Industrial Revolution

Key Points

Industrial Revolution

– A long, slow, uneven process when people shifted from using simple hand tools to complex machines

A New Agricultural Revolution

Improved methods of farming– The Dutch separated the

land from the sea and made fields larger.

– Jethro Tull and seed drill– Crop Rotation and

fertilizer– Improved livestock

breeding methods

British Enclosure Movement•Enclosing small portions of land to create large fields

•Many small farmers lost their jobs and moved to cities.

The Population Explosion

• European population rose from 120 to 190 million in less than a century

• Reasons for the explosion:– Decreasing death rate– More food, less disease– Better hygiene and

sanitation– Improved medical care

An Energy Revolution

• In earlier times, people relied on the strength of their own bodies for work.

• Water power became the standard during the late 18th and 19th centuries.

• New sources of energy became available, such as coal.

• 1712: Thomas Newcomen developed the very first steam engine (would be improved later by James Watt)

Quality of life

• Average life expectancy 30 yrs

• 15 in every 100 children died before 1st birthday

• 1 in 5 mothers died

Why England?• Natural resources

– Large supplies of coal and iron

• *Increased labor force– Pop. increase and enclosure

movement

• *New technology– Enlightenment taught progress by

technology

• *Economic conditions– Trade accumulated capital– Increased pop. = increased

demand

• Political & social conditions– Stable pro business government– Strong navy– Religious groups promoted hard work

and thrift

Problems and Benefits of the Industrial Revolution

• Problems– Low Pay, Unemployment,

Dismal living conditions• *Benefits

– More new factories created more jobs

– Wages rose , workers could buy more

– Cost of Railroad travel fell– Wealth was spread

around more than ever

Socialism

A New Economic Mode of Thinking

You Have Two Cows…..

Capitalism

• CAPITALISM: You have two cows. You sell one and buy a bull.

• CAPITALISM -- AMERICAN: You have two cows. You sell one of them, and buy a bull. The cow and bull have a great love life; you sell the movie rights to Hollywood. Then you go into real estate.

Socialism• SOCIALISM: You have two cows. The government takes one of

them and gives it to your neighbor.• BUREAUCRATIC: You have two cows. The government takes

them and puts them in a barn with everyone else's cows. They are cared for by ex-chicken farmers. You have to take care of the chickens the government took from the chicken farmers. The government gives you as much milk and eggs as the regulations say you should need.

• PURE: You have two cows. The government takes them and puts them in a barn with everyone else's cows. You have to take care of all the cows. The government gives you as much milk as you need.

Socialism Emerges

• Many lassiez faire economists praised individual rights through a system of capital.

• Many competing theorists believed that the drive to make money through the capitalist system created most of the problems they were facing.

Their Thoughts?

• These radical thinkers proposed the system of socialism– The people as a whole rather than private

individuals would own and operate the means of production.• Farms, factories, railways and other large businesses

that produced and distributed goods.

Socialist Dreamers?

• Many socialists established their own communities.– In these communities, everyone shared all of the

work and shared ownership of the property.– In these communities, there was no difference

between rich and poor

Class Struggles

And who will Explain it?

Karl Marx…..If He Cant do it No One Can…

Marx’s Philosophy

• Karl Marx was a German philosopher• Marx formulated his philosophy in reaction to the

Utopians, he thought they were too idealistic.• He created the theory of Scientific socialism– A new way of looking at history scientifically.

• He began to formulate his theory with another German socialist by the name of Friedrich Engels.

More Cows

Communism• COMMUNISM: You have two cows. The government

takes both of them and gives you part of the milk.• COMMUNISM: You have two cows. The government

takes both cows. The government sells the milk in government stores. You can't afford the milk. You wither away.

• COMMUNISM: You have two cows. The state takes both, and gives you a little milk ... once.

• COMMUNISM: You have two cows. The government takes both and gives you spoiled milk.

Communism-For Real

• In 1848 Marx and Engles published The Communist Manifesto, where they established their theory of Communism.– A form of socialism that eliminates social classes.– All means of production would belong to the

community.

The Communist Manifesto

• Marx believes that economics is the driving force in history.– What examples can you think of that proves this

theory true?• History is really a tale of struggles between

the “haves” and the “have-nots”– Haves = bourgeoisie (Upper and Middle Class)– Have-Nots = proletariat (working class)

The end goal of Communism?

• In the epic battle of bourgeoisie v. proletariat, the proletariat would win.

• The proletariat would then build a communist society.– Which would, in turn, end all of the world’s

problems• He believed workers from all countries must

“unite!”

Marxism in the Future.

• Marxism gained popularity throughout the world.

• Many leaders of reform movements believed that power should be held by workers, not business owners.

• Marx’s ideas would never be practiced as he had envisioned.

Marxism Flourishes

• In the 1860’s Germany adopted Marxist beliefs to form a social democracy– A gradual transition from capitalism to socialism,

instead a violent overthrow of capitalism• Russians also adopted Marxist beliefs.– This inspired the Russian revolution of 1917– Many other revolutionaries would turn to Marxist

ideas as well.

Marxism Loses Appeal

• As time passes, many Marxist governments fail, thus showing flaws in Marx’s arguments.– He predicted that workers would unite across

borders.– However, nationalism would win over the working

class’ hearts.– Even through the end of the 20th century, few

communist governments remain, but many nations still embrace free-market capitalism.