Industrial RevolutionIndustrial RevolutionBeginsBegins

Revolution in Great BritainRevolution in Great Britain

1700s = change in technology1700s = change in technology energy source changed from human energy source changed from human

& animal power to machinery& animal power to machinery Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution occurred when occurred when

use of power-driven machinery was use of power-driven machinery was developeddeveloped

this started in Great Britainthis started in Great Britain

Factors for SuccessFactors for Successin Great Britainin Great Britain

exploration and colonialismexploration and colonialism power of the seapower of the sea political stabilitypolitical stability government supportgovernment support growth of private investmentgrowth of private investment

Agricultural FactorsAgricultural Factors

1701 1701 Jethro Tull invented seed drill Jethro Tull invented seed drill landowners bought up small farms landowners bought up small farms

and consolidated them in the and consolidated them in the enclosure movementenclosure movement

Factors of Production: LandFactors of Production: Land

Great Britain had great natural Great Britain had great natural resourcesresources– coal for fuelcoal for fuel– iron for steel & machineryiron for steel & machinery– waterways (rivers & canals) to generate waterways (rivers & canals) to generate

power and transport raw materials and power and transport raw materials and goodsgoods

Factors of Production: LaborFactors of Production: Labor

Great Britain’s population grew Great Britain’s population grew because of greater food supplybecause of greater food supply

enclosure movement took land away enclosure movement took land away from small farmersfrom small farmers– resulted in surplus of available workersresulted in surplus of available workers

Factors of Production: Factors of Production: CapitalCapital

capitalcapital is the money or property a is the money or property a business needs to stay in businessbusiness needs to stay in business

capital can be money, machines, or capital can be money, machines, or peoplepeople– people who specialized in one area had people who specialized in one area had

abilities and skills to their advantagesabilities and skills to their advantages

A Revolution in TextilesA Revolution in Textiles

a a cottage industrycottage industry is an occupation in is an occupation in which you make a craft and it is done which you make a craft and it is done in your homein your home

making cloth had been a cottage making cloth had been a cottage industryindustry

cloth was made mostly with woolcloth was made mostly with wool

A New Way of Making ClothA New Way of Making Cloth

cloth was now made from wool and cloth was now made from wool and cottoncotton– more sheep could be raised due to the more sheep could be raised due to the

enclosure movementenclosure movement– cotton came to Great Britain from the cotton came to Great Britain from the

coloniescolonies new inventions helped the process of new inventions helped the process of

cloth makingcloth making

Cotton GinCotton Gin

invented by Eli Whitneyinvented by Eli Whitney removed seeds from raw cottonremoved seeds from raw cotton

Spinning JennySpinning Jenny

invented by James Hargreavesinvented by James Hargreaves spun multiple threads at one timespun multiple threads at one time

– threads were still thick and broke easilythreads were still thick and broke easily

Spinning FrameSpinning Frame

invented by Richard Arkwrightinvented by Richard Arkwright similar to the spinning jennysimilar to the spinning jenny

– spun stronger, thinner threadsspun stronger, thinner threads

““Flying Shuttle”Flying Shuttle”

invented by John Kayinvented by John Kay pushed thread back and forth on pushed thread back and forth on

loom automaticallyloom automatically– had been done by the weaver pushing had been done by the weaver pushing

the shuttle back and forththe shuttle back and forth– allowed for looms to be wider than allowed for looms to be wider than

arm’s widtharm’s width

Power LoomPower Loom

invented by Edmund Cartwright in invented by Edmund Cartwright in 17851785

automated the weaving processautomated the weaving process

Cloth Making Outside the Cloth Making Outside the HomeHome

new inventions to speed up the cloth new inventions to speed up the cloth making process were big machinesmaking process were big machines

machines needed a special place to machines needed a special place to house themhouse them

cloth now made cloth now made in in FACTORIESFACTORIES

Steam Powers the Steam Powers the RevolutionRevolution

steam is created when water is steam is created when water is heated to the point of vaporizingheated to the point of vaporizing

water vapors expand when hotwater vapors expand when hot steam engines were invented in steam engines were invented in

1712 by Thomas Newcomen1712 by Thomas Newcomen

Newcomen Steam EngineNewcomen Steam Engine

Development of the Steam Development of the Steam EngineEngine

James Watt innovated Newcomen’s James Watt innovated Newcomen’s steam engine to be more efficientsteam engine to be more efficient– Watt’s engine was better suited for Watt’s engine was better suited for

factoriesfactories 1802 1802 Richard Trevithick put a Richard Trevithick put a

steam engine in first locomotivesteam engine in first locomotive 1807 1807 Robert Fulton developed Robert Fulton developed

the first steamshipthe first steamship

Coal for British Steam Coal for British Steam EnginesEngines

coal mining industry in northern coal mining industry in northern and western England grewand western England grew

by 1800, Great Britain produced by 1800, Great Britain produced 80% of Europe’s coal80% of Europe’s coal

mining was dangerousmining was dangerous– explosionsexplosions– coal dustcoal dust– collapsing shaftscollapsing shafts– hard laborhard labor

THE IMPACT OF THE THE IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1700-19001700-1900

Before the Industrial Revolution

Cottage industry

Production at home, but under the social conditions of capitalism

German hand-loom weaver

ECONOMIC ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONTRANSFORMATION

Agricultural Revolution of 18Agricultural Revolution of 18thth Century Century Introduction of New CropsIntroduction of New Crops

Legumes, turnips, clover, potatoesLegumes, turnips, clover, potatoes Scientific Livestock BreedingScientific Livestock Breeding Enclosure SystemEnclosure System

ECONOMIC ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONTRANSFORMATION

Rapid Population Rapid Population Growth in 18Growth in 18thth Century Century

1700-1800:110 million 1700-1800:110 million to 190 millionto 190 million

Better health practicesBetter health practices– Smallpox InoculationSmallpox Inoculation– SanitationSanitation

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Increased Demand for goodsIncreased Demand for goods Investment CapitalInvestment Capital Cheap LaborCheap Labor InventionsInventions

– Flying ShuttleFlying Shuttle– Cotton GinCotton Gin– Spinning JennySpinning Jenny– Power LoomPower Loom– Steam EngineSteam Engine

Role of TechnologyRole of Technology

Cotton and the Cotton and the spinning jennyspinning jenny

Cotton gin (Eli Cotton gin (Eli Whitney, 1793Whitney, 1793))

The Industrial Revolution

Steam power Thomas Newcomen James Watt

Cotton ProductionCotton ProductionFactory SystemFactory System

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Improved TransportationImproved Transportation– CanalsCanals– RailroadsRailroads

Iron ProductionIron Production Factory SystemFactory System

Role of technology: Iron Role of technology: Iron and steamand steam

Iron smelting – Iron smelting – cokecoke

1780s – high 1780s – high quality iron quality iron (ships, weapons, (ships, weapons, rails and nails)rails and nails)

1782 – rotary 1782 – rotary engineengine

Role of Technology: Role of Technology: railroadrailroad

RocketRocket Liverpool to Liverpool to

Manchester Manchester line (1830)line (1830)

20 years: 50 20 years: 50 mph, 2,000 mph, 2,000 miles of tracksmiles of tracks

effectseffects

Role of technology: Role of technology: transportation Revolutiontransportation Revolution

SPREAD OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONSPREAD OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Social impacts: factories Social impacts: factories and their effectsand their effects

UrbanizationUrbanization

Significant Population GrowthSignificant Population Growth Move to the cities--shift of orientation Move to the cities--shift of orientation

from countryside to city.from countryside to city. Housing, public health, crime, Housing, public health, crime,

sanitationsanitation Poor working conditionsPoor working conditions Child labor; female laborChild labor; female labor

Social Impacts: new social Social Impacts: new social classesclasses

Working classWorking class Child and female Child and female

labor labor Working Working

conditionsconditions

Class ConsciousnessClass Consciousness

Middle Class—bourgeoisieMiddle Class—bourgeoisie Working Class—proletariatWorking Class—proletariat PeasantPeasant Landed Gentry—old aristocracyLanded Gentry—old aristocracy

Social and political impacts: Social and political impacts: middle, entrepreneurial and middle, entrepreneurial and

business classesbusiness classes

Concept of Concept of “middle class”“middle class”

New business New business aristocracyaristocracy

Social and political impacts: reforms, Social and political impacts: reforms, regulations and labor organizationsregulations and labor organizations

Cotton factories Cotton factories Regulation Act Regulation Act (1819)(1819)

MP Sadler and the MP Sadler and the Factory Act (1833)Factory Act (1833)

Ashley and the Ashley and the Mines Act (1842)Mines Act (1842)

Unions, 1824Unions, 1824 Grand National Grand National

Consolidated Trade Consolidated Trade Unions, 1834Unions, 1834