Industrial Revolution

How people lived…

Still like the Middle Ages Landowners Farmers Families small

High infant mortality rate 1 in 3 die 1st year of life

Children 1 in 2 lived to be 21 years old Life expectance 40 years old

Economic Foundation

WoolCoalFarmingGuilds (Crafts people)Villages Limited transportation Self sufficient

Village Life

Most people never went beyond their village Domestic system

Worked from homeFamily all part of system

Common Land Private and public lands not fenced off Animals grazed

Town Life

Only 25% lived in town

In 1750 London was the largest city in Europe with an est. 700,000 pop.

Changes

Agriculture to Manufacturing Enclosure movement – parliament

supports landowners fencing off private and common lands.

Displaces small farmer who need common land

Forced to find another way of life

Textile Industry

Capital-Labor, machines, raw materials, money

Labor-farmers w/o farms

Quick Clip: http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=toV9uIDIJMs

Start at 3:30

Supply

TransportationRivers, Sea ports (harbors) Think about England. Why would an

industrial rev. do well here?Raw materials –

wool, iron, coal, natural resources

Production

Machines-Innovation and Inventions Flying shuttle Spinning jenny Power loom Cotton gin Steamboats Rail roads Steam engine

Innovation-improvement Invention –new

Land Changes

Reallocation of land useCrop rotation systems- rotate crops to not exhaust the soil for better returnsSeed drill- invented by Jethro Tull

The Emergence of Mass Society in the Western WorldModernity

1919

The Industrial Regions of Europe at the End of the Nineteenth Century

The Growth of Industrial Prosperity

New Products and New PatternsSubstitution of steel for ironElectricityRadio WavesTelephoneDepartment Stores-mass consumerismStreet cars (electric)CarsAirplanesGermany replaces Britain as industrial leaderEurope’s two economic zones

Worker Prosperity

Wage increasesLower product costsConsumerism

Sewing machinesClocks**BicyclesTypewriters

Still Falling behind

Southern Europe (Italy)Austria-HungarySpainPortugalBalkan Kingdoms Russia

All are agricultural and only traded raw materials did not produce goods

Organizing the Working Class

Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895), The Communist Manifesto

History is that of class strugglesOverthrow the bourgeoisieEventually there would be a classless society

German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875In the Reichstag worked to pass legislation to improve the conditions of the worker4 million votes in 1912 elections in Germany

Trade UnionsRight to strike in Britain gained in 1870s4 million members by 1914 in Britain B3

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Population Growth in Europe, 1820-1900

The Emergence of Mass Society

New Urban EnvironmentGrowth of cities: by 1914, 80%of the population in Britain lived in cities (40 percent in 1800); 45 percent in France (25 percent in 1800); 60 percent in Germany (25 percent in 1800);30 percent in eastern Europe (10 percent in 1800)

Migration from rural to urban

Improving living conditionsBoards of health set upClean water into the cityExpulsion of sewage

Housing needsBritish Housing Act, 1890, allowed town councils to construct cheap housing for workersOctavia Hill -poor need guidance not charity (teaching a man to fish vs. giving a man a fish)

The Social Structure of Mass SocietyNew idea: Less on privilege/birth and more on MONEY

The Elite5 percent of the population that controlled

30 to 40 percent of wealth

The Middle ClassesUpper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-classProfessionalsWhite-collar workersChange of values in the Victorian period

The Lower classes80 percent of the European populationSkilled, semi-skilled, unskilled workers *Work day is only 10 hours long now!!

The Experiences of WomenMarriage and the Family

Difficulty for single women to earn a living-was not proper to Most women married

Birth controlFemale control of family size

Middle-class familyMen provided income and women focused on household and child careFostered the idea of togetherness

– Victorian ideas – Christmas

Working-class familiesDaughters work until married1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the husband’s wagesNew consumer products (Sewing machines, bikes)Compulsory Education Laws- took children out of the factories

Movement for Women’s RightsFight to own propertyAccess to higher education Access to jobs dominated by men:

teaching, nursingFlorence Nightengale and Clara Barton- Nurses

Demand for equal political rightsMost vocal was the British movementEmmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928), Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903 (RADICAL)Suffragettes

Education in an Age of Mass Society

In early 19th century reserved for elites or the wealthier middle classBetween 1870 and 1914 most Western governments began to offer at least primary education to both boys and girls between 6 and 12

Reasons:Needs of industrializationNeed for an educated electorate-votersTo instill patriotism

Compulsory elementary education created a demand for teachers, most were women“Natural role” of women

Leisure in an Age of Mass Society

Transportation systems meant:Working class could go to amusement parks, dance halls, beaches, and team sporting activitiesEnglish Football Association 1863American Bowling Congress 1895

Ferris Wheel

Soccer