Industrial RevolutionChapter 21

World HistorySection 1 (pages 632-639)Revised October 18, 2012

1. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?• Industrial Revolution

a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

• Based on a shift in how people worked• For centuries, people had used human and animal power • Began to develop water and steam power to drive new

machines• Started in Great Britain• Colonies of provided raw materials • Sea power• Political stability• Gov’t support• Growth of private investment

Factors for Success• Exploration and colonialism Great Britain claimed colonies around

the world that provided vast amounts of raw materials, such as cotton fiber. In addition, the colonies became new markets for British goods.

• Sea power Britain could bring in raw materials and send finished goods around the world because it had the largest, most powerful navy and merchant fleet in the world.

• Political Stability Although Great Britain fought wars in Canada and North America during the 1700s, at home the country was at peace, and commerce thrived.

• Government support Parliament passed laws that favored business, helping the country compete successfully against other nations.

• Growth of private investment Private businesses funded experiments for creating better products—what we would call “research and development” today.

2. Why do you think rich farmers experimented with agricultural methods?

• Jethro Tull• Wealthy farmer who became annoyed at the waste of seeds as workers just threw handfuls on the ground• 1701—He developed a machine for planting that was much more

efficient (seed drill)• Other farmers experimented with improving breeding methods to

raise healthier livestock• Many farmers worked on growing better varieties of crops• More and better crops could support a growing population in Britain

• Jethro Tull was among these wealthier farmers. In about 1701 Tull invented the seed drill, a machine that made planting grain much more efficient.

3. What was the enclosure movement?

• Wealthy landowners could buy up fields that had previously been shared by rich and poor farmers alike.• They took these smaller fields, combined them

together, fenced them and created large farms.• The movement allowed for more efficient farming

methods.• Further increased the food supply.

• This movement threw many farmers off the land and out of a job, unable to work, they became

the workforce for growing industries.

4. What were the factors of production that helped Britain achieve economic

success?• Land- Natural Resources• Coal to burn to make iron into steel.• Water – rivers to turn waterwheels for power and

transportation.• A network of canals connected major rivers (4000 miles by 1800).• Deep-water harbors for shipping.

• Labor• Growing population

• High unemployment, thus a ready workforce• Capital• Generally, Britain had funds to invest.• “Human Capital”—people with abilities and skills that are

needed in industry.

5. How did industrialization cause a revolution in the production of textiles?• The Industrial Revolution began with the British cloth-making,

or textile, industry.• Initially, cloth-making was a “cottage industry”.• A craft occupation performed in the home.• This was completely transformed by industrialization, or the

process of changing to power-driven machinery.• Many new devices allowed faster and less labor-intensive

production of cloth.

6. Why did the supply of wool and cotton increase in the 1700s?• Enclosure movement converted farms to pastures for more

sheep.• Cotton came from British colonies, including those in America.• Slave labor made helped make cotton farming more

profitable.• Great Britain bought more and more cotton, thus further

entrenching slavery in the American south.

7. What problem did Eli Whitney solve?• Pulling seeds from raw cotton was time-consuming when done

by hand.• Whitney developed a machine that removed the seeds

efficiently.• He called it the cotton gin.

8. What machines were developed to spin fiber into thread or yarn?• Spinning Jenny• Developed by James Hargreaves.• It spun several threads at once.• This thread was far from perfect, sometimes breaking when it was woven into

cloth.• Spinning frame• Developed by Richard Arkwright.• His invention spun stronger, thinner thread.

• Flying shuttle• Patented by John Kay.• Doubled the speed at which a weaver could do the job.• Caused many workers to lose their jobs.

• Kay fled to France and died in poverty.

• Power loom• 1785-developed by Edmund Cartwright• A larger, faster weaving system.

9. How did steam power the Industrial Revolution?• British inventors harnessed the force of steam to drive steam

engines, first in textile mills, then in trains and steamships.• Based on the idea of water, after being heated, expanding and

turning into steam.• The first successful steam engine was build in England in 1712,

but it was very slow.

10. What was James Watt’s main achievement?• Came up with crucial innovations to the steam engine.• His engine was faster and more efficient at driving machinery.• By 1800 about 500 of Watt’s engines were being used in mines

and factories throughout Britain.• A tribute to Watt can be found on every light bulb in your

home.• The inventor played such a central role in the development of

power generation that today we measure electric power in watts.

11. How did the steam engine lead to a revolution in transportation?• Steam was soon applied to other uses.• Eventually producing a revolution in transportation.• In about 1802, Richard Trevithick used a steam engine to

power the first locomotive.• Locomotives became essential to the Industrial Revolution,

making fast shipment of finished goods a reality.• Steam also provided a power source for ships.• Irish-born American, Robert Fulton, became famous for

developing a steamship called the Clermont.• Fulton’s business was the first profitable use of steam navigation,

replacing sailing ships or horse-drawn barges.

12. Could coal mining have been made more humane?

• Coal was needed as fuel to heat the water to power the steam engines.• Wood was scarce, due to farming.

• Factories were built close to coal supplies.• Small towns and houses for workers soon changed the quiet

tranquility of the landscape.• Mining became important and a source of employment

• Child labor• Mine explosions• Coal Dust• Collapsing shafts• Calls for reforms

13. Where did industrialization spread beyond Great Britain? • It spread to western Europe and the United States.• Other regions, including Asia and Africa, did not industrialize

until later.• The British outlawed export of certain machines and forbade

skilled craftsmen from leaving the country.• As a result, from 1760-1830, the Industrial Revolution took

place mainly in Britain.• It also gave the country a head start in economic

development.• As knowledge leaked out of Britain, the United States

benefitted from this.

14. Why is Samuel Slater known as the father of American Industry?• A highly skilled young millworker from Britain, he arrived in

America in 1789, disguised as a farmworker.• He had a detailed knowledge of the machinery created by water

frame inventor Richard Arkwright.• He built a copy of this textile machine from memory.• Thus, he became known as the “Father of American Industry.”

• After this, textile mill technology spread quickly throughout the northeast United States.

• Francis Cabot Lowell founded a mill that used a nearby waterfall to run his machinery.• Lowell had the world’s first all-in-one mill that took raw cotton

through the process from fiber to finished cloth.

15. What delayed industrialization in France and Germany?• British engineer, William Cockeril, brought industry to

continental Europe.• In 1807 he founded a textile mill in Belgium.• Belgium was the 2nd industrialized country in Europe after Britain.

• Political unrest delayed the industrialization in France.• French Revolution• Napoleonic Wars• Became an industrial power around 1848

• Germany had no centralized gov’t to support industry.• They did have many small railroads that ultimately paved the way

for industry.

16. How did the Meiji bring industry to Japan?• The Industrial Revolution spread to Asia very slowly.• Japan, around 1868, with the Meiji gov’t in power, modernized

Japan’s economy and political systems.• Created thriving industries in just a few decades.• This put Japan well ahead of it’s Asian neighbors.

• Other Asian countries would develop industry in the 1900s.• China• India• Russia

Factories and Workers• Chapter 21• Section 2• Pages 640-645

1. How was production organized before factories?• In small cottage industries, workers produced finished

products at home.• Like in textile manufacturing, a family worked together to

produce goods such as cloth.• A merchant would deliver raw material like wool.• The family would weave wool into cloth.• Usually hand-spun the fiber into thread and then wove the

thread into cloth.• The merchant would then pick up the finished product and

take it to market.

2. Would you choose to work in a cottage industry or in a factory? Why?• Work at home had clear benefits.• The weavers controlled their work schedules and product

quality.• They could faster when they wanted to earn more money or

slower to make better quality cloth.• Also, family life revolved around the business.• Weavers made their own decisions on when to work and rest,

depending on the family’s needs.• They could also make adjustments for holidays, illness, and the seasons.

3. What were some of the problems for Cottage Industries?• A fire or flood that ruined a family’s equipment could ruin a

family in an instant.• Cloth-making demanded a range of technical skills—skills that

take a long time to learn.• Moreover, only adults had the strength to work the home

loom.• If a parent fell ill or died, a child could not take their place.

PRODUCTION BEFORE FACTORIES

• Cottage Industries1. Merchants delivered raw materials (wool)2. The home processed the wool- (thread or cloth)3. Merchant picked it up- took it to market

• Benefits1. Worker controlled the work schedule2. Worker controlled the pace- fast for more wages-slow for

higher quality3. Made adjustments to schedule- (families, holidays, etc.)

• Problems1. Fires or floods could destroy the home2. Cloth production demanded a range of SKILLED labor3. Only adults could work the machine

4. What was it like to work in a factory?• A factory worker had to leave his or her home and work in a

place built especially for industry.• For some, the change was welcomed because of the opportunity

to earn money to support a family.• However, many did not like this way of life, because of the

working conditions of these factories.• Factory work was divided into several separate tasks, each

worker had to only learn their particular task, thus it was repetitive work.

• Many families fleeing poverty in the countryside would send their boys and girls—some as young as six years old—to work in the factories.• In fact, some factory owners preferred hiring children because he

could pay them less.

• Factory owners often preferred to hire children and women rather than men. Men expected higher wages, and employers suspected that they were more likely to rebel against the strict rules and conditions that were common in factories. The children were subject to harsh punishment if they were late, fell behind in their work, or talked too much.

Children were also hired to work in Great Britain’s coal mines. In this drawing, you see an older, stronger worker wearing a harness and pulling a cart full of coal. Smaller children push the cart from behind.

5. What hardships were part of factory work?• Factory work was dangerous.• Children had small enough hands to reach into looms when

thread broke, sometimes injuring themselves when the still-running machines were touched in the wrong part.

• The workday was long—more than twelve hours fro even very young children.

• Noise, lack of ventilation, poor sanitation, and inadequate food added to the hardship.

• Poor working conditions were common throughout the late 1700s and into the 1800s.

6. Why were children sent to work in factories?• Families desperately needed money.• Factory owners preferred children because of lower wages.• In the 1830s, the public began to take notice of these

conditions.

7. What was life like in factory towns?• These towns often sprang up around the factory.• Some companies provided housing to their employees, many

of whom arrived from the countryside with few belongings and nowhere to stay.

• Families crowed into shoddy, close-packed company dwellings.

8. What were the hazards of coal as a power source?• When water power changed to coal power, manufacturing

towns rose near coal mines.• Thick soot from the burning of coal blanketed towns, turning

day into night.• The smoke sent sulfur and other poisonous chemicals into the

air.• England emitted so much pollution that the region was

nicknamed “black country”.

9. Why do you think conditions in Manchester became so terrible?• The city was unable to cope with overcrowding.• Factory owners didn’t care about conditions or the

environment.• Some neighborhoods only had only two toilets for every 250

citizens.• Disease spread quickly.• As a result, about six children in ten died before the age of

five.

10. How did the factory system affect workers?• The factory system required large amounts of capital, or

money, to pay for the building and machines.• This produced three main levels of participants• Wealthy business people to invest in and own the factories• Mid-level employees to run the factories and supervise day-to-

day operations• Low-level employees to run the machines

• Workers were paid little and did not share in any profits.• Had very little incentive to improve job performance.• Workers were plentiful, especially immigrants to the US, who were

happy to have any job.• Women and children were preferred by employers because of their

lower wages.• Men expected more money and better “skilled” jobs.

Factory System and Workers

• Read Life in Factory Towns- • Factory System- Required huge amounts of

money- Three levels of participants in Factory System• Wealthy business people- Invest Capital• Mid-level employees- Run the factories and day-to-day operations• Employees to run the machines

• Employers expected to make a profits• Employees were paid little• Workers were plentiful- Cheap Labor• Employers preferred to hire women and children- expected less

than men

11. What happened during the Luddite movement?• Cottage industry workers faced ruin because of cheaper factory-

made items.• They had a hard time selling their products.

• In 1811, masked workers attacked a textile factory in Nottingham, England.• This marked the beginning of the Luddite movement.

• The Luddites, named after a General Ned Ludd who did not really exist, opposed machines that were “hurtful to the commonality”—in other words, that put them out of work.

• Luddites burned factories and smashed machines, but tried to avoid injuring other people.

• During 1812, the movement spread to other cities.• Several Luddites were caught and hanged, thus the movement

quickly ended.

12. Why did the British government ignore the problems of workers and the unemployed?• The British gov’t did not want to get involved in factory problems. • Gov’t leaders did not see regulating business as their job.• Many citizens believed that if the gov’t helped poor people, they

would lose their incentive to work hard.• As a result, workers started to organize in the early 1800s.• They formed labor unions to represent their interests as workers.• To urge employers to raise wages and improve conditions, these unions organized strikes or work stoppages.• 1832—Sadler Report (described abuses in factories)• 1871—Parliament legalized labor unions

• American workers also organized in the mid-1800s

Growth of the middle class

• The middles class included the various groups or types, of workers that were in the middle income range, between the rich factory owners and the poor factory workers.

• Managers and accountants• Engineers• Mechanics• Transportation• Sales

13. How was a product made before the development of interchangeable parts?• One skilled worker made the entire product.• As a result, each finished was slightly different.

14. What was mass production, and what were its effects? Why do you think some workers resisted mass production?• A system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items.• Large increase in production.• Decrease in prices.• Standardization of measurements.

• Repetitive jobs.• Working in these factories might have been boring.

Factories and Mass Production

• Mass Production- The system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items.

• Interchangeable Parts- Identical machine-made parts

• Assembly Line- Production moves from worker to worker

New Ideas in a New Society• Section 3• Pages 646-651

1. What new ideas about economics developed during the Industrial Revolution?• Laissez-faire economics

• Governments should not restrict or interfere in business.

• Adam Smith – 1776-The Wealth of Nations• Markets free from government

influence benefited all• Market Economy

• Business can compete with each other for trade

• Increased role of entrepreneur• The British gov’t agreed with

Smith’s ideas and ended most regulations by the 1840s.

2. How were Malthus’s ideas used to justify low wages?

• Population growth would grow faster than food production.• Poverty and misery would never go away.• Population growth only slowed by war, disease, and famine.• Justified lower wages and limited charity.• Many people believed these problems were unavoidable, thus

poverty would never go away, so there was no reason to combat it with higher wages.

3. How did industrialists and entrepreneurs become extremely powerful?• Before the Industrial Revolution, landowners controlled

wealth and power.• By the mid-1800s, the leaders of industry began taking away

the landowner’s influence.• Some industrialists became very wealthy and this bought

them political power.• Entrepreneurs like financiers, bankers, and investors pooled

their money to create large corporations.• They used tough business practices.• These new businesses created by entrepreneurs became

corporate empires, especially in the United States.• They acquired huge amounts of wealth.

New Roles for Business Leaders• Before Industrialization• People who owned land controlled wealth• Leaders of industry controlled wealth-1800s

• Entrepreneur- Someone who starts a new business• Andrew Carnegie- Steel Industry• Cornelius Vanderbilt- Railroads• John D. Rockefeller- Standard Oil

• “Robber Barons”

• Built giant corporations that drove out the competition• Made contributions to human progress• Poor treatment of workers• These giants of corporations were generally against unions,

even though their working conditions were terrible.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

John David Rockefeller

4. How is socialism different from capitalism?• Some blamed capitalism for bad working conditions and big gaps between

the rich and poor.• Under capitalism, individuals own property and control industry, whereas

under socialism, the gov’t or society does.• Robert Owen- socialism

• Society or the government, instead of individuals, should own property and control capital.

• Utopianism• A society where poverty and other social ills do not exist.

• Social Democracy- wanted to move from capitalism to socialism by democratic means.

• Karl Marx- 1867-Das Capital- Arguments against capitalism• Disrupts the relationship between labor and profit.• In time, workers would rebel, seize control of factories and farms, and then govern

themselves.• Workers would establish a society based on cooperation and equal distribution of wealth.

• Government owns almost all the means of production and controls economic planning.• This is called Communism.

5. How did the Industrial Revolution affect society?• Growth of new industries.• Working class women in factories and other jobs.• Migration of job-seekers to cities.• Increase in air and water pollution.• Some countries became powerful.• Increased the standard of living for most.

6. How did industrialization affect home life?• During the times of cottage industries, women worked with

their husbands.• However, when industry grew, women were expected to stay

at home to care for children.• Women and men were now occupying different “spheres”.

7. How did industrialization positively affect Great Britain, France, and Germany?• All three became leaders in the global economy.• Mass production increased their ability to build ships and

make weapons. • With increased military strength, some countries were able

to conquer and control sources of raw materials around the world.

8. What benefits did industrialization bring to some nations?• Increase in overall wealth.• Created a new middle class of clerks, merchants, and

managers.• The “standard of living”, or level of material comfort

improved.• Even many of the poorest benefited from labor-saving devices

and cheap, machine-made goods.• Introduced leisure to the middle class.• People had more time and more money.• They could enjoy public sports events, a concert in the park, a day

at the beach, or even a vacation.

LONG TERM EFFECTS

• INDUSTRIALIZATION CAUSED:

1. Increase in Wealth2. Growing Middle Class3. Increase in the Standard

of Living4. Increase in Leisure Time5. Increase in Education6. Increase in Political

Involvement