

All of these factors resulted in the

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

•Invention of the steam engine in 1763 by James Watt shifts labor from humans and animals to machines

•Inventions continue to make life, manufacturing, and farming easier and better – Products cost much less

•Continuous reinvestment of profits fuel even greater growth

•Inventions in one area often led to inventions in others

•Transportation and communication systems are greatly enhanced

Changes Brought by the Industrial Revolution

•Cities begin to dominate the western world****

•Creates a new social order with the rise of an influential MIDDLE CLASS (Standard of Living & ) •Poor working and living conditions for lower classes eventually lead to new social and political movements (LABOR UNIONS)

•Need for markets and resources force Europeans to take over foreign lands (imperialism)

Changes Brought by the Industrial Revolution