Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution The many factors that led to the IR

Chapter 19

Where did the IR Begin?

• In Great Britain (1780’s)

• Several factors contributed to making this the Starting place

1. Agricultural practices

Who invented the Seed Drill?• Jethro Tull• sprayed the seed out evenly as the Seed Drill

was pulled across the field

Four Year Crop Rotation System & Enclosure

Charle

s C

harle

s Tow

nsh

end

Tow

nsh

end

More nutritious

than grass!

Nitrogen

Improved Livestock

• The years 1700 to 1770, had seen some interesting changes in livestock farming caused by the improved harvests and the introduction of the four year crop rotation method.

• Previously, most cattle and sheep were slaughtered before winter set in.

Robert BakewellRobert Bakewell and Thomas CokeThomas Coke, introduced selective breeding programs to improve the quality of the animals

• The Dishley, or New Leicester breed

• long, coarse wool and produced a high quality meat

• The Longhorn • a good meat

producer

Results of Selective breeding

2. Abundant food supplies

• Enough food was available for people in the cities

• Falling food prices meant more money to spend on consumer goods

• Healthier population which meant decline in death rate, especially in infants

• In the 18th century, the population doubled from 5 million to 10 million

Results of having lots of food!

3. A ready supply of money

Investors • Entrepreneurs –

“a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking, assuming the risk for the sake of the profit.”

4. Natural Resources

Waterpower

4. Natural Resources – cont.

CoalIron ore

5. Markets

• Colonial empire• Domestic markets

What is this

area referred to as?

Changes in Cotton Production

• Cottage industry – Cottage industry – • Work done at home Work done at home

by individualsby individuals

• Two step processTwo step process• SpinningSpinning• WeavingWeaving

Speeding up production

• Flying shuttle – • sped up the

weavers

A series of inventions to make the A series of inventions to make the textile industry more efficienttextile industry more efficient

Spinners now needed to spin quicker!

John Kay

James Hargreaves – Spinning Jenny

8 X’s

Richard Arkwright – Water frame

Adds p

ower!

Edmund Cartwright – Water powered loom

James Watt – improved steam engine

Didn’t invent it!

Railroad

George Stephenson – “Rocket”

Social Impact of the IR

Changed the social life:

• Growth of population

• Growth of cities

• Two new social classes

Why the growth in population ?Decline in:

1. death rates

2. War

3. Diseases

• More food• People were well fed• Resisted disease

People moved to the cities for work !

Tenement – A rundown, low-rental apartment building whose facilities and maintenance barely met minimum standards.

Tenement - yard

Two new social classes

1. The Industrial Middle Class

2. The Industrial Working Class

Industrial Middle Class• Made up of the people who built the

factories & bought the machines

•Initiative•Vision•Ambition•GREED !

Industrial Working Class• Women & children made up 2/3 of the cotton

industry’s workforce by 1830

12 to 16 hrs a day, six days a week !

Child Labor

• Children were especially useful around the factory machines.

Child Labor

Coal mines

Child Labor Poor health conditions !

Child Labor

• Girls had little fingers to reach into the machinery

Reforms

• In 1831 Parliament set up a committee to investigate abuses in child labor.

• Parliament passed the Factory Act 1833

• Which put restrictions on child labor

Led to a new pattern of work