Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution

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Pop quizPop quiz• What are causes of Industrial

Revolution in Europe and in England?

commercial rev commercial rev • great eco growth in Eur• age of exploration• rise of capitalism• investment of surplus profit into new

ventures

pop growthpop growth• pop of Eur approx. 188m in 1800 and

at near 275m by 1850• 1750 to 1850 pop in England had

more than doubled, reaching 20m• stimulated demand and created

larger markets

Protoindustrialization ("cottage industry" or Protoindustrialization ("cottage industry" or "domestic system" or "putting-out system)"domestic system" or "putting-out system)

• * - Merchant-capitalist raw materials (e.g. raw wool) to rural family who finished or semi-finished product, sent it back to merch for payment

• - Cottage workers usually paid by piece work

• - Merchants sell for profit • - Wool cloth most important

Sci RevSci Rev• new inventions, ways of thinking

applied to industry

Ag RevAg Rev

• displaced people from countryside• ready labor force in growing cities• feed growing urban pop

• flying shuttle (1733, John Kay): cut manpower needs on looms in half

• spinning jenny (1764, James Hargreaves): mechanized spinning wheel

-- Hand operated; simple and inexpensive

-- Early models had 6-24 spindles • Usually worked by women

• - water frame (1769, Richard Arkwright): several hundred spindles on machine powered by water wheel

• required large specialized factories that employed as many as 1,000 workers

• reduced amount of human labor needed

• spinning mule (1779): combined spinning jenny and water frame

• steam engine‘s application to textile production was perhaps key event of IR (required that production take place in factories)

• - By 1800, production of cotton thread was England‘s most important industry

• - By 1850, England produced more than 1/2 of the world‘s cotton cloth

• - Cotton goods became much cheaper, enjoyed by all classes

• • The use of coal to power steam engines was one of marks of Ind Rev (by 1850, Eng produced 2/3rds of world's coal)

iron industry (puddling)iron industry (puddling)

• radically transformed by steam power• Rising supplies of coal boosted iron

production• manufacture of machinery and materials• Henry Cort 1780s developed puddling

furnace• also developed steam-powered rolling

mills to shape finished iron into any shape or form

• • By 1850 England >1/2 of world‘s iron

why England?why England?

• abundant capital • enclosure movement had generated a pool

of capital through commerical ag, notably wool

• abundant labor (urbanization) thanks to enclosure movement

• intellectual climate - laissez faire econ, interest in and support of science

• geographical advantages - rivers, harbors, water power

• had not suffered devastation of continental warfare

• British navy, merchant fleet large• No part of island was very far from sea • water transport still safest and cheapest

way to transport bulky goods of early industrial revolution

• standard of living higher than in most other places, so more disposable income to purchase goods

• central bank, well-developed credit market and stock market

• colonial empire and markets - access to raw materials such as cotton from India

• less rigid class system • opened the door for talented commoners

to enter world of commerce and banking• persons with money could rise socially and

frequently found themselves sitting in Parliament

• mineral resources - iron and coal

continent slow to begin due to:continent slow to begin due to:

• Napoleonic wars hindered industrial growth of continental Euro

• lacked transport as advanced as GB's • France had poor roads• seaports farther away from interior • internal tolls and tariffs

• also had fewer raw materials, esp. coal

• and esp. in east Euro which was effectively landlocked

• no merchant marine or navy to get raw materials from overseas or ship produced goods out

• rich invested less in industry ("ungentlemanly“)

• wars associated with French Rev had consumed time, money, manpower

• Britain unsuccessful in maintaining monopoly on tech advances

• Until 1825, illegal for artisans, skilled mechanics to leave Britain

• Until 1843, export of textile machinery, other equipment forbidden

• Didn’t stop it from happening

• Belgium 1830s pioneered organization of big corporations with many stockholders

• Banks in France, Germ 1850s in developing RRs and companies in heavy industries

• Crédit Mobilier of Paris most famous --helped build RRs all over France, Euro

• * Zollverein - free trade zone in Germany that spurred construction of rail lines

child laborchild labor• employed in factories and mines,

often due to small physical stature• ability to perform tasks adults

struggled to complete• less expensive to hire• parents needed the money

• no gov regs to prevent children from working

• most famous study of child labor in Britain: Sadler Commission Sadler Report (1832-33) to Parliament

• little time to spend with families or leisure activities

• women entered work force in large numbers

• women had “dual burden” of trad roles while also holding down a full-time job away from home

• GB world’s first urbanized society by mid19th cent

LudditesLudditesviolent group of irate workers, blamed

industrialism for threatening their jobs

• 1812 +, attacked factories in northern England destroying new machines

• Combination Act of 1799 outlawed unions and strikes• continued to organize and strike, Combination Acts

repealed 1824• Robert Owen and others tried to create national union of

workers (Grand National Consolidated Trade Union)• Robert Owen - Scottish industrialist who pioneered

industrial relations by combining firm discipline w/ concern for health, safety, and work hours of workers

• experimented with utopian cooperative/socialist communities

• failed

• Factory Act of 1802 (applied to textile industry) limited child labor and hours could work in textile factories

• failed to provide clear law and to include supervision to make sure the law was being followed

• law was largely ignored• Factory Act of 1833 (applied to textile industry)• • Prohibited hiring children under age 9; children were to

go to elementary schools• • Children (ages 14–18) must not work more than 12 hours

a day • • Children (ages 9–13) must not work more than 8 hours.• • Children (ages 9–13) must have two hours of education

per day.• • Children under 18 must not work at night• • provided for routine inspections of factories

• Mines Act of 1842: prohibited all boys and girls under age 10 from working underground

• Ten Hours Act (1847) - women and children between the ages of 13 and 18 could work maximum of 10 hrs/day or 58 hrs/week

• Factory Act (1833), Mines Act (1842) and the Ten Hours Act (1847) were all led by Lord Shaftesbury, a member of Parl and evangelical in Church of England. "God had called me," he wrote, "to labour among the poor."